probable
that Ceres, whose worship was like the
Su.
Su.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
C.
337.
(Plut.
Aicz.
9.
)
[E. E. ] is, mother earth, while others consider Deo, which
DEMARATUS (Anuépatos). 1. A son of Py. I is synonymous with Demeter, as connected with
thias, who was Aristotle's daughter by his wife of oats and balvuui, and as derived from the Cretan
the same name. He and his brother, Procles, were word onal, barley, so that Demeter would be the
pupils of Theophrastus. (Diog. Laërt. v. 53; Fa- mother or giver of barley or of food generally.
brie. Bill. Grucc. iii. pp. 485, 504. ) He appears (Hom. II. v. 500. ) These two etymologies, hown
to have been named after Demaratus, king of crer, do not suggest any difference in the character
## p. 960 (#980) ############################################
960
DEMETER,
DEMETER
of the goddess, but leave it essentially the same. Olympus. (Comp. Paus. vii. 42. $ 2. ) But in
Demeter was the daughter of Cronus and Rhea, vain. At length Zeus sent out all the gods of
and sister of Hestia, Hera, Aïdes, Poseidon, and Olympus to conciliate her by entreaties and pre-
Zeus. Like the other children of Cronus she was sents; but she vowed not to return to Olympus,
devoured by her father, but he gave her forth nor to restore the fertility of the earth, till she had
again after taking the emetic which Metis had seen her daughter again. Zeus accordingly sent
giren him. (Hesiod. Theog. 452, &c. ; Apollod. Hermes into Erebus to fetch back Persephone.
i. 2. § 1. ) By her brother Zeus, Demeter became Aidoneus consented, indeed, to Persephone return-
the mother of Persephone (Proserpina) and Dio- ing, but gave her a part of a pomegranate to eat,
nysus (Hesiod. Theog. 912; Diod. jii. 62), and by in order that she miglit not always remain with
Poscidon of Despoena and the horse Arion. (A pol- Demeter. llermes then took her in Pluto's
lod. iii. 6. § 8 ; Paus. vii. 37. S 6. ) The inost chariot to Eleusis to her mother, to whom, after a
prominent part in the mythus of Demeter is the hearty welcome, she related her fate. At Eleusis
rape of her daughter Persephone by Pluto, and both were joined by llecate, who henceforth re-
this story not only suggests the main idea ein- mained the attendant and companion of Persephone.
bodied in Demeter, but also directs our attention Zeus now sent Rhea to persuade Demeter to
to the principal seats of her worship. Zeus, with- return to Olympus, and also granted thai Perse-
out the knowledge of Demeter, had promised Per- phone should spend only a part of the year (i. e.
sephone to Pluto, and while the unsuspecting mai- the winter) in subterraneous darkness, and that
den was gathering flowers which Zeus had caused during the rest of the year she should remain with
to grow in order to tempt her and to favour Pluto's her mother. (Comp. 01. Mc. v. 565, Fast. iv.
scheme, the earth suddenly opened and she was 614; Hygin. Fub. 146. ) Rhea accordingly de-
carried off by Aïdoneus (Pluto). Her cries of scended to the Rharian plain near Eleusis, and
anguish were heard only by Hecate and Helios. conciliated Demeter, who now again allowed the
Her mother, who heard only the echo of her voice, fruits of the fields to grow. But before she parted
immediately set out in search of her daughter. from Eleusis, she instructed Triptolemus, Diocles,
The spot where Persephone was believed to have Eumolpus, and Celeus in the mode of her worship
been carried into the lower world is different in and in the mysteries.
the different traditions ; the common story places These are the main fentures of the mythus
it in Sicily, in the neighbourhood of Enna, on about Demeter, as it is contained in the Homeric
mount Aetna, or between the wells Cyane and hymn; in later traditions it is variously modified.
