No More Learning

Sæmund the Learned (sā'mönd). An Ice-
landic scholar of the 12th century. He trav-
eled widely in pursuit of learning, visiting Paris
and Rome, and afterward was a priest at Oddi.
He was unknown to scholars till about 1643,
when the then newly discovered Elder Edda
was ascribed to him by Brynjulf Sveinsson,
though the poems of that collection date in all
probability back to the 8th or to the 9th cen-
tury. Sæmund had in his day a great reputa.
tion for learning, and was regarded, like Friar
Bacon, as a magician. He wrote a Book
of the Kings) from Harold Fairhair to Mag-
nus the Good. * See Library) article (The
Eddas.
Sagard, Théodat Gabriel (sä-gär'). A French
missionary to the Hurons in the 17th century.
He wrote: (Travels to the Huron Country,
situate in America, toward the Freshwater
Sea and the Uttermost Limits of New France,
called Canada ; wherein is treated of all matters
touching the country, the manners and char-
acter of the savages, their government and their
ways, as well in their own country as when
roaming; of their faith and belief; with a dic-
tionary of the Huron language) (1632); also a
(History of Canada and the journey made
by the Friars Minor Recollets thither for the
conversion of the unbelievers) (1836). A new
edition of both works was published at Paris
in 4 vols. , 1866.
Saint-Aldegonde (san-täl-de-gond). See
Marnix.
Saint-Amand, Imbert de (sant-ä-män'). See
Imbert.
Saint-Amant, Marc Antoine Gerard, Sieur
de (sant-ä-män'). A noted French writer of
bacchanalian verses; born at Rouen, 1594; died
at Paris, 1660. He wrote Moses Saved' (1653),
an epic of the school of Tasso; and a number
of short miscellaneous poems, among which
those on bacchanalian scenes are the best,
(The Revel) is one of the most remarkable of
convivial poems.


## p. 476 (#492) ############################################

476
SAINTE-BEUVE-SAINT-LAMBERT
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin (sant-bėv').
A great French literary critic; born at Bou-
logne-sur-Mer, Dec. 23, 1804; died at Paris,
Oct. 13, 1869. His first work, Picture of French
Poetry in the 16th Century) (1828), made him
famous. Then followed, anonymously, a volume
of Poems) and two other volumes of verse,
(Consolations) (1829) and Meditations in
August (1837): in these are seen the influence
of Goethe's (Werther) and Châteaubriand's
(René. His work in the field of the history
of literature was resumed in 1837; and in 1840
began to appear his great work, “History of
Port-Royal (6 vols. , 1840-48; 4th ed. 7 vols.
1878). His celebrated Monday Talks) on
books and authors were commenced in 1849, and
were continued with brief intermissions till his
death : they were reprinted in two series, Mon-
days) (15 vols. , 1862) and New Mondays)
(13 vols. ). He wrote also : (Literary Critiques
and Portraits) (5 vols. , 1832-39); Literary
Portraits) (2 vols. , 1844; 3 vols. , 1864); Con-
temporary Portraits) (2 vols. , 1846; 5 vols. , 1871).
His autobiography, (Recollections and Indis-
cretions,' was published in 1872, and 4 volumes
of his “Correspondence) in 1877-80. *
Saint-Évremond, Charles Marguetel de
Saint-Denis, Seigneur de (sant-evr-môn'). A
French satirist and literary critic; born at St.
Denis near Coutances, in Normandy, April 1,
1613; died at London, Sept. 29, 1703.
His
chief fame is due to his ability as a literary
critic; and his judgments were accepted as de-
cisive on both sides of the Channel. His best
works in this department are the satirical
sketches (Comedy of the Academicians) (1644),
and his (Letters. ) He was buried in West-
minster Abbey.
