There he
became an ardent philologist, and diligently sought
to acquire a masterly grasp of this branch of know-
ledge.
became an ardent philologist, and diligently sought
to acquire a masterly grasp of this branch of know-
ledge.
Nietzsche - v01 - Birth of Tragedy
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Title: The complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche. The first complete
and authorized English translation, edited by Dr. Oscar Levy.
Author: Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 1844-1900.
Publisher: [Edinburgh and London : T. N. Foulis, 1909-1913. ]
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THE COMPLETE WORKS
OF
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
The First Complete and Authorised English Translation
EDITED BY
Dr. OSCAR LEVY
VOLUME THREE
THE BIRTH OF TRAGEDY
-
r
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3312
1910
Grados
Micrra
"nin
Of the Second Edition,
:: making Three Thousand Copies printed,
this is
No, 1968.
.
. .
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. .
. .
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. .
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## p. iii (#13) #############################################
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
THE
BIRTH OF TRAGEDY
-
OR
HELLENISM AND PESSIMISM
WORLD
TRANSLATED BY
WM. A. HAUSSMANN, PH. D.
T. N. FOULIS
13 & 15 FREDERICK STREET
EDINBURGH: AND LONDON
1910
## p. iv (#14) ##############################################
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Printed by MORRISON & GIBE LIMITED, Edinburgh
## p. v (#15) ###############################################
CONTENTS.
PAGE
BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION
AN ATTEMPT AT SELF-CRITICISM -
FOREWORD TO RICHARD WAGNER -
THE BIRTH OF TRAGEDY
-
## p. vi (#16) ##############################################
## p. vii (#17) #############################################
INTRODUCTION. *
Frederick Nietzsche was born at Rocken near
Liitzen, in the Prussian province of Saxony, on
the 15th of October 1844, at 10 a. m. The day
happened to be the anniversary of the birth of
Frederick-William IV. , then King of Prussia, and
the peal of the local church-bells which was intended
to celebrate this event, was, by a happy coincidence,
just timed to greet my brother on his entrance into
the world. In 1841, at the time when our father was
tutor to the Altenburg Princesses, Theresa of Saxe-
Altenburg, Elizabeth, Grand Duchess of Olden-
burg, and Alexandra, Grand Duchess Constantine
of Russia, he had had the honour of being presented
to his witty and pious sovereign. The meeting
seems to have impressed both parties very favour-
ably; for, very shortly after it had taken place, our
father received his living at Rocken "by supreme
command. " His joy may well be imagined, there-
fore, when a first son was born to him on his beloved
* This Introduction by E. Fbrster. Nietzsche, which appears
in the front of the first volume of Naumann's Pocket Edition of
Nietzsche, has been translated and arranged by Mr. A. M.
Ludovici.
'
## p. viii (#18) ############################################
Vlll INTRODUCTION.
and august patron's birthday, and at the christening
ceremony he spoke as follows:—" Thou blessed
month of October! —for many years the most
decisive events in my life have occurred within thy
thirty-one days, and now I celebrate the greatest
and most glorious of them all by baptising my
little boy! O blissful moment! O exquisite
festival! O unspeakably holy duty! In the
Lord's name I bless thee! —With all my heart
I utter these words: Bring me this, my beloved
child, that I may consecrate it unto the Lord.
My son, Frederick William, thus shalt thou be
named on earth, as a memento of my royal
benefactor on whose birthday thou wast born! "
Our father was thirty-one years of age, and our
mother not quite nineteen, when my brother was
born. Our mother, who was the daughter of a
clergyman, was good-looking and healthy, and was
4>ne of a very large family of sons and daughters.
Our\paternal grandparents, the Rev. Oehler and
his wife, in Pobles, were typically healthy people.
Strength, robustness, lively dispositions, and a
cheerful outlook on life, were among the qualities
which every one was pleased to observe in them.
Our grandfather Oehler was a bright, clever man,
and quite the old style of comfortable country
parson, who thought it no sin to go hunting.
He scarcely had a day's illness in his life, and would
certainly not have met with his end as early as he
did—that is to say, before his seventieth year—if
his careless disregard of all caution, where his
health was concerned, had not led to his catching
a severe and fatal cold. In regard to our grand-
## p. ix (#19) ##############################################
INTRODUCTION. IX
mother Oehler, who died in her eighty-second year,
all that can be said is, that if all German women
were possessed of the health she enjoyed, the
German nation would excel all others from the
standpoint of vitality. She bore our grandfather
eleven children; gave each of them the breast for
nearly the whole of its first year, and reared them
all. It is said that the sight of these eleven
children, at ages varying from nineteen years to one
month, with their powerful build, rosy cheeks, beam-
ing eyes, and wealth of curly locks, provoked the
admiration of all visitors. Of course, despite their
extraordinarily good health, the life of this family
was not by any means all sunshine. Each of the
children was very spirited, wilful, and obstinate, and
it was therefore no simple matter to keep them in
order. Moreover, though they always showed the
utmost respect and most implicit obedience to their
parents—even as middle-aged men and women—
misunderstandings between themselves were of con-
stant occurrence. Our Oehler grandparents were
fairly well-to-do; for our grandmother hailed from
a very old family, who had been extensive land-
owners in the neighbourhood of Zeitz for centuries,
and her father owned the baronial estate of Wehlitz
and a magnificent seat near Zeitz in Pacht. When
she married, her father gave her carriages and
horses, a coachman, a cook, and a kitchenmaid,
which for the wife of a German minister was then,
and is still, something quite exceptional. As a
result of the wars in the beginning of the nine-
teenth century, however, our great-grandfather
lost the greater part of his property.
## p. x (#20) ###############################################
X INTRODUCTION.
Our father's family was also in fairly comfortable
circumstances, and likewise very large. Our grand-
father Dr. Nietzsche (D. D. and Superintendent)
married twice, and had in all twelve children, of
whom three died young. Our grandfather on this
side, whom I never knew, must certainly have been
a distinguished, dignified, very learned and reserved
man; his second wife—our beloved grandmother—
was an active-minded, intelligent, and exceptionally
good-natured woman. The whole of our father's
family, which I only got to know when they were
very advanced in years, were remarkable for their
great power of self-control, their lively interest in
intellectual matters, and a strong sense of family
unity, which manifested itself both in their splen-
did readiness to help one another and in their very
excellent relations with each other. Our father
was the youngest son, and, thanks to his un-
commonly lovable disposition, together with other
gifts, which only tended to become more marked
as he grew older, he was quite the favourite of
the family. Blessed with a thoroughly sound
constitution, as all averred who knew him at the
convent-school in Rossleben, at the University, or
later at the ducal court of Altenburg, he was tall
and slender, possessed an undoubted gift for poetry
and real musical talent, and was moreover a man
of delicate sensibilities, full of consideration for his
whole family, and distinguished in his manners.
My brother often refers to his Polish descent, and
in later years he even instituted research-work with
the view of establishing it, which met with partial
success. I know nothing definite concerning these
## p. xi (#21) ##############################################
INTRODUCTION. XI
investigations, because a large number of valuable
documents were unfortunately destroyed after his
breakdown in Turin. The family tradition was
that a certain Polish nobleman Nicki (pronounced
Nietzky) had obtained the special favour of
Augustus the Strong, King of Poland, and had
received the rank of Earl from him. When, how-
ever, Stanislas Leszcysski the Pole became king,
our supposed ancestor became involved in a con-
spiracy in favour of the Saxons and Protestants.
He was sentenced to death; but, taking flight,
according to the evidence of the documents, he was
ultimately befriended by a certain Earl of Briihl,
who gave him a small post in an obscure little
provincial town. Occasionally our aged aunts
would speak of our great-grandfather Nietzsche,
who was said to have died in his ninety-first year,
and words always seemed to fail them when they
attempted to describe his handsome appearance,
good breeding, and vigour. Our ancestors, both
on the Nietzsche and the Oehler side, were very
long-lived. Of the four pairs of great-grandparents,
one great-grandfather reached the age of ninety,
five great-grandmothers and -fathers died between
eighty-two and eighty-six years of age, and two only
failed to reach their seventieth year.
The sorrow which hung as a cloud over our
branch of the family was our father's death, as the
result of a heavy fall, at the age of thirty-eight.
One night, upon leaving some friends whom he had
accompanied home, he was met at the door of the
vicarage by our little dog. The little animal must
have got between his feet, for he stumbled and fell
'
## p. xii (#22) #############################################
xii INTRODUCTION.
backwards down seven stone steps on to the paving-
stones of the vicarage courtyard. As a result of
this fall, he was laid up with concussion of the brain,
and, after a lingering illness, which lasted eleven
months, he died on the 30th of July 1849. The
early death of our beloved and highly-gifted father
spread gloom over the whole of our childhood. In
1850 our mother withdrew with us to Naumburg
on the Saale, where she took up her abode with our
widowed grandmother Nietzsche; and there she
brought us up with Spartan severity and simplicity,
which, besides being typical of the period, was
quite de rigeur in her family. Of course, Grand-
mamma Nietzsche helped somewhat to temper her
daughter-in-law's severity, and in this respect our
Oehler grandparents, who were less rigorous with
us, their eldest grandchildren, than with their own
children, were also very influential. Grandfather
Oehler was the first who seems to have recognised
the extraordinary talents of his eldest grandchild.
