Bulgaria
(Great Bulgaria and the Servian War).
Outlines and Refernces for European History
)
Freeman: The Southern Slavs (ib. )
Ranke: Servia and the Servian Revolution.
Samuelson: Roumania, Past and Present.
Clark: The Races of European Turkey.
Seargent: New Greece.
Finlay: The Greek Revolution.
Jebb: Modern Greece.
Tukerman: Greeks of Today.
* Dicey: The Peasant State (Bulgaria. ) (Cf. Dicey in Fort-
nightly, April, 1896, on Russia and Bulgaria. )
Latimer: Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth Century.
PERIODICAL ARTICLES.
The Eastern Question Historically Considered, Fortnightly,
40-563.
Baron Hirsch's Railway, Fortnightly, Aug. , 1888.
The Partition of Turkey, Fortnightly, 48-862.
Reform in Turkey, Nineteenth Century, 23-276.
Fate of Roumania, Fortnightly, Dec. 1888.
Russia and Bulgaria, Contemporary, Oct. 1886, Fortnightly,
April, 1896.
Fortnightly, July, 1888.
Contemporary Greece, Fortnightly, 1890.
Russia and the Balkans, Fortnightly, Jan. 1895.
[The "Eastern Question" the Balkan Question, the Egyptian
Question, the Central Asiatic Question , the Southeastern Question.
Parties to each. Originally the Eastern Question meant what
shall be done with the lands in Southeastern Europe, from which
the Turk is or will be driven ? Three elements of difficulty : 1) the
Turk; 2) the greed of the great European powers (Russia, Austria,
England); 3) the rivalries, jealousies, and characteristics of the
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 48
native populations. The explanation of this last to he sought in
the history of those lands. ]
A. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUTHEASTERN EUROPEAN LANDS DUE TO
1. Lack of amalgamation of races before the Turkish invasion
West. East.
Correspondence
of races.
Iberian \ / Albanian
Kelt / \ Greek
Roman
Teuton Slav,
due perhaps to
a. Superior Greek culture and ethnic consciousness, and
its re-action upon barbarous invaders.
b. Permanence of Greek political power at Constantinople.
c. Absence of political genius in the Slav to organize na-
tional states(? )
2. Later invasion of the Turk and his character.
B. RESULT.
All distinctions of race and creed more persistent ; aggregates
of peoples rather than nations; national type hardly formed;
enmity of neighboring states. (Austro-Hungary intermedi-
ate in character, as well as geographically, between Western
and Eastern Europe. ) .
The explanation to be sought in
C. THE HISTORY OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA.
I. To the Turkish occupation.
1. Under the Greek empire: culture and wealth.
2. Enemies before whom the Greek empire fell.
a. Slavic invasions from the sixth century : Slavic states,
Servia and Bulgaria ; varying extent and varying rela-
tions to each other and to Constantinople. Constan-
tinople from this time the barrier against Asiatic con-
quest of these lands.
b. Persians.
c. Saracens: siege of Constantinople, 717.
The Greek Empire saved by
1) The Isaurian emperors.
2) The break-up of the Saracen empire.
d. Turks (Seljukian), 1071-1100, in Asia Minor. Sultan
of Roum at Nicea. (lurks : Saracens : : Teuton :
Roman : : Slav : Greek. )
Repulsed and broken by the crusades.
e. The fourth crusade. Wars of "Latins" and "Romans,"
1104-64; general disintegration of the Christian states
paving the way for
f. Ottoman Turks.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? D. UNDER THE TURKS.
1. Appearance, 1240. Chivalrous aid to Mohammedan prince,
and reward of lands in Asia Minor ; cross into Europe ;
head of the Mohammedan empire.
2. Causes of success.
a. Line of great rulers (Orkan, enters Europe, 1346 ; Am-
urath I, Adrianople, Kassova, Servia tributary ; Baja-
zet and Tamerlane ; Mahomet I reunites the empire ;
Amurath II; Mahomet II takes Constantinople, 1453).
2. Tribute of children Janissaries; turns the strength of
the subject nations against themselves.
3. Climax, about 1550.
a. Boundaries. The Christian frontier, Venice, Austria,
and Poland. (State of Russia. )
b. Danger of Christendom Siege of Vienna, 1683. Sobi-
eski and his Poles.
4. Decay of Turkish power.
a. Nature of Turkish rule: the Christian inhabitants-
economic, social, political condition; taxation; public
works; reforms; security, and administration of justice.
b. The Janissaries ; the Spahis.
c. Insurrections and foreign attacks.