Saint Francis de Sales (säl or sāles). A
French ecclesiastic and devotional writer ; born
1567; died 1622. He founded the Order of the
Visitation. He wrote : Introduction to the
Devout Life); (A Treatise on the Love of
God”; etc. *
Saint-Gelais, Melin or Merlin de (san-zhe-
lā'). A French lyric poet; born at Angou-
lême, Nov. 3, 1487; died at Paris, 1558. He
affected the Italian forms of poetry, — the terza
rima and sonnet, - and was the first French
poet to write madrigals.
Saint-Hilaire, Barthélemy. See Barthé-
lemy-Saint-Hilaire.
Saint-Hilaire, Marco de, pseudonym of
Émile Marc Hilaire (sant-ê-lår'). A French
miscellaneous writer; born about 1796; died
Nov. 5, 1887. A literary trifier of small suc-
cess, he later adopted the line of glorifying
Napoleon as the hero of democracy, and con-
tributed in no small degree to foster (Napole-
onic ideas and to prepare the way for the
second empire. Among his works of this kind
are : (Recollections of the Private Life of Na-
poleon) ( 1838); (The Emperor's Aides-de-
Camp) (1841); Popular History of Napoleon
(1842); History of the Russian Campaign
(1846-48).
Saintine, originally Joseph Xavier Boniface
(sant-en'). A French littérateur and dramatist;
born in Paris, July 10, 1798; died there, Jan.
21, 1865. He wrote about 200 plays. His story
Picciola) ran through forty editions. *
St. John, Bayle. An English miscellaneous
writer, son of James A. ; born at London, Aug.
9, 1822; died Aug. I, 1859. Among his works
are : Eccentric Love: A Novel (1845); (Ad.
ventures in the Libyan Desert) (1849); (Views
of the Oasis of Siwah) (1850); Purple Tints
of Paris) (1854); (Travels of an Arab Mer-
chant in Soudan) (1854); (The Sub-Alpine
Kingdom (1856); Martineto: A Story of
Adventure) (1856); Legends of the Christian
East) (1856).
St. John, James Augustus. An English Ori-
entalist and miscellaneous author; born in
Caermarthenshire, Wales, Sept. 24, 1801; died
Sept. 22, 1875. He was an extensive traveler.
Among his numerous works are: (Egypt and
Mohammed Ali (1834); Description of Egypt
and Nubia) (1844); "Isis : An Egyptian Pil.
grimage' (1853); (The Nemesis of Power)
(1854); a treatise on (The Education of the
People) (1858).
St. John, Percy Bolingbroke. An English
novelist and miscellaneous writer, son of James
A. ; born at Plymouth, March 4, 1821; died
March 1889. He published among others : (The
Young Naturalist's Book of Birds) (1844 );
(Three Days of the French Revolution (1848);
(An Arctic Crusoe) (1854); "Quadroona!
(1861); (The Creole Bride) (1864); (The Snow
Ship) (1865); “The North Pole) (1875); and
(A Daughter of the Sea) (1884).
St. John, Spenser, Sir. An English diplo-
matist, and writer of books embodying the
knowledge so gained; son of James A. ; born
in London, Dec. 22, 1826. He was private
secretary to Rajah Brooke (1848), consul-
general to Siam (1850), Borneo (1855), etc. ;
and published "Life in the Forests of the Far
East! (explorations of Borneo, Sarawak, Suluk
Islands, etc. : 2 vols. , 1862), and Life of Sir
James Brooke) (2 vols. , 1879). Later he was
consul-general to Hayti (1861-62), and many
years in the West Indies in different positions;
and wrote Hayti; or, The Black Republic)
(1884), an awful picture of the retrogression of
the negro State toward savagery. He was also
minister to Peru in 1874 and 1881, and to Mex-
ico in 1884.
St. John-Brennon, Edward. An Irish poet;
born at Dublin, Feb. 21, 1847. He wrote:
(Bianca, the Flower Girl of Bologna) (1866);
(Ambrosia Amoris) (1869); "Two Gallian La-
ments"; "The Witch of Nemi); (The Tribune
Reflects.