From his earliest childhood upwards, my brother
was always strong and healthy; he often declared
that he must have been taken for a peasant-boy
throughout his childhood and youth, as he was so
plump, brown, and rosy. The thick fair hair which
fell picturesquely over his shoulders tended some-
what to modify his robust appearance. Had he not
possessed those wonderfully beautiful, large, and
expressive eyes, however, and had he not been so
very ceremonious in his manner, neither his teachers
nor his relatives would ever have noticed anything
at all remarkable about the boy; for he was both
modest and reserved.
## p. xiii (#23) ############################################
INTRODUCTION. xiil
He received his early schooling at a preparatory
school, and later at a grammar school in Naumburg.
In the autumn of 1858, when he was fourteen years
of age, he entered the Pforta school, so famous for
the scholars it has produced. There, too, very
severe discipline prevailed, and much was exacted
from the pupils, with the view of inuring them to
great mental and physical exertions. Thus, if my
brother seems to lay particular stress upon the value
of rigorous training, free from all sentimentality, it
should be remembered that he speaks from experi-
ence in this respect. At Pforta he followed the
regular school course, and he did not enter a uni-
versity until the comparatively late age of twenty.
His extraordinary gifts manifested themselves
chiefly in his independent and private studies and
artistic efforts. As a boy his musical talent had
already been so noticeable, that he himself and other
competent judges were doubtful as to whether he
ought not perhaps to devote himself altogether to
music. It is, however, worth noting that everything
he did in his later years, whether in Latin, Greek, or
German work,bore the stamp of perfection—subject
of course to the limitation imposed upon him by his
years. His talents came very suddenly to the fore,
because he had allowed them to grow for such a
long time in concealment. His very first perform-
ance in philology, executed while he was a student
under Ritschl, the famous philologist, was also
typical of him in this respect, seeing that it was
ordered to be printed for the Rheinische Museum.
Of course this was done amid general and grave ex-
pressions of doubt; for, as Dr. Ritschl often declared,
J
## p. xiv (#24) #############################################
XIV INTRODUCTION.
it was an unheard-of occurrence for a student in his
third term to prepare such an excellent treatise.
Being a great lover of out-door exercise, such as
swimming, skating, and walking, he developed into a
very sturdy lad. Rohde gives the following descrip-
tion of him as a student: with his healthy com-
plexion,his outward and innercleanliness,hisaustere
chastity and his solemn aspect, he was the image of
that delightful youth described by Adalbert Stifter.
Though as a child he was always rather serious,
as a lad and a man he was ever inclined to see the
humorous side of things, while his whole being, and
everything he said or did, was permeated by an
extraordinary harmony. He belonged to the very
few who could control even a bad mood and conceal
it from others. All his friends are unanimous in
their praise of his exceptional evenness of temper
and behaviour, and his warm, hearty, and pleasant
laugh that seemed to come from the very depths
of his benevolent and affectionate nature. In him
it might therefore be said, nature had produced a
being who in body and spirit was a harmonious
whole: his unusual intellect was fully in keeping
with his uncommon bodily strength.
The only abnormal thing about him, and some-
thing which we both inherited from our father, was
short-sightedness, and this was very much aggra-
vated in my brother's case, even in his earliest school-
days, owing to that indescribable anxiety to learn
which always characterised him. When one listens
to accounts given by his friends and schoolfellows,
one is startled by the multiplicity of his studies even
in his schooldays.
## p. xv (#25) ##############################################
INTRODUCTION. XV
In the autumn of 1864, he began his university
life in Bonn, and studied philology and theology;
at the end of six months he gave up theology, and
in the autumn of 1865 followed his famous teacher
Ritschl to the University of Leipzig. There he
became an ardent philologist, and diligently sought
to acquire a masterly grasp of this branch of know-
ledge. But in this respect it would be unfair to
forget that the school of Pforta, with its staff of
excellent teachers — scholars that would have
adorned the chairs of any University—had already
afforded the best of preparatory trainings to any one
intending to take up philology as a study, more
particularly as it gave all pupils ample scope to
indulge any individual tastes they might have for
any particular branch of ancient history. The last
important Latin thesis which my brother wrote for
the Landes-Schule, Pforta, dealt with the Megarian
poet Theognis, and it was in the r61e of a lecturer
on this very subject that, on the 18th January
1866, he made his first appearance in public, before
the philological society he had helped to found in
Leipzig. The paper he read disclosed his investiga-
tions on the subject of Theognis the moralist and
aristocrat, who, as is well known, described and dis-
missed the plebeians of his time in terms of the
heartiest contempt. The aristocratic ideal, which
was always so dear to my brother, thus revealed
itself for the first time. Moreover, curiously enough,
it was precisely this scientific thesis which was the
cause of Ritschl's recognition of my brother and
fondness for him.
The whole of his Leipzig days proved of the
b
## p. xvi (#26) #############################################
XVI INTRODUCTION.
utmost importance to my brother's career. There
he was plunged into the very midst of a torrent
of intellectual influences which found an impression-
able medium in the fiery youth, and to which he
eagerly made himself accessible. He did not,
however, forget to discriminate among them, but
tested and criticised the currents of thought he
encountered, and selected accordingly. It is
certainly of great importance to ascertain what
those influences precisely were to which he yielded,
and how long they maintained their sway over him,
and it is likewise necessary to discover exactly
when the matured mind threw off these fetters in
order to work out its own salvation.
The influences that exercised power over him
in those days may be described in the three follow-
ing terms: Hellenism, Schopenhauer,Wagner. His
love of Hellenism certainly led him to philology;
but, as a matter of fact, what concerned him most
was to obtain a wide view of things in general,
and this he hoped to derive from that science;
philology in itself, with his splendid method and
thorough way of going to work, served him only
as a means to an end.
If Hellenism was the first strong influence which
already in Pforta obtained a sway over my brother,
in the winter of 1865-66, a completely new, and
therefore somewhat subversive, influence was intro-
duced into his life with Schopenhauer's philosophy.
When he reached Leipzig in the autumn of 1865,
he was very downcast; for the experiences that
had befallen him during his one year of student
life in Bonn had deeply depressed him. He had
## p. xvii (#27) ############################################
INTRODUCTION. XVII
sought at first to adapt himself to his surround-
ings there, with the hope of ultimately elevating
them to his lofty views on things; but both these
efforts proved vain, and now he had come to
Leipzig with the purpose of framing his own
manner of life. It can easily be imagined how
the first reading of Schopenhauer's The World as
Will and Idea worked upon this man, still sting-
ing from the bitterest experiences and disappoint-
ments. He writes: "Here I saw a mirror in
which I espied the world, life, and my own nature
depicted with frightful grandeur. " As my brother,
from his very earliest childhood, had always missed
both the parent and the educator through our
father's untimely death, he began to regard
Schopenhauer with almost filial love and respect.
There he
became an ardent philologist, and diligently sought
to acquire a masterly grasp of this branch of know-
ledge. But in this respect it would be unfair to
forget that the school of Pforta, with its staff of
excellent teachers — scholars that would have
adorned the chairs of any University—had already
afforded the best of preparatory trainings to any one
intending to take up philology as a study, more
particularly as it gave all pupils ample scope to
indulge any individual tastes they might have for
any particular branch of ancient history. The last
important Latin thesis which my brother wrote for
the Landes-Schule, Pforta, dealt with the Megarian
poet Theognis, and it was in the r61e of a lecturer
on this very subject that, on the 18th January
1866, he made his first appearance in public, before
the philological society he had helped to found in
Leipzig. The paper he read disclosed his investiga-
tions on the subject of Theognis the moralist and
aristocrat, who, as is well known, described and dis-
missed the plebeians of his time in terms of the
heartiest contempt. The aristocratic ideal, which
was always so dear to my brother, thus revealed
itself for the first time. Moreover, curiously enough,
it was precisely this scientific thesis which was the
cause of Ritschl's recognition of my brother and
fondness for him.
The whole of his Leipzig days proved of the
b
## p. xvi (#26) #############################################
XVI INTRODUCTION.
utmost importance to my brother's career. There
he was plunged into the very midst of a torrent
of intellectual influences which found an impression-
able medium in the fiery youth, and to which he
eagerly made himself accessible. He did not,
however, forget to discriminate among them, but
tested and criticised the currents of thought he
encountered, and selected accordingly. It is
certainly of great importance to ascertain what
those influences precisely were to which he yielded,
and how long they maintained their sway over him,
and it is likewise necessary to discover exactly
when the matured mind threw off these fetters in
order to work out its own salvation.
The influences that exercised power over him
in those days may be described in the three follow-
ing terms: Hellenism, Schopenhauer,Wagner. His
love of Hellenism certainly led him to philology;
but, as a matter of fact, what concerned him most
was to obtain a wide view of things in general,
and this he hoped to derive from that science;
philology in itself, with his splendid method and
thorough way of going to work, served him only
as a means to an end.
If Hellenism was the first strong influence which
already in Pforta obtained a sway over my brother,
in the winter of 1865-66, a completely new, and
therefore somewhat subversive, influence was intro-
duced into his life with Schopenhauer's philosophy.
When he reached Leipzig in the autumn of 1865,
he was very downcast; for the experiences that
had befallen him during his one year of student
life in Bonn had deeply depressed him. He had
## p. xvii (#27) ############################################
INTRODUCTION. XVII
sought at first to adapt himself to his surround-
ings there, with the hope of ultimately elevating
them to his lofty views on things; but both these
efforts proved vain, and now he had come to
Leipzig with the purpose of framing his own
manner of life. It can easily be imagined how
the first reading of Schopenhauer's The World as
Will and Idea worked upon this man, still sting-
ing from the bitterest experiences and disappoint-
ments. He writes: "Here I saw a mirror in
which I espied the world, life, and my own nature
depicted with frightful grandeur. " As my brother,
from his very earliest childhood, had always missed
both the parent and the educator through our
father's untimely death, he began to regard
Schopenhauer with almost filial love and respect.