Arethusa. (Hygin. Fab. 146, 274 ; Ov. Met. v. Respecting her connexions with Jasion or Jasius,
385, Fust. iv. 422; Diod. v. 3; Cic. in Verr. iv. Tantalus, Melissa, Cychreus, Erysichthon, Pan-
48. ) This legend, which points to Sicily, though dareus, and others, see the different articles.
undoubtedly very ancient (Pind. Nem. i. 17), is Demeter was the goddess of the earth (Eurip.
certainly not the original tradition, since the Bacch. 276), and more especially of the earth as
worship of Demeter was introduced into Sicily by producing fruit, and consequently of agriculture,
colonists from Megara and Corinth. Other tradi- whence human food or bread is called by Homer
tions place the rape of Persephone at Erineus on (n. xiii. 322) the gift of Demeter. The notion
the Cephissus, in the neighbourhood of Eleusis of her being the author of the earth's fertility was
(Orph. Hymn. 17. 15), at Colonus in Attica (Schol. extended to that of fertility in general, and she
ad Soph. Oed. Col. 1590), in an island the accordingly was looked upon also as the goddess of
Atlantic near the western coast of Spain (Orph. marriage (Serv. ad Aen. iv. 58), and was wor-
Argon. 1190), at Hermione in Peloponnesus shipped especially by women. Her priestess also
(Apollod. i. 5. & 1; Strab. viii. p. 373), in Crete initiated young married people into the duties of
(Schol. ad Hesiod. Theog. 914), or in the neigh- their new situation. (Plut. de Off. conj. 1. ) As
bourhood of Pisa (Paus. ri. 21. § 1. ) Others the goddess of the earth she was like the other
again place the event at Pheneus in Arcadia Jeol xtóvioi, a subterraneous divinity, who worked
(Conon, Narr. 15), or at Cyzicus (Propert. iii. 21. in the regions inaccessible to the rays of Helios,
4), while the Homeric hymn on Demeter places As agriculture is the basis of a well-regulated
it in the plain of Nysa in Asia. In the Iliad and social condition, Demeter is represented also as the
Odyssey the rape of Persephone is not expressly friend of peace and as a law-giving goddess. (960-
mentioned. Demeter wandered about in search of uocópos, Callim. Hymn. in Cer. 138 ; Orph. Hymn.
her daughter for nine days, without taking any 39. 4 ; Virg. Aen. iv. 58; Hom. II. v. 500; Ov.
nectar or ambrosia, and without bathing. On the Net. v. 341 ; Paus. viii. 15. $ 1. ) The mythus of
tenth she met Hecate, who told her that she had Demeter and her daughter embodies the idea, that
heard the cries of Persephone, but did not know the productive powers of the earth or nature rest
who had carried her off. Both then hastened to or are concealed during the winter season; the
Helios, who revealed to them that Pluto had been goddess (Demeter and Persephone, also called Cora,
the ravisher, and with the consent of Zeus. Demeter are here identified) then rules in the depth of the
in her anger at this news avoided Olympus, and earth mournful, but striving upwards to the all-
dwelt upon earth among men, conferring presents animating light. Persephone, who has eaten of
and blessings wherever she was kindly received, the pomegranate, is the fructified flower that re-
and severely punishing those who repuls
turns in spring, dwells in the region of light during
did not receive her gifts with proper reverence. a portion of the ycar, and nourishes men and
In this manner she came to Celeus at Eleusis. animals with her fruits. Later philosophical writers,
[Celeus. ] As the goddess still continued in her and perhaps the mysteries also, referred the dis-
anger, and produced famine on the earth by not appearance and return of Persephone to the burial
allowing the fields to produce any fruit, Zeus, of the body of man and the immortality of his
anxious that the race of mortals should not become soul. Demeter was worshipped in Crete, Delos,
extinct, sent Iris to induce Demeter to return to | Argolis, Attica, the western coast of Asia, Sicily,
her or
## p. 961 (#981) ############################################
DEMETER.