Saint-Lambert, Jean François, Marquis de
(san-läm-băr'). A French philosopher and
poet; born at Nancy, Dec. 26, 1716; died at
Paris, Feb. 9, 1803. He won fame by his poem
(The Seasons) (1769), for which the encyclo.
pedists and Voltaire prophesied immortality;
3


## p. 477 (#493) ############################################

SAINT-MARC-SAINT-VICTOR
477
but it has little merit either in style or in sub-
stance. Far better are his Fugitive Poems)
(1759); and his (Stories,' republished 1883.
His Universal Catechism,' despite its materi-
alistic principles, was approved by the Institute
in 1810, as a text-book on ethics.
Saint-Marc-Girardin, François Auguste
(san-mark' zhe-rär-dan'). A French literary
critic; born at Paris, Feb. 12, 1801 ; died April
II, 1873. With Philarète Chasles he wrote
(View of French Literature in the 16th Cen-
tury) (1828), which won the first prize of the
Academy. He wrote also : (Political and Lit-
erary Notes on Germany) (1835); (Intermediate
Education in Germany) (2 vols. , 1835-38);
(Essay on Literature and Morals) (2 vols. ,
1845); (Course of Dramatic Literature; or,
The Use of the Passions in the Drama) (1843;
with ed. 5 vols. , 1875-77); (Recollections and
Political Reflections of a Journalist) (1859);
(Lafontaine and the Fabulists) (2 vols. , 1867);
J. J. Rousseau, his Life and Works) (2 vols. ,
1875).
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de (san-piar'). The
celebrated author of (Paul and Virginia';
born in Havre, Jan. 19, 1737 ; died at Eragny-
sur-Oise, Jan. 21, 1814. His works include : 'Voy-
age to the Isle of France (1773); (Studies of
Nature (1784); Vows of a Solitary) (1789);
«The Indian Cottage) (1790); Harmonies of
Nature (179-);(On Nature and Morality) (1798);
(Voyage to Silesia) (1807); (The Death of Soc-
rates) (1808); “Essay on Newspapers) (1808);
(Essay on J. J. Rousseau) (1809? ); “Stories of
Travel (1809-12); etc.
Saint-Pierre, Charles Irénée Castel, Abbé
de. A French philanthropist; born at St. Pierre
(Normandy), Feb. 18, 1658; died April 29, 1743.
Among his writings are: (Project of Universal
Peace) (3 vols. , 1713); (Polysynody,' a severe
stricture on Louis XIV. 's government, and a
plan for the administration of the affairs of the
kingdom by a system of councils for each de-
partment of the government; and a number
of projects for the betterment of society in
every way.
Saint-Réal, César Richard, Abbé de (san-
rā-al'). A French historian, called the French
Sallust)); born at Chambéry, 1639; died there,
1692. He was official historian of Savoy, and
wrote a (History of the Spanish Conspiracy of
1618 against the Republic of Venice) (1674),
his principal work. His historical novel, Don
Carlos, is the chief source of Schiller's drama
of that name. His works have been often re-
printed (8 vols. , 1757).
Saintsbury, George Edward Bateman. An
eminent English critic and literary historian;
born at Southampton, Oct. 23, 1845. He has
been a master in Elizabeth College, Guernsey,
head-master of the Elgin Educational Institute
(1874-76), and a constant contributor to British
reviews. He is noted for his profound learn-
ing, sound judgment, and lucid style. Among
his numerous works are: A Primer of French
Literature (1880), in universal use; Life of
Dryden) (1881); Short History of French
Literature (1882); Life of Marlborough'
(1885); (History of Elizabethan Literature)
(1887); Essays on French Novelists) (1891);
(The Earl of Derby) (1892); Corrected Im-
pressions) (1895), essays on Victorian writers;
(History of 19th-Century Literature, 1780-1895)
(1896). He has also edited the (Pocket Library
of English Literature) (6 vols. , 1892).