He did not venerate him quite as other men did;
Schopenhauer's personality was what attracted and
enchanted him. From the first he was never
blind to the faults in his master's system, and in
proof of this we have only to refer to an essay he
wrote in the autumn of 1867, which actually con-
tains a criticism of Schopenhauer's philosophy.
Now, in the autumn of 1865, to these two
influences, Hellenism and Schopenhauer, a third
influence was added—one which was to prove the
strongest ever exercised over my brother—and it
began with his personal introduction to Richard
Wagner. He was introduced to Wagner by the
latter's sister, Frau Professor Brockhaus, and his
description of their first meeting, contained in a
letter to Erwin Rohde, is really most affecting.
For years, that is to say, from the time Bulow's
## p. xviii (#28) ###########################################
XV111 INTRODUCTION.
arrangement of Tristan and Isolde for thepianoforte,
had appeared, he had already been a passionate
admirer of Wagner's music; but now that the
artist himself entered upon the scene of his life,
with the whole fascinating strength of his strong
will, my brother felt that he was in the presence
of a being whom he, of all modern men, resembled
most in regard to force of character.
Again, in the case of Richard Wagner, my
brother, from the first, laid the utmost stress upon
the man's personality, and could only regard his
works and views as an expression of the artist's
whole being, despite the fact that he by no means
understood every one of those works at that time.
My brother was the first who ever manifested
such enthusiastic affection for Schopenhauer and
Wagner, and he was also the first of that numer-
ous band of young followers who ultimately in-
scribed the two great names upon their banner.
Whether Schopenhauer and Wagner ever really
corresponded to the glorified pictures my brother
painted of them, both in his letters and other
writings, is a question which we can no longer
answer in the affirmative. Perhaps what he saw
in them was only what he himself wished to be
some day.
The amount of work my brother succeeded in
accomplishing, during his student days, really
seems almost incredible. When we examine his
record for the years 1865-67, we can scarcely
believe it refers to only two years' industry, for
at a guess no one would hesitate to suggest four
years at least. But in those days, as he himself
## p. xix (#29) #############################################
INTRODUCTION. XIX
declares, he still possessed the constitution of a
bear. He knew neither what headaches nor in-
digestion meant, and, despite his short sight, his
eyes were able to endure the greatest strain with-
out giving him the smallest trouble. That is why,
regardless of seriously interrupting his studies, he
was so glad at the thought of becoming a soldier
in the forthcoming autumn of 1867; for he was
particularly anxious to discover some means of
employing his bodily strength.
He discharged his duties as a soldier with the
utmost mental and physical freshness, was the
crack rider among the recruits of his year, and
was sincerely sorry when, owing to an accident,
he was compelled to leave the colours before the
completion of his service. As a result of this
accident he had his first dangerous illness.
While mounting his horse one day, the beast,
which was an uncommonly restive one, suddenly
reared, and, causing him to strike his chest sharply
against the pommel of the saddle, threw him to
the ground. My brother then made a second
attempt to mount, and succeeded this time, not-
withstanding the fact that he had severely sprained
and torn two muscles in his chest, and had seri-
ously bruised the adjacent ribs. For a whole day
he did his utmost to pay no heed to the injury,
and to overcome the pain it caused him; but in
the end he only swooned, and a dangerously acute
inflammation of the injured tissues was the result.
Ultimately he was obliged to consult the famous
specialist, Professor Volkmann, in Halle, who
quickly put him right.
## p. xx (#30) ##############################################
XX INTRODUCTION.
In October 1868, my brother returned to his
studies in Leipzig with double joy. These were
his plans: to get his doctor's degree as soon as
possible; to proceed to Paris, Italy, and Greece,
make a lengthy stay in each place, and then
to return to Leipzig in order to settle there as a
privat docent. All these plans were, however,
suddenly frustrated owing to his premature call
to the University of Bale, where he was invited
to assume the duties of professor. Some of the
philological essays he had written in his student
days, and which were published by the Rheinische
Museum, had attracted the attention of the
Educational Board at Bale. Ratsherr Wilhelm
Vischer, as representing this body, appealed to
Ritschl for fuller information. Now Ritschl, who
had early recognised my brother's extraordinary
talents, must have written a letter of such enthusi-
astic praise (" Nietzsche is a genius: he can do
whatever he chooses to put his mind to"), that
one of the more cautious members of the council
is said to have observed: "If the proposed
candidate be really such a genius, then it were
better did we not appoint him; for, in any case,
he would only stay a short time at the little
University of Bile. " My brother ultimately
accepted the appointment, and, in view of his
published philological works, he was immediately
granted the doctor's degree by the University of
Leipzig. He was twenty-four years and six
months old when he took up his position as
professor in Bale,—and it was with a heavy heart
that he proceeded there, for he knew "the golden
## p. xxi (#31) #############################################
INTRODUCTION. XXI
period of untrammelled activity " must cease. He
was, however, inspired by the deep wish of being
able "to transfer to his pupils some of that
Schopenhauerian earnestness which is stamped
on the brow of the sublime man. " "I should like
to be something more than a mere trainer of
capable philologists: the present generation of
teachers, the care of the growing broods,—all this
is in my mind. If we must live, let us at least
do so in such wise that others may bless our life
once we have been peacefully delivered from its
toils. "
When I look back upon that month of May
1869, and ask both of friends and of myself, what
the figure of this youthful University professor of
four-and-twenty meant to the world at that time,
the reply is naturally, in the first place: that he
was one of Ritschl's best pupils ; secondly, that he
was an exceptionally capable exponent of classical
antiquity with a brilliant career before him; and
thirdly, that he was a passionate adorer of Wagner
and Schopenhauer. But no one has any idea of
my brother's independent attitude to the science
he had selected, to his teachers and to his ideals,
and he deceived both himself and us when he
passed as a " disciple" who really shared all the
views of his respected master.
On the 28th May 1869, my brother delivered
his inaugural address at Bale University, and it is
said to have deeply impressed the authorities.
The subject of the address was "Homer and
Classical Philology. "
Musing deeply, the worthy councillors and
## p. xxii (#32) ############################################
xxu
INTRODUCTION.
professors walked homeward. What had they
just heard? A young scholar discussing the very
justification of his own science in a cool and
philosophically critical spirit! A man able to
impart so much artistic glamour to his subject,
that the once stale and arid study of philology
suddenly struck them—and they were certainly
not impressionable men—as the messenger of the
gods: "and just as the Muses descended upon the
dull and tormented Boeotian peasants, so phil-
ology comes into a world full of gloomy colours and
pictures, full of the deepest, most incurable woes,
and speaks to men comfortingly of the beautiful
and brilliant godlike figure of a distant, blue, and
happy fairyland. "
"We have indeed got hold of a rare bird,
Herr Ratsherr," said one of these gentlemen to
his companion, and the latter heartily agreed, for
my brother's appointment had been chiefly his
doing.
Even in Leipzig, it was reported that Jacob
Burckhardt had said: "Nietzsche is as much an
artist as a scholar. " Privy-Councillor Ritschl
told me of this himself, and then he added, with
a smile: "I always said so; he can make his
scientific discourses as palpitatingly interesting as
a French novelist his novels. "
"Homer and Classical Philology" — my
brother's inaugural address at the University—
was by no means the first literary attempt
he had made; for we have already seen that
he had had papers published by the Rheinische
Museum; still, this particular discourse is import-
## p. xxiii (#33) ###########################################
INTRODUCTION. XXlii
ant, seeing that it practically contains the pro-
gramme of many other subsequent essays. I
must, however, emphasise this fact here, that
neither "Homer and Classical Philology," nor
The Birth of Tragedy^ represents a beginning
in my brother's career. It is really surprising to
see how very soon he actually began grappling
with the questions which were to prove the
problems of his life. If a beginning to his
intellectual development be sought at all, then
it must be traced to the years 1865-67 in
Leipzig. The Birth of Tragedy, his maiden
attempt at book-writing, with which he began his
twenty-eighth year, is the last link of a long
chain of developments, and the first fruit that was
a long time coming to maturity. Nietzsche's
was a polyphonic nature, in which the most
different and apparently most antagonistic tal-
ents had come together. Philosophy, art, and
science—in the form of philology, then—each
certainly possessed a part of him. The most
wonderful feature — perhaps it might even be
called the real Nietzschean feature — of this
versatile creature, was the fact that no eternal
strife resulted from the juxtaposition of these
inimicial traits, that not one of them strove to
dislodge, or to get the upper hand of, the others.
When Nietzsche renounced the musical career, in
order to devote himself to philology, and gave
himself up to the most strenuous study, he did
not find it essential completely to suppress his
other tendencies: as before, he continued both to
compose and derive pleasure from music, and
## p. xxiv (#34) ############################################
XXIV INTRODUCTION.
even studied counterpoint somewhat seriously.
Moreover, during his years at Leipzig, when he
consciously gave himself up to philological re-
search, he began to engross himself in Schopen-
hauer, and was thereby won by philosophy for
ever. Everything that could find room took up
its abode in him, and these juxtaposed factors,
far from interfering with one another's existence,
were rather mutually fertilising and stimulating.
All those who have read the first volume of the
biography with attention must have been struck
with the perfect way in which the various impulses
in his nature combined in the end to form one
general torrent, and how this flowed with ever
greater force in the direction of a single goal.
I^. --. Thus science, art, and philosophy developed and
became ever more closely related in him, until,
in The Birth of Tragedy, they brought forth a
"centaur," that is to say, a work which would
have been an impossible achievement to a man
with only a single, special talent. This polyphony
of different talents, all coming to utterance
together and producing the richest and boldest
of harmonies, is the fundamental feature not only
of Nietzsche's early days, but of his whole
development. It is once again the artist,
philosopher, and man of science, who as one
man in later years, after many wanderings, re-
cantations, and revulsions of feeling, produces
that other and rarer Centaur of highest rank—
Zarathustra.
The Birth of Tragedy requires perhaps a little
explaining—more particularly as we have now
## p. xxv (#35) #############################################
INTRODUCTION. XXV
ceased to use either Schopenhauerian or Wagnerian
terms of expression. And it was for this reason
that five years after its appearance, my brother
wrote an introduction to it, in which he very
plainly expresses his doubts concerning the views
it contains, and the manner in which they are
presented. The kernel of its thought he always
recognised as perfectly correct; and all he de-
plored in later days was that he had spoiled the
grand problem of Hellenism, as he understood it,
by adulterating it with ingredients taken from the
world of most modern ideas. As time went on, he
grew ever more and more anxious to define the
deep meaning of this book with greater precision
and clearness. A very good elucidation of its
aims, which unfortunately was never published,
appears among his notes of the year 1886, and
is as follows:—
"Concerning The Birtk of Tragedy. —A book
consisting of mere experiences relating to pleasur-
able and unpleasurable aesthetic states, with a
metaphysico-artistic background. At the same
time the confession of a romanticist {the sufferer
feels the deepest longing for beauty—he begets it);
finally, a product of youth, full of youthful courage
and melancholy. , .
"Fundamental psychological experiences: the 1
word 'Apollonian' stands for that state of rapt
repose in the presefice ot a visionary world, in the
presence of the world of beautiful appearance
"designed as a deliverance from becoming: the_
word DiohysosT on the other hand, stands for
strenuous becoming, grown self-conscious, in the
## p. xxvi (#36) ############################################
xxvi
INTRODUCTION.
form of the rampant voluptuousness of the creator,
who is also perfectly conscious of the violent anger
of the destroyer.
"The antagonism of these two attitudes and
the desires that underlie them. The first-named
would have the vision it conjures up eternal : in
its light man must be quiescent, apathetic, peace-
ful, healed, and on friendly terms with himself and
all existence; the second strives after creation,
after the voluptuousness of wilful creation, il.
constructing and destroying. Creation felt and
explained as an instinct would be merely the
a nini unremitting inventive action of a dissatisfied
donec being, overflowing with wealth and living at high
tension and high pressure,—of a God who would
overcome the sorrows of existence by means_
only of continual changes and transformations,
iete
appearance as a transient and momentary deliver-
ance; the world as an apparent sequence of
godlike visions and deliverances.
“This metaphysico-artistic attitude is opposed
to Schopenhauer's one-sided view, which values
art, not from the artist's standpoint but from the
spectator's, because it brings salvation and deliver-
ance by means of the joy produced by unreal as
opposed to the existing or the real (the experi-
ence only of him who is suffering and is in
despair owing to himself and everything existing).
-Deliverance in the form and its eternity (just as
Plato may have pictured it, save that he rejoiced
in a complete subordination of all too excitable
sensibilities, even in the idea itself). To this is
opposed the second point of view-art regarded
## p. xxvii (#37) ###########################################
INTRODUCTION.
xxvii
as a phenomenon of the artist, above all of the
musician: the torture of being obliged to create,
as a Dionysian instinct.
“Tragic art, rich in both attitudes, represents
the reconciliation of. Apollo and Dionysos.
Appearance is given the greatest importance by
Dionysos; and yet it will be denied and cheerfully.
denied. This is directed against Schopenhauer's
teaching of Resignation as the tragic attitude
towards the world.
“ Against Wagner's theory that music is a
means and drama an end.
“A desire for tragic myth (for religion and even
pessimistic religion) as for a forcing frame in
which certain plants flourish.
"Mistrust of science, although its ephemerally
soothing optimism be strongly felt; the serenity'
of the theoretical man.
“ Deep antagonism to Christianity. Why?
The degeneration of the Germanic spirit is ascribed
to its influence.
“ Any justification of the world can only be
an æsthetic one. Profound suspicions about
morality ( it is part and parcel of the world of
appearance).
"The happiness of existence is only possible as
the happiness derived from appearance. (Being
is a fiction invented by those who suffer from
becoming. )
"Happiness in becoming is possible only in
the annihilation of the real, of the existing,
of the beautifully visionary,-in the pessimistic
dissipation of illusions :—with the annihilation
hotia
## p. xxviii (#38) ##########################################
XXVlil INTRODUCTION.
of the most beautiful phenomena in the world
of,. appearance, Dionysian happiness reaches it?
. zenith. """ *! '
'l he Utrth of Tragedy is really only a portion
of a much greater work on Hellenism, which my
brother had always had in view from the time
of his student days. But even the portion it
represents was originally designed upon a much
larger scale than the present one; the reason
probably being, that Nietzsche desired only to be
of service to Wagner. When a certain portion
of the projected work on Hellenism was ready
and had received the title Greek Cheerfulness,
my brother happened to call upon Wagner at
Tribschen in April 1871, and found him very
low-spirited in regard to the mission of his life.
My brother was very anxious to take some decis-
ive step to help him, and, laying the plans of his
great work on Greece aside, he selected a small
portion from the already completed manuscript
—a portion dealing with one distinct side of
Hellenism,—to wit, its tragic art. He then
associated Wagner's music with it and the name
Dionysos, and thus took the first step towards
that world-historical view through which we have
since grown accustomed to regard Wagner.
From the dates of the various notes relating
to it, The Birth of Tragedy must have been written
between the autumn of 1869 and November
1871—a period during which " a mass of aesthetic
questions and answers" was fermenting in
Nietzsche's mind. It was first published in
January 1872 by E. W. Fritsch, in Leipzig,
## p. xxix (#39) ############################################
INTRODUCTION.
xxix
under the title The Birth of Tragedy out of
the Spirit of Music. Later on the title was
changed to The Birth of Tragedy, or Hellenism
and Pessimism.
ELIZABETH FÖRSTER-NIETZSCHE.
WEIMAR, September 1905.
## p. xxx (#40) #############################################
1
## p. 1 (#41) ###############################################
AN ATTEMPT AT SELF-
CRITICISM.
i.
Whatever may lie at the bottom of this doubt-
ful book must be a questionpof the first rank
and attractiveness, moreover a deeply personal
question,—in proof thereof observe the time
in which it originated, in spite of which it origin-
ated, the exciting period of the Franco-German
war of 1870-71. While the thunder of the
battle of Worth rolled over Europe, the ruminator
and riddle-lover, who had to be the parent of this
book, sat somewhere in a nook of the Alps, lost in
riddles and ruminations, consequently very much
concerned and unconcerned at the same time, and
wrote down his meditations on the Greeks,—the
kernel of the curious and almost inaccessible book,
to which this belated prologue (or epilogue) is to
be devoted. A few weeks later: and he found
himself under the walls of Metz, still wrestling
with the notes of interrogation he had set down
concerning the alleged " cheerfulness " of the Greeks
and of Greek art; till at last, in that month of
A
## p. 2 (#42) ###############################################
2 THE BIRTH OF TRAGEDY.
'•,
deep suspense, when peace was debated at Ver-
sailles, he too attained to peace with himself, and,
slowly recovering from a disease brought home
from the field, made up his mind definitely re-
garding the "Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of
Music! '—From music? Music and Tragedy?
Greeks and tragic music? Greeks and the Art-
work of pessimism? A race of men, well-fashioned,
beautiful, envied, life-inspiring, like no other race
hitherto, the Greeks—indeed? The Greeks were
in need of tragedy? Yea—of art? Wherefore—
. \ Greek art? . . .
,('. *fci We can thus guess where the great note of
interrogation concerning the value of existence
had been set. Is pessimism necessarily the sign
of decline, of decay, of failure, of exhausted and
weakened instincts? —as was the case with the
Indians, as is, to all appearance, the case with us
"modern" men and Europeans? Is there a pessi-
mism of strength? An intellectual predilection for
what is hard, awful, evil, problematical in exist-
ence, owing to well-being, to exuberant health, to
fullness of existence? Is there perhaps suffering
in overfullness itself? A seductive fortitude with
the keenest of glances, which yearns for the
terrible, as for the enemy, the worthy enemy, with
whom it may try its strength? from whom it is
willing to learn what "fear" is? What means
tragic myth to the Greeks of the best, strongest,
bravest era? And the prodigious phenomenon of
the Dionysian? And that which was born there-
of, tragedy ? —And again: that of which tragedy
died, the Socratism of morality, the dialectics,
## p. 3 (#43) ###############################################
AN ATTEMPT AT SELF-CRITICISM. 3
contentedness and cheerfulness of the theoretical
man—indeed? might not this very Socratism be
a sign of decline, of weariness, of disease, of
anarchically disintegrating instincts? And the
"Hellenic cheerfulness" of the later Hellenism
merely a glowing sunset? The Epicurean will
counter to pessimism merely a precaution of the
sufferer? And science itself, our science—ay,
viewed as a symptom of life, what really signifies
all science? Whither, worse still, whence—all
science? Well? Is scientism perhaps only fear
and evasion of pessimism? A subtle defence
against—truth} Morally speaking, something
like falsehood and cowardice? And, unmorally
speaking, an artifice? O Socrates, Socrates, was
this perhaps thy secret? Oh mysterious ironist,
was this perhaps thine—irony? .
Find more books at https://www. hathitrust. org.
Title: The complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche. The first complete
and authorized English translation, edited by Dr. Oscar Levy.
Author: Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 1844-1900.
Publisher: [Edinburgh and London : T. N. Foulis, 1909-1913. ]
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THE COMPLETE WORKS
OF
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
The First Complete and Authorised English Translation
EDITED BY
Dr. OSCAR LEVY
VOLUME THREE
THE BIRTH OF TRAGEDY
-
r
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3312
1910
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Micrra
"nin
Of the Second Edition,
:: making Three Thousand Copies printed,
this is
No, 1968.
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FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
THE
BIRTH OF TRAGEDY
-
OR
HELLENISM AND PESSIMISM
WORLD
TRANSLATED BY
WM. A. HAUSSMANN, PH. D.
T. N. FOULIS
13 & 15 FREDERICK STREET
EDINBURGH: AND LONDON
1910
## p. iv (#14) ##############################################
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Printed by MORRISON & GIBE LIMITED, Edinburgh
## p. v (#15) ###############################################
CONTENTS.
PAGE
BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION
AN ATTEMPT AT SELF-CRITICISM -
FOREWORD TO RICHARD WAGNER -
THE BIRTH OF TRAGEDY
-
## p. vi (#16) ##############################################
## p. vii (#17) #############################################
INTRODUCTION. *
Frederick Nietzsche was born at Rocken near
Liitzen, in the Prussian province of Saxony, on
the 15th of October 1844, at 10 a. m. The day
happened to be the anniversary of the birth of
Frederick-William IV. , then King of Prussia, and
the peal of the local church-bells which was intended
to celebrate this event, was, by a happy coincidence,
just timed to greet my brother on his entrance into
the world. In 1841, at the time when our father was
tutor to the Altenburg Princesses, Theresa of Saxe-
Altenburg, Elizabeth, Grand Duchess of Olden-
burg, and Alexandra, Grand Duchess Constantine
of Russia, he had had the honour of being presented
to his witty and pious sovereign. The meeting
seems to have impressed both parties very favour-
ably; for, very shortly after it had taken place, our
father received his living at Rocken "by supreme
command. " His joy may well be imagined, there-
fore, when a first son was born to him on his beloved
* This Introduction by E. Fbrster. Nietzsche, which appears
in the front of the first volume of Naumann's Pocket Edition of
Nietzsche, has been translated and arranged by Mr. A. M.
Ludovici.
'
## p. viii (#18) ############################################
Vlll INTRODUCTION.
and august patron's birthday, and at the christening
ceremony he spoke as follows:—" Thou blessed
month of October! —for many years the most
decisive events in my life have occurred within thy
thirty-one days, and now I celebrate the greatest
and most glorious of them all by baptising my
little boy! O blissful moment! O exquisite
festival! O unspeakably holy duty! In the
Lord's name I bless thee! —With all my heart
I utter these words: Bring me this, my beloved
child, that I may consecrate it unto the Lord.
My son, Frederick William, thus shalt thou be
named on earth, as a memento of my royal
benefactor on whose birthday thou wast born! "
Our father was thirty-one years of age, and our
mother not quite nineteen, when my brother was
born. Our mother, who was the daughter of a
clergyman, was good-looking and healthy, and was
4>ne of a very large family of sons and daughters.
Our\paternal grandparents, the Rev. Oehler and
his wife, in Pobles, were typically healthy people.
Strength, robustness, lively dispositions, and a
cheerful outlook on life, were among the qualities
which every one was pleased to observe in them.
Our grandfather Oehler was a bright, clever man,
and quite the old style of comfortable country
parson, who thought it no sin to go hunting.
He scarcely had a day's illness in his life, and would
certainly not have met with his end as early as he
did—that is to say, before his seventieth year—if
his careless disregard of all caution, where his
health was concerned, had not led to his catching
a severe and fatal cold. In regard to our grand-
## p. ix (#19) ##############################################
INTRODUCTION. IX
mother Oehler, who died in her eighty-second year,
all that can be said is, that if all German women
were possessed of the health she enjoyed, the
German nation would excel all others from the
standpoint of vitality. She bore our grandfather
eleven children; gave each of them the breast for
nearly the whole of its first year, and reared them
all. It is said that the sight of these eleven
children, at ages varying from nineteen years to one
month, with their powerful build, rosy cheeks, beam-
ing eyes, and wealth of curly locks, provoked the
admiration of all visitors. Of course, despite their
extraordinarily good health, the life of this family
was not by any means all sunshine. Each of the
children was very spirited, wilful, and obstinate, and
it was therefore no simple matter to keep them in
order. Moreover, though they always showed the
utmost respect and most implicit obedience to their
parents—even as middle-aged men and women—
misunderstandings between themselves were of con-
stant occurrence. Our Oehler grandparents were
fairly well-to-do; for our grandmother hailed from
a very old family, who had been extensive land-
owners in the neighbourhood of Zeitz for centuries,
and her father owned the baronial estate of Wehlitz
and a magnificent seat near Zeitz in Pacht. When
she married, her father gave her carriages and
horses, a coachman, a cook, and a kitchenmaid,
which for the wife of a German minister was then,
and is still, something quite exceptional. As a
result of the wars in the beginning of the nine-
teenth century, however, our great-grandfather
lost the greater part of his property.
## p. x (#20) ###############################################
X INTRODUCTION.
Our father's family was also in fairly comfortable
circumstances, and likewise very large. Our grand-
father Dr. Nietzsche (D. D. and Superintendent)
married twice, and had in all twelve children, of
whom three died young. Our grandfather on this
side, whom I never knew, must certainly have been
a distinguished, dignified, very learned and reserved
man; his second wife—our beloved grandmother—
was an active-minded, intelligent, and exceptionally
good-natured woman. The whole of our father's
family, which I only got to know when they were
very advanced in years, were remarkable for their
great power of self-control, their lively interest in
intellectual matters, and a strong sense of family
unity, which manifested itself both in their splen-
did readiness to help one another and in their very
excellent relations with each other. Our father
was the youngest son, and, thanks to his un-
commonly lovable disposition, together with other
gifts, which only tended to become more marked
as he grew older, he was quite the favourite of
the family. Blessed with a thoroughly sound
constitution, as all averred who knew him at the
convent-school in Rossleben, at the University, or
later at the ducal court of Altenburg, he was tall
and slender, possessed an undoubted gift for poetry
and real musical talent, and was moreover a man
of delicate sensibilities, full of consideration for his
whole family, and distinguished in his manners.
My brother often refers to his Polish descent, and
in later years he even instituted research-work with
the view of establishing it, which met with partial
success. I know nothing definite concerning these
## p. xi (#21) ##############################################
INTRODUCTION. XI
investigations, because a large number of valuable
documents were unfortunately destroyed after his
breakdown in Turin. The family tradition was
that a certain Polish nobleman Nicki (pronounced
Nietzky) had obtained the special favour of
Augustus the Strong, King of Poland, and had
received the rank of Earl from him. When, how-
ever, Stanislas Leszcysski the Pole became king,
our supposed ancestor became involved in a con-
spiracy in favour of the Saxons and Protestants.
He was sentenced to death; but, taking flight,
according to the evidence of the documents, he was
ultimately befriended by a certain Earl of Briihl,
who gave him a small post in an obscure little
provincial town. Occasionally our aged aunts
would speak of our great-grandfather Nietzsche,
who was said to have died in his ninety-first year,
and words always seemed to fail them when they
attempted to describe his handsome appearance,
good breeding, and vigour. Our ancestors, both
on the Nietzsche and the Oehler side, were very
long-lived. Of the four pairs of great-grandparents,
one great-grandfather reached the age of ninety,
five great-grandmothers and -fathers died between
eighty-two and eighty-six years of age, and two only
failed to reach their seventieth year.
The sorrow which hung as a cloud over our
branch of the family was our father's death, as the
result of a heavy fall, at the age of thirty-eight.
One night, upon leaving some friends whom he had
accompanied home, he was met at the door of the
vicarage by our little dog. The little animal must
have got between his feet, for he stumbled and fell
'
## p. xii (#22) #############################################
xii INTRODUCTION.
backwards down seven stone steps on to the paving-
stones of the vicarage courtyard. As a result of
this fall, he was laid up with concussion of the brain,
and, after a lingering illness, which lasted eleven
months, he died on the 30th of July 1849. The
early death of our beloved and highly-gifted father
spread gloom over the whole of our childhood. In
1850 our mother withdrew with us to Naumburg
on the Saale, where she took up her abode with our
widowed grandmother Nietzsche; and there she
brought us up with Spartan severity and simplicity,
which, besides being typical of the period, was
quite de rigeur in her family. Of course, Grand-
mamma Nietzsche helped somewhat to temper her
daughter-in-law's severity, and in this respect our
Oehler grandparents, who were less rigorous with
us, their eldest grandchildren, than with their own
children, were also very influential. Grandfather
Oehler was the first who seems to have recognised
the extraordinary talents of his eldest grandchild.
From his earliest childhood upwards, my brother
was always strong and healthy; he often declared
that he must have been taken for a peasant-boy
throughout his childhood and youth, as he was so
plump, brown, and rosy. The thick fair hair which
fell picturesquely over his shoulders tended some-
what to modify his robust appearance. Had he not
possessed those wonderfully beautiful, large, and
expressive eyes, however, and had he not been so
very ceremonious in his manner, neither his teachers
nor his relatives would ever have noticed anything
at all remarkable about the boy; for he was both
modest and reserved.
