H ow weak are the
generality
of I
vernments, yet how do they enslave !
vernments, yet how do they enslave !
Madame de Stael - Corinna, or Italy
I f our
souls commune, our mutual affection will not be fugitive:
be that as it may, let us admire together all that can elevate
our minds; we shall thus, at least, secure some happy
moments. " S o saying, she descended. N evil followed
her, astonished at her reply: it seemed that she admitted
guessed this, said, when they were seated in her carriage,
-" I do not think the heart is so constituted that it must
? either feel no love at all, or the most unconq uerable passion.
There are early symptoms which may vanish before self-
ex amination. W e flatter, we deceive ourselves; and the
very enthusiasm of which we are susceptible, if it renders
the enchantment more rapid, may also bring the re-action
more promptly. " -- " Y ou have reflected much upon this
sentiment, madame," observed O swald, with bitterness.
Corinne blushed, and was silent for some moments, then
said, with a strik ing union of frank ness and dignity,
" I suppose no woman of heart ever reached the age of
twenty-six without having k nown the illusions of love; but
if never to have been happy, never to have met an obj ect
worthy of her full affection, is a claim on sympathy, I have
a right to yours. " The words, the accent of Corinne,
somewhat dispersed the clouds that gathered over N evil' s
thoughts; yet he said to himself, " S he is a most seducing
creature, but-- an I talian. This is not a shrink ing, innocent
heart, even to itself unk nown, such as, I doubt not, beats
in the bosom of the E nglish girl to whom my father des-
tined me. "
L ucy E dgarmond was the daughter of his parent' s best
e2
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? 52CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
friend; but too young, when he left E ngland, for him to
marry her, or even foresee what she might one day be-
come. *
CH A PTE R I I .
O swald and Corinne went first to the Pantheon, now called
S anta Maria of the R otunda. Throughout I taly the Catholic
hath been the Pagan' s heir; but this is the only antiq ue temple
in R ome which has been preserved entire; the only one
wherein we may behold, unimpaired, the architecture of the
ancients, and the peculiar character of their worship.
H ere they paused to admire the portico and its sup-
porting columns. Corinne bade O swald observe that this
building was constructed in such a manner as made it
appear much larger than it was. " S t. Peter' s," she said,
" produces an opposite effect: you will, at first, think it
less vast than it is in reality. The deception, so favourable
to the Pantheon, proceeds, it is conceived, from the great
space between the pillars, and from the air playing so
freely within ; but still more from the absence of ornament,
with which S t. Peter' s is overcharged. E ven thus did
antiq ue poetry design but the massive features of a theme,
leaving the reader' s fancy to supply the detail: in all affairs
we moderns say and do too much. This fane was con-
secrated by A grippa, the favourite of A ugustus, to his
friend, or rather, his master; who, however, had the
humility to refuse this dedication; and A grippa was
reduced to the necessity of devoting it to all the gods of
O lympus, and of substituting their power for that of one
earthly idol. O n the top of the Pantheon stood a car, in which
were placed the statues of A ugustus and A grippa. O n
each side of the portico similar effigies were displayed, in
other attitudes; and over the front of the temple is still
legible, ' Consecrated by A grippa. ' A ugustus gave his
name to the age in which he lived, by rendering it an era
* I n the original L ucile E dgermond; but as neither of these names are
E nglish, and the latter capable of a very ignoble pronunciation, I have tak en
the liberty to alter both. -- Th.
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? CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y . 53
in the progress of human intellect. F rom the chefs-
d' ceuvres of his contemporaries emanated the rays that
formed a circling halo round his brow. H e k new how to
honour men of letters in his own day; and posterity,
therefore, honours him. L et us enter the temple: it is
said that the light which streams in from above was con-
sidered the emblem of a divinity superior to the highest
divinities. The heathens ever loved symbolical images:
our language, indeed, seems to accord better with religion
than with common parlance. The rain often falls on the
marbles of this court; but the sunshine succeeds to efface
it. W hat a serene yet festal air is here! The Pagans
deified life, as the Christians sanctify death; such is the
distinction between the two faiths; but Catholicism here is
far less gloomy than in the north, as you will observe
when we visit S t. Peter' s. I n the sanctuary of the
Pantheon the busts of our most celebrated artists decorate
the niches once filled by ideal gods. S ince the empire of
the Cssars, we have scarce ever boasted any political inde-
pendence; conseq uently, you will find no statesmen, no
heroes here. Genius constitutes our only fame; but do1
you not think , my L ord, that a people who thus revere the
talents still left amongst them must deserve a nobler
destiny? " -- " I believe," replied O swald, " that nations
generally deserve their own fates, be they what they will. "
-- " That is severe! but, perhaps, by living in I taly, your
heart may soften towards the fair land which nature has
adorned lik e a victim for sacrifice. A t least remember,
that the dearest hope the lovers of glory cherish is that of
obtaining a place here. I have already chosen mine," she
added, pointing to a niche still vacant. " O swald, who
k nows but you may one day return to this spot, when my
bust-- " -- " H old! " interrupted he; " can you, resplend-
ent in youth and beauty, talk thus to one whom mis-
fortune even now is bending towards the grave f " -- " A h! "
ex claimed Corinne, " the storm may in a moment dash
down flowers that yet shall raise their heads again. O
dear O swald! why are you not happy? " -- "
me," he replied; " you have your secrets, and I
swald,
N ever ask
mine:
let us respect our mutual silence. Y ou k now not what 1
e3
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? CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
should suffer if forced to relate my distresses. " Corinne
said no more; but her steps, as she left the temple, became
slow, and her look s more pensive.
S he paused beneath the portico. " There," she said,
" stood a porphyry ur n of great beauty, now removed to
S t. J ohn L ateran: it contained the ashes of A grippa,
which were deposited at the foot of the statue he had
erected to himself. The ancients lavished such art on
sweetening the idea of destruction, that they succeeded in
banishing all its most dreary and alarming traits. There
was such magnificence in their tombs, that the contrast
between the nothingness of death and the splendours of
life was less felt. I t is certain, too, that the hope of aril
other world was far less vivid amongst them than it is
with Christians. They were obliged to contest with death,
the principle which we fearlessly confide to the bosom of
our eternal F ather. "
O swald sighed, and spok e not: melancholy ideas have
many charms, when we are not deeply miserable; but,
while grief, in all its cruelty, reigns over the breast, we can-
not hear without a shudder words which, of old, ex cited
but reveries not more sad than soothing.
CH A PTE R I I I .