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri, Count de (san-
sē-môn'). A French socialist reformer; born
at Paris, Oct. 17, 1700; died May 19, 1825. His
first work, Letters of an Inhabitant of Geneva
to his Contemporaries) (1802), proposed a sci-
entific reconstruction of society; to the same
end he wrote: (Reorganization of European
Society) (1814); (The Organizer) (1820); (The
Industrial System) (3 vols. , 1821-23); Literary,
Philosophical, and Industrial Opinions (1825);
Industrial Catechism) (1825 ); (The New
Christianity) (1825).
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de.
A celebrated French annalist; born Jan. 16,
1675; died March 2, 1755. His Memoirs) are
among the principal sources of the personal
history of France during his lifetime. The
(Memoirs) were first published in 20 vols. (1756-
58), and afterward in "complete and authen-
tic» form in 21 vols. (1829-30); to them suc-
ceeded (Unpublished Writings) (8 vols. , 1886
92) and Unpublished Papers, Letters, and Dis-
patches on the Embassy to Spain) (1880). *
Saint Victor, Adam de (san vēk-tor'). A
French poet who fourished in the twelfth cen-
tury, and is especially revered for his beautiful
and elevated Latin hymns. *
Saint-Victor, Jacques Benjamin Maximil-
ien, Count de. A West-Indian author; born
in Fort Dauphin, San Domingo, Jan. 14, 1770;
died in Paris, Aug. 8, 1858. He was connected
with the Journal des Débats under Napoleon,
and established several Roman Catholic and
Royalist magazines. His writings include:
(Paris from the Time of the Gauls to our
Own Day) (3 vols. , 1808–12); Poetic Works)
(1822); (Letters on the United States, Written
in 1832-33' (2 vols. , 1835); and Journal of
Travel (2 vols. , 1836).
Saint-Victor, Paul Binsse, Count de. A
French literary and art critic and journalist ;
born at Paris, July 11, 1825; died there, July
He rose to distinction first through
his weekly critiques of the stage and of the
annual exhibitions of fine art. His two prin-
cipal works are: Men and Gods) (1867; 4th
ed. 1872), a volume of historico-ästhetic stud.
ies, among which the essay on "The Venus of
Milo) merits special mention; and (The Two
Masques : A Tragedy-Comedy) (3 vols. , 1880-
83), an uncompleted work on the ancient and
the modern stage. He wrote also: (The
Women of Goethe) ( 1869 ); Victor Hugo)
(1885); (Ancients and Moderns) (1886); “The
Theatre of To-day: E. Augier and A. Dumas
fils) (1889).
9, 1881.


## p. 478 (#494) ############################################

478
SALA- SAND
Sala, George Augustus Henry. A famous
English newspaper correspondent; born in
1828; died in 1896. During the American Civil
War he was correspondent (1863–64) of the
London Telegraph, for the same paper in Al-
giers in 1864 and again in 1875, at the Paris
Exposition in 1867, and during the Franco-
German War, 1870-71. He has published the
novels (Quite Alone) and (Captain Danger-
ous); (America Revisited (1882); London up
to Date) (1894); and his own Life and Ad-
ventures) (1895). His celebrated (Cook Book,'
which sold enormously in London, shows his
versatility and knowledge of human internal
affairs. "
Sale, George.
An English lawyer, and stu-
dent of Arabic and Mohammedan history;
born probably in Kent, about 1680; died in
London, Nov. 14, 1736. He is most celebrated
as the translator of the Koran, his version of
which is still a standard; his introduction is
particularly comprehensive, and appreciative of
the Mohammedan religion. He contributed the
Oriental biographies to the translation of Bayle's
"General Dictionary, which was published in
London in 10 vols. in 1734; and was one of
the learned men selected to make the English
Universal History, but his part in the work
was not published until 1739, after his death.
Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). A
Roman historian ; born about 86 B. C. ; died at
Rome, about 34 B. C. His known remaining
works are : «The Conspiracy of Catiline) and
(The History of the War against Jugurtha.
A lost history of his covered only the period
from 84 to 76 B. C. *
Salm-Dyck, Constance Marie de Theis,
Princess of (säm-dek'). A French poet and
miscellaneous writer; born at Nantes, Nov. 17,
1767; died at Paris, April 13, 1845. She wrote
a series of poetical (Epistles,' one (To Wo-
men, another (On the Blindness of this Age.