(Lepanto, 1571; siege of Vienna, 1683. )
E. How THE SUBJECT RACES WON FREEDOM.
(Freeman; histories of the separate states ; general histories ;
Laveleye; Minchin. )
1. The Hungarians, 1699.
2. The Roumanians, 1774-1878.
3. The Greeks, 1821-29.
a. Causes of insurrection.
b. The war Navarino (1827). Freeman, 182-3.
c. Capodistrias.
d. Kingdom of Greece: boundaries, etc. Freeman, 184-5.
4. The Slavs.
a. Montenegro (Tzernagora), 1703. Gladstone, Glean-
ings, iv.
b. Servia, 1804-1878.
c. Bulgaria, 1876. (Gladstone, "Bulgarian Horrors. ")
d. Bosnians, Croats, etc.
F. THE RUSVSIAN ADVANCE (TO 1878).
(Histories of Russia).
1. Treaty of Carlowitz, 1699.
2. " " Kutschouc Kainardji, 1774.
3. " " Jassy, 1792.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 50
4. Treaty of Bucharest, 1812.
5. " " Adrianople, 1829. '
6. " " Paris, 1856.
7. The settlement of 1878.
a. The War of 1877-78.
b. Treaty of San Stefano, March, 1878.
c. " " Berlin, July, 1878.
Q. THE BALKAN STATES SINCE 1878.
(History and present political and economic conditions consti-
tutions).
I. In common:
1. Jewish question.
2. The Greek church and the other sects.
3. Economic progress.
II. The separate states.
1. Servia (the House Communites, or Zadrugas Laveleye's
"Primitive Property. "
2. Montenegro. Gladstone, "Gleanings. "
3.
Bulgaria (Great Bulgaria and the Servian War). Russian
and anti-Russian policies.
4. Bosnia and Herzegovina.
5. Roumania (peasant emancipation).
6. Greece.
7. "Turkey. " (The Armenian atrocities and Crete. )
Distinctions between these Slav peoples and especially between
the different branches of the Serbs.
H. THE BALKAN QUESTION TODAY.
1. What the question is.
2. Aims of:
a. Russia.
b. Austria.
c. England (Greece, Servia, Bulgaria).
3. Possible solutions.
a. Russian dominance.
1) Conquest.
2) Suzerainty.
b. Austrian dominance.
c. A group of independent states [Constantinople a free
Conflicting claims.
d. A Balkan confederation.
1) With Austria.
2) Without Austria.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? XVI. ENGLAND.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
See General Histories, etc.
*Burgess.
Wilson.
Hansard: Parliamentary History.
*May, Taswell-Langmead, Young: Constitutional Histories.
Fyffe: Annals of our Time.
*Bagehot: English Constitution.
Amos: English Constitution.
Dicey: The Law of the Constitution.
Anson: Law and Custom of the Constitution.
*Boutmy : English Constitution.
Dicey: The Privy Council.
Todd: Parliamentary Government.
Lecky: Eighteenth Century.
*McCarthy: Epoch of Reform.
*0ur Own Times.
*England Under Gladstone.
Molesworth: History of England, 3 vols.
Walpole: History of England, 3 vols.
* Bright: History of England, vol. IV.
Recollections of Lord John Russell.
*Imperial Parliament Series (valuable. )
*English Citizen Series (valuable. )
*Toynbee: Industrial Revolution.
Porritt: Englishman at Home.
Escott: England.
Morley: Life ot Cobden.
Woods: English Social Movements.
Webb: The Radical Program.
Webb: History of Trade Unionism.
Morris and Bax: Socialism, Growth and Outcome.
SchaffJe: Impossibility of Social Democracy.
Shaw: Fabian Essays. t
Booth: In Darkest England.
Smalley: London Letters.
Ward: Queen Victoria.
Lives of the Lord Chancellors, vol. X. (Brougham. }
Brougham's Acts and Bills, 1811-57.
Mill's Dissertations, vols. I. Ill and IV.
The Radical Program.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 52
Guizot: History of England.
Cox: Reform Bills of 1866-67.
On the Eve. (Political Handbook for Campaign of 1892. )
Shaw: Municipal Government in Great Britain.
Liberal Federation Publications.
Numerous articles upon English Politics in the English Re-
views.
COLONIAL, EASTERN, AND IRISH POLICY.
Dilke: Problems of Greater Britain.
Dilke: Problems of Defense.
Seeley. Expansion of England. (Morley's Review in Miscel.
III. )
Lucas: Historical Geography of British Colonies.
Milner: England in Egypt.
Vambery: Coming Struggle for India.
Parkin: Problems of National Unity.