I n going to S t. Peter' s, they crossed the bridge of S
t. A
ngelo
on foot. " I t was here," said O swald, " that,on my way from
the Capitol, I , for the first time, mused long on Corinne. "
-- " I do not flatter myself," she rej oined, " that I owe a
friend to my coronation; yet, in toiling for celebrity, I
have ever wished that it might mak e me beloved: were it
not useless, at least to a woman, without such ex pectation? "
-- " L et us stay here awhile," said O swald. " Can by-gone
centuries afford me one remembrance eq ual to that of the
day on which I beheld you first ? " -- " I may err," answered
Corinne, " but I think persons become most endeared to
each other while participating in the admiration of work s
which speak to the soul by their true grandeur. Those of
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? coriN N E ; oa italy. 55
R ome are neither cold nor mute; conceived as they were
by genius, and hallowed by memorable events. N ay. per
haps, O swald, one could not better learn to love a man lik
yourself than by enj oying with him the noble beauties of
the universe. " -- " B ut I ," returned O swald, "
listening beside you, need the presence of no other wonder. "
e
while gazing,
Corinne thank
the castle of S
most original ex
ed him by a gracious smile. Pausing before
t. A ngelo, she pursued: " This is one of the
teriors among all our edifices: the tomb
of A drian, fortified by the Goths, bearing a double cha-
racter from its successive uses. B uilt for the dead, an im-
penetrable circle enclosed it; yet the living have added
more hostile defences, which contrast strongly with the
silent and noble inutility of a funeral monument. Y ou
see, at the top, the bronze figure of an angel with a nak ed
sword (5); within are prisons, framed for ingenious tor-
ture. A ll the epochs of R oman history, from the days of
A drian to our own, are associated with this site. B elisarius
defended it against the Goths; and, with a barbarism
scarce inferior to their own, hurled on them the beauteous
statues that adorned the interior. Crescentius, A rnault de
B rescia, and N icolas R ienzi (6 ), those friends of R oman
liberty, who so oft mistook her memories for her hopes,
long defied their foes from this imperial tomb. I
stone connected with so many glorious feats. I
the master of the world' s lux urious taste --
love each
applaud
a magnificent
tomb. There is something great in the man who, while
possessing all the pomps and pleasures of the world, fears
not to employ his mind so long in preparations for his
death. Moral ideas and disinterested sentiments must fill
the soul that, in any way, outsteps the boundaries of life.
Thus far ought the pillars in front of S
such was the superb plan of Michael A
trusted his survivors would complete;
t. Peter' s to ex tend;
ngelo, which he
but the men of our
day think not of posterity. W hen once enthusiasm has
been turned into ridicule, all is defeated, ex cept wealth and
power. " -- " I t is for you to regenerate it," cried N evil.
" W ho ever ex perienced such happiness as I now taste?
R ome shown me by you! interpreted by imagination and
genius! W hat a world when animated by sentiment, without
e4
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? 56 CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
which the world itself were but a desert! (7) A h,
Corinne! what is to follow these the sweetest days that my
fate and heart e' er granted me? " -- " A ll sincere affections
come direct from H eaven," she answered, meek ly. " W hy
O swald, should it not protect what it inspires? I t is for
H eaven to dispose of us both. "
A t last they beheld S t. Peter'
ever erected by man: even the E
inferiors in height. " Perhaps,"
s; the greatest edifice
gyptian Pyramids are its
said Corirme, " I ought
to have shown you the grandest of our temples last; but
that is not my system. I t appears to me that, to perfect
a sense of the fine arts, one should begin by contemplating
the obj ects which awak en the deepest and most lively ad-
miration. This, once felt, reveals a new sphere of thought,
and renders us capable of loving and j udging whatever
may, even in an humbler q uality, revive the first impres-
sion we received. A ll cautious and mystified attempts at
producing a strong effect are against my taste. W e do
not arrive at the sublime by degrees, for infinite distances
separate it even from the beautiful. "
O swald felt the most ex traordinary sensations when
standing in front of S t. Peter' s. I t was the first time the
effort of man had affected him lik e a marvel of nature.
I t is the only work of art on the face of the globe that pos-
sesses the same species of maj esty which characterises
those of creation. Corinne enj oyed his astonishment.
" I have selected," she said, " a day when the sun is in
all his splendour; still reserving for you a yet more holy
rapture, that of beholding S t. Peter' s by moonlight; but I
wished you first to be present at this most brilliant spec-
tacle-- the genius of man bedeck ed in the magnificence of
nature. "
The sq uare of S t. Peter' s is surrounded by pillars, which
appear light from a distance, but massive as you draw
nearer: the sloping ascent towards the porch adds to the
effect produced. A n obelisk , of eighty feet in height,
which look s scarce raised above the earth, in presence of
the cupola, stands in the centre. The mere form of an
obelisk is pleasing to the fancy: it loses itself in air, as if'
guiding the thoughts of man towards heaven. This was
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? C0R I N N E J O R I TA L Y . 57
brought from E gypt to adorn the baths of Caligula, and
afterwards removed by S ix tus V . to the foot of S t. Peter' s,
beside which this contemporary of many ages creates not
one sentiment of awe. Man feels himself so perishable
that he bows before the presence of immutability. A t
some distance, on each side of the obelisk , are two foun-
tains, whose waters, perpetually gushing upwards, fall
again in abundant cascades. Their murmurs, such as we
are wont to hear in wild and rural scenes, lend a strange
charm to this spot, yet one that harmonises with the still-
ing influence of that august cathedral. Painting and sculp-
ture, whether representing the human form, or other
natural obj ects, awak en clear and intelligible images; but
a perfect piece of architecture k indles that aimless reverie,
which bears the soul we k now not whither. The ripple of
water well accords with this vague deep sense: it is uni-
form, as the edifice is regular. ' E ternal motion and eternal
rest' seem here united, defying even time, who has no
more sullied the source of those pure springs than shak en
the base of that commanding temple. These sheaves of
liq uid silver dash themselves into spray so fine, that on
sunny days the light will form them into little rainbows,
tinted with all the iris hues of the prism. " S top here a
moment," said Corinne to N evil, who was already beneath
the portico: " pause, ere you unveil the sanctuary: does
not your heart throb as you approach it, as if anticipating
some solemn event? " S he raised the curtain, and held it
back for N evil to pass, with such a grace that his first look
was on her, and for some seconds he could observe nothing
else; yet he entered the interior, and soon beneath its im-
mense arches was filled by a piety so profound that love
alone no longer sufficed to occupy his breast. H e walk ed
slowly beside Corinne; both were mute: there every thing
commands silence ; for the least sound is re-echoed so far,
that no discourse seems worthy to be thus repeated, in such
an almost eternal abode. E ven prayer, the accent of dis-
tress, springing from whatever feeble voice, reverberates
deeply through its vastness; and when we hear, from far,
the trembling steps of age, on the fair marble, watered by
so many tears, man becomes imposing from the very in-
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? 58CO R I N N E ; O B I TA L Y .
firmities that subj ect his divine spirit to so much of woe;
and we feel that Christianity, the creed of suffering, con-
tains the true secret which should direct our pilgrimage on
earth. Corinne brok e on the meditations of O swald, say-
ing, " Y ou must have remark ed that the Gothic churches
of E ngland and Germany have a far more gloomy cha-
racter than this. N orthern Catholicism has in it some-
thing mystic; ours speak s to the imagination by ex ternal
obj ects. Michael A ngelo, on beholding this dome from
the Pantheon, ex claimed, ' I have built it in the air! ' --
indeed S t. Peter' s is as a temple based upon a church: its
interior weds the ancient and modern faiths in the mind:
I freq uently wander hither to regain the composure my
spirit sometimes loses. The sight of such a building is
lik e a ceaseless, changeless melody, here awaiting to con-
sole all who seek it; and, among our national claims to
glory, let me rank the courage, patience, and disinterested-
ness of the chiefs of our church, who have, for so many
years, devoted such treasures to the completion of an edi-
fice which its founders could not ex pect to enj oy. (8) I t is
rendering a service to the moral public, bestowflig on a
nation a monument emblematic of such noble and gener-
ous desires. " -- " Y es," replied O swald, " here art is grand,
and genius inventive; but how is the real dignity of man
sustained?