961
DEMETRIUS.
and Italy, and her worship consisted in a great the repulvlic was often made over to her temple.
measure in orgic mysteries. Among the inany (Dionys. vi. 89, viii. 79; Plin. II. N. xxxiv. 4.
festivals celebrated in her honour, the Thesmo- s. 9; Liv. ii. 41. ) The decrees of the senate were
phoria and Eleusinia were the principal ones. deposited in her temple for the inspection of the
(Dict. of Ant. s. rr. Choča, Ilaloa, Thesmuphoria, tribunes of the people. (Liv. iii. 55, xxxiii. 25. )
Eleusiria, Nevalartia Chthonia. ) The sacrifices If we further consider that the aediles had the
offered to her consisted of pigs, the symbol of fer- special superintendence of this temple, it is very
tility, bulls, cows, honey-cakes, and fruits. (Macrob.
probable that Ceres, whose worship was like the
Su. i. 12, iii. 11; Diod. v. 4 ; Paus. ii. 35. § 4, plebeians, introduced at Rome from without, had
viii. 42, in fin. ; Ov. Fast. iv. 515. ) Her temples some peculiar relation to the plebeian order.
were called Megara, and were often built in groves ( Muller, Dor. ii. 10. V 3; Preller, Demeter und
in the neighbourhood of towns. (Pans. i. 39. $ 4, Persephone, ein Cyclus mythol. Untersuch. , Ham-
40. § 5, rii. 26. 4, viii. 54. Ø 5, ix. 25. < 5; burg, 1837, 8vo. ; Welcker, Zeitschrift für die
Strab. viii. p. 344, ix. p. 435. ) Many of her ulte kunst, i. 1, p. 96, &c. ; Niebulir, llist. of
surnames, which are treated of in separate articles, Rome, i. p. 621; Hartung, Die Relig. der Römer,
are descriptive of the character of the goddess. ii. p. 135, &c. )
(LS. )
She was often represented in works of art, though DEMETRIANUS(Anuntpiavos), of Ravenna,
scarcely one entire statue of her is preserved. Her the father of the celebrated rhetorician Aspasius,
representations appear to have been brought to lived in the time of the emperor Alexander Severus,
ideal perfection by Praxiteles. (Paus. i. 2. $ 4. ) and was no less distinguished as a rhetorician than
Her image resembled that of Ilera, in its maternal as a critical mathematician. (Philostr. lit. Soph.
character, but had a softer expression, and her eyes ii. 33. $ 1; Suidas, s. v. 'Aonéoios. ) [L. S. )
were less widely opened. She was represented DEME'TRIUS (Anuntpios). 1. Son of Althae-
sometimes in a sitting attitude, sometimes walking, menes, commander of one of the squadrons of
and sometimes riding in a chariot drawn by horses Macedonian cavalry under Alexander. (Arrian,
or dragons, but always in full attire. Around her Anal. iii. 11, iv. 27, v. 21. )
head she wore a garland of corn-ears or a simple 2. Son of Pythonax, sumamed Pheidon, one of
ribband, and in her hand she held a sceptre, corn the select band of cavalry, called étaipon, in the
ears or a poppy, sometimes also a torch and the service of Alexander. (Arrian, Anub. iv. 12;
mystic basket. (Paus. in. 19. 4, viii. 31. § 1, Plut. Alex. 51. )
42. ^4; Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. ) She appears 3. One of the body-guards of Alexander, was
most frequently on gems and vases.
suspected of being engaged in the conspiracy of
The Romans received the worship of Demeter, Philotas, and displaced in consequence. (Arrian,
to whom they applied the name of Ceres, from Anab. iii. 27. )
Sicily. (Val. Max. i. 1. & 1. ) The first temple 4. A son of Ariarathes V. , king of Cappadocia,
of Ceres at Rome was vowed by the dictator A. commanded the forces sent by his father in 154
Postumius Albinus, in B. c. 496, for the purpose of B. C. to support Attalus in his war against Prusias.
averting a famine with which Rome was threaten- (Polyb. xxxiii. 10. )
ed during a war with the Latins. (Dionys. vi. 5. A native of Gadara in Syria, and a freedman
17, comp. i. 33; Tacit. Ann. ii. 49. ) In intro- of Pompey, who shewed him the greatest favour,
ducing this foreign divinity, the Romans acted in and allowed him to accumulate immense riches.