Payne: European Colonies.
Lecky: The Empire and Its Value.
Goldwin Smith: The Empire.
Bartlett: Union or Separation.
Rowe: Bonds of Disunion.
Ingram: History of the Irish Union (a defense. )
Teal: South Africa.
Scott Keltic: Race for Africa.
Knight: Rhodesia Today.
Latimer: Europe in Africa.
Goldwin-Smith: Canada.
McCoan: Egypt.
Wallace: Egypt.
Trail: The Burden of Egypt, in 19th Century, April, 1896.
Wylde: The Soudan.
Joyce: History of Ireland.
Lome: Imperial Federation.
Cotton and Payne: Colonies and Dependencies.
Elliot: Northeastern Fisheries.
Deane: Short History of Ireland.
See also McCarthy's works, above, for Ireland and the larger
histories named.
Froude: English in Ireland.
Lecky' s Eighteenth Century.
Numerous works on England and Russia in the East, and
periodical articles upon Federation.
Webb: London County Council, Contemp. , Jan. , 1895.
Hardig: Independent Labor Party, 19th Cent. , Jan. , 1895.
England in Egypt, Quarterly, Jan. , 1895.
General works as before.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 53
INTRODUCTORY
England Since the Glorious Revolution, 1688-9.
A. GAINS OF THAT REVOLUTION
Supremacy of Parliament over the King forever established.
1. By Bill of Rights.
2. By securing
a. Annual sessions (purse and sword).
b. Triennial parliaments (septennial).
c. "Responsible" ministries in modern sense representing
the majority of the House of Commons.
B. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, 1689-1815.
1. The age of Philistinism (Walpole).
2. European warfare colonial expansion: "conquered and
colonized half the world in a fit of absent-mindedness. "
3. Barren of political reform except for strengthening par-
liamentary government, and for vain attempt of George
III to overthrow it. See Buckle, I, 348-356.
C. CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT SINCE.
1. To develop and complete ministerial government. (To
make the ministry more fully the servants of the "House. ")
2. To establish supremacy of the "House" over the "Lords"
1832.
3. To reform and extend the suffrage.
a. 1832 First Reform Bill to middle classes.
b. 1867 Second Reform Bill to town democracy.
c. 1884 Third Reform Bill to rural democracy.
4. To reform local government.
a. In boroughs.
b.
Freeman: The Southern Slavs (ib. )
Ranke: Servia and the Servian Revolution.
Samuelson: Roumania, Past and Present.
Clark: The Races of European Turkey.
Seargent: New Greece.
Finlay: The Greek Revolution.
Jebb: Modern Greece.
Tukerman: Greeks of Today.
* Dicey: The Peasant State (Bulgaria. ) (Cf. Dicey in Fort-
nightly, April, 1896, on Russia and Bulgaria. )
Latimer: Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth Century.
PERIODICAL ARTICLES.
The Eastern Question Historically Considered, Fortnightly,
40-563.
Baron Hirsch's Railway, Fortnightly, Aug. , 1888.
The Partition of Turkey, Fortnightly, 48-862.
Reform in Turkey, Nineteenth Century, 23-276.
Fate of Roumania, Fortnightly, Dec. 1888.
Russia and Bulgaria, Contemporary, Oct. 1886, Fortnightly,
April, 1896.
Fortnightly, July, 1888.
Contemporary Greece, Fortnightly, 1890.
Russia and the Balkans, Fortnightly, Jan. 1895.
[The "Eastern Question" the Balkan Question, the Egyptian
Question, the Central Asiatic Question , the Southeastern Question.
Parties to each. Originally the Eastern Question meant what
shall be done with the lands in Southeastern Europe, from which
the Turk is or will be driven ? Three elements of difficulty : 1) the
Turk; 2) the greed of the great European powers (Russia, Austria,
England); 3) the rivalries, jealousies, and characteristics of the
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 48
native populations. The explanation of this last to he sought in
the history of those lands. ]
A. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUTHEASTERN EUROPEAN LANDS DUE TO
1. Lack of amalgamation of races before the Turkish invasion
West. East.
Correspondence
of races.
Iberian \ / Albanian
Kelt / \ Greek
Roman
Teuton Slav,
due perhaps to
a. Superior Greek culture and ethnic consciousness, and
its re-action upon barbarous invaders.
b. Permanence of Greek political power at Constantinople.
c. Absence of political genius in the Slav to organize na-
tional states(? )
2. Later invasion of the Turk and his character.
B. RESULT.
All distinctions of race and creed more persistent ; aggregates
of peoples rather than nations; national type hardly formed;
enmity of neighboring states. (Austro-Hungary intermedi-
ate in character, as well as geographically, between Western
and Eastern Europe. ) .