H ow weak are the generality of I
vernments, yet how do they enslave ! " -- "
interrupted Corinne, " have borne the yok e, lik
talian go-
O ther nations,"
e our-
selves, and without lik e power to conceive a better fate,
? S ervi siam si, ma servi ognor frementi. '
' W e are slaves, indeed, but for ever chafing beneath our
bonds,' said A lfieri, the boldest of our modern writers.
W ith such soul for the fine arts, may not our character
one day eq ual our genius? B ut look at these statues on
the tombs, these mosaics,-- laborious and faithful copies
from the chefs-d' ceuvres of our great masters. I never ex -
amine S t. Peter' s in detail, because I am grieved to find
that its multiplied adornments somewhat impair- the beauty
of the whole. Y et well may the best work s of human
hands seem superfluous here. This is a world of itself;
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? corinne; or italy. 59
a refuge from both heat and cold: it hath a season of its
own, perennial spring, which the atmosphere without can
never affect. A subterranean church is built beneath:
tbe popes, and many foreign princes, are buried there --
Christine, who abdicated her realm; the S tuarts, whose
dynasty was overthrown. R ome, so long an asylum for
the ex ile, is she not herself dethroned? H er aspect con-
soles sovereigns despoiled lik e her. Y es, cities fall, whole
empires disappear, and man becomes unworthy of his
name. S tand here, N evil! near the altar, beneath the cen-
tre of the dome, you perceive, through these iron gratings,
the church of the dead, which lies beneath our feet, and,
on raising your eyes, they can scarcely pierce to the sum-
mit of this arch: do you not feel as if a huge abyss was
opening over your head? E very thing which ex tends be-
yond a certain proportion must cause that limited creature
man uncontrollable dismay. W hat we k now is as inex -
plicable as the unk nown: we have so reconciled ourselves
to habitual dark ness, that any new mystery alarms and
confounds us.
" The whole church is embellished by antiq ue marbles,
who k now more than we do of vanished centuries. There
is the statue of J upiter converted into S t. Peter, by the glory
which has been set upon its head. The general ex pres-
sion of the place perfectly characterises a mix
scure dogmas and sumptuous ceremonies;
ideas, but such as may be soothingly applied;
ture of ob-
a mine of sad
severe doc-
trines, capable of mild interpretation:-- Christian theology
and Pagan images; in fact, the most admirable union of all
the maj estic splendours which man can give to his worship
of the Divinity. Tombs deck ed by the arts can scarcely
represent death as a formidable enemy: we do not, indeed)
lik e the ancients, carve sports and dances on the sarco-
phagus; but thought is diverted from the bier by work s
that tell of immortality even from the altar of death.
Thus animated, we feel not that freezing silence which
constantly watches over a northern sepulchre. " -- " I
t is
doubtless, the purpose with us," said O swald, "
round death with appropriate gloom: ere we were en-
to sur-
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? 6 0CO R I N N E J O R I TA L Y .
lightened by Christianity, such was our mythologic bias.
O ssian called around the tomb funereal chants, such as
here you would fain forget. I k now not if I should wish
that your fair sk y may so far change my mood. "
" Y et think not," said Corinne, " that we are either
fick le or frivolous; we have too little vanity: indolence
may yield our lives some intervals of oblivion, but they
can neither sate nor wither up the heart: unfortunately
we are often scared from this repose by passions more
terrible than those of habitually active minds. " They
were now at the door. " O ne more glance! " said N
evil.
" S ee how insignificant is man in the presence of devotion,
while we shrink even before its material emblem: behold
what duration man can give to his achievements, while his
own date is so brief that he soon survives but in his fame.
This temple is an image of infinitude; there are no bounds
for the sentiments to which it gives birth; the hosts of
past and future years it suggests for speculation. O n leav-
ing it we seem q uitting a world of heavenly thought for
one of common interests; ex changing religion and eternity
for the trivial pursuits of time. "
Corinne pointed out the has reliefs, from O vid' s Meta-
morphoses, on the doors. " W e shame not," she said,
" in the Pagan trophies which art has hallowed. The
wonders of genius always awak en holy feelings in the
soul, and we pay homage to Christianity in tribute of all
the best work s that other faiths have inspired. " O swald
smiled at this ex planation. " B elieve me, my L ord," con-
tinued Corinne, " there is much sincerity among people of
lively fancy. To-morrow, if you lik e, I will tak e you to
the Capitol, and I trust I have many such days in store for
you; but -- when they are over-- must you depart? "
S he check ed herself, fearing that she had said too much.
" N o, Corinne," cried O swald, " I cannot renounce this
gleam of bliss, which my guardian angel seems to shower
on me from above. "
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? CO I I I N N E ; O R I TA L Y . 6 l
CH A PTE R I V .
The nex t clay O swald and Corinne set forth with more
confidence and calmness. They were friends, and began
to aay we. A h, how affecting is that we, pronounced by
love!
" W
W hat a timid, yet ardent confession does it breathe.
e go to the Capitol, then? " said Corinne. -- " Y es, we
will! " replied O swald, and his voice told all in those
simple words; so full of gentle tenderness was his accent.
" F rom the top of the Capitol, such as it is now," said
Corinne, " we can clearly see the S even H ills; we will go
over them all in succession; there is not one but teems
with historical recollections. " They took
called the sacred or triumphant road. -- "
this way," said O swald. " I t did,"
what was formerly
Y our car passed
answered Corinne:
" such venerable dust might have wondered at my pre-
sumption; but since the R oman republic, so many a guilty
track hath been imprinted on this road, that the respect
it once demanded is decreased. " S he led him to the
stairs of the present Capitol;
one was by the F orum. " I
steps were the same which S
the entrance to the original
wish," she said, " that these
cipio ascended; when, re-
pulsing calumny by glorious deeds, he went to offer thank s
in the temple for the victories he had won; but the new
staircase and Capitol were built on the ruins of the old,
to receive the peaceful magistrate who now monopolises
the high sounding title of R oman senator, which once
ex torted reverence from the whole universe. W e have
but names here now. Y et their classic euphony always
creates a thrill of mingled pleasure and regret. I ask ed
a poor woman, whom I met the other day, where she lived.
' O n the Tarpeian R ock ,' she answered. These words,
stripped as they are of all that once attached to them, still
ex ert some power over the fancy. " They stopped to ob-
serve the two basaltic lions at the foot of the stairs. (9)
They came from E gypt, whose sculptors much more
faithfully transmitted the forms of animals than that of
man. The physiognomy of these lions has all the stern
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? 6 2CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
tranq uillity, the strength in repose, which we find described
by Dante. '
" A Guisa di leon -- q uando si posa. "
N ot far from thence is a mutilated R oman statue,
which the moderns have placed there, unconscious that
they thus display a strik ing symbol of R ome as it is.
This figure has neither head nor feet; but the trunk and
drapery that remain have still the beauty of antiq uity.
A t the top of the stairs are two colossal statues, thought to
represent Castor and Pollux ; then come the trophies of
Marius; then the two columns which served to measure
the R oman empire; lastly, the statue of Marcus A ure-
lius, calm and beautiful amid contending memories. Thus
the heroic age is personated by these colossal shapes, the
republic by the lions, the civil wars by Marius, and the
imperial day by A urelius.