## p. xiii (#23) ############################################
INTRODUCTION. xiil
He received his early schooling at a preparatory
school, and later at a grammar school in Naumburg.
In the autumn of 1858, when he was fourteen years
of age, he entered the Pforta school, so famous for
the scholars it has produced. There, too, very
severe discipline prevailed, and much was exacted
from the pupils, with the view of inuring them to
great mental and physical exertions. Thus, if my
brother seems to lay particular stress upon the value
of rigorous training, free from all sentimentality, it
should be remembered that he speaks from experi-
ence in this respect. At Pforta he followed the
regular school course, and he did not enter a uni-
versity until the comparatively late age of twenty.
His extraordinary gifts manifested themselves
chiefly in his independent and private studies and
artistic efforts. As a boy his musical talent had
already been so noticeable, that he himself and other
competent judges were doubtful as to whether he
ought not perhaps to devote himself altogether to
music. It is, however, worth noting that everything
he did in his later years, whether in Latin, Greek, or
German work,bore the stamp of perfection—subject
of course to the limitation imposed upon him by his
years. His talents came very suddenly to the fore,
because he had allowed them to grow for such a
long time in concealment. His very first perform-
ance in philology, executed while he was a student
under Ritschl, the famous philologist, was also
typical of him in this respect, seeing that it was
ordered to be printed for the Rheinische Museum.
Of course this was done amid general and grave ex-
pressions of doubt; for, as Dr. Ritschl often declared,
J
## p. xiv (#24) #############################################
XIV INTRODUCTION.
it was an unheard-of occurrence for a student in his
third term to prepare such an excellent treatise.
Being a great lover of out-door exercise, such as
swimming, skating, and walking, he developed into a
very sturdy lad. Rohde gives the following descrip-
tion of him as a student: with his healthy com-
plexion,his outward and innercleanliness,hisaustere
chastity and his solemn aspect, he was the image of
that delightful youth described by Adalbert Stifter.
Though as a child he was always rather serious,
as a lad and a man he was ever inclined to see the
humorous side of things, while his whole being, and
everything he said or did, was permeated by an
extraordinary harmony. He belonged to the very
few who could control even a bad mood and conceal
it from others. All his friends are unanimous in
their praise of his exceptional evenness of temper
and behaviour, and his warm, hearty, and pleasant
laugh that seemed to come from the very depths
of his benevolent and affectionate nature. In him
it might therefore be said, nature had produced a
being who in body and spirit was a harmonious
whole: his unusual intellect was fully in keeping
with his uncommon bodily strength.
The only abnormal thing about him, and some-
thing which we both inherited from our father, was
short-sightedness, and this was very much aggra-
vated in my brother's case, even in his earliest school-
days, owing to that indescribable anxiety to learn
which always characterised him. When one listens
to accounts given by his friends and schoolfellows,
one is startled by the multiplicity of his studies even
in his schooldays.
## p. xv (#25) ##############################################
INTRODUCTION. XV
In the autumn of 1864, he began his university
life in Bonn, and studied philology and theology;
at the end of six months he gave up theology, and
in the autumn of 1865 followed his famous teacher
Ritschl to the University of Leipzig. There he
became an ardent philologist, and diligently sought
to acquire a masterly grasp of this branch of know-
ledge. But in this respect it would be unfair to
forget that the school of Pforta, with its staff of
excellent teachers — scholars that would have
adorned the chairs of any University—had already
afforded the best of preparatory trainings to any one
intending to take up philology as a study, more
particularly as it gave all pupils ample scope to
indulge any individual tastes they might have for
any particular branch of ancient history. The last
important Latin thesis which my brother wrote for
the Landes-Schule, Pforta, dealt with the Megarian
poet Theognis, and it was in the r61e of a lecturer
on this very subject that, on the 18th January
1866, he made his first appearance in public, before
the philological society he had helped to found in
Leipzig. The paper he read disclosed his investiga-
tions on the subject of Theognis the moralist and
aristocrat, who, as is well known, described and dis-
missed the plebeians of his time in terms of the
heartiest contempt. The aristocratic ideal, which
was always so dear to my brother, thus revealed
itself for the first time. Moreover, curiously enough,
it was precisely this scientific thesis which was the
cause of Ritschl's recognition of my brother and
fondness for him.
The whole of his Leipzig days proved of the
b
## p. xvi (#26) #############################################
XVI INTRODUCTION.
utmost importance to my brother's career. There
he was plunged into the very midst of a torrent
of intellectual influences which found an impression-
able medium in the fiery youth, and to which he
eagerly made himself accessible. He did not,
however, forget to discriminate among them, but
tested and criticised the currents of thought he
encountered, and selected accordingly. It is
certainly of great importance to ascertain what
those influences precisely were to which he yielded,
and how long they maintained their sway over him,
and it is likewise necessary to discover exactly
when the matured mind threw off these fetters in
order to work out its own salvation.
The influences that exercised power over him
in those days may be described in the three follow-
ing terms: Hellenism, Schopenhauer,Wagner. His
love of Hellenism certainly led him to philology;
but, as a matter of fact, what concerned him most
was to obtain a wide view of things in general,
and this he hoped to derive from that science;
philology in itself, with his splendid method and
thorough way of going to work, served him only
as a means to an end.
If Hellenism was the first strong influence which
already in Pforta obtained a sway over my brother,
in the winter of 1865-66, a completely new, and
therefore somewhat subversive, influence was intro-
duced into his life with Schopenhauer's philosophy.
When he reached Leipzig in the autumn of 1865,
he was very downcast; for the experiences that
had befallen him during his one year of student
life in Bonn had deeply depressed him. He had
## p. xvii (#27) ############################################
INTRODUCTION. XVII
sought at first to adapt himself to his surround-
ings there, with the hope of ultimately elevating
them to his lofty views on things; but both these
efforts proved vain, and now he had come to
Leipzig with the purpose of framing his own
manner of life. It can easily be imagined how
the first reading of Schopenhauer's The World as
Will and Idea worked upon this man, still sting-
ing from the bitterest experiences and disappoint-
ments. He writes: "Here I saw a mirror in
which I espied the world, life, and my own nature
depicted with frightful grandeur. " As my brother,
from his very earliest childhood, had always missed
both the parent and the educator through our
father's untimely death, he began to regard
Schopenhauer with almost filial love and respect.
There he
became an ardent philologist, and diligently sought
to acquire a masterly grasp of this branch of know-
ledge. But in this respect it would be unfair to
forget that the school of Pforta, with its staff of
excellent teachers — scholars that would have
adorned the chairs of any University—had already
afforded the best of preparatory trainings to any one
intending to take up philology as a study, more
particularly as it gave all pupils ample scope to
indulge any individual tastes they might have for
any particular branch of ancient history. The last
important Latin thesis which my brother wrote for
the Landes-Schule, Pforta, dealt with the Megarian
poet Theognis, and it was in the r61e of a lecturer
on this very subject that, on the 18th January
1866, he made his first appearance in public, before
the philological society he had helped to found in
Leipzig. The paper he read disclosed his investiga-
tions on the subject of Theognis the moralist and
aristocrat, who, as is well known, described and dis-
missed the plebeians of his time in terms of the
heartiest contempt. The aristocratic ideal, which
was always so dear to my brother, thus revealed
itself for the first time. Moreover, curiously enough,
it was precisely this scientific thesis which was the
cause of Ritschl's recognition of my brother and
fondness for him.
The whole of his Leipzig days proved of the
b
## p. xvi (#26) #############################################
XVI INTRODUCTION.
utmost importance to my brother's career. There
he was plunged into the very midst of a torrent
of intellectual influences which found an impression-
able medium in the fiery youth, and to which he
eagerly made himself accessible. He did not,
however, forget to discriminate among them, but
tested and criticised the currents of thought he
encountered, and selected accordingly. It is
certainly of great importance to ascertain what
those influences precisely were to which he yielded,
and how long they maintained their sway over him,
and it is likewise necessary to discover exactly
when the matured mind threw off these fetters in
order to work out its own salvation.
The influences that exercised power over him
in those days may be described in the three follow-
ing terms: Hellenism, Schopenhauer,Wagner. His
love of Hellenism certainly led him to philology;
but, as a matter of fact, what concerned him most
was to obtain a wide view of things in general,
and this he hoped to derive from that science;
philology in itself, with his splendid method and
thorough way of going to work, served him only
as a means to an end.
If Hellenism was the first strong influence which
already in Pforta obtained a sway over my brother,
in the winter of 1865-66, a completely new, and
therefore somewhat subversive, influence was intro-
duced into his life with Schopenhauer's philosophy.
When he reached Leipzig in the autumn of 1865,
he was very downcast; for the experiences that
had befallen him during his one year of student
life in Bonn had deeply depressed him. He had
## p. xvii (#27) ############################################
INTRODUCTION. XVII
sought at first to adapt himself to his surround-
ings there, with the hope of ultimately elevating
them to his lofty views on things; but both these
efforts proved vain, and now he had come to
Leipzig with the purpose of framing his own
manner of life. It can easily be imagined how
the first reading of Schopenhauer's The World as
Will and Idea worked upon this man, still sting-
ing from the bitterest experiences and disappoint-
ments. He writes: "Here I saw a mirror in
which I espied the world, life, and my own nature
depicted with frightful grandeur. " As my brother,
from his very earliest childhood, had always missed
both the parent and the educator through our
father's untimely death, he began to regard
Schopenhauer with almost filial love and respect.
