Paramartha
follows the second reading.
AbhidharmakosabhasyamVol-4VasubandhuPoussinPruden1991
It is quite evident that the canonical definitions remain obscure, in spite of the efforts of the Abhidharmikas-Abhidhammikas.
51. In the Bhdsya of the first line, Hsuan-tsang says, "The kdrikd designates teng- ch'ih ? ? (= samddhi) by the word ting ^ (fixed, set): the words differ, but the meaning is the same. This is why the Sutra (Samyukta, 28. 21; see also Madhyama, TD 1, p. 788c19) says "The ting /? ? (sthiti) of the mind, the teng-ting ? *? ~_ (samsthiti) of the mind, is what is called samyaksamddhi\ it is also called subhaikdgrya. "
In the Bhdsya of the third line, Paramartha says, "By chu ft (sthiti) one should understand subhaikdgrya, because chu ft is another name for samddhi. The Sutra says, 'What is samddhi} It is the chu ft (fixedness) of the mind in a correct object (samyagvisaya), correct condition (avasthd). '"
The First Dhyana: contains vitarka, vicdra, priti (= saumanasya, agreeable sensation of the manas, "satisfaction," ii. 8a), sukha (- pra/rabdhi, forming part of the samskdraskandha, ii. 25, English trans, p. 191), and samddhi.
The Second Dhyana: contains adhydtmasamprasdda (-? raddhendriya),priti (=saumana- sya),sukha(=pra/rabdhi) andsamddhi.
The Third Dhyana: contains upeksd (= samskdropeksd, ii. 25, English trans, p. 192), smrti, samprajanya, sukha (agreable sensation, vedand, ii. 7c), and samddhi.
The Fourth Dhyana: contains upeksd (neither-agreeable-nor-disagreeable sensation), upeksd-parisuddhi (- samskdropeksd), smrtipatisuddhi, and samddhi.
52. Here Paramartha adds 'These five in absorption are capable of bringing about opposing
prairabdhi. "
53. Caturangasenavdt: compare Samantapdsddikd, i. 146: "In the same way that one understands by "army" the parts of the army and no other (yathd senangesu eva sandsammuti), in this way one understands by Dhyana the fine parts and nothing else . . . The Vibhangha says: "Dhyana contains vitarka, vicdra, pritisukha, and cittasya ekdgratd";. . . thus cittaikdgratd is also a part. " In this same way the School teaches that dharmapravicaya is at one and the same time both Bodhi and a part of Bodhi, that samyagdrsti is both the
? Path and a part of the Path, and that absorption from food is both Upavasa and a part of Upavasa (iv. 29, English trans, p. 597).
54. The formula of this upeksd is given in Vydkhyd, iii. 35: caksusd rupdni drstvd naiva sumand bhavati[- ndnuniyate] na durmand bhavati/= napratihanyate] upeksako bhavati[- ndbhujati / katham ndbhujati kim pratisamkhydya dhosvid apratisamkhydya iti visesayann aba] smrtimdn samprajdnan [- smrtisamprayuktayd prajnayd pratisamiksamdnah]. As is the case of visual consciousness and its objects, so too for the five other consciousnesses. This sixfold equanimity is the sixfold sdtata, satatavihdra. See vii. 32, note 186.
This is "majjhatta" of the mind, in the Vibhanga; Visuddhimagga, 659. Samantapdsddikd, i. 150, commentary on upekkhako vihdsim.
55. It is for this reason that it is said that the Buddha is never apratisamkhydya upeksd. How one can expell bad upeksd by good upeksd, iii. 35d.
56. Vibhdsd {TD 27, p. 4l2a26): The parts of the dhydnas have eighteen different names; but how many actual entities are there? Only eleven. In the First Dhyana, there are five names and five things. In the Second Dhyana, the parts are four in number, three as in the First and adhydtmasamprasdda. In the Third Dhyana, five parts: but the fifth has already been mentioned; and four new ones. In the Fourth Dhyana, four parts; the last three have been mentioned; one adds the first. . .
In the first two Dhyanas, there is prasrabdhisukha, that is, sukha consisting of prafrabdhi; in the Third, there is vedandsukha, sukha consisting of sensation. The sukha of the first two Dhyanas forms part of the samskdraskandha; the sukha of the Third is part of the vedandskandha. . .
The unity of the object of the mind {cittaikdgrya) is dhyana because dhyana is by nature samddhi (that is to say cittaikdgrya). The samddhi and the other [dharmas] so enumerated are parts of the dhyana.
See Kosa, vi. trans, p. 922.
57. In the Vibhanga, the sukha of the First Dhyana is cetasika sukha, cetosamphassaja sukha; this sukha is accompanied by piti and is thus called pitisukha; piti is pdmojja . . . attamanatd cittassa.
On prasrabdhi, ii. l7c, 25, English trans, p. 191, iv. 48 {samskdraskandha).
Vibhdsd quoted note 56.
Samghabhadra, TD 29, p. 76la2: In our system it is not said that prasrabdhi is sukhendriya (=agreeable sensation), rather prasrabdhi is the cause of sukha, the sukha part of the first two Dhyanas . . . In Scripture, it is not only the vedana sukha (agreeable sensation) which is called sukha; some other dharmas receive this name. Thus it is said that there are three sukhas, prahdnasukha, virdgasukha (? ), and nirodhasukha; elsewhere it is said that sukha is fivefold, pravrajydsukha, vivekasukha, samathasukha, bodhisukha (see vi. 50b, p. 1006), and nirvdnasukha. The term sukha thus designates, in the Sutras, all types of dharmas . . .
58. Vydkhyd ad iii. 32c. The sukha of the Third Dhyana rests only on the manas, not on the other organs {mana evdsritam). Kamadhatu has no sukha of the sphere of manas {manobhumika sukha).
59. "Agreeable sensation having for its support the five organs made up of the atoms, sensation associated with the five consciousnesses (visual. . . touch). " ii 25, English trans, p. 191.
60. Beings arisen in the heaven of the First Dhyana possess visual consciousness, etc. ; but not the persons who have entered into the absorption of the First Dhyana.
61. Vydkhyd: samdhitdvasthdntardlasamuddcdrdt / ddrstantikdndm kilaisa paksah / tesdm hi na dvibhumikam eva sukhendriyam kdmaprathamadhydnabhumikam kim tarhi caturbhumikam
Footnotes 1289
? 1290 Chapter Eight
(= Sukhendriya not only belongs to the two "spheres", to Kamadhatu and the First Dhyana, but also to the Second and to the Third Dhyana). Ata eva ca vibhdsdydm bhadantena sautrdntikenoktam dbhidhdrmikdndm paramapeneva (? ) caksurvijndnddikam adhastdd urdhvam dkrsyata iti tad evarh asyestam bhavati caksurvijndnddikam dvitiyddidhydnabhu- mikam api bhavatity api. The Abhidharmikas think that visual consciousness exists only in Kamadhatu and the First Dhyana (i. 46, viii. l3a); but they admit that beings in higher Dhyanas see by means of a tower visual consciousness: "the visual consciousness is drawn from below to above as with a machine" (? ). In the Vibhdsd, the Sautrantika Bhadanta thinks that it is simpler to admit that the visual consciousness is of the sphere of the Second Dhyana . . .
62. How can a mental (caitasika) sensation be felt by the body (kdyena)?
63. The Vibhanga (p. 259) here understands sukha as cetasika sukha (as do the Vaibhasikas), and it explains kdya as the three skandhas of sanfid, samkhdra, and vninana.
Kdyena sdksdtkaroti, vi. 43c, 58b, viii. 9, 35n. SBE. 45, p. 23.
64. Vydkhyd: caturthe dhydne pra/rabdhisukham bhuyo bhavati bahutaram bhavati dhydndntarebhya/ caturbhasya pra/rabdhataravdt / tadbhuyastv 'pi sukhasydvacanam / caturthe dhydne sukham nocyate / tasya sukhasydvacandd vedand sukham eva trtrya dhydne na caturthe sukha vedandstiti tatra nocyata ity abhiptdyah.
In the Fourth Dhyana the sukha which consists of pra/rabdhi, "well-being," is greater than in the lower stages, and yet one does not attribute sukha to this stage: hence it results that, in the lower stages the part of sukha signifies the sensation of sukha, the sukha of sensation [and not pra/rabdhisukha\ and that, in the Fourth Dhyana, there is no sensation of sukha.
65. According to the Vydkhyd. The Bhdsya only gives the first words of the Sutra (as we see in the version of Paramartha).
a. Hsuan-tsang: Further, because the Sutra (Samyukta, TD 2, p. 123al3) says: yasmin samaye drya/rdvakah pravivekajdm prttim kdyena sdkasdtkrtvopasampadya viharati pancdsya dharmds tasmin samaye prahiyante panca dharmd bhavandparipurifh gacchanti [iti vistarah ydvad bhdvaniyd dharmdh katame / tadyathd prdmodyam (? ) pritih pra/rabdhih sukham samddhi/ ca. ]
Compare the list in Samyutta, iv. 76. Anguttara, v. l, etc. (prdmodyddayah).
b. Paramartha: "Further, because the Sutra distinguishes pra/rabdhi and sukha. As the Sutra says:yasmin samaye drya/ravdvakah pra/rabdhijdm prttim kdyena sdksdtkrtvd upasampadya viharati. In the Sutra pra/rabdhi is named separately from sukha. We know thus that they differ. " [The reading prafrabdhijd is perhaps a mistake. ]
66. Vydkhd: "Thus, in the first three Dhyanas, sukha is only bodily sukha. "
67. Vydkhyd: samddhijasya abahirbhutasya kayavijn*dnasamprayuktasya veditasukhasya
samddhyanukulatvdt.
68. Vydkhyd: A touch consciousness of the sphere of Kamadhatu cannot grasp a tangible of the sphere of Rupadhatu from whence it results that the touch consciousness which grasps pra/rabdhi is of the sphere of Rupadhatu, and that the agreeable sensation (sukha) associated with this consciousness can be a "part of dhyana. "
69. According to Hsuan-tsang: naisa dosah / pra/rabdhipratyayasya vijndnasya utpatteh; according to Paramartha: naiso'rthah svayam pra/rabdhivijnanasya utpatteh.
The Vydkhyd gives a very satisfying explanation: "The organ of touch of the person in absorption [even though it is of the sphere of Kamadhatu], passes into a state such [tarn anastham gatam yad. . . ] that it can be the support of a touch consciousness of a higher sphere.
Samghabhadra, TD 29, p. 761? 0. The Vaibhasika: Further, it is inadmissible that, having
? for its support (diraya) an organ of touch {kdyendriya) of Kamadhatu, there arises a consciousness of a tangible of the sphere of Rupadhatu. Thus one cannot say that the touch consciousness {kdyavijudna) of a Kamadhatu body would grasp a tangible of prairabdhi arisen from dhydna. If one answers us that even though this tangible is produced internally (by supporting itself on an internal object), it is capable of producing a similar consciousness [of a tangible of Rupadhatu] even though this latter is supported on a body in Kamadhatu, this response is nothing more than vain words, without reason or texts to sustain it. What reason or text establishes that a body of Kamadhatu would grasp a rupa which is prairabdhi, and not another tangible? This thesis contradicts the authorities; only the doctrine of the Abhidharma is irreproachable. Here the Sthavira says: How do you know that prairabdhi is called of sukha} . . .
70. To the Vaibhasikas, prairabdhi (=the part of dhydna called sukha) is a samskdra which can be andsrava. For his opponent, the said part of dhydna is the sensation associated with touch consciousness which knows prairabdhi, a certain tangible.
71. This question is discussed ii. 25, English trans, p. 191.
72. Hsuan-tsang adds: "It is said in the Sutra fifteen dhaius are solely sdsrava"; Koia,
i. 31c-d: English trans, p. 95, in the note; see Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 871cll. 73. ii. 33, p. 202-4, seei. 33, English trans. 97; iv. lld; viii. , note 74, 27c-28.
74. The Vhydkhd mentions two readings: vitarkavicdrayor ayaugapadyam dosavacandc ca and dosdvacandt (= asamavadhdnena ca na kaicid dosa ucyata ity arthah).
Paramartha follows the second reading.
75. The Sautrantikas, according to Saeki; above, the Dar? tantikas.
76. Paramartha (p. 298c24): the ancient masters do not say this. One cannot, according to
their authority, know which dharmas are parts of the Path(? pu sui k'o chih >^|? ffpj? n ,)?
77. Vydkhya: yogdcarabhumidarsanena vicdryam etat. Then there follows an exposition of the doctrine of Samghabhadra: tatra kautuhalam pdtayety dcdryasamghabhadrah / ayarh cdtrdrthasamksepo drastavyah.
The dhydnas contain a large number of dharmas: why are certain dharmas considered as parts (anga)? The dharmas which are pratipaksdnga or opposition, anuiamsdnga or excellence, and tadubhdydnga or both opposition and excellence are considered as parts, [In the absorptions of Arupyadhatu one does not distinguish parts, because the taste of all of them is calmness, iamathaikarasatd]. In the First Dhyana: 1. vitarka and vicdra are opposed to the bad minds {vitarka) of Kamadhatu (kdma or lust, vydpdda or injury, and vihimsa or killing); 2. prtti and sukha are obtained when vitarka and vicdra have expelled their opposites (vipaksa)t and through the fact of the separation from these opposites; and 3. samddhi or cittaikdgratd, concentration or one-pointedness-of-mind through whose force the four other parts exist. In the Second Dhyana: the adhydtmasamprasdda is opposed to vitarka and vicdra; prfti and sukha constitute the part of excellence. In the Third Dhyana: upeksd, smrti and samprajanya are opposed to prtti; sukha is the part of excellence. In the Fourth Dhyana: upeksapariiuddhi and smrtipariiuddhi are opposed to sukha; aduhkhdsuk- havedand is the part of excellence. See Vibhanga, 263.
78. Yogasutra, i. 47.
79. Sraddhd prasddah; ii. 25, English trans, p. 191.
Vasumitra (in Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 4l5c28) compares vitarka-vicdra to waves which
trouble the waters; when they have been expelled the mind is samprasanna, like the water which becomes clear when the waves have been calmed; thus faith (fraddhd) is called adhydtmasamprasdda.
Footnotes 1291
? 1292 Chapter Eight
80. Paramartha omits these explanations.
81. The Vydkhyd gives some examples: paryesakamanojalpdvasthd vitarkah / pratyavekasa- kamanojalpdvasthd vicdrah (see Kosa, ii, English trans, p. 203) / vdksamutthdpikdvastha- v it ark ah / tadanydvasthd vicdra iti bhagavadvifesah / aviksiptdvasthd samddhih / praidntavdhitavastha cittasyddhydtmasamprasdda iti / On the existence of caitasikas distinct from the citta (and of bhautikas distinct from the mahdbhutas), see ii, English trans, p. 188.
82. Hsiian-tsang: "However reasonable this may be, this is not my system. "
83. The Sthaviras, according to P'u-kang (TD 41, p. 424c5) and Fa-pao (TD 41, p. 792c29). Hsiian-tsang: How does another school maintain that priti is not saumanasya? It says that there is a separate priti, a caitasika dharma; as the sukha of the Three Dhyanas is totally
saumanasya, priti and saumanasya are distinct. 84. See ii. 7c-8a, p. 161, on priti.
85. Paramartha (TD 29, p, 299a9) transcribes pi-p'o-li-to ching&fcm&m See also Kosa, v. 9a, Madhydma (TD 1, p. ? 5? 4), Samyutta, v. 213, Majjhima, iii. 26, Atthasdlini, 175.
Hsiian-tsang translates: "The Buddha, in the Sutra of the Explanation of the Viparydsas, teached the gradual disappearance of the five indriyas of sensation, daurmanasya, etc. [In the First Dhyana, the destruction of the daurmanasya, in the Second of duhkha], in the Third of saumanasya, in the Fourth of sukha. Thus priti is saumanasya. "
86. Definition of the Fourth Dhyana: sa sukhasya ca prahdndd duhkhasya caprahdnat purvam eva saumanasyadaurmanasyayor astamgamdd aduhkham asukham upeksdsmrtipa- ri/uddham caturtham dhydnam . . .
87. The problem of senjiia and dninjua is examined iv. 46, English trans, p. 621-3, (vi. 24a-b); the apaksdlas, iii. 101. Madhyama, 5. 1, Majjihima, i. 454, ii. 261 (dnanjasappdya- sutta), Anguttara, v. 135 (kantaka- apaksdla).
88. Compare iii. 101.
89. See Ko/a, i. 30b (above p. 1232) and ii. 31 on the dhdtus and the caittas which exist in Rupadhatu.
90. Hsiian-tsang: "and because mental satisfaction is gross there" [Thus there is sukha of the sphere of manas there].
91. Saeki adds: "because mental satisfaction is subtle there. "
92. See iv. 8a.
93. Hsiian-tsang: "Beings arisen in the three higher bhumis (=Dhyanas) produce three vijMnakdyas (eye consciousness, etc. ) and an "informative mind" (vijuapticitta) of the sphere of the First Dhyana. See vii. 50.
94. See vii. 50. Hsiian-tsang: "Beings arisen above produce the dharma from below, for example nirmdnacitta"
95. It is through usefulness (prayojanena) that these beings produce a vijnana of the First Dhyana, and not through esteem (bahumdna); furthermore, if this vijnana is good, it will contain a retribution which they must create; thus they do not make an effort in order to manifest a good vijnana.
96. Triprakdram anyatra nirvedhdgiydt (see viii. 17. )
97. Paramartha: "In the Vibhdsd. "
The Vydkhd quotes the Vibhdsd: sydc chuddhakam vairagyena labheta, parihdnyd
? Footnotes 1293 vijahydt / sydc chuddhakam upapattyd labheta, upapattyd vijahydt / dhu / sydt / katham ity
aha / hdnabhdgiyarh prathamam dhydnam.
98. Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 822cl4. When one obtains the state of Arhat (or ksayajndna), one has already obtained the First Dhyana, of the andsrava class at the moment of entry into samyaktvaniyama; why say that one obtains it upon obtaining the state of Arhat? The text should say that one obtains this Dhyana at the moment of entry into samyaktvaniyama, and not upon the obtaining of the state of Arhat.
99. Having entered the First Dhyana the ascetic contemplates the Truths. He possesses the first andsrava Dhyana. If he continues his contemplation (pravdhe) the moment of andsrava Dhyana is followed by a moment of andsrava Dhyana; if he leaves (vyutthdnakdle) this contemplation, the andsrava Dhyuna is followed by a pure or suddhaka Dhyana.
100. When an ascetic cultivated the mixed absorption (vi. 42, vii. 23a) when the andsrava and pure (suddhaka) moments succeed one another, there is an ascending absorption, an "absorption that passes over certain spheres" (viii. l8c), i. e. , the First Dhyana is followed by the Second or the Third Dhyana.
101. After the Third Dhyana: 1-2, two of this bhumi {suddhaka and andsrava), 3-6, four, two of the Fourth Dhyana, two of dkdsanantya; 7-10, four, two of the First, and two of the Second Dhyana.
And so on for the Fourth Dhyana and for dkdsanantya.
102. Hsiian-tsang adds: "After [pure] naivasamjndnasamjndyatana there can arise six types of absorption: the pure and the defiled of this same ayatana, the andsrava and the pure of the Second and Third Arapyas. Following upon the First [pure] Dhyana, seven types: the three of the First Dhyana; the andsrava and the pure of the Second and Third. Following upon dkincanya, eight; following the Second Dhyana, nine; following vijndnanantya, ten; following the other pure absorptions, eleven. "
103. Up to here the author has spoken of the samdpattidhydnas, absorptions, or states of contemplation, and their succession; but the kusalasamhita, the "good mind of absorption," which exists in the upapattidhydnas, that is, in Ruapadhatu (-oi dhyana; brahmaloka, etc. ), and which is acquired through arising (upapattildbhika), is also called pure dhyana (fuddhaka dhyana). When a being in Rupadhatu dies, this pure dhyana comes to an end; can it be followed only by a defiled dhyana of the same sphere? No: "At death, following upon the pure, there is a defiled state of some sphere. " In fact, death (maranabhava) is never absorbed (samdhita) (iii. 43): a being in Rupadhatu, at the moment when he dies, never possesses the dhyana of pure absorption. The "mind of reincarnation" (pratisamdhicitta) which follows "the mind at death" (maranabhava) will be defiled, not absorbed.
104. Paramartha translates: "with the exception of the nirvedhabhdgtya. '*
These four categories are the duppativijjha dharmas of Dtgha, iii. 277. See the source
quoted iv. 125, English trans, p. 707, vi. 20a, p. 707.
105. Hdnabhdgtyd succeeds upon hdnabhdgtya when there is no progress, sthitibhdgiya
succeeds when pure absorption is strengthened and when there is progress (visesagamana). 106. Mahdvyutpatti, 68. 5; see ? ? /? , ii. 44d, English trans, p. 229. Visuddhimagga, 374
(Atthasalini, 187): jhdndnulomato jhdnapapilomato jhdnukkantito.
107. According to Paramartha. Hsiian-tsang differs: . . . (3) to cultivate the sdsravas and andsravas in a mixed and continuous order (that is to go from the First sdsrava Dhyana to the Second andsrava Dhyana); (4) to cultivate the sdsravas in a discontinuous order (that is to go from the First Dhyana to the third. . . ); (5) the same with respect to the andsravas; (6) to cultivate the sdsravas and andsravas in a mixed and discontinuous order. The Vibhdsa (TD 27. p. 835b7) differs: 1. a good mind of Kamadhatu, 2. sdsrava absorption, to go and
? 1294 Chapter Eight
return, up to Bhavagra, 3. anasrava absorption, to go and return, 4. sdsrava by skipping over, 5. anasrava by skipping over.
108. Hsuan-tsang: 1. for there is no usefulness for a being of a higher sphere to produce a lower absorption; 2. because his own sphere outweighs this absorption; 3. because the power of this absorption is weak; 4. because he has rejected this absorption; and 5. because this absorption is now the object of disgust.
109- See ii. 45a-b (English trans, p. 236); vi. 73a-b; above p. 1228,1244. Vyakhya:ydvad eva samjnasamapattis tdvad djUdprativedha its vacandt (Anguttara, iv. 426).
110. We have seen that the dhydna "of delight" has for its object dhydna which is pure (fuddhaka), not anasrava. Let us understand then: "It does not bear on the pure dhydna of a lower sphere. "
111. The Vyakhya, the text of which is unfortunately unsure, explains: trsndparicchinnatvdd bhUmtndm iti / yd yasydrh bhumau tasyam eva bhumdv anufayandm (? ) tayd sd bhUmih paricchinnd bhavati / anyathd hi tasyottaratvam (? ) na sidhyed ekabhumisthdndntaravat / ata svauttarddharye'pi sthdndntardndm traydndm traydndm astdndm caikabhumitd sidhyati trsnavyatiharayogdt: It is trsnd which determines the bhumi. It is thus that the three sthdnas or "places" of the heavens of the first three Dhyanas and the eight sthdnas of the heaven of the Fourth Dhyana constitute only one bhumi, even though these places are superimposed one over the other, because the same trsnd becomes active and grows in all of the bhumis to which is belongs (v.
51. In the Bhdsya of the first line, Hsuan-tsang says, "The kdrikd designates teng- ch'ih ? ? (= samddhi) by the word ting ^ (fixed, set): the words differ, but the meaning is the same. This is why the Sutra (Samyukta, 28. 21; see also Madhyama, TD 1, p. 788c19) says "The ting /? ? (sthiti) of the mind, the teng-ting ? *? ~_ (samsthiti) of the mind, is what is called samyaksamddhi\ it is also called subhaikdgrya. "
In the Bhdsya of the third line, Paramartha says, "By chu ft (sthiti) one should understand subhaikdgrya, because chu ft is another name for samddhi. The Sutra says, 'What is samddhi} It is the chu ft (fixedness) of the mind in a correct object (samyagvisaya), correct condition (avasthd). '"
The First Dhyana: contains vitarka, vicdra, priti (= saumanasya, agreeable sensation of the manas, "satisfaction," ii. 8a), sukha (- pra/rabdhi, forming part of the samskdraskandha, ii. 25, English trans, p. 191), and samddhi.
The Second Dhyana: contains adhydtmasamprasdda (-? raddhendriya),priti (=saumana- sya),sukha(=pra/rabdhi) andsamddhi.
The Third Dhyana: contains upeksd (= samskdropeksd, ii. 25, English trans, p. 192), smrti, samprajanya, sukha (agreable sensation, vedand, ii. 7c), and samddhi.
The Fourth Dhyana: contains upeksd (neither-agreeable-nor-disagreeable sensation), upeksd-parisuddhi (- samskdropeksd), smrtipatisuddhi, and samddhi.
52. Here Paramartha adds 'These five in absorption are capable of bringing about opposing
prairabdhi. "
53. Caturangasenavdt: compare Samantapdsddikd, i. 146: "In the same way that one understands by "army" the parts of the army and no other (yathd senangesu eva sandsammuti), in this way one understands by Dhyana the fine parts and nothing else . . . The Vibhangha says: "Dhyana contains vitarka, vicdra, pritisukha, and cittasya ekdgratd";. . . thus cittaikdgratd is also a part. " In this same way the School teaches that dharmapravicaya is at one and the same time both Bodhi and a part of Bodhi, that samyagdrsti is both the
? Path and a part of the Path, and that absorption from food is both Upavasa and a part of Upavasa (iv. 29, English trans, p. 597).
54. The formula of this upeksd is given in Vydkhyd, iii. 35: caksusd rupdni drstvd naiva sumand bhavati[- ndnuniyate] na durmand bhavati/= napratihanyate] upeksako bhavati[- ndbhujati / katham ndbhujati kim pratisamkhydya dhosvid apratisamkhydya iti visesayann aba] smrtimdn samprajdnan [- smrtisamprayuktayd prajnayd pratisamiksamdnah]. As is the case of visual consciousness and its objects, so too for the five other consciousnesses. This sixfold equanimity is the sixfold sdtata, satatavihdra. See vii. 32, note 186.
This is "majjhatta" of the mind, in the Vibhanga; Visuddhimagga, 659. Samantapdsddikd, i. 150, commentary on upekkhako vihdsim.
55. It is for this reason that it is said that the Buddha is never apratisamkhydya upeksd. How one can expell bad upeksd by good upeksd, iii. 35d.
56. Vibhdsd {TD 27, p. 4l2a26): The parts of the dhydnas have eighteen different names; but how many actual entities are there? Only eleven. In the First Dhyana, there are five names and five things. In the Second Dhyana, the parts are four in number, three as in the First and adhydtmasamprasdda. In the Third Dhyana, five parts: but the fifth has already been mentioned; and four new ones. In the Fourth Dhyana, four parts; the last three have been mentioned; one adds the first. . .
In the first two Dhyanas, there is prasrabdhisukha, that is, sukha consisting of prafrabdhi; in the Third, there is vedandsukha, sukha consisting of sensation. The sukha of the first two Dhyanas forms part of the samskdraskandha; the sukha of the Third is part of the vedandskandha. . .
The unity of the object of the mind {cittaikdgrya) is dhyana because dhyana is by nature samddhi (that is to say cittaikdgrya). The samddhi and the other [dharmas] so enumerated are parts of the dhyana.
See Kosa, vi. trans, p. 922.
57. In the Vibhanga, the sukha of the First Dhyana is cetasika sukha, cetosamphassaja sukha; this sukha is accompanied by piti and is thus called pitisukha; piti is pdmojja . . . attamanatd cittassa.
On prasrabdhi, ii. l7c, 25, English trans, p. 191, iv. 48 {samskdraskandha).
Vibhdsd quoted note 56.
Samghabhadra, TD 29, p. 76la2: In our system it is not said that prasrabdhi is sukhendriya (=agreeable sensation), rather prasrabdhi is the cause of sukha, the sukha part of the first two Dhyanas . . . In Scripture, it is not only the vedana sukha (agreeable sensation) which is called sukha; some other dharmas receive this name. Thus it is said that there are three sukhas, prahdnasukha, virdgasukha (? ), and nirodhasukha; elsewhere it is said that sukha is fivefold, pravrajydsukha, vivekasukha, samathasukha, bodhisukha (see vi. 50b, p. 1006), and nirvdnasukha. The term sukha thus designates, in the Sutras, all types of dharmas . . .
58. Vydkhyd ad iii. 32c. The sukha of the Third Dhyana rests only on the manas, not on the other organs {mana evdsritam). Kamadhatu has no sukha of the sphere of manas {manobhumika sukha).
59. "Agreeable sensation having for its support the five organs made up of the atoms, sensation associated with the five consciousnesses (visual. . . touch). " ii 25, English trans, p. 191.
60. Beings arisen in the heaven of the First Dhyana possess visual consciousness, etc. ; but not the persons who have entered into the absorption of the First Dhyana.
61. Vydkhyd: samdhitdvasthdntardlasamuddcdrdt / ddrstantikdndm kilaisa paksah / tesdm hi na dvibhumikam eva sukhendriyam kdmaprathamadhydnabhumikam kim tarhi caturbhumikam
Footnotes 1289
? 1290 Chapter Eight
(= Sukhendriya not only belongs to the two "spheres", to Kamadhatu and the First Dhyana, but also to the Second and to the Third Dhyana). Ata eva ca vibhdsdydm bhadantena sautrdntikenoktam dbhidhdrmikdndm paramapeneva (? ) caksurvijndnddikam adhastdd urdhvam dkrsyata iti tad evarh asyestam bhavati caksurvijndnddikam dvitiyddidhydnabhu- mikam api bhavatity api. The Abhidharmikas think that visual consciousness exists only in Kamadhatu and the First Dhyana (i. 46, viii. l3a); but they admit that beings in higher Dhyanas see by means of a tower visual consciousness: "the visual consciousness is drawn from below to above as with a machine" (? ). In the Vibhdsd, the Sautrantika Bhadanta thinks that it is simpler to admit that the visual consciousness is of the sphere of the Second Dhyana . . .
62. How can a mental (caitasika) sensation be felt by the body (kdyena)?
63. The Vibhanga (p. 259) here understands sukha as cetasika sukha (as do the Vaibhasikas), and it explains kdya as the three skandhas of sanfid, samkhdra, and vninana.
Kdyena sdksdtkaroti, vi. 43c, 58b, viii. 9, 35n. SBE. 45, p. 23.
64. Vydkhyd: caturthe dhydne pra/rabdhisukham bhuyo bhavati bahutaram bhavati dhydndntarebhya/ caturbhasya pra/rabdhataravdt / tadbhuyastv 'pi sukhasydvacanam / caturthe dhydne sukham nocyate / tasya sukhasydvacandd vedand sukham eva trtrya dhydne na caturthe sukha vedandstiti tatra nocyata ity abhiptdyah.
In the Fourth Dhyana the sukha which consists of pra/rabdhi, "well-being," is greater than in the lower stages, and yet one does not attribute sukha to this stage: hence it results that, in the lower stages the part of sukha signifies the sensation of sukha, the sukha of sensation [and not pra/rabdhisukha\ and that, in the Fourth Dhyana, there is no sensation of sukha.
65. According to the Vydkhyd. The Bhdsya only gives the first words of the Sutra (as we see in the version of Paramartha).
a. Hsuan-tsang: Further, because the Sutra (Samyukta, TD 2, p. 123al3) says: yasmin samaye drya/rdvakah pravivekajdm prttim kdyena sdkasdtkrtvopasampadya viharati pancdsya dharmds tasmin samaye prahiyante panca dharmd bhavandparipurifh gacchanti [iti vistarah ydvad bhdvaniyd dharmdh katame / tadyathd prdmodyam (? ) pritih pra/rabdhih sukham samddhi/ ca. ]
Compare the list in Samyutta, iv. 76. Anguttara, v. l, etc. (prdmodyddayah).
b. Paramartha: "Further, because the Sutra distinguishes pra/rabdhi and sukha. As the Sutra says:yasmin samaye drya/ravdvakah pra/rabdhijdm prttim kdyena sdksdtkrtvd upasampadya viharati. In the Sutra pra/rabdhi is named separately from sukha. We know thus that they differ. " [The reading prafrabdhijd is perhaps a mistake. ]
66. Vydkhd: "Thus, in the first three Dhyanas, sukha is only bodily sukha. "
67. Vydkhyd: samddhijasya abahirbhutasya kayavijn*dnasamprayuktasya veditasukhasya
samddhyanukulatvdt.
68. Vydkhyd: A touch consciousness of the sphere of Kamadhatu cannot grasp a tangible of the sphere of Rupadhatu from whence it results that the touch consciousness which grasps pra/rabdhi is of the sphere of Rupadhatu, and that the agreeable sensation (sukha) associated with this consciousness can be a "part of dhyana. "
69. According to Hsuan-tsang: naisa dosah / pra/rabdhipratyayasya vijndnasya utpatteh; according to Paramartha: naiso'rthah svayam pra/rabdhivijnanasya utpatteh.
The Vydkhyd gives a very satisfying explanation: "The organ of touch of the person in absorption [even though it is of the sphere of Kamadhatu], passes into a state such [tarn anastham gatam yad. . . ] that it can be the support of a touch consciousness of a higher sphere.
Samghabhadra, TD 29, p. 761? 0. The Vaibhasika: Further, it is inadmissible that, having
? for its support (diraya) an organ of touch {kdyendriya) of Kamadhatu, there arises a consciousness of a tangible of the sphere of Rupadhatu. Thus one cannot say that the touch consciousness {kdyavijudna) of a Kamadhatu body would grasp a tangible of prairabdhi arisen from dhydna. If one answers us that even though this tangible is produced internally (by supporting itself on an internal object), it is capable of producing a similar consciousness [of a tangible of Rupadhatu] even though this latter is supported on a body in Kamadhatu, this response is nothing more than vain words, without reason or texts to sustain it. What reason or text establishes that a body of Kamadhatu would grasp a rupa which is prairabdhi, and not another tangible? This thesis contradicts the authorities; only the doctrine of the Abhidharma is irreproachable. Here the Sthavira says: How do you know that prairabdhi is called of sukha} . . .
70. To the Vaibhasikas, prairabdhi (=the part of dhydna called sukha) is a samskdra which can be andsrava. For his opponent, the said part of dhydna is the sensation associated with touch consciousness which knows prairabdhi, a certain tangible.
71. This question is discussed ii. 25, English trans, p. 191.
72. Hsuan-tsang adds: "It is said in the Sutra fifteen dhaius are solely sdsrava"; Koia,
i. 31c-d: English trans, p. 95, in the note; see Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 871cll. 73. ii. 33, p. 202-4, seei. 33, English trans. 97; iv. lld; viii. , note 74, 27c-28.
74. The Vhydkhd mentions two readings: vitarkavicdrayor ayaugapadyam dosavacandc ca and dosdvacandt (= asamavadhdnena ca na kaicid dosa ucyata ity arthah).
Paramartha follows the second reading.
75. The Sautrantikas, according to Saeki; above, the Dar? tantikas.
76. Paramartha (p. 298c24): the ancient masters do not say this. One cannot, according to
their authority, know which dharmas are parts of the Path(? pu sui k'o chih >^|? ffpj? n ,)?
77. Vydkhya: yogdcarabhumidarsanena vicdryam etat. Then there follows an exposition of the doctrine of Samghabhadra: tatra kautuhalam pdtayety dcdryasamghabhadrah / ayarh cdtrdrthasamksepo drastavyah.
The dhydnas contain a large number of dharmas: why are certain dharmas considered as parts (anga)? The dharmas which are pratipaksdnga or opposition, anuiamsdnga or excellence, and tadubhdydnga or both opposition and excellence are considered as parts, [In the absorptions of Arupyadhatu one does not distinguish parts, because the taste of all of them is calmness, iamathaikarasatd]. In the First Dhyana: 1. vitarka and vicdra are opposed to the bad minds {vitarka) of Kamadhatu (kdma or lust, vydpdda or injury, and vihimsa or killing); 2. prtti and sukha are obtained when vitarka and vicdra have expelled their opposites (vipaksa)t and through the fact of the separation from these opposites; and 3. samddhi or cittaikdgratd, concentration or one-pointedness-of-mind through whose force the four other parts exist. In the Second Dhyana: the adhydtmasamprasdda is opposed to vitarka and vicdra; prfti and sukha constitute the part of excellence. In the Third Dhyana: upeksd, smrti and samprajanya are opposed to prtti; sukha is the part of excellence. In the Fourth Dhyana: upeksapariiuddhi and smrtipariiuddhi are opposed to sukha; aduhkhdsuk- havedand is the part of excellence. See Vibhanga, 263.
78. Yogasutra, i. 47.
79. Sraddhd prasddah; ii. 25, English trans, p. 191.
Vasumitra (in Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 4l5c28) compares vitarka-vicdra to waves which
trouble the waters; when they have been expelled the mind is samprasanna, like the water which becomes clear when the waves have been calmed; thus faith (fraddhd) is called adhydtmasamprasdda.
Footnotes 1291
? 1292 Chapter Eight
80. Paramartha omits these explanations.
81. The Vydkhyd gives some examples: paryesakamanojalpdvasthd vitarkah / pratyavekasa- kamanojalpdvasthd vicdrah (see Kosa, ii, English trans, p. 203) / vdksamutthdpikdvastha- v it ark ah / tadanydvasthd vicdra iti bhagavadvifesah / aviksiptdvasthd samddhih / praidntavdhitavastha cittasyddhydtmasamprasdda iti / On the existence of caitasikas distinct from the citta (and of bhautikas distinct from the mahdbhutas), see ii, English trans, p. 188.
82. Hsiian-tsang: "However reasonable this may be, this is not my system. "
83. The Sthaviras, according to P'u-kang (TD 41, p. 424c5) and Fa-pao (TD 41, p. 792c29). Hsiian-tsang: How does another school maintain that priti is not saumanasya? It says that there is a separate priti, a caitasika dharma; as the sukha of the Three Dhyanas is totally
saumanasya, priti and saumanasya are distinct. 84. See ii. 7c-8a, p. 161, on priti.
85. Paramartha (TD 29, p, 299a9) transcribes pi-p'o-li-to ching&fcm&m See also Kosa, v. 9a, Madhydma (TD 1, p. ? 5? 4), Samyutta, v. 213, Majjhima, iii. 26, Atthasdlini, 175.
Hsiian-tsang translates: "The Buddha, in the Sutra of the Explanation of the Viparydsas, teached the gradual disappearance of the five indriyas of sensation, daurmanasya, etc. [In the First Dhyana, the destruction of the daurmanasya, in the Second of duhkha], in the Third of saumanasya, in the Fourth of sukha. Thus priti is saumanasya. "
86. Definition of the Fourth Dhyana: sa sukhasya ca prahdndd duhkhasya caprahdnat purvam eva saumanasyadaurmanasyayor astamgamdd aduhkham asukham upeksdsmrtipa- ri/uddham caturtham dhydnam . . .
87. The problem of senjiia and dninjua is examined iv. 46, English trans, p. 621-3, (vi. 24a-b); the apaksdlas, iii. 101. Madhyama, 5. 1, Majjihima, i. 454, ii. 261 (dnanjasappdya- sutta), Anguttara, v. 135 (kantaka- apaksdla).
88. Compare iii. 101.
89. See Ko/a, i. 30b (above p. 1232) and ii. 31 on the dhdtus and the caittas which exist in Rupadhatu.
90. Hsiian-tsang: "and because mental satisfaction is gross there" [Thus there is sukha of the sphere of manas there].
91. Saeki adds: "because mental satisfaction is subtle there. "
92. See iv. 8a.
93. Hsiian-tsang: "Beings arisen in the three higher bhumis (=Dhyanas) produce three vijMnakdyas (eye consciousness, etc. ) and an "informative mind" (vijuapticitta) of the sphere of the First Dhyana. See vii. 50.
94. See vii. 50. Hsiian-tsang: "Beings arisen above produce the dharma from below, for example nirmdnacitta"
95. It is through usefulness (prayojanena) that these beings produce a vijnana of the First Dhyana, and not through esteem (bahumdna); furthermore, if this vijnana is good, it will contain a retribution which they must create; thus they do not make an effort in order to manifest a good vijnana.
96. Triprakdram anyatra nirvedhdgiydt (see viii. 17. )
97. Paramartha: "In the Vibhdsd. "
The Vydkhd quotes the Vibhdsd: sydc chuddhakam vairagyena labheta, parihdnyd
? Footnotes 1293 vijahydt / sydc chuddhakam upapattyd labheta, upapattyd vijahydt / dhu / sydt / katham ity
aha / hdnabhdgiyarh prathamam dhydnam.
98. Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 822cl4. When one obtains the state of Arhat (or ksayajndna), one has already obtained the First Dhyana, of the andsrava class at the moment of entry into samyaktvaniyama; why say that one obtains it upon obtaining the state of Arhat? The text should say that one obtains this Dhyana at the moment of entry into samyaktvaniyama, and not upon the obtaining of the state of Arhat.
99. Having entered the First Dhyana the ascetic contemplates the Truths. He possesses the first andsrava Dhyana. If he continues his contemplation (pravdhe) the moment of andsrava Dhyana is followed by a moment of andsrava Dhyana; if he leaves (vyutthdnakdle) this contemplation, the andsrava Dhyuna is followed by a pure or suddhaka Dhyana.
100. When an ascetic cultivated the mixed absorption (vi. 42, vii. 23a) when the andsrava and pure (suddhaka) moments succeed one another, there is an ascending absorption, an "absorption that passes over certain spheres" (viii. l8c), i. e. , the First Dhyana is followed by the Second or the Third Dhyana.
101. After the Third Dhyana: 1-2, two of this bhumi {suddhaka and andsrava), 3-6, four, two of the Fourth Dhyana, two of dkdsanantya; 7-10, four, two of the First, and two of the Second Dhyana.
And so on for the Fourth Dhyana and for dkdsanantya.
102. Hsiian-tsang adds: "After [pure] naivasamjndnasamjndyatana there can arise six types of absorption: the pure and the defiled of this same ayatana, the andsrava and the pure of the Second and Third Arapyas. Following upon the First [pure] Dhyana, seven types: the three of the First Dhyana; the andsrava and the pure of the Second and Third. Following upon dkincanya, eight; following the Second Dhyana, nine; following vijndnanantya, ten; following the other pure absorptions, eleven. "
103. Up to here the author has spoken of the samdpattidhydnas, absorptions, or states of contemplation, and their succession; but the kusalasamhita, the "good mind of absorption," which exists in the upapattidhydnas, that is, in Ruapadhatu (-oi dhyana; brahmaloka, etc. ), and which is acquired through arising (upapattildbhika), is also called pure dhyana (fuddhaka dhyana). When a being in Rupadhatu dies, this pure dhyana comes to an end; can it be followed only by a defiled dhyana of the same sphere? No: "At death, following upon the pure, there is a defiled state of some sphere. " In fact, death (maranabhava) is never absorbed (samdhita) (iii. 43): a being in Rupadhatu, at the moment when he dies, never possesses the dhyana of pure absorption. The "mind of reincarnation" (pratisamdhicitta) which follows "the mind at death" (maranabhava) will be defiled, not absorbed.
104. Paramartha translates: "with the exception of the nirvedhabhdgtya. '*
These four categories are the duppativijjha dharmas of Dtgha, iii. 277. See the source
quoted iv. 125, English trans, p. 707, vi. 20a, p. 707.
105. Hdnabhdgtyd succeeds upon hdnabhdgtya when there is no progress, sthitibhdgiya
succeeds when pure absorption is strengthened and when there is progress (visesagamana). 106. Mahdvyutpatti, 68. 5; see ? ? /? , ii. 44d, English trans, p. 229. Visuddhimagga, 374
(Atthasalini, 187): jhdndnulomato jhdnapapilomato jhdnukkantito.
107. According to Paramartha. Hsiian-tsang differs: . . . (3) to cultivate the sdsravas and andsravas in a mixed and continuous order (that is to go from the First sdsrava Dhyana to the Second andsrava Dhyana); (4) to cultivate the sdsravas in a discontinuous order (that is to go from the First Dhyana to the third. . . ); (5) the same with respect to the andsravas; (6) to cultivate the sdsravas and andsravas in a mixed and discontinuous order. The Vibhdsa (TD 27. p. 835b7) differs: 1. a good mind of Kamadhatu, 2. sdsrava absorption, to go and
? 1294 Chapter Eight
return, up to Bhavagra, 3. anasrava absorption, to go and return, 4. sdsrava by skipping over, 5. anasrava by skipping over.
108. Hsuan-tsang: 1. for there is no usefulness for a being of a higher sphere to produce a lower absorption; 2. because his own sphere outweighs this absorption; 3. because the power of this absorption is weak; 4. because he has rejected this absorption; and 5. because this absorption is now the object of disgust.
109- See ii. 45a-b (English trans, p. 236); vi. 73a-b; above p. 1228,1244. Vyakhya:ydvad eva samjnasamapattis tdvad djUdprativedha its vacandt (Anguttara, iv. 426).
110. We have seen that the dhydna "of delight" has for its object dhydna which is pure (fuddhaka), not anasrava. Let us understand then: "It does not bear on the pure dhydna of a lower sphere. "
111. The Vyakhya, the text of which is unfortunately unsure, explains: trsndparicchinnatvdd bhUmtndm iti / yd yasydrh bhumau tasyam eva bhumdv anufayandm (? ) tayd sd bhUmih paricchinnd bhavati / anyathd hi tasyottaratvam (? ) na sidhyed ekabhumisthdndntaravat / ata svauttarddharye'pi sthdndntardndm traydndm traydndm astdndm caikabhumitd sidhyati trsnavyatiharayogdt: It is trsnd which determines the bhumi. It is thus that the three sthdnas or "places" of the heavens of the first three Dhyanas and the eight sthdnas of the heaven of the Fourth Dhyana constitute only one bhumi, even though these places are superimposed one over the other, because the same trsnd becomes active and grows in all of the bhumis to which is belongs (v.