The explanation to be sought in
C. THE HISTORY OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA.
I. To the Turkish occupation.
1. Under the Greek empire: culture and wealth.
2. Enemies before whom the Greek empire fell.
a. Slavic invasions from the sixth century : Slavic states,
Servia and Bulgaria ; varying extent and varying rela-
tions to each other and to Constantinople. Constan-
tinople from this time the barrier against Asiatic con-
quest of these lands.
b. Persians.
c. Saracens: siege of Constantinople, 717.
The Greek Empire saved by
1) The Isaurian emperors.
2) The break-up of the Saracen empire.
d. Turks (Seljukian), 1071-1100, in Asia Minor. Sultan
of Roum at Nicea. (lurks : Saracens : : Teuton :
Roman : : Slav : Greek. )
Repulsed and broken by the crusades.
e. The fourth crusade. Wars of "Latins" and "Romans,"
1104-64; general disintegration of the Christian states
paving the way for
f. Ottoman Turks.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? D. UNDER THE TURKS.
1. Appearance, 1240. Chivalrous aid to Mohammedan prince,
and reward of lands in Asia Minor ; cross into Europe ;
head of the Mohammedan empire.
2. Causes of success.
a. Line of great rulers (Orkan, enters Europe, 1346 ; Am-
urath I, Adrianople, Kassova, Servia tributary ; Baja-
zet and Tamerlane ; Mahomet I reunites the empire ;
Amurath II; Mahomet II takes Constantinople, 1453).
2. Tribute of children Janissaries; turns the strength of
the subject nations against themselves.
3. Climax, about 1550.
a. Boundaries. The Christian frontier, Venice, Austria,
and Poland. (State of Russia. )
b. Danger of Christendom Siege of Vienna, 1683. Sobi-
eski and his Poles.
4. Decay of Turkish power.
a. Nature of Turkish rule: the Christian inhabitants-
economic, social, political condition; taxation; public
works; reforms; security, and administration of justice.
b. The Janissaries ; the Spahis.
c. Insurrections and foreign attacks.
(Lepanto, 1571; siege of Vienna, 1683. )
E. How THE SUBJECT RACES WON FREEDOM.
(Freeman; histories of the separate states ; general histories ;
Laveleye; Minchin. )
1. The Hungarians, 1699.
2. The Roumanians, 1774-1878.
3. The Greeks, 1821-29.
a. Causes of insurrection.
b. The war Navarino (1827). Freeman, 182-3.
c. Capodistrias.
d. Kingdom of Greece: boundaries, etc. Freeman, 184-5.
4. The Slavs.
a. Montenegro (Tzernagora), 1703. Gladstone, Glean-
ings, iv.
b. Servia, 1804-1878.
c. Bulgaria, 1876. (Gladstone, "Bulgarian Horrors. ")
d. Bosnians, Croats, etc.
F. THE RUSVSIAN ADVANCE (TO 1878).
(Histories of Russia).
1. Treaty of Carlowitz, 1699.
2. " " Kutschouc Kainardji, 1774.
3. " " Jassy, 1792.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 50
4. Treaty of Bucharest, 1812.
5. " " Adrianople, 1829. '
6. " " Paris, 1856.
7. The settlement of 1878.
a. The War of 1877-78.
b. Treaty of San Stefano, March, 1878.
c. " " Berlin, July, 1878.
Q. THE BALKAN STATES SINCE 1878.
(History and present political and economic conditions consti-
tutions).
I. In common:
1. Jewish question.
2. The Greek church and the other sects.
3. Economic progress.
II. The separate states.
1. Servia (the House Communites, or Zadrugas Laveleye's
"Primitive Property. "
2. Montenegro. Gladstone, "Gleanings. "
3.
Bulgaria (Great Bulgaria and the Servian War). Russian
and anti-Russian policies.
4. Bosnia and Herzegovina.
5. Roumania (peasant emancipation).
6. Greece.
7. "Turkey. " (The Armenian atrocities and Crete. )
Distinctions between these Slav peoples and especially between
the different branches of the Serbs.
H. THE BALKAN QUESTION TODAY.
1. What the question is.
2. Aims of:
a. Russia.
b. Austria.
c. England (Greece, Servia, Bulgaria).
3. Possible solutions.
a. Russian dominance.
1) Conquest.
2) Suzerainty.
b. Austrian dominance.
c. A group of independent states [Constantinople a free
Conflicting claims.
d. A Balkan confederation.
1) With Austria.
2) Without Austria.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? XVI. ENGLAND.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
See General Histories, etc.
*Burgess.
Wilson.
Hansard: Parliamentary History.
*May, Taswell-Langmead, Young: Constitutional Histories.
Fyffe: Annals of our Time.
*Bagehot: English Constitution.
Amos: English Constitution.
Dicey: The Law of the Constitution.
Anson: Law and Custom of the Constitution.
*Boutmy : English Constitution.
Dicey: The Privy Council.
Todd: Parliamentary Government.
Lecky: Eighteenth Century.
*McCarthy: Epoch of Reform.
*0ur Own Times.
*England Under Gladstone.
Molesworth: History of England, 3 vols.
Walpole: History of England, 3 vols.
* Bright: History of England, vol. IV.
Recollections of Lord John Russell.
*Imperial Parliament Series (valuable. )
*English Citizen Series (valuable. )
*Toynbee: Industrial Revolution.
Porritt: Englishman at Home.
Escott: England.
Morley: Life ot Cobden.
Woods: English Social Movements.
Webb: The Radical Program.
Webb: History of Trade Unionism.
Morris and Bax: Socialism, Growth and Outcome.
SchaffJe: Impossibility of Social Democracy.
Shaw: Fabian Essays. t
Booth: In Darkest England.
Smalley: London Letters.
Ward: Queen Victoria.
Lives of the Lord Chancellors, vol. X. (Brougham. }
Brougham's Acts and Bills, 1811-57.
Mill's Dissertations, vols. I. Ill and IV.
The Radical Program.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 52
Guizot: History of England.
Cox: Reform Bills of 1866-67.
On the Eve. (Political Handbook for Campaign of 1892. )
Shaw: Municipal Government in Great Britain.
Liberal Federation Publications.
Numerous articles upon English Politics in the English Re-
views.
COLONIAL, EASTERN, AND IRISH POLICY.
Dilke: Problems of Greater Britain.
Dilke: Problems of Defense.
Seeley. Expansion of England. (Morley's Review in Miscel.
III. )
Lucas: Historical Geography of British Colonies.
Milner: England in Egypt.
Vambery: Coming Struggle for India.
Parkin: Problems of National Unity.
Payne: European Colonies.
Lecky: The Empire and Its Value.
Goldwin Smith: The Empire.
Bartlett: Union or Separation.
Rowe: Bonds of Disunion.
Ingram: History of the Irish Union (a defense. )
Teal: South Africa.
Scott Keltic: Race for Africa.
Knight: Rhodesia Today.
Latimer: Europe in Africa.
Goldwin-Smith: Canada.
McCoan: Egypt.
Wallace: Egypt.
Trail: The Burden of Egypt, in 19th Century, April, 1896.
Wylde: The Soudan.
Joyce: History of Ireland.
Lome: Imperial Federation.
Cotton and Payne: Colonies and Dependencies.
Elliot: Northeastern Fisheries.
Deane: Short History of Ireland.
See also McCarthy's works, above, for Ireland and the larger
histories named.
Froude: English in Ireland.
Lecky' s Eighteenth Century.
Numerous works on England and Russia in the East, and
periodical articles upon Federation.
Webb: London County Council, Contemp. , Jan. , 1895.
Hardig: Independent Labor Party, 19th Cent. , Jan. , 1895.
England in Egypt, Quarterly, Jan. , 1895.
General works as before.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 53
INTRODUCTORY
England Since the Glorious Revolution, 1688-9.
A. GAINS OF THAT REVOLUTION
Supremacy of Parliament over the King forever established.
1. By Bill of Rights.
2. By securing
a. Annual sessions (purse and sword).
b. Triennial parliaments (septennial).
c. "Responsible" ministries in modern sense representing
the majority of the House of Commons.
B. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, 1689-1815.
1. The age of Philistinism (Walpole).
2. European warfare colonial expansion: "conquered and
colonized half the world in a fit of absent-mindedness. "
3. Barren of political reform except for strengthening par-
liamentary government, and for vain attempt of George
III to overthrow it. See Buckle, I, 348-356.
C. CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT SINCE.
1. To develop and complete ministerial government. (To
make the ministry more fully the servants of the "House. ")
2. To establish supremacy of the "House" over the "Lords"
1832.
3. To reform and extend the suffrage.
a. 1832 First Reform Bill to middle classes.
b. 1867 Second Reform Bill to town democracy.
c. 1884 Third Reform Bill to rural democracy.
4. To reform local government.
a. In boroughs.
b.