She also wrote: My Threescore Years) (1833);
(The Twenty-Four Hours of a Sensible Wo-
man"; "Cantata on the Marriage of Napoleon.
Salomon ben Judah. See Avicebron.
Saltus, Edgar Everston. An American nov-
elist; born in New York, June 8, 1858. He was
educated in Europe, and graduated at the Co-
lumbia Law School. He is represented in fic-
tion and miscellany by Balzac) (1884); (The
Philosophy of Disenchantment) (1885); “The
Anatomy of Negation) (1886); After-Dinner
Stories) (1886), a translation from Balzac; (Mr.
Incoul's Misadventure! (1887); "The Truth
about Tristrem Varick) (1888); Eden) (1888);
(A Transaction in Hearts) (1888); (The Pace
that Kills) (1889); (A Transient Guest) (1889);
(Love and Lore) (1890); Mary Magdalen)
(1891); (Imperial Purple) (1892); Madam Sap-
phira! (1893); Enthralled! (1894); When
Dreams Come True) (1895); etc.
Saltus, Francis Saltus. An American poet,
brother of Edgar; born 1849; died 1889. He is
of the modern school of poets. He published
a book of poems, Honey and Gall, in 1873;
and another collection, bearing the title “The
Bayadere and Other Sonnets,' appeared in 1894.
Saltykov, Michail Yevgráfovich (säl'te-
kof); pseudonym, N. Shtshedrin. " A noted
Russian satirist; born Jan. 27, 1826; died at St.
Petersburg, May 12, 1889. The first work to
give him celebrity throughout Russia was
(Sketches from the Provinces) (1856): it was
followed by "Satires in Prose) and (Innocent
Stories) (1863); “Signs of the Times) (1869);
Male and Female Pompadours' (1876); (Across
the Frontier); (An Idyll of To-day) (1884-86);
(Life's Pettinesses) (1887). The Russian press
laws compel the author to use an allegorical
style, which makes his meaning unintelligible
to foreigners.
Sanborn, Katharine Abbott. An American
miscellaneous writer and lecturer ; born in Han-
over, N. H. , 1839. She was professor of English
literature in Smith College for several years,
and resigned in 1886. Her publications under
the name of "Kate Sanborn” include : Home
Pictures of English Poets); the Round Table
Series of Literature Lessons); (The Vanity
and Insanity of Genius); A Year of Sunshine);
(Adopting an Abandoned Farm”; Abandoning
an Adopted Farm'; etc.
Sand, George (Baronne Dudevant: born
Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin). The cel.
ebrated French novelist; born in Paris, July
2, 1804; died at Nohant, June 7, 1876. Her
works include : (A Tourist's Letters) (1830–36);
(Indiana) (1831 ? ); 'Valentine) (1832); L lie)
(1833); (Aldo the Poet' (1833); (The Private
Secretary) (1834); (André) (1834); Leone
Leoni) (1834); Jacques) (1834); Mauprat!
(1836); “Simon (1836); «The Masters of Mo-
saic) (1837); (The Last Aldini) (1837); (Us.
coque (1838); (A Winter at Majorca) (1838);
'Spiridion (1838); (Gabriel (1839 ); (The
Seven Strings of the Lyre) (1840); (The Missis-
sippians) (1840); Pauline) (1840); (Horace)
(1841); “The Companion of a French Tour)
(1841); Consuelo) (1842); «The Countess of
Rudolstadt) (1843); Jeanne) (1844); "Isidora!