their usual manner ; they instituted a festival with After the conquest of Syria, Pompey rebuilt and
games in honour of her (Dict. of Ant. s. r. Cere- restored at his request his native town of Gadara,
ulia), and gave the management of the sacred rites which had been destroyed by the Jews. (Joseph.
and ceremonies to a Greek priestess, who was Ant. xiv. 4. § 4, de Bell. Jud. i. 7. $ 7. ) An
usually taken from Naples or Velia, and received anecdote related by Plutarch shews the excessive
the Roman franchise, in order that the sacrifices adulation paid him in the East, on account of his
on behalf of the Roman people might be offered up well-known influence with Pompey. (Plut. Pomp.
by a Roman citizen. (Cic. pro Balb. 24 ; Festus, 40, Cato Min. 13. )
[E. H. B. )
s. v. Graeca sacra. ) In all other respects Ceres DEME'TRIUS (Anuhtpios), king of Bactria,
was looked upon very much in the same light as son of Euthydenius. Polybius mentions (xi. 34),
Tellus, whose nature closely resembled that of that when Antiochus the Great invaded the ter-
Ceres. Pigs were sacrificed to both divinities, in ritories of Euthydemus, the latter sent his son
the seasons of sowing and in harvest time, and also Demetrius, then quite a youth, to negotiate with
at the burial of the dead. It is strange to find the Syrian king; and that Antiochus was so much
that the Romans, in adopting the worship of pleased with the young man's appearance and
Demeter from the Greeks, did not at the same manners, that he confirmed Euthydemus in his so-
time adopt the Greek name Demeter. The name vereignty, and promised one of his own daughters
Ceres can scarcely be explained from the Latin in marriage to Demetrius. The other notices we
language. Servius informs us (ad Aen. ii. 325), possess of this prince are scanty and confused;
that Ceres, Pales, and Fortuna were the penates but it seems certain (notwithstanding the opinion
of the Etruscans, and it may be that the Romans to the contrary advanced by Bayer, Hist. Regni
applied to Demeter the name of a divinity of a Graccorum Bactriani, p. 83), that Demetrius suc-
siinilar nature, whose worship subsequently became ceeded his father in the sovereignty of Bactria,
extinct, and left no trace except the name Ceres. where he reigned at least ten years.
We remarked above that Demeter and Persephone ticularly mentions liim as among those Bactrian
or Cora were identified in the mythus, and it may kings who made extensive conquests in northern
be that Ceres is only a different form for Cora or India (Strab. xi. ll. $ 1), though the limit of his ac-
Core. But however this may be, the worship of quisitions cannot be ascertained. Justin, on the con-
Ceres soon acquired considerable political im-trary, calls him “rex Indorum" (xli. 6), and speaks
portance at Rome. The property of traitors ngainst of him as making war on and besieging Eucratides,
Strabo par-
30
## p. 962 (#982) ############################################
962
DEMETRIUS.
DEMETRIUS.
king of Bactria. Mionnet (Suppl. vol. viii. p. 473) lately occupied by Selencus. This he accomplished
has suggested that there were two Demetrii, one with little difficulty, but did not complete his
the son of Euthydemus, the other a king of northern work, and without waiting to reduce one of the
India ; but it does not seem necessary to have forts or citadels of Babylon itself, he left a forco
recourse to this hypothesis. The most probable to continue the siege, and returned to join Antigo-
view of the matter is, that Eucratides revolted nus, who almost immediately afterwards concluded
from Demetrius, while the latter was engaged in peace with the confederates, B. c. 311. (Diod. xix.
his wars in India, and established his power in 96-98, 100; Plut. Demetr. 7. ) This did not last
Bactria proper, or the provinces north of the Hindoo long, and Ptolemy quickly renewed the war, which
Koosh, while Demetrius retained the countries south was however almost confined to maritime opera-
of that barrier. Both princes may thus have ruled tions on the coasts of Cilicia and Cyprus, in which
contemporaneously for a considerable space of time. Demetrius, who commanded the fleet of Antigonus,
(Comp.