He did not venerate him quite as other men did;
Schopenhauer's personality was what attracted and
enchanted him. From the first he was never
blind to the faults in his master's system, and in
proof of this we have only to refer to an essay he
wrote in the autumn of 1867, which actually con-
tains a criticism of Schopenhauer's philosophy.
Now, in the autumn of 1865, to these two
influences, Hellenism and Schopenhauer, a third
influence was added—one which was to prove the
strongest ever exercised over my brother—and it
began with his personal introduction to Richard
Wagner. He was introduced to Wagner by the
latter's sister, Frau Professor Brockhaus, and his
description of their first meeting, contained in a
letter to Erwin Rohde, is really most affecting.
For years, that is to say, from the time Bulow's
## p. xviii (#28) ###########################################
XV111 INTRODUCTION.
arrangement of Tristan and Isolde for thepianoforte,
had appeared, he had already been a passionate
admirer of Wagner's music; but now that the
artist himself entered upon the scene of his life,
with the whole fascinating strength of his strong
will, my brother felt that he was in the presence
of a being whom he, of all modern men, resembled
most in regard to force of character.
Again, in the case of Richard Wagner, my
brother, from the first, laid the utmost stress upon
the man's personality, and could only regard his
works and views as an expression of the artist's
whole being, despite the fact that he by no means
understood every one of those works at that time.
My brother was the first who ever manifested
such enthusiastic affection for Schopenhauer and
Wagner, and he was also the first of that numer-
ous band of young followers who ultimately in-
scribed the two great names upon their banner.
Whether Schopenhauer and Wagner ever really
corresponded to the glorified pictures my brother
painted of them, both in his letters and other
writings, is a question which we can no longer
answer in the affirmative. Perhaps what he saw
in them was only what he himself wished to be
some day.
The amount of work my brother succeeded in
accomplishing, during his student days, really
seems almost incredible. When we examine his
record for the years 1865-67, we can scarcely
believe it refers to only two years' industry, for
at a guess no one would hesitate to suggest four
years at least. But in those days, as he himself
## p. xix (#29) #############################################
INTRODUCTION. XIX
declares, he still possessed the constitution of a
bear. He knew neither what headaches nor in-
digestion meant, and, despite his short sight, his
eyes were able to endure the greatest strain with-
out giving him the smallest trouble. That is why,
regardless of seriously interrupting his studies, he
was so glad at the thought of becoming a soldier
in the forthcoming autumn of 1867; for he was
particularly anxious to discover some means of
employing his bodily strength.
He discharged his duties as a soldier with the
utmost mental and physical freshness, was the
crack rider among the recruits of his year, and
was sincerely sorry when, owing to an accident,
he was compelled to leave the colours before the
completion of his service. As a result of this
accident he had his first dangerous illness.
While mounting his horse one day, the beast,
which was an uncommonly restive one, suddenly
reared, and, causing him to strike his chest sharply
against the pommel of the saddle, threw him to
the ground. My brother then made a second
attempt to mount, and succeeded this time, not-
withstanding the fact that he had severely sprained
and torn two muscles in his chest, and had seri-
ously bruised the adjacent ribs. For a whole day
he did his utmost to pay no heed to the injury,
and to overcome the pain it caused him; but in
the end he only swooned, and a dangerously acute
inflammation of the injured tissues was the result.
Ultimately he was obliged to consult the famous
specialist, Professor Volkmann, in Halle, who
quickly put him right.
## p. xx (#30) ##############################################
XX INTRODUCTION.
In October 1868, my brother returned to his
studies in Leipzig with double joy. These were
his plans: to get his doctor's degree as soon as
possible; to proceed to Paris, Italy, and Greece,
make a lengthy stay in each place, and then
to return to Leipzig in order to settle there as a
privat docent. All these plans were, however,
suddenly frustrated owing to his premature call
to the University of Bale, where he was invited
to assume the duties of professor. Some of the
philological essays he had written in his student
days, and which were published by the Rheinische
Museum, had attracted the attention of the
Educational Board at Bale. Ratsherr Wilhelm
Vischer, as representing this body, appealed to
Ritschl for fuller information. Now Ritschl, who
had early recognised my brother's extraordinary
talents, must have written a letter of such enthusi-
astic praise (" Nietzsche is a genius: he can do
whatever he chooses to put his mind to"), that
one of the more cautious members of the council
is said to have observed: "If the proposed
candidate be really such a genius, then it were
better did we not appoint him; for, in any case,
he would only stay a short time at the little
University of Bile. " My brother ultimately
accepted the appointment, and, in view of his
published philological works, he was immediately
granted the doctor's degree by the University of
Leipzig. He was twenty-four years and six
months old when he took up his position as
professor in Bale,—and it was with a heavy heart
that he proceeded there, for he knew "the golden
## p. xxi (#31) #############################################
INTRODUCTION. XXI
period of untrammelled activity " must cease. He
was, however, inspired by the deep wish of being
able "to transfer to his pupils some of that
Schopenhauerian earnestness which is stamped
on the brow of the sublime man. " "I should like
to be something more than a mere trainer of
capable philologists: the present generation of
teachers, the care of the growing broods,—all this
is in my mind. If we must live, let us at least
do so in such wise that others may bless our life
once we have been peacefully delivered from its
toils. "
When I look back upon that month of May
1869, and ask both of friends and of myself, what
the figure of this youthful University professor of
four-and-twenty meant to the world at that time,
the reply is naturally, in the first place: that he
was one of Ritschl's best pupils ; secondly, that he
was an exceptionally capable exponent of classical
antiquity with a brilliant career before him; and
thirdly, that he was a passionate adorer of Wagner
and Schopenhauer. But no one has any idea of
my brother's independent attitude to the science
he had selected, to his teachers and to his ideals,
and he deceived both himself and us when he
passed as a " disciple" who really shared all the
views of his respected master.
On the 28th May 1869, my brother delivered
his inaugural address at Bale University, and it is
said to have deeply impressed the authorities.
The subject of the address was "Homer and
Classical Philology. "
Musing deeply, the worthy councillors and
## p. xxii (#32) ############################################
xxu
INTRODUCTION.
professors walked homeward. What had they
just heard? A young scholar discussing the very
justification of his own science in a cool and
philosophically critical spirit! A man able to
impart so much artistic glamour to his subject,
that the once stale and arid study of philology
suddenly struck them—and they were certainly
not impressionable men—as the messenger of the
gods: "and just as the Muses descended upon the
dull and tormented Boeotian peasants, so phil-
ology comes into a world full of gloomy colours and
pictures, full of the deepest, most incurable woes,
and speaks to men comfortingly of the beautiful
and brilliant godlike figure of a distant, blue, and
happy fairyland. "
"We have indeed got hold of a rare bird,
Herr Ratsherr," said one of these gentlemen to
his companion, and the latter heartily agreed, for
my brother's appointment had been chiefly his
doing.
Even in Leipzig, it was reported that Jacob
Burckhardt had said: "Nietzsche is as much an
artist as a scholar. " Privy-Councillor Ritschl
told me of this himself, and then he added, with
a smile: "I always said so; he can make his
scientific discourses as palpitatingly interesting as
a French novelist his novels. "
"Homer and Classical Philology" — my
brother's inaugural address at the University—
was by no means the first literary attempt
he had made; for we have already seen that
he had had papers published by the Rheinische
Museum; still, this particular discourse is import-
## p. xxiii (#33) ###########################################
INTRODUCTION. XXlii
ant, seeing that it practically contains the pro-
gramme of many other subsequent essays. I
must, however, emphasise this fact here, that
neither "Homer and Classical Philology," nor
The Birth of Tragedy^ represents a beginning
in my brother's career. It is really surprising to
see how very soon he actually began grappling
with the questions which were to prove the
problems of his life. If a beginning to his
intellectual development be sought at all, then
it must be traced to the years 1865-67 in
Leipzig. The Birth of Tragedy, his maiden
attempt at book-writing, with which he began his
twenty-eighth year, is the last link of a long
chain of developments, and the first fruit that was
a long time coming to maturity. Nietzsche's
was a polyphonic nature, in which the most
different and apparently most antagonistic tal-
ents had come together. Philosophy, art, and
science—in the form of philology, then—each
certainly possessed a part of him. The most
wonderful feature — perhaps it might even be
called the real Nietzschean feature — of this
versatile creature, was the fact that no eternal
strife resulted from the juxtaposition of these
inimicial traits, that not one of them strove to
dislodge, or to get the upper hand of, the others.
When Nietzsche renounced the musical career, in
order to devote himself to philology, and gave
himself up to the most strenuous study, he did
not find it essential completely to suppress his
other tendencies: as before, he continued both to
compose and derive pleasure from music, and
## p. xxiv (#34) ############################################
XXIV INTRODUCTION.
even studied counterpoint somewhat seriously.
Moreover, during his years at Leipzig, when he
consciously gave himself up to philological re-
search, he began to engross himself in Schopen-
hauer, and was thereby won by philosophy for
ever. Everything that could find room took up
its abode in him, and these juxtaposed factors,
far from interfering with one another's existence,
were rather mutually fertilising and stimulating.
All those who have read the first volume of the
biography with attention must have been struck
with the perfect way in which the various impulses
in his nature combined in the end to form one
general torrent, and how this flowed with ever
greater force in the direction of a single goal.
I^. --. Thus science, art, and philosophy developed and
became ever more closely related in him, until,
in The Birth of Tragedy, they brought forth a
"centaur," that is to say, a work which would
have been an impossible achievement to a man
with only a single, special talent. This polyphony
of different talents, all coming to utterance
together and producing the richest and boldest
of harmonies, is the fundamental feature not only
of Nietzsche's early days, but of his whole
development. It is once again the artist,
philosopher, and man of science, who as one
man in later years, after many wanderings, re-
cantations, and revulsions of feeling, produces
that other and rarer Centaur of highest rank—
Zarathustra.
The Birth of Tragedy requires perhaps a little
explaining—more particularly as we have now
## p. xxv (#35) #############################################
INTRODUCTION. XXV
ceased to use either Schopenhauerian or Wagnerian
terms of expression. And it was for this reason
that five years after its appearance, my brother
wrote an introduction to it, in which he very
plainly expresses his doubts concerning the views
it contains, and the manner in which they are
presented. The kernel of its thought he always
recognised as perfectly correct; and all he de-
plored in later days was that he had spoiled the
grand problem of Hellenism, as he understood it,
by adulterating it with ingredients taken from the
world of most modern ideas. As time went on, he
grew ever more and more anxious to define the
deep meaning of this book with greater precision
and clearness. A very good elucidation of its
aims, which unfortunately was never published,
appears among his notes of the year 1886, and
is as follows:—
"Concerning The Birtk of Tragedy. —A book
consisting of mere experiences relating to pleasur-
able and unpleasurable aesthetic states, with a
metaphysico-artistic background. At the same
time the confession of a romanticist {the sufferer
feels the deepest longing for beauty—he begets it);
finally, a product of youth, full of youthful courage
and melancholy. , .
"Fundamental psychological experiences: the 1
word 'Apollonian' stands for that state of rapt
repose in the presefice ot a visionary world, in the
presence of the world of beautiful appearance
"designed as a deliverance from becoming: the_
word DiohysosT on the other hand, stands for
strenuous becoming, grown self-conscious, in the
## p. xxvi (#36) ############################################
xxvi
INTRODUCTION.
form of the rampant voluptuousness of the creator,
who is also perfectly conscious of the violent anger
of the destroyer.
"The antagonism of these two attitudes and
the desires that underlie them. The first-named
would have the vision it conjures up eternal : in
its light man must be quiescent, apathetic, peace-
ful, healed, and on friendly terms with himself and
all existence; the second strives after creation,
after the voluptuousness of wilful creation, il.
constructing and destroying. Creation felt and
explained as an instinct would be merely the
a nini unremitting inventive action of a dissatisfied
donec being, overflowing with wealth and living at high
tension and high pressure,—of a God who would
overcome the sorrows of existence by means_
only of continual changes and transformations,
iete
appearance as a transient and momentary deliver-
ance; the world as an apparent sequence of
godlike visions and deliverances.
“This metaphysico-artistic attitude is opposed
to Schopenhauer's one-sided view, which values
art, not from the artist's standpoint but from the
spectator's, because it brings salvation and deliver-
ance by means of the joy produced by unreal as
opposed to the existing or the real (the experi-
ence only of him who is suffering and is in
despair owing to himself and everything existing).
-Deliverance in the form and its eternity (just as
Plato may have pictured it, save that he rejoiced
in a complete subordination of all too excitable
sensibilities, even in the idea itself). To this is
opposed the second point of view-art regarded
## p. xxvii (#37) ###########################################
INTRODUCTION.
xxvii
as a phenomenon of the artist, above all of the
musician: the torture of being obliged to create,
as a Dionysian instinct.
“Tragic art, rich in both attitudes, represents
the reconciliation of. Apollo and Dionysos.
Appearance is given the greatest importance by
Dionysos; and yet it will be denied and cheerfully.
denied. This is directed against Schopenhauer's
teaching of Resignation as the tragic attitude
towards the world.
“ Against Wagner's theory that music is a
means and drama an end.
“A desire for tragic myth (for religion and even
pessimistic religion) as for a forcing frame in
which certain plants flourish.
"Mistrust of science, although its ephemerally
soothing optimism be strongly felt; the serenity'
of the theoretical man.
“ Deep antagonism to Christianity. Why?
The degeneration of the Germanic spirit is ascribed
to its influence.
“ Any justification of the world can only be
an æsthetic one. Profound suspicions about
morality ( it is part and parcel of the world of
appearance).
"The happiness of existence is only possible as
the happiness derived from appearance. (Being
is a fiction invented by those who suffer from
becoming. )
"Happiness in becoming is possible only in
the annihilation of the real, of the existing,
of the beautifully visionary,-in the pessimistic
dissipation of illusions :—with the annihilation
hotia
## p. xxviii (#38) ##########################################
XXVlil INTRODUCTION.
of the most beautiful phenomena in the world
of,. appearance, Dionysian happiness reaches it?
. zenith. """ *! '
'l he Utrth of Tragedy is really only a portion
of a much greater work on Hellenism, which my
brother had always had in view from the time
of his student days. But even the portion it
represents was originally designed upon a much
larger scale than the present one; the reason
probably being, that Nietzsche desired only to be
of service to Wagner. When a certain portion
of the projected work on Hellenism was ready
and had received the title Greek Cheerfulness,
my brother happened to call upon Wagner at
Tribschen in April 1871, and found him very
low-spirited in regard to the mission of his life.
My brother was very anxious to take some decis-
ive step to help him, and, laying the plans of his
great work on Greece aside, he selected a small
portion from the already completed manuscript
—a portion dealing with one distinct side of
Hellenism,—to wit, its tragic art. He then
associated Wagner's music with it and the name
Dionysos, and thus took the first step towards
that world-historical view through which we have
since grown accustomed to regard Wagner.
From the dates of the various notes relating
to it, The Birth of Tragedy must have been written
between the autumn of 1869 and November
1871—a period during which " a mass of aesthetic
questions and answers" was fermenting in
Nietzsche's mind. It was first published in
January 1872 by E. W. Fritsch, in Leipzig,
## p. xxix (#39) ############################################
INTRODUCTION.
xxix
under the title The Birth of Tragedy out of
the Spirit of Music. Later on the title was
changed to The Birth of Tragedy, or Hellenism
and Pessimism.
ELIZABETH FÖRSTER-NIETZSCHE.
WEIMAR, September 1905.
## p. xxx (#40) #############################################
1
## p. 1 (#41) ###############################################
AN ATTEMPT AT SELF-
CRITICISM.
i.
Whatever may lie at the bottom of this doubt-
ful book must be a questionpof the first rank
and attractiveness, moreover a deeply personal
question,—in proof thereof observe the time
in which it originated, in spite of which it origin-
ated, the exciting period of the Franco-German
war of 1870-71. While the thunder of the
battle of Worth rolled over Europe, the ruminator
and riddle-lover, who had to be the parent of this
book, sat somewhere in a nook of the Alps, lost in
riddles and ruminations, consequently very much
concerned and unconcerned at the same time, and
wrote down his meditations on the Greeks,—the
kernel of the curious and almost inaccessible book,
to which this belated prologue (or epilogue) is to
be devoted. A few weeks later: and he found
himself under the walls of Metz, still wrestling
with the notes of interrogation he had set down
concerning the alleged " cheerfulness " of the Greeks
and of Greek art; till at last, in that month of
A
## p. 2 (#42) ###############################################
2 THE BIRTH OF TRAGEDY.
'•,
deep suspense, when peace was debated at Ver-
sailles, he too attained to peace with himself, and,
slowly recovering from a disease brought home
from the field, made up his mind definitely re-
garding the "Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of
Music! '—From music? Music and Tragedy?
Greeks and tragic music? Greeks and the Art-
work of pessimism? A race of men, well-fashioned,
beautiful, envied, life-inspiring, like no other race
hitherto, the Greeks—indeed? The Greeks were
in need of tragedy? Yea—of art? Wherefore—
. \ Greek art? . . .
,('. *fci We can thus guess where the great note of
interrogation concerning the value of existence
had been set. Is pessimism necessarily the sign
of decline, of decay, of failure, of exhausted and
weakened instincts? —as was the case with the
Indians, as is, to all appearance, the case with us
"modern" men and Europeans? Is there a pessi-
mism of strength? An intellectual predilection for
what is hard, awful, evil, problematical in exist-
ence, owing to well-being, to exuberant health, to
fullness of existence? Is there perhaps suffering
in overfullness itself? A seductive fortitude with
the keenest of glances, which yearns for the
terrible, as for the enemy, the worthy enemy, with
whom it may try its strength? from whom it is
willing to learn what "fear" is? What means
tragic myth to the Greeks of the best, strongest,
bravest era? And the prodigious phenomenon of
the Dionysian? And that which was born there-
of, tragedy ? —And again: that of which tragedy
died, the Socratism of morality, the dialectics,
## p. 3 (#43) ###############################################
AN ATTEMPT AT SELF-CRITICISM. 3
contentedness and cheerfulness of the theoretical
man—indeed? might not this very Socratism be
a sign of decline, of weariness, of disease, of
anarchically disintegrating instincts? And the
"Hellenic cheerfulness" of the later Hellenism
merely a glowing sunset? The Epicurean will
counter to pessimism merely a precaution of the
sufferer? And science itself, our science—ay,
viewed as a symptom of life, what really signifies
all science? Whither, worse still, whence—all
science? Well? Is scientism perhaps only fear
and evasion of pessimism? A subtle defence
against—truth} Morally speaking, something
like falsehood and cowardice? And, unmorally
speaking, an artifice? O Socrates, Socrates, was
this perhaps thy secret? Oh mysterious ironist,
was this perhaps thine—irony? .