(1845); (Teverino) (1845); (The Miller of
Angibault) (1845); (The Devil's Pool (1846);
(M. Antoine's Sin (1847); "Lucrezia Floriani)
(1847); François le Champi' (1847); “The Lit-
tle Fadette) (1849); (The Castle of Solitude)
(1849); (The Master Ringers) (1853); (Story of
My Life) (1854); Mont Revêche (1855); (The
Devil in the Fields) (1856); "She and He)
(1858); (The Green Ladies) (1859); Laura)
(1859); “The Snow Man' (1859); Jean de la
Roche) (1860); Flavia! (1860); Valvedra)
(1861); (Tamaris (1861); Antonia) (1861); (The
Germandre Family) (1861); (The Fine Gentle-
men of Bois-Doré) (1862); (Mlle. de la Quin-
tinie) (1864); (A Young Girl's Confession)
(1865); (Monsieur Sylvestre) (1866); 'The Last
Love) (1867); “Cadio) (1868); (Mlle. Merquem
(1868); (A Rolling Stone) (1869); Daniella)
(1869); (The Little Daughter' (1869); Narcis-
sus) (1870); Village Walks) (1870); "Loves of
>


## p. 479 (#495) ############################################

SANDBACK-SARDOU
479
)
the Golden Age) (1870); (Cesarine Dietrecht)
(1871); Journal of a Tourist during the War)
(1871); Mlle. de Cérignan) (1871); etc. Her
dramatic works include: (Cosima) (1840);
(The King Waits) (1848); (François le Champi?
(1849); (Claudia' (1851); "Victorine's Marriage)
(1851); (The Demon of the Hearth) (1852);
(Molière) (1853); (The Crusher) (1853); “Mau-
prat) (1853); (Flaminio) (1854); (Master Fa-
villa) (1855); (Lucia) (1855? ); (As You Like
It' (1856); Françoise) (1856); (The Fine Gen-
tlemen of Bois-Doré) (1862); (The Pavement!
(1862); (The Marquis of Villemer) (1863–64);
(Drac) (1864); (The Village Don Juan)
(1866); (Cadio) (1868); etc. Many of these
were founded on her novels. *
Sandback, Mrs. Henry Roscoe. An English
poet, granddaughter of William Roscoe the
historian. Her works are: (Amidei: A Tra-
gedy'; 'Poems) (1840); 'Giuliano de' Medici, a
drama (1842); (Aurora and Other Poems (1850).
Sandeau, Léonard Sylvain Jules (sän-do').
A celebrated French novelist and man of let.
ters; born in Aubusson, Feb. 19, 1811; died in
Paris, April 24, 1883. He wrote: Madame
de Sommerville) (1834); Marianna) (1840);
(Doctor Herbeau) (1841); Fernand) (1844);
“Catherine) (1846); “Valcreuse) (1846); (Mlle.
de la Seiglière (1848); Madeleine) (1848); (A
Legacy) (1849); Bags and Parchments) (1851);
( The House of Penarvan) ( 1858 ); “A Beginning
in the Magistracy) (1862); J. de Thommeray)
(1873); etc. *
Sanford, Edward. An American poet and
journalist; born in Albany, N. Y. , July 8, 1805;
died in Gowanda, N. Y. , Aug. 28, 1876. In-
cluded in his best-known works are a poetical
address to Black Hawk, and (The Loves of
the Shell-Fishes. Many of his verses, which
are graceful and humorous, have been published
in various collections.
Sanfuentes, Salvador (sän-fwen'tās ). A
Chilian poet; born in Santiago, Feb. 2, 1817;
died there, July 17, 1860. Among his works
are: (Caupolican, a drama in verse (1835);
(El Campanario) (1838); (Teudo; or, Memo-
ries of a Solitary) (1858); and (Chile, from the
Battle of Chacabuco to that of Maipo) (1850).
Sangster, Charles. A Canadian poet and
editor; born in Kingston, Ont. , July 16, 1822.
He was editor of the Amherstburg Courier
(1849), and published (The St. Lawrence and
the Saguenay, and Other Poems) (1856), and
(Hesperus: Poems and Lyrics) (1860).
Sangster, Margaret Elizabeth (Munson).
An American poet and prose-writer; born in
New Rochelle, N. Y. , Feb. 22, 1838. She was
editorially connected with Hearth and Home
(1871-73) and The Christian at Work (1873-
79); since 1889 has been editor of Harper's
Bazar. Her most noted poems are: (Our
Own'; (The Sin of Omission); and (Are the
Children at Home ? ) Among her books for
girls are: May Stanhope and her Friend,'
and Maidie's Problem. '
Santayana, George. A Spanish-American
poet and educator; born in Spain, 1863. He
is professor of philosophy at Harvard, and
has published: (Sonnets and Other Poems,
and (The Sense of Beauty: An Outline of
Æsthetic Theory. ?
Santillana, Iñigo Lopez de Mendoza, Mar-
ques de (sän'tēl-yä'na). A Spanish poet; born
at Carrion de los Condes, Aug. 19, 1398 ; died
at Guadalajara, March 25, 1458. He was made
marquis for his services in the Moorish wars.
He had much to do with the reform of Cas-
tilian poetry by subjecting it to the laws of
the Italian classic school, and of the later
Catalan-Provençal school of the court poets.
In the Italian-classic style are his Proverbs)
or (Hundred Adages,' a collection of 100 prov-
erbs in 8-verse strophes; and the Dialogue
of Bias against Fortune. His allegorical poem
in dialogue form, the (Comediette of Ponza,
aſter the manner of Dante, had an influence
on the development of the Spanish drama.
Besides poems, he wrote for the Constable of
Portugal, Dom Pedro, a memoir which is of great
value for the history of ancient Spanish poetry.
Saphir, Moritz (säf'ēr). An Austrian hu-
morist; born at Lovas-Berény in Hungary,
Feb. 8, 1795; died near Vienna, Sept. 5, 1858.
Among his numerous writings are : (Album for
Play and Earnest, Fun and Humor) (2 vols. ,
1846; 5th ed. 1875); Dictionary of Wit and
Humor) (2 ed. , 5 vols. , 1860).
Sappho (safro). A renowned Greek poet;
born in the island of Lesbos about 612 B. C.
Of her life little is known. Besides some
small fragments of her poems, we have in com-
plete form a (Hymn to Aphrodite) and an
(Ode to a Beautiful Girl. ) In antiquity, as
Homer was ever “The Poet” par excellence,
so Sappho was “The Poetess. ) *
Sarcey, Francisque (sär-sā'). A French
author and critic; born at Dourdan (Seine-et-
Oise), Oct. 8, 1828. As dramatic critic for Paris
journals, he is highly esteemed for his inde.
pendence of judgment, and his wide acquaint-
ance with dramatic literature and the history
of the stage. He has published : History of the
Siege of Paris,' which in its first year reached
the 30th edition ; (The Word and the Thing,'
philosophical conversations ( 1862 ); (Étienne
Moret,' a semi-autobiographical story (1875);
(Recollections of Youth) (1884); "Recollec-
tions of Mature Age' (1892). *
Sardou, Victorien (sär-dö'). A celebrated
French dramatist; born in Paris, Sept. 7, 1831.
He began play-writing in early life, although
intended originally for the medical profession.
Among his plays are: (The Students' Inn)
(1854); "Monsieur Garat) (1857 ? ); (Saint Ger-
vais) (1860); Blockheads) (1861); (Piccolino)
(1861 ? ); (Our Intimates) (186-); (The Butter-
fly) (1862); «The Black Devils) (1863); “Don
Quixote) (1864); (The Benoiton Family) (1865);
(The New House) (1866); (Seraphine) (1868);
(Fernande) (1870); (Rabagas) (1872); Uncle


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)
Sam (1873); (Ferréol (1875); Dora' (1877);
(Daniel Rochat) (1880); Divorçons) (1881);
(Odette) (1882); (Fédora) (1883); (Theodora)
(1884); (Crocodile (1886); "La Tosca' (1887);
(Thermidor) (1891); 'Gismonda) (1894); Ma-
dame Sans-Gêne); etc. He was elected to the
Academy in 1877.
Sargent, Charles Sprague. An American
botanist and arboriculturist; born in Boston,
1841. He has been director of the botanic
garden and arboretum, and professor of arbori-
culture, at Harvard. He has written many
authoritative reports and books, among them:
(Report on the Forests of North America);
(The Woods of the United States); Notes on
the Forest Flora of Japan. His great work
(The Silva of North America) is designed to
be a complete and authoritative work on the
trees of North America; it is now in course of
publication.
Sargent, Epes. An American journalist,
dramatist, verse and prose writer; born in
Gloucester, Mass. , Sept. 27, 1813; died in Boston,
Dec. 31, 1880. His works include: (Change
Makes Change,' a comedy ; (The Priestess, a
tragedy; "Wealth and Worth) (1840), a novel;
(Peculiar: A Tale of the Great Transition)
(1863); Life of Henry Clay. (Songs of the
Sea) and (A Life on the Ocean Wave) are the
most popular of his verses. . His Cyclopædia
of English and American Poetry) was published
in 1883.
Sargent, Nathan. [“Oliver Oldschool. ”] An
American journalist and publicist; born in
Poultney, Vt. , May 5, 1794; died in Washing-
ton, D. C. , Feb. 2, 1875. He held many public
positions, was connected with and established
several newspapers, and under his pen-name
wrote a series of famous letters from Wash-
ington to the United States Gazette. He pub-
lished a "Life of Henry Clay) (1844), and (Pub-
lic Men and Events) (2 vols. , 1875).
Sargent, Winthrop. An American lawyer
and historical writer; born in Philadelphia,
Sept. 23, 1825; died in Paris, May 18, 1870.
He lived in New York city, and wrote largely
for the press on historical subjects. His (His-
tory of an Expedition against Fort Duquesne
in 1755 under Gen. Braddock) (1855) has been
highly esteemed. He wrote (The Loyalist
Poetry of the Revolution (1857) and the Life
and Career of Major John André) (1861).
Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino (särm.
yen'to). President of the Argentine Republic,
and educational writer; born in San Juan, A. R. ,
Feb. 15, 1811 ; died in Asuncion, Paraguay, Sept.
II, 1888. During 1845-47 he visited Europe
and the United States to study the system of
primary schools. During his travels he made
the acquaintance of Cobden, Guizot, Hum-
boldt, and Horace Mann; under the influence
of the latter he wrote Popular Education,'
published (1848) by the Chilian government.
Other important works of his are: Life of
Lincoln) (1866), and (The Schools the Found-
ation of Well Being in the United States) (1868).
Sartoris, Mrs. Adelaide. An English opera
singer and miscellaneous writer; born 1814;
died 1879. She wrote: A Week in a French
Country House) (1867); Medusa, and Other
Tales) (1868); (Past Hours) (2 vols. , 1880), a
collection of the author's fugitive pieces; and
an unfinished work, Judith.
Saulcy, Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart de
(so-se'). A French numismatist and antiqua-
rian; born in Lille, March 19, 1807; died in
Paris, Nov. 3, 1880. He first obtained special
attention as a numismatist by his Essay on
the Classification of Byzantine Coinage (1836).
Among his works are: (Tour in the Holy
Land' (1865); Last Days of Jerusalem' (1866);
"Story of Herod (1867); and (Seven Centuries
of Jewish History) (1874).
Saunders, Frederick. An American scholar
and miscellaneous writer; born at London,
Aug. 13, 1807. He was librarian of the Astor
Library, New York, 1859-96. He wrote: (Me.
moirs of the Great Metropolis) (London, 1852);
(New York in a Nut-Shell (1853); (Salad for
the Solitary, by an Epicure) (1853); (Salad for
the Social (1850); Pearls of Thought, Reli.
gious and Philosophical, Gathered from Old
Authors) (1858); Mosaics) (1859); Festival
of Song) (1866); (About Women, Love, and
Marriage) (1868); (Evenings with the Sacred
Poets' (1869 ; enlarged 1885); Pastime Papers)
(1885); (Story of Some Famous Books' (1887);
(The Book-Lover's Library.