To the right and left of the modern Capitol two
churches have been erected, on the ruins of temples to
J upiter F eretrius and Capitolinus. I n front of the vesti-
bule is a fountain, over which the geniuses of the Tiber and
the N ile are represented as presiding, as does the she-wolf
of R omulus. The name of the Tiber is never pronounced
lik e that of an inglorious stream; it is a proud pleasure
foraR omanbuttosay," CometotheTiber' sbank s! L et
us cross the Tiber! " I n breathing such words he seems
to invok e the spirit of history, and re-animate the dead.
Going to the Capitol by the way of the F orum, you
find, to your right, the Mamertine prisons, constructed by
A ncus Martius for ordinary criminals; but ex cavated by
S ervius Tullius into far more cruel dungeons for state
culprits; as if they merit not most mercy, who err from
a zealous fidelity to what they believe their duty. J ugur-
tha, and the friends of Catiline, perished in these cells;
it is even said that S t. Peter and S t. Paul were confined
there. O n the other side of the Capitol is the Tarpeian
R ock , at the foot of which now stands the H ospital of Con-
solation, as if the severe spirit of antiq uity, and the sweet
one of Christianity, defying time, here met, as visibly to
the eye as to the mind. W hen O swald and Corinne had
gained the top of the Capitol, she showed him the S even
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? corinne; or italy. 6 $
H ills, and the city, bounded first by Mount Pak tinus, then
by the walls of S ervius Tullius, which enclose the hills,
and by those of A urelian, which still surround the greatest
part of R ome. Corinne repeated verses of Tibullus and
Propertius, that glorify the weak commencement of what
became the mistress of the world. (10) Mount Palatinus
once contained all R ome; but soon did the imperial palace
fill the space that had sufficed for a nation. A poet of
N ero' s day made this epigram :--
" R oma domus fiet. V eios migrate, Q uirites;
S i non et V eios occupatista domus. "
' R ome will soon be but one house. Go to V eios, citizens!
if you can be sure that this house will not include even
V eios itself. ' The S even H ills are far less lofty now than
when they deserved the title of steep mountains; modern
R ome being forty feet higher than its predecessor, and
the valleys which separated them almost filled up by ruins;
but what is still more strange, two heaps of shattered
vases have formed new hills, Cestario and' Testacio. Thus,
in time, the very refuse of civilisation levels the rock
with the plain, effacing, in the moral as in the material
world, all the pleasing ineq ualities of nature.
Three other hills, J aniculum, V aticanus, and Mario,
not comprised in the famous S even, give so picturesq ue an
air to R ome, and afford such magnificent views from her
interior, as perhaps no other city can command. There
is so remark able a mix ture of ruins and new buildings, of
fair fields and desert wastes, that one may contemplate
R ome on all sides, and ever find fresh beauties.
O swald could not weary of feasting his gaze from the
elevated point to which Corinne had led him. The study
of history can never act on us lik e the sight of that scene
itself. The eye reigns all powerfully over the soul. H e
now believed in the old R omans, as if he had lived amongst
them. Mental recollections are acq uired by reading; those N
of imagination are born of more immediate impressions,
such as give life to thought, and seem to render us the
witnesses of what we learn. Doubtless we are annoyed
by the modern dwellings which intrude on these wreck s,
yet a portico beside some humble roof, columns between
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? 6 4CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
which the little windows of a church peep out, or a tomb
that serves for the abode of a rustic family, so blends
the grand with the simple, and affords us so many agree-
able discoveries, as to k eep up continual interest. E very
thing is common-place and prosaic in the generality of
E uropean towns; and R ome, more freq uently than any
other, presents the sad aspect of misery and degradation;
but all at once some brok en column, or half-effaced bas-
relief, or a few stones bound together by indestructible
cement, will remind you that there is in man an eternal
power, a divine spark , which he ought never to weary of fan-
ning in his own breast, and reluming in those of others. The
forum, whose narrow enclosure has been the scene of so
many wondrous events, is a strik ing proof of man' s moral
greatness. W hen, in the latter days of R ome, the world
was subj ected to inglorious rulers, centuries passed from
which history could scarce ex tract a single feat. This
F orum, the heart of a circumscribed town, whose natives
fought around it against the invaders of its territories, --
this F orum, by the recollections it retraces, has been the
theme of genius in every age. E ternal honours to the
brave and free, who thus vanq uish even the hearts of
posterity!
Corinne observed to N evil that there were but few ves-
tiges left of the republic, or of the regal day which pre-
ceded it. The aq ueducts and subterranean canals are the
only lux uries remaining, while of aught more useful we
have but a few tombs and brick temples. N ot till after
the fall of S icily did the R omans adopt the use of marble;
but it is enough to survey the spots on which great actions
have been performed: we ex perience that indefinite emo-
tion to which we may attribute the pious zeal of pilgrims.
Celebrated countries of all k inds, even when despoiled of
their great men and great work s, ex ert a power over the
imagination. That which would once have attracted the
eye ex ists no more; but the charm of memory still
survives.
The F orum now retains no trace of that famed tribunal'
whence the people were ruled by the force of eloq uence.
There still ex ist three pillars of a temple to J upiter To-
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? C0R I N N E J O R I TA L Y . 6 5
nans, raised by A ugustus, because a thunderbolt had
fallen near him there, without inj ury. There is, too, the
triumphal arch erected by the senate to req uite the ex -
ploits of S eptimus S everus. The names of his two sons,
Caracalla and Geta, were inscribed on its front; but as
Caracalla assassinated his brother, his name was erased:
some mark s of the letters are yet visible. F urther off is a
temple to F austina, a monument of the weak ness of Mar-
cus A urelius. A temple to V enus, which, in the repub-
lican era, was consecrated to Pallas, and, at a little dis-
tance, the relics of another, dedicated to the sun and
moon, by the emperor A drian, who was so j ealous of the
Greek architect A pollodorus, that he put him to death for
censuring its proportion. O n the other side are seen the
remains of buildings devoted to higher and purer aims.
The columns of one believed to be that of J upiter S tator,
forbidding the R omans ever to fly before their enemies--
the last pillar of the temple to J upiter Gustos, placed, it
is said, near the gulf into which Curtius threw himself, --
and some belonging either to the Temple of Concord or
to that of V ictory. Perhaps this resistless people con-
founded the two ideas, believing that they could only
attain true peace by subduing the universe. A t the ex -
tremity of Mount Palatinus stands an arch celebrating
Titus' s conq uest of J
will ever pass beneath it;
to avoid it is pointed out. W
erusalem. I t is asserted that no J ews
and the little path they tak e
e will hope, for the credit of
the J ews, that this anecdote is true; such enduring recol-
lections well become the long suffering. N ot far from
hence is the arch of Constantine, embellished by some bas-
reliefs, tak en from the F orum, in the time of Traj an, by
the Christians, who resolved thus to deck the monument
of the F ounder of Peace. The arts, at this period, were
already on the wane, and thefts from the past deified new
achievements.
The triumphal gates still seen in R ome perpetuated, as
much as man could do, the respect paid to glory. There
were places for musicians at their summits; so that the
hero, as he passed, might be intox icated at once by me-
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? 6 6 CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
lody and praise, tasting, at the same moment, all that can
ex alt the spirit.
I n front of these arches are the ruins of the Temple to
Peace built by V espasian. I t was so adorned by bronze
and gold within, that when it was consumed by fire,
streams of fused metal ran even to the F orum. F inally,
the Coliseum, loveliest ruin of R ome! terminates the cir-
cle in which all the epochs of history seem collected for
comparison. Those stones, now bereft of marble and of
gilding, once formed the arena in which the gladiators
contended with ferocious beasts.
souls commune, our mutual affection will not be fugitive:
be that as it may, let us admire together all that can elevate
our minds; we shall thus, at least, secure some happy
moments. " S o saying, she descended. N evil followed
her, astonished at her reply: it seemed that she admitted
guessed this, said, when they were seated in her carriage,
-" I do not think the heart is so constituted that it must
? either feel no love at all, or the most unconq uerable passion.
There are early symptoms which may vanish before self-
ex amination. W e flatter, we deceive ourselves; and the
very enthusiasm of which we are susceptible, if it renders
the enchantment more rapid, may also bring the re-action
more promptly. " -- " Y ou have reflected much upon this
sentiment, madame," observed O swald, with bitterness.
Corinne blushed, and was silent for some moments, then
said, with a strik ing union of frank ness and dignity,
" I suppose no woman of heart ever reached the age of
twenty-six without having k nown the illusions of love; but
if never to have been happy, never to have met an obj ect
worthy of her full affection, is a claim on sympathy, I have
a right to yours. " The words, the accent of Corinne,
somewhat dispersed the clouds that gathered over N evil' s
thoughts; yet he said to himself, " S he is a most seducing
creature, but-- an I talian. This is not a shrink ing, innocent
heart, even to itself unk nown, such as, I doubt not, beats
in the bosom of the E nglish girl to whom my father des-
tined me. "
L ucy E dgarmond was the daughter of his parent' s best
e2
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? 52CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
friend; but too young, when he left E ngland, for him to
marry her, or even foresee what she might one day be-
come. *
CH A PTE R I I .
O swald and Corinne went first to the Pantheon, now called
S anta Maria of the R otunda. Throughout I taly the Catholic
hath been the Pagan' s heir; but this is the only antiq ue temple
in R ome which has been preserved entire; the only one
wherein we may behold, unimpaired, the architecture of the
ancients, and the peculiar character of their worship.
H ere they paused to admire the portico and its sup-
porting columns. Corinne bade O swald observe that this
building was constructed in such a manner as made it
appear much larger than it was. " S t. Peter' s," she said,
" produces an opposite effect: you will, at first, think it
less vast than it is in reality. The deception, so favourable
to the Pantheon, proceeds, it is conceived, from the great
space between the pillars, and from the air playing so
freely within ; but still more from the absence of ornament,
with which S t. Peter' s is overcharged. E ven thus did
antiq ue poetry design but the massive features of a theme,
leaving the reader' s fancy to supply the detail: in all affairs
we moderns say and do too much. This fane was con-
secrated by A grippa, the favourite of A ugustus, to his
friend, or rather, his master; who, however, had the
humility to refuse this dedication; and A grippa was
reduced to the necessity of devoting it to all the gods of
O lympus, and of substituting their power for that of one
earthly idol. O n the top of the Pantheon stood a car, in which
were placed the statues of A ugustus and A grippa. O n
each side of the portico similar effigies were displayed, in
other attitudes; and over the front of the temple is still
legible, ' Consecrated by A grippa. ' A ugustus gave his
name to the age in which he lived, by rendering it an era
* I n the original L ucile E dgermond; but as neither of these names are
E nglish, and the latter capable of a very ignoble pronunciation, I have tak en
the liberty to alter both. -- Th.
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? CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y . 53
in the progress of human intellect. F rom the chefs-
d' ceuvres of his contemporaries emanated the rays that
formed a circling halo round his brow. H e k new how to
honour men of letters in his own day; and posterity,
therefore, honours him. L et us enter the temple: it is
said that the light which streams in from above was con-
sidered the emblem of a divinity superior to the highest
divinities. The heathens ever loved symbolical images:
our language, indeed, seems to accord better with religion
than with common parlance. The rain often falls on the
marbles of this court; but the sunshine succeeds to efface
it. W hat a serene yet festal air is here! The Pagans
deified life, as the Christians sanctify death; such is the
distinction between the two faiths; but Catholicism here is
far less gloomy than in the north, as you will observe
when we visit S t. Peter' s. I n the sanctuary of the
Pantheon the busts of our most celebrated artists decorate
the niches once filled by ideal gods. S ince the empire of
the Cssars, we have scarce ever boasted any political inde-
pendence; conseq uently, you will find no statesmen, no
heroes here. Genius constitutes our only fame; but do1
you not think , my L ord, that a people who thus revere the
talents still left amongst them must deserve a nobler
destiny? " -- " I believe," replied O swald, " that nations
generally deserve their own fates, be they what they will. "
-- " That is severe! but, perhaps, by living in I taly, your
heart may soften towards the fair land which nature has
adorned lik e a victim for sacrifice. A t least remember,
that the dearest hope the lovers of glory cherish is that of
obtaining a place here. I have already chosen mine," she
added, pointing to a niche still vacant. " O swald, who
k nows but you may one day return to this spot, when my
bust-- " -- " H old! " interrupted he; " can you, resplend-
ent in youth and beauty, talk thus to one whom mis-
fortune even now is bending towards the grave f " -- " A h! "
ex claimed Corinne, " the storm may in a moment dash
down flowers that yet shall raise their heads again. O
dear O swald! why are you not happy? " -- "
me," he replied; " you have your secrets, and I
swald,
N ever ask
mine:
let us respect our mutual silence. Y ou k now not what 1
e3
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? CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
should suffer if forced to relate my distresses. " Corinne
said no more; but her steps, as she left the temple, became
slow, and her look s more pensive.
S he paused beneath the portico. " There," she said,
" stood a porphyry ur n of great beauty, now removed to
S t. J ohn L ateran: it contained the ashes of A grippa,
which were deposited at the foot of the statue he had
erected to himself. The ancients lavished such art on
sweetening the idea of destruction, that they succeeded in
banishing all its most dreary and alarming traits. There
was such magnificence in their tombs, that the contrast
between the nothingness of death and the splendours of
life was less felt. I t is certain, too, that the hope of aril
other world was far less vivid amongst them than it is
with Christians. They were obliged to contest with death,
the principle which we fearlessly confide to the bosom of
our eternal F ather. "
O swald sighed, and spok e not: melancholy ideas have
many charms, when we are not deeply miserable; but,
while grief, in all its cruelty, reigns over the breast, we can-
not hear without a shudder words which, of old, ex cited
but reveries not more sad than soothing.
CH A PTE R I I I .
I n going to S t. Peter' s, they crossed the bridge of S
t. A
ngelo
on foot. " I t was here," said O swald, " that,on my way from
the Capitol, I , for the first time, mused long on Corinne. "
-- " I do not flatter myself," she rej oined, " that I owe a
friend to my coronation; yet, in toiling for celebrity, I
have ever wished that it might mak e me beloved: were it
not useless, at least to a woman, without such ex pectation? "
-- " L et us stay here awhile," said O swald. " Can by-gone
centuries afford me one remembrance eq ual to that of the
day on which I beheld you first ? " -- " I may err," answered
Corinne, " but I think persons become most endeared to
each other while participating in the admiration of work s
which speak to the soul by their true grandeur. Those of
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? coriN N E ; oa italy. 55
R ome are neither cold nor mute; conceived as they were
by genius, and hallowed by memorable events. N ay. per
haps, O swald, one could not better learn to love a man lik
yourself than by enj oying with him the noble beauties of
the universe. " -- " B ut I ," returned O swald, "
listening beside you, need the presence of no other wonder. "
e
while gazing,
Corinne thank
the castle of S
most original ex
ed him by a gracious smile. Pausing before
t. A ngelo, she pursued: " This is one of the
teriors among all our edifices: the tomb
of A drian, fortified by the Goths, bearing a double cha-
racter from its successive uses. B uilt for the dead, an im-
penetrable circle enclosed it; yet the living have added
more hostile defences, which contrast strongly with the
silent and noble inutility of a funeral monument. Y ou
see, at the top, the bronze figure of an angel with a nak ed
sword (5); within are prisons, framed for ingenious tor-
ture. A ll the epochs of R oman history, from the days of
A drian to our own, are associated with this site. B elisarius
defended it against the Goths; and, with a barbarism
scarce inferior to their own, hurled on them the beauteous
statues that adorned the interior. Crescentius, A rnault de
B rescia, and N icolas R ienzi (6 ), those friends of R oman
liberty, who so oft mistook her memories for her hopes,
long defied their foes from this imperial tomb. I
stone connected with so many glorious feats. I
the master of the world' s lux urious taste --
love each
applaud
a magnificent
tomb. There is something great in the man who, while
possessing all the pomps and pleasures of the world, fears
not to employ his mind so long in preparations for his
death. Moral ideas and disinterested sentiments must fill
the soul that, in any way, outsteps the boundaries of life.
Thus far ought the pillars in front of S
such was the superb plan of Michael A
trusted his survivors would complete;
t. Peter' s to ex tend;
ngelo, which he
but the men of our
day think not of posterity. W hen once enthusiasm has
been turned into ridicule, all is defeated, ex cept wealth and
power. " -- " I t is for you to regenerate it," cried N evil.
" W ho ever ex perienced such happiness as I now taste?
R ome shown me by you! interpreted by imagination and
genius! W hat a world when animated by sentiment, without
e4
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? 56 CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
which the world itself were but a desert! (7) A h,
Corinne! what is to follow these the sweetest days that my
fate and heart e' er granted me? " -- " A ll sincere affections
come direct from H eaven," she answered, meek ly. " W hy
O swald, should it not protect what it inspires? I t is for
H eaven to dispose of us both. "
A t last they beheld S t. Peter'
ever erected by man: even the E
inferiors in height. " Perhaps,"
s; the greatest edifice
gyptian Pyramids are its
said Corirme, " I ought
to have shown you the grandest of our temples last; but
that is not my system. I t appears to me that, to perfect
a sense of the fine arts, one should begin by contemplating
the obj ects which awak en the deepest and most lively ad-
miration. This, once felt, reveals a new sphere of thought,
and renders us capable of loving and j udging whatever
may, even in an humbler q uality, revive the first impres-
sion we received. A ll cautious and mystified attempts at
producing a strong effect are against my taste. W e do
not arrive at the sublime by degrees, for infinite distances
separate it even from the beautiful. "
O swald felt the most ex traordinary sensations when
standing in front of S t. Peter' s. I t was the first time the
effort of man had affected him lik e a marvel of nature.
I t is the only work of art on the face of the globe that pos-
sesses the same species of maj esty which characterises
those of creation. Corinne enj oyed his astonishment.
" I have selected," she said, " a day when the sun is in
all his splendour; still reserving for you a yet more holy
rapture, that of beholding S t. Peter' s by moonlight; but I
wished you first to be present at this most brilliant spec-
tacle-- the genius of man bedeck ed in the magnificence of
nature. "
The sq uare of S t. Peter' s is surrounded by pillars, which
appear light from a distance, but massive as you draw
nearer: the sloping ascent towards the porch adds to the
effect produced. A n obelisk , of eighty feet in height,
which look s scarce raised above the earth, in presence of
the cupola, stands in the centre. The mere form of an
obelisk is pleasing to the fancy: it loses itself in air, as if'
guiding the thoughts of man towards heaven. This was
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? C0R I N N E J O R I TA L Y . 57
brought from E gypt to adorn the baths of Caligula, and
afterwards removed by S ix tus V . to the foot of S t. Peter' s,
beside which this contemporary of many ages creates not
one sentiment of awe. Man feels himself so perishable
that he bows before the presence of immutability. A t
some distance, on each side of the obelisk , are two foun-
tains, whose waters, perpetually gushing upwards, fall
again in abundant cascades. Their murmurs, such as we
are wont to hear in wild and rural scenes, lend a strange
charm to this spot, yet one that harmonises with the still-
ing influence of that august cathedral. Painting and sculp-
ture, whether representing the human form, or other
natural obj ects, awak en clear and intelligible images; but
a perfect piece of architecture k indles that aimless reverie,
which bears the soul we k now not whither. The ripple of
water well accords with this vague deep sense: it is uni-
form, as the edifice is regular. ' E ternal motion and eternal
rest' seem here united, defying even time, who has no
more sullied the source of those pure springs than shak en
the base of that commanding temple. These sheaves of
liq uid silver dash themselves into spray so fine, that on
sunny days the light will form them into little rainbows,
tinted with all the iris hues of the prism. " S top here a
moment," said Corinne to N evil, who was already beneath
the portico: " pause, ere you unveil the sanctuary: does
not your heart throb as you approach it, as if anticipating
some solemn event? " S he raised the curtain, and held it
back for N evil to pass, with such a grace that his first look
was on her, and for some seconds he could observe nothing
else; yet he entered the interior, and soon beneath its im-
mense arches was filled by a piety so profound that love
alone no longer sufficed to occupy his breast. H e walk ed
slowly beside Corinne; both were mute: there every thing
commands silence ; for the least sound is re-echoed so far,
that no discourse seems worthy to be thus repeated, in such
an almost eternal abode. E ven prayer, the accent of dis-
tress, springing from whatever feeble voice, reverberates
deeply through its vastness; and when we hear, from far,
the trembling steps of age, on the fair marble, watered by
so many tears, man becomes imposing from the very in-
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? 58CO R I N N E ; O B I TA L Y .
firmities that subj ect his divine spirit to so much of woe;
and we feel that Christianity, the creed of suffering, con-
tains the true secret which should direct our pilgrimage on
earth. Corinne brok e on the meditations of O swald, say-
ing, " Y ou must have remark ed that the Gothic churches
of E ngland and Germany have a far more gloomy cha-
racter than this. N orthern Catholicism has in it some-
thing mystic; ours speak s to the imagination by ex ternal
obj ects. Michael A ngelo, on beholding this dome from
the Pantheon, ex claimed, ' I have built it in the air! ' --
indeed S t. Peter' s is as a temple based upon a church: its
interior weds the ancient and modern faiths in the mind:
I freq uently wander hither to regain the composure my
spirit sometimes loses. The sight of such a building is
lik e a ceaseless, changeless melody, here awaiting to con-
sole all who seek it; and, among our national claims to
glory, let me rank the courage, patience, and disinterested-
ness of the chiefs of our church, who have, for so many
years, devoted such treasures to the completion of an edi-
fice which its founders could not ex pect to enj oy. (8) I t is
rendering a service to the moral public, bestowflig on a
nation a monument emblematic of such noble and gener-
ous desires. " -- " Y es," replied O swald, " here art is grand,
and genius inventive; but how is the real dignity of man
sustained?
H ow weak are the generality of I
vernments, yet how do they enslave ! " -- "
interrupted Corinne, " have borne the yok e, lik
talian go-
O ther nations,"
e our-
selves, and without lik e power to conceive a better fate,
? S ervi siam si, ma servi ognor frementi. '
' W e are slaves, indeed, but for ever chafing beneath our
bonds,' said A lfieri, the boldest of our modern writers.
W ith such soul for the fine arts, may not our character
one day eq ual our genius? B ut look at these statues on
the tombs, these mosaics,-- laborious and faithful copies
from the chefs-d' ceuvres of our great masters. I never ex -
amine S t. Peter' s in detail, because I am grieved to find
that its multiplied adornments somewhat impair- the beauty
of the whole. Y et well may the best work s of human
hands seem superfluous here. This is a world of itself;
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? corinne; or italy. 59
a refuge from both heat and cold: it hath a season of its
own, perennial spring, which the atmosphere without can
never affect. A subterranean church is built beneath:
tbe popes, and many foreign princes, are buried there --
Christine, who abdicated her realm; the S tuarts, whose
dynasty was overthrown. R ome, so long an asylum for
the ex ile, is she not herself dethroned? H er aspect con-
soles sovereigns despoiled lik e her. Y es, cities fall, whole
empires disappear, and man becomes unworthy of his
name. S tand here, N evil! near the altar, beneath the cen-
tre of the dome, you perceive, through these iron gratings,
the church of the dead, which lies beneath our feet, and,
on raising your eyes, they can scarcely pierce to the sum-
mit of this arch: do you not feel as if a huge abyss was
opening over your head? E very thing which ex tends be-
yond a certain proportion must cause that limited creature
man uncontrollable dismay. W hat we k now is as inex -
plicable as the unk nown: we have so reconciled ourselves
to habitual dark ness, that any new mystery alarms and
confounds us.
" The whole church is embellished by antiq ue marbles,
who k now more than we do of vanished centuries. There
is the statue of J upiter converted into S t. Peter, by the glory
which has been set upon its head. The general ex pres-
sion of the place perfectly characterises a mix
scure dogmas and sumptuous ceremonies;
ideas, but such as may be soothingly applied;
ture of ob-
a mine of sad
severe doc-
trines, capable of mild interpretation:-- Christian theology
and Pagan images; in fact, the most admirable union of all
the maj estic splendours which man can give to his worship
of the Divinity. Tombs deck ed by the arts can scarcely
represent death as a formidable enemy: we do not, indeed)
lik e the ancients, carve sports and dances on the sarco-
phagus; but thought is diverted from the bier by work s
that tell of immortality even from the altar of death.
Thus animated, we feel not that freezing silence which
constantly watches over a northern sepulchre. " -- " I
t is
doubtless, the purpose with us," said O swald, "
round death with appropriate gloom: ere we were en-
to sur-
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? 6 0CO R I N N E J O R I TA L Y .
lightened by Christianity, such was our mythologic bias.
O ssian called around the tomb funereal chants, such as
here you would fain forget. I k now not if I should wish
that your fair sk y may so far change my mood. "
" Y et think not," said Corinne, " that we are either
fick le or frivolous; we have too little vanity: indolence
may yield our lives some intervals of oblivion, but they
can neither sate nor wither up the heart: unfortunately
we are often scared from this repose by passions more
terrible than those of habitually active minds. " They
were now at the door. " O ne more glance! " said N
evil.
" S ee how insignificant is man in the presence of devotion,
while we shrink even before its material emblem: behold
what duration man can give to his achievements, while his
own date is so brief that he soon survives but in his fame.
This temple is an image of infinitude; there are no bounds
for the sentiments to which it gives birth; the hosts of
past and future years it suggests for speculation. O n leav-
ing it we seem q uitting a world of heavenly thought for
one of common interests; ex changing religion and eternity
for the trivial pursuits of time. "
Corinne pointed out the has reliefs, from O vid' s Meta-
morphoses, on the doors. " W e shame not," she said,
" in the Pagan trophies which art has hallowed. The
wonders of genius always awak en holy feelings in the
soul, and we pay homage to Christianity in tribute of all
the best work s that other faiths have inspired. " O swald
smiled at this ex planation. " B elieve me, my L ord," con-
tinued Corinne, " there is much sincerity among people of
lively fancy. To-morrow, if you lik e, I will tak e you to
the Capitol, and I trust I have many such days in store for
you; but -- when they are over-- must you depart? "
S he check ed herself, fearing that she had said too much.
" N o, Corinne," cried O swald, " I cannot renounce this
gleam of bliss, which my guardian angel seems to shower
on me from above. "
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? CO I I I N N E ; O R I TA L Y . 6 l
CH A PTE R I V .
The nex t clay O swald and Corinne set forth with more
confidence and calmness. They were friends, and began
to aay we. A h, how affecting is that we, pronounced by
love!
" W
W hat a timid, yet ardent confession does it breathe.
e go to the Capitol, then? " said Corinne. -- " Y es, we
will! " replied O swald, and his voice told all in those
simple words; so full of gentle tenderness was his accent.
" F rom the top of the Capitol, such as it is now," said
Corinne, " we can clearly see the S even H ills; we will go
over them all in succession; there is not one but teems
with historical recollections. " They took
called the sacred or triumphant road. -- "
this way," said O swald. " I t did,"
what was formerly
Y our car passed
answered Corinne:
" such venerable dust might have wondered at my pre-
sumption; but since the R oman republic, so many a guilty
track hath been imprinted on this road, that the respect
it once demanded is decreased. " S he led him to the
stairs of the present Capitol;
one was by the F orum. " I
steps were the same which S
the entrance to the original
wish," she said, " that these
cipio ascended; when, re-
pulsing calumny by glorious deeds, he went to offer thank s
in the temple for the victories he had won; but the new
staircase and Capitol were built on the ruins of the old,
to receive the peaceful magistrate who now monopolises
the high sounding title of R oman senator, which once
ex torted reverence from the whole universe. W e have
but names here now. Y et their classic euphony always
creates a thrill of mingled pleasure and regret. I ask ed
a poor woman, whom I met the other day, where she lived.
' O n the Tarpeian R ock ,' she answered. These words,
stripped as they are of all that once attached to them, still
ex ert some power over the fancy. " They stopped to ob-
serve the two basaltic lions at the foot of the stairs. (9)
They came from E gypt, whose sculptors much more
faithfully transmitted the forms of animals than that of
man. The physiognomy of these lions has all the stern
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? 6 2CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
tranq uillity, the strength in repose, which we find described
by Dante. '
" A Guisa di leon -- q uando si posa. "
N ot far from thence is a mutilated R oman statue,
which the moderns have placed there, unconscious that
they thus display a strik ing symbol of R ome as it is.
This figure has neither head nor feet; but the trunk and
drapery that remain have still the beauty of antiq uity.
A t the top of the stairs are two colossal statues, thought to
represent Castor and Pollux ; then come the trophies of
Marius; then the two columns which served to measure
the R oman empire; lastly, the statue of Marcus A ure-
lius, calm and beautiful amid contending memories. Thus
the heroic age is personated by these colossal shapes, the
republic by the lions, the civil wars by Marius, and the
imperial day by A urelius.
To the right and left of the modern Capitol two
churches have been erected, on the ruins of temples to
J upiter F eretrius and Capitolinus. I n front of the vesti-
bule is a fountain, over which the geniuses of the Tiber and
the N ile are represented as presiding, as does the she-wolf
of R omulus. The name of the Tiber is never pronounced
lik e that of an inglorious stream; it is a proud pleasure
foraR omanbuttosay," CometotheTiber' sbank s! L et
us cross the Tiber! " I n breathing such words he seems
to invok e the spirit of history, and re-animate the dead.
Going to the Capitol by the way of the F orum, you
find, to your right, the Mamertine prisons, constructed by
A ncus Martius for ordinary criminals; but ex cavated by
S ervius Tullius into far more cruel dungeons for state
culprits; as if they merit not most mercy, who err from
a zealous fidelity to what they believe their duty. J ugur-
tha, and the friends of Catiline, perished in these cells;
it is even said that S t. Peter and S t. Paul were confined
there. O n the other side of the Capitol is the Tarpeian
R ock , at the foot of which now stands the H ospital of Con-
solation, as if the severe spirit of antiq uity, and the sweet
one of Christianity, defying time, here met, as visibly to
the eye as to the mind. W hen O swald and Corinne had
gained the top of the Capitol, she showed him the S even
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? corinne; or italy. 6 $
H ills, and the city, bounded first by Mount Pak tinus, then
by the walls of S ervius Tullius, which enclose the hills,
and by those of A urelian, which still surround the greatest
part of R ome. Corinne repeated verses of Tibullus and
Propertius, that glorify the weak commencement of what
became the mistress of the world. (10) Mount Palatinus
once contained all R ome; but soon did the imperial palace
fill the space that had sufficed for a nation. A poet of
N ero' s day made this epigram :--
" R oma domus fiet. V eios migrate, Q uirites;
S i non et V eios occupatista domus. "
' R ome will soon be but one house. Go to V eios, citizens!
if you can be sure that this house will not include even
V eios itself. ' The S even H ills are far less lofty now than
when they deserved the title of steep mountains; modern
R ome being forty feet higher than its predecessor, and
the valleys which separated them almost filled up by ruins;
but what is still more strange, two heaps of shattered
vases have formed new hills, Cestario and' Testacio. Thus,
in time, the very refuse of civilisation levels the rock
with the plain, effacing, in the moral as in the material
world, all the pleasing ineq ualities of nature.
Three other hills, J aniculum, V aticanus, and Mario,
not comprised in the famous S even, give so picturesq ue an
air to R ome, and afford such magnificent views from her
interior, as perhaps no other city can command. There
is so remark able a mix ture of ruins and new buildings, of
fair fields and desert wastes, that one may contemplate
R ome on all sides, and ever find fresh beauties.
O swald could not weary of feasting his gaze from the
elevated point to which Corinne had led him. The study
of history can never act on us lik e the sight of that scene
itself. The eye reigns all powerfully over the soul. H e
now believed in the old R omans, as if he had lived amongst
them. Mental recollections are acq uired by reading; those N
of imagination are born of more immediate impressions,
such as give life to thought, and seem to render us the
witnesses of what we learn. Doubtless we are annoyed
by the modern dwellings which intrude on these wreck s,
yet a portico beside some humble roof, columns between
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? 6 4CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
which the little windows of a church peep out, or a tomb
that serves for the abode of a rustic family, so blends
the grand with the simple, and affords us so many agree-
able discoveries, as to k eep up continual interest. E very
thing is common-place and prosaic in the generality of
E uropean towns; and R ome, more freq uently than any
other, presents the sad aspect of misery and degradation;
but all at once some brok en column, or half-effaced bas-
relief, or a few stones bound together by indestructible
cement, will remind you that there is in man an eternal
power, a divine spark , which he ought never to weary of fan-
ning in his own breast, and reluming in those of others. The
forum, whose narrow enclosure has been the scene of so
many wondrous events, is a strik ing proof of man' s moral
greatness. W hen, in the latter days of R ome, the world
was subj ected to inglorious rulers, centuries passed from
which history could scarce ex tract a single feat. This
F orum, the heart of a circumscribed town, whose natives
fought around it against the invaders of its territories, --
this F orum, by the recollections it retraces, has been the
theme of genius in every age. E ternal honours to the
brave and free, who thus vanq uish even the hearts of
posterity!
Corinne observed to N evil that there were but few ves-
tiges left of the republic, or of the regal day which pre-
ceded it. The aq ueducts and subterranean canals are the
only lux uries remaining, while of aught more useful we
have but a few tombs and brick temples. N ot till after
the fall of S icily did the R omans adopt the use of marble;
but it is enough to survey the spots on which great actions
have been performed: we ex perience that indefinite emo-
tion to which we may attribute the pious zeal of pilgrims.
Celebrated countries of all k inds, even when despoiled of
their great men and great work s, ex ert a power over the
imagination. That which would once have attracted the
eye ex ists no more; but the charm of memory still
survives.
The F orum now retains no trace of that famed tribunal'
whence the people were ruled by the force of eloq uence.
There still ex ist three pillars of a temple to J upiter To-
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? C0R I N N E J O R I TA L Y . 6 5
nans, raised by A ugustus, because a thunderbolt had
fallen near him there, without inj ury. There is, too, the
triumphal arch erected by the senate to req uite the ex -
ploits of S eptimus S everus. The names of his two sons,
Caracalla and Geta, were inscribed on its front; but as
Caracalla assassinated his brother, his name was erased:
some mark s of the letters are yet visible. F urther off is a
temple to F austina, a monument of the weak ness of Mar-
cus A urelius. A temple to V enus, which, in the repub-
lican era, was consecrated to Pallas, and, at a little dis-
tance, the relics of another, dedicated to the sun and
moon, by the emperor A drian, who was so j ealous of the
Greek architect A pollodorus, that he put him to death for
censuring its proportion. O n the other side are seen the
remains of buildings devoted to higher and purer aims.
The columns of one believed to be that of J upiter S tator,
forbidding the R omans ever to fly before their enemies--
the last pillar of the temple to J upiter Gustos, placed, it
is said, near the gulf into which Curtius threw himself, --
and some belonging either to the Temple of Concord or
to that of V ictory. Perhaps this resistless people con-
founded the two ideas, believing that they could only
attain true peace by subduing the universe. A t the ex -
tremity of Mount Palatinus stands an arch celebrating
Titus' s conq uest of J
will ever pass beneath it;
to avoid it is pointed out. W
erusalem. I t is asserted that no J ews
and the little path they tak e
e will hope, for the credit of
the J ews, that this anecdote is true; such enduring recol-
lections well become the long suffering. N ot far from
hence is the arch of Constantine, embellished by some bas-
reliefs, tak en from the F orum, in the time of Traj an, by
the Christians, who resolved thus to deck the monument
of the F ounder of Peace. The arts, at this period, were
already on the wane, and thefts from the past deified new
achievements.
The triumphal gates still seen in R ome perpetuated, as
much as man could do, the respect paid to glory. There
were places for musicians at their summits; so that the
hero, as he passed, might be intox icated at once by me-
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? 6 6 CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
lody and praise, tasting, at the same moment, all that can
ex alt the spirit.
I n front of these arches are the ruins of the Temple to
Peace built by V espasian. I t was so adorned by bronze
and gold within, that when it was consumed by fire,
streams of fused metal ran even to the F orum. F inally,
the Coliseum, loveliest ruin of R ome! terminates the cir-
cle in which all the epochs of history seem collected for
comparison. Those stones, now bereft of marble and of
gilding, once formed the arena in which the gladiators
contended with ferocious beasts.