[E. E. ] is, mother earth, while others consider Deo, which
DEMARATUS (Anuépatos). 1. A son of Py. I is synonymous with Demeter, as connected with
thias, who was Aristotle's daughter by his wife of oats and balvuui, and as derived from the Cretan
the same name. He and his brother, Procles, were word onal, barley, so that Demeter would be the
pupils of Theophrastus. (Diog. Laërt. v. 53; Fa- mother or giver of barley or of food generally.
brie. Bill. Grucc. iii. pp. 485, 504. ) He appears (Hom. II. v. 500. ) These two etymologies, hown
to have been named after Demaratus, king of crer, do not suggest any difference in the character
## p. 960 (#980) ############################################
960
DEMETER,
DEMETER
of the goddess, but leave it essentially the same. Olympus. (Comp. Paus. vii. 42. $ 2. ) But in
Demeter was the daughter of Cronus and Rhea, vain. At length Zeus sent out all the gods of
and sister of Hestia, Hera, Aïdes, Poseidon, and Olympus to conciliate her by entreaties and pre-
Zeus. Like the other children of Cronus she was sents; but she vowed not to return to Olympus,
devoured by her father, but he gave her forth nor to restore the fertility of the earth, till she had
again after taking the emetic which Metis had seen her daughter again. Zeus accordingly sent
giren him. (Hesiod. Theog. 452, &c. ; Apollod. Hermes into Erebus to fetch back Persephone.
i. 2. § 1. ) By her brother Zeus, Demeter became Aidoneus consented, indeed, to Persephone return-
the mother of Persephone (Proserpina) and Dio- ing, but gave her a part of a pomegranate to eat,
nysus (Hesiod. Theog. 912; Diod. jii. 62), and by in order that she miglit not always remain with
Poscidon of Despoena and the horse Arion. (A pol- Demeter. llermes then took her in Pluto's
lod. iii. 6. § 8 ; Paus. vii. 37. S 6. ) The inost chariot to Eleusis to her mother, to whom, after a
prominent part in the mythus of Demeter is the hearty welcome, she related her fate. At Eleusis
rape of her daughter Persephone by Pluto, and both were joined by llecate, who henceforth re-
this story not only suggests the main idea ein- mained the attendant and companion of Persephone.
bodied in Demeter, but also directs our attention Zeus now sent Rhea to persuade Demeter to
to the principal seats of her worship. Zeus, with- return to Olympus, and also granted thai Perse-
out the knowledge of Demeter, had promised Per- phone should spend only a part of the year (i. e.
sephone to Pluto, and while the unsuspecting mai- the winter) in subterraneous darkness, and that
den was gathering flowers which Zeus had caused during the rest of the year she should remain with
to grow in order to tempt her and to favour Pluto's her mother. (Comp. 01. Mc. v. 565, Fast. iv.
scheme, the earth suddenly opened and she was 614; Hygin. Fub. 146. ) Rhea accordingly de-
carried off by Aïdoneus (Pluto). Her cries of scended to the Rharian plain near Eleusis, and
anguish were heard only by Hecate and Helios. conciliated Demeter, who now again allowed the
Her mother, who heard only the echo of her voice, fruits of the fields to grow. But before she parted
immediately set out in search of her daughter. from Eleusis, she instructed Triptolemus, Diocles,
The spot where Persephone was believed to have Eumolpus, and Celeus in the mode of her worship
been carried into the lower world is different in and in the mysteries.
the different traditions ; the common story places These are the main fentures of the mythus
it in Sicily, in the neighbourhood of Enna, on about Demeter, as it is contained in the Homeric
mount Aetna, or between the wells Cyane and hymn; in later traditions it is variously modified.
Arethusa. (Hygin. Fab. 146, 274 ; Ov. Met. v. Respecting her connexions with Jasion or Jasius,
385, Fust. iv. 422; Diod. v. 3; Cic. in Verr. iv. Tantalus, Melissa, Cychreus, Erysichthon, Pan-
48. ) This legend, which points to Sicily, though dareus, and others, see the different articles.
undoubtedly very ancient (Pind. Nem. i. 17), is Demeter was the goddess of the earth (Eurip.
certainly not the original tradition, since the Bacