No More Learning

CONCERNING great things one should either be silent or one should speak loftily:--loftily--that is to say, cynically and innocently.
2.
What I am now going to relate is the history of the next two centuries. I shall describe what
will happen, what must necessarily happen: the
triumph of Nihilism. This history can be written already; for necessity itself is at work in bringing
it about. This future is already proclaimed by a hundred different omens; as a destiny it announces its advent everywhere; for this music of to-morrow all ears are already pricked. The whole of our culture in Europe has long been writhing in an agony of suspense which increases from decade to decade as if in expectation of a catastrophe: restless, violent, helter-skelter,
? will reach bourne, and refuses reflect--yea, that even dreads reflection.
On the other hand, the present writer has done
little else, hitherto, than reflect and meditate, like VOL. A.
like a torrent that
? ? I.
3.
its
to
? 2
PREFACE.
an instinctive philosopher and anchorite, who found his advantage in isolation--in remaining outside, in patience, procrastination, and lagging behind; like a weighing and testing spirit who has already lost his way in every labyrinth of the future; like a prophetic bird-spirit
that looks backwards when it would announce what is to come; like the first perfect European Nihilist, who, however, has already
outlived Nihilism in his own soul--who has out grown, overcome, and dismissed
4.
For the reader must not misunderstand the meaning the title which has been given this
? Evangel
the Future. "The Will Power:
An Attempted Transvaluation of all Values"-- with this formula counter-movement finds ex
pression, regard both principle and
mission;
future will supersede this perfect Nihilism; but
movement which some remote
regards necessary step, both logically and psychologically, towards own advent, and which positively cannot come, except top and out For, why the triumph Nihilism inevitable now? Because the very
values current amongst to-day will arrive their logical conclusion Nihilism,--because
Nihilism the only possible outcome our greatest values and ideals, --because we must first
experience Nihilism before we can realise what the actual worth of these "values" was Sooner
later we shall be need new values.
which nevertheless
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? ? FIRST BOOK. EUROPEAN NIHILISM.
? ? ? EUROPEAN NIHILISM.
I.
A PLAN.
I. NIHILISM is at our door: whence comes this most gruesome of all guests to us? --To begin
with, it is a mistake to point to "social evils," "physiological degeneration," or even to corrup tion as a cause of Nihilism. This is the most straightforward and most sympathetic age that ever was. Evil, whether spiritual, physical, or intellectual, itself, quite
? Nihilism, i. e. , the absolute repudiation
purpose, desirability. These evils allow yet
other and quite different explanations. But there one very definite explanation the phenomena:
Nihilism harbours the heart of Christian morals.
Christianity,--through morality (which insuperable), which finally turns
against the Christian God Himself (the sense truth, highly developed through Christianity,
ultimately revolts against the falsehood and ficti tiousness all Christian interpretations the world and its history. The recoil-stroke "God
The downfall
unable introduce
worth,
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6 THE WILL TO POWER.
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is Truth" in the fanatical Belief, is: "All is false. " Buddhism of action. . . ).
3. Doubt in morality is the decisive factor. The downfall of the moral interpretation of the universe, which loses its raison d'e^tre once it has
tried to take flight to a Beyond, meets its end in Nihilism. "Nothing has any purpose" (the inconsistency of one explanation of the world, to
which men have devoted untold energy,-gives rise to the suspicion that all explanations may
perhaps
yearning for nonentity (Indian Buddhism has no fundamentally moral development at the back
of it; that is why Nihilism in its case means only morality not overcome; existence is regarded as
a punishment and conceived as an error; error is thus held to be punishment--a moral valuation).
be false). The Buddhistic feature: a
? Philosophical attempts
to overcome the "moral God" (Hegel, Pantheism). The vanquishing of popular ideals: the wizard, the saint, the bard.
Antagonism "good. "
of "true" and "beautiful" and
4. Against "purposelessness" on the one hand,
against moral valuations on the other: how far has all science and philosophy been cultivated hereto fore under the influence of moral judgments? And have we not got the additional factor--the enmity of science, into the bargain? Or the prejudice
against science? Criticism of Spinoza. Christian
valuations everywhere present as remnants in
socialistic and positivistic systems. A criticism of Christian morality is altogether lacking.
5. The Nihilistic consequences of present natural
? ? \*
(along with its attempts to escape into a |Beyond). Out of practice there finally arises
"certain self-annihilation, an antagonistic attitude
towards itself--a sort anti-scientificality. Since Copernicus man has been rolling away from the
centre towards
The Nihilistic consequences the political
and politico-economical way thinking, where all
principles length become tainted with the atmo sphere the platform: the breath mediocrity, in
significance, dishonesty, etc. Nationalism. Anarchy, etc. Punishment. Everywhere the deliverer
? missing, either class justifier.
Nihilistic consequences
EUROPEAN NIHILISM.
-
7
single man--the
history and the
"practical historian," i. e. ,
attitude art quite unoriginal modern life. Its gloominess. Goethe's so-called Olympian State.
Art and the preparation Nihilism. Roman
ticism (the conclusion Wagner's Ring of the Mibelung).
? the
romanticist. The
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? I. NIHILISM.
I, NIHILISM AS AN OUTCOME OF THE VALUATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF
EXISTENCE WHICH HAVE PREVAILED HERETOFORE,
2.
What does Nihilism mean? --That the highest values are losing their value. There is no bourne,
There is no answer to the question: "to what purpose? "
? themselves,
3.
Thorough
is absurd, in the light of the highest values
already discovered; it also includes the view that
we have not the smallest right to assume the existence of transcendental objects or things in
This view is a result of fully developed "truth
fulness": therefore a consequence of the belief in morality.
4.
What advantages did the Christian hypothesis of morality offer?
Nihilism is the conviction that life
which would be either divine or morality incarnate.
? ? ? | i
NIHILISM,
9
upon men, apparent insignifi acance and subordination to chance in the eternal
flux of becoming and perishing.
(2) It served the purpose of God's advocates,
inasmuch as it granted the world a certain perfec
tion despite its sorrow and evil--it also granted
the world that proverbial "freedom": evil seemed full of meaning.
(3) It assumed that man could have a know ledge of absolute values, and thus granted him adequate perception for the most important things.
(4) It prevented man from despising himself as man, from turning against life, and from being
driven to despair by knowledge: it was a self
(1) It bestowed an intrinsic value | which contrasted with their
? preservative
In short: Morality was the great antidote
measure.
against practical and theoretical Nihilism.
5.
But among the forces reared by morality, there was truthfulness: this in the end turns against morality, exposes the teleology of the latter, interestedness, and now the recognition this lie
long incorporated, from which we despaired
ever freeing ourselves, acts just like stimulus. We perceive certain needs ourselves, implanted during the long dynasty the moral interpreta tion life, which now seem be needs
untruth: on the other hand, those very needs represent the highest values owing which we are able endure life. We have ceased from
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attaching any worth to what we know, and we dare not attach any more worth to that with which we would fain deceive ourselves--from this'
antagonism there results a process of dissolution.
6.
In so far as we believe in morality, we con demn existence.
7.
This is the antinomy:
The highest values in the service of which man ought to live, more particularly when they
oppressed and constrained him most--these social walues, owing to their tone-strengthening tenden
cies, were built over men's heads as though they
were the will of God, or "reality," or the actual
world, or even a hope of a world to come. Now
that the lowly origin of these values has become
known,
the whole universe seems to have been
significance--but this only an intermediate stage.
8.
The consequence Nihilism (disbelief
values) result moral valuation -- We
have grown dislike egotism (even though we have realised the impossibility altruism);--we have
grown dislike what most necessary (although we have recognised the impossibility liberum
transvalued and to have lost
|
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NIHILISM.
"intelligible
I I
freedom"*). We
rbitrium and of an
spheres
that we do not reach the
in
which we have set our values--at the same time
those other spheres in which we live have not
thereby gained one iota in value. On the contrary,
we are tired, because we have lost the main in centive to live. "All in vain hitherto ! "
9.
Pessimism as a preparatory state to Nihilism.
IO.
A. Pessimism viewed as strength--in what re spect In the energy of its logic, as anarchy, Nihilism, and analysis.
B. Pessimism regarded as collapse--in what
sense ? In the sense of its being a softening influence, a sort of cosmopolitan befingering, a
"tout comprendre," and historical spirit.
appear
The logic of Pessimism leads finally to Nihilism : what is the force at work 3-The notion that there
are no values, and no purpose: the recognition of the part that moral valuations have played in all other lofty values.
* This is a Kantian term. Kant recognised two kinds of
Freedom--the practical and the transcendental kind. The first belongs to the phenomenal, the second to the intelligible world. --TRANSLATOR'S NOTE.
? Critical tension: extremes make their ance and become dominant.
I I.
? ? ? 12 THE WILL TO POWER.
Result: moral valuations are condemnations, ne
gations, morality is the abdication of the will to live. . . .
|
I2.
THE COLLAPSE OF COSMOPOLITAN VALUES.
A.
Nihilism will have to manifest itself as a psycho logical condition, first when we have sought in all
that has happened a purpose which is not there: so that the seeker will ultimately lose courage. Nihilism is therefore the coming into consciousness of the long waste of strength, the pain of "futility," uncertainty, the lack of an opportunity to recover
in some way, or to attain to a state of peace concerning anything--shame in one's own pres
ence, as if one had cheated oneself too long. . . .
The purpose above-mentioned might have been achieved: in the form of a "realisation" of a most
high canon of morality in all worldly phenomena,
the moral order of the universe; or in the form of
the increase of love and harmony in the traffic of humanity; or in the nearer approach to a general
condition of happiness; or even in the march to wards general nonentity--any sort of goal always
constitutes a purpose. The common factor to all these appearances is that something will be at tained, through the process itself: and now we perceive that Becoming has been aiming at nothing, and has achieved nothing. Hence the disillusion ment in regard to a so-called purpose in existence, as a cause of Nihilism; whether this be in re
? ? ? ? {
NIHILISM.
13
spect of a very definite purpose, or generalised into
the recognition that the hypotheses are false
which have hitherto been offered the object of life, and which relate the whole "Evolu
tion" (man longer assistant in, let alone the culmination the evolutionary process).
totality, systematisation, even organisation
and behind all phenomena, that the soul
thirsting for respect and admiration will wallow the general idea highest ruling and adminis
trative power (if the soul logician, the sequence consequences and perfect reasoning
will suffice conciliate everything). kind
unity, some form "monism": and result
this belief man becomes obsessed by feel
Nihilism will manifest itself
condition, the second place, when man has fixed
presence
him, sort the surrender
All which infinitely superior divinity. "The general good exacts
the individual but lo, there no such general good At bottom, man loses
the belief his own worth when no infinitely precious entity manifests itself through him--that say, he conceived such an All, order
able believe his own worth.
Nihilism, psychological condition, has yet
third and last form. Admitting these two points of view: that no purpose can assigned Be
coming, and that no great entity rules behind all Becoming, which the individual may completely
superior value; there still remains the subterfuge which would con
lose himself element
psychological
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I4
sist in condemning this whole world of Becoming as an illusion, and in discovering a world which
would lie beyond and would be real world. The moment, however, that man perceives that
this world has been devised only for the purpose meeting certain psychological needs, and that
he has no right whatsoever the final form Nihilism comes into being, which comprises
denial of metaphysical world, and which forbids
itself all belief in real world.
point, the reality Becoming
that admitted: all bypaths
From this stand the only reality back-worlds and
false godheads are abandoned--but this world no
? longer endured, although
What has actually happened? The feeling
worthlessness was realised when was understood
that neither the notion "Purpose," nor that Unity," nor that "Truth," could be made
interpret the general character existence. Noth ing achieved obtained thereby; the unity
which intervenes the multiplicity events
entirely lacking:
"true," false; there certainly no longer
one wishes disown
the character existence not
any reason believe real world. short, the categories, "Purpose," "Unity," "Being," by
life, we have once more divorced from it--and the
means which we had lent some worth world now appears worthless us.
B.
Admitting that we have recognised the impos sibility interpreting the world by means these
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NIHILISM.
I5
~? hree categories, and that from this standpoint the
world begins to be worthless to us; we must ask ourselves whence we derived our belief in these
three categories. Let us see if it is possible to refuse to believe in them. If we can deprive them of their value, the proof that they cannot be applied to the world, is no longer a sufficient reason for depriving that world of value.
Result: The belief the categories reason the cause of Nihilism--we have measured the
worth the world according categories which
can only applied purely fictitious world. Conclusion: All values with which we have tried, hitherto, lend the world some worth, from
? our point fore deprived
view, and with which we have there
all worth (once these values have inapplicable)--all these values,
been shown
are, psychologically, the results
certain views maintain
certain com-- munities: but falsely projected into the nature
things. always man's exaggerated ingenuous
ness regard himself the sense and measure all things.
Nihilism represents an intermediary pathological condition (the vast generalisation, the conclusion
that there
purpose anything, pathological):
This probably refers Kant's celebrated table twelve categories. The four classes, quantity, quality, relation, and modality, are each provided with three categories. --TRANS LATOR'S NOTE.
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? I6 THE WILL TO POWER.
whether it be that the productive forces are no
The conditions this hypothesis:--That there truth; that there no absolute state
affairs "thing-in-itself. " This itself only
Mihilism,
that the value things consists precisely the fact that these values are not real and never have
been real, but that they are only symptom strength the part the valuer, simplification serving the purposes existence,
I4.
Values and their modification are related the
the "freedom expres
yet strong enough--or
that decadence still hesi tates and has not yet discovered expedients.
growth power
and the most extreme kind. finds
? the valuer. The measure disbelief and
spirit" which tolerated, viewed sion of the growth of power.
the highest spiritual power, the over-rich life, partly destruc
"Nihilism viewed the ideal tive, partly ironical.
What belief? How belief born All
belief assumes that something true.
The extremest form of Nihilism would mean
that all belief--all assumption truth--is false: because no real world at hand. were there
fore: only
origin must constantly simplified world).
appearance seen perspective, whose
found (seeing that we are need narrower, shortened, and
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NIHILISM.
17
This should be realised, that the extent to which we can, in our heart of hearts, acknowledge appearance, and the necessity of falsehood, with
out going to rack and ruin, is the measure of strength.
In this respect, Nihilism, in that it is the nega
tion of a real world and of Being, might be a divine view of the world.
I6.
If we are disillusioned, we have not become so in regard to life, but owing to the fact that our
eyes have been opened to all kinds of "desiderata. " With mocking anger we survey that which is
called "Ideal": we despise ourselves only because we are unable at every moment of our lives to quell that absurd emotion which is called "Ideal ism. " This pampering by means of ideals is stronger than the anger of the disillusioned one.
I7.
To what extent does Schopenhauerian Nihilism
continue to be the result of the same ideal as that
zwhich gave rise to Christian Theism f The
amount of certainty concerning the most exalted desiderata, the highest values and the greatest
degree of perfection, was so great, that the
philosophers started out from it as if it had been an a priori and absolute fact: "God" at the head, as the given quantity--Truth. "To become like
God," "to be absorbed into the Divine Being"-- WOL. I. B
? ? ? ? I8 THE WILL TO POWER.
I |
these were for centuries the most ingenuous and most convincing desiderata (but that which con. vinces is not necessarily true on that account it is nothing more nor less than convincing. Ar observation for donkeys).
The granting of a personal-reality to this accre.
tion of ideals has been unlearned: people have
become atheistic. But has the ideal actually beer
abandoned? The , latest metaphysicians, as a
matter of fact, still seek their true "reality" in i --the "thing-in-itself" beside which everything
"else is merely appearance. Their dogma thal
because our world
appearance obviously
? not the expression that ideal, therefore canno be "true"--and at bottom does not even lead
back that metaphysical world cause. The
unconditioned,
highest degree perfection, cannot possibly
far stands for thal
Schopen hauer, who desired otherwise, was obliged
be the reason all the conditioned.
imagine this metaphysical basis the antithesi the ideal, "an evil, blind will": thus could be "that which appears," that which manifest
itself the world appearance. But even so,
did not give up that ideal absolute--he circum vented it.
(Kant seems have needed the hypothesis
"intelligible freedom,"*
ens perfectum the responsibility
trived this world short,
explain evil: scandalous logic for philosopher
See Note 11.
order
relieve having con
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? NIHILISM.
I8.
I9
The most general sign of modern times: in his
own estimation, man has lost an infinite amount of
dignity. For a long time he was the centre and
tragic hero of life in general; then he endeavoured
to demonstrate at least his relationship to the most essential and in itself most valuable side of
life--as all metaphysicians do, who wish to hold
fast to the dignity of man, in their belief that moral values are cardinal values. He who has
let God go, clings all the more strongly to the belief in morality.
I9.
Every purely moral valuation (as, for instance,
? Europe must expect the same thing! It is supposed that
the Buddhistic) terminates in Nihilism:
one can get along with a morality bereft of a religious background; but in this direction the road to Nihilism is opened. There is nothing in religion
which compels us to regard ourselves as valuing CreatureS.
2O.
The question which Nihilism puts, namely, "to what purpose ? " is the outcome of a habit, hitherto, to regard the purpose as something fixed, given and
exacted from outside--that is to say, by some super natural authority. Once the belief in this has been unlearned, the force of an old habit leads to the search after another authority, which would know how to speak unconditionally, and could point to
? ? ? 2O THE WILL TO POWER.
goals and missions. The authority of the conscience
now takes the first place (the more morality is emancipated from theology, the more imperative
does it become) as a compensation for the personal
author aty. Or the authority
evade the will, also the willing goal and
the risk setting oneself goal. One would like
get rid the responsibility (Fatalism would be accepted). Finally: Happiness, and with
dash humbug, the happiness the greatest number.
said:--
(1) definite goal quite unnecessary.
(2) Such goal cannot possibly foreseen. Precisely now, when will fullest strength
were necessary, the weakest and most pusil.
lanimous condition. Absolute mistrust concerning the organising power the will.
I.
The perfect Wihilist. --The Nihilist's eye idealises an ugly sense, and inconstant what
gregarious instinct (the herd).
immanent spirit, which has
which one can abandon oneself. One would like
remembers: and fade,
allows recollections
of reason. Or the Or history with
goal itself, and
I.
? go astray does not protect them from that cadaverous coloration with which weakness dyes all
that distant and past. And what does not do for itself fails for the whole the past mankind well--that say, allows drop
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|
? 2328. 360 NIHILISM,
22.
2I
* A. Nihilism as a sign of enhanced spiritual
It may be two things:--
active Nihilism.
B. Nihilism as a sign of the collapse and decline of spiritual strength: passive Nihilism.
23.
Nihilism, a normal condition.
It may be a sign of strength ; spiritual vigour
may have increased to such an extent that the
goals
Nihilism.
strength:
? toward which man has marched hitherto (the "convictions," articles of faith) are no longer suited to it (for a faith generally expresses the exigencies of the conditions of existence, a submis sion to the authority of an order of things which conduces to the prosperity, the growth and power of
a living creature . . ); on the other hand, a sign of insufficient strength, to fix a goal, a "wherefore,"
and a faith for itself.
It reaches maximum relative strength,
powerful destructive force, the form active AVihilism.
Its opposite would be weary Nihilism, which no
longer attacks: most renowned form being Buddhism: passive Nihilism, sign weakness:
spiritual strength may
fatigued, exhausted,
that the goals and values which have prevailed: hitherto are longer suited and are longer believed in--so that the synthesis values and goals (upon which every strong culture stands)
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? 22 THE WILL TO POWER.
decomposes, and the different values contend with one another: Disintegration, then everything which
is relieving, which heals, becalms, or stupefies, steps
into the foreground under the cover of various dis. guises, either religious, moral, political or aesthetic,
etC.
-
24.
Nihilism is not only a meditating over the "in vain l'--not only the belief that everything de serves to perish; but one actually puts one's shoulder to the plough; one destroys. This, if you will, is illogical; but the Nihilist does not believe in the necessity of being logical. . . . It is the
condition of strong minds and wills; and to these it is impossible to be satisfied with the negation of judgment: the negation by deeds proceeds from
their nature. Annihilation by the reasoning faculty seconds annihilation by the hand.
25.
? Concerning the genesis of the Nihilist. The courage of all one really knows comes but late in life. It is only quite recently that I have ac knowledged to myself that heretofore I have been a Nihilist from top to toe. The energy and thoroughness
with which marched forward Nihilist deceived the concerning, this fundamental fact. When one progressing towards goal seems impossible that "aimlessness per se"
should be one? 's fundamental article faith.
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is
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? NIHILISM.
26.
23
The Pessimism of strong natures. The "where fore" after a terrible struggle, even after victory. That something may exist which is a hundred times more important than the question, whether we feel well or unwell, is the fundamental instinct of all strong natures--and consequently too, whether the others feel well or unwell. In short, that we have a purpose, for which we would not even hesitate to sacrifice men, run all risks, and bend our backs to the worst: this is the great passion.
2. FURTHER CAUSES OF NIHILISM.
27.
The causes of Nihilism: (1) The higher species is
lacking, i. e. , the species whose inexhaustible fruit
fulness and power would uphold our belief in Man
(think only of what is owed to Napoleon--almost all the higher hopes of this century).
? species ("herd," "mass," "society") is forgetting modesty, and inflates its needs into cosmic and metaphysical values. In this way all life is vulgarised: for inasmuch as the mass of mankind rules, it tyrannises over the ex
ceptions, so that these lose their belief in themselves and become AWihilists.
All attempts to conceive of a new species come to nothing ("romanticism," the artist, the philosopher;
against Carlyle's attempt to lend them the highest moral values).
(2) The inferior
? ? ? THE WILL TO POWER.
24
The struggle against genius ("popular poetry,"
etc. ). Sympathy with the lowly and the suffering
as a standard for the elevation of the soul.
The philosopher is lacking, the interpreter of
deeds, and not alone he who poetises them. 28.
All attempts made to escape Nihilism, which
do not consist in transvaluing the values that have prevailed hitherto, only make the matter worse; they complicate the problem.
29.
The varieties of self-stupefaction. In one's
heart of hearts, not to know, whither? Empti
ness. The attempt to rise superior to it all by means of emotional intoxication: emotional in
toxication in the form of music, in the form of cruelty the tragic joy over the ruin the
The result is that higher types are resisted.
The downfall and insecurity of all higher types,
Imperfect
Nihilism--its forms: we are now surrounded by them.
? blind, gushing en distinct periods
(in the form hatred, etc. ).
work blindly, like scientific instrument; keep
eye on the many small joys, like an investi gator, for instance (modesty towards oneself); the
mysticism the voluptuous joy eternal empti
noblest, and the form
thusiasm over individual men
The attempt
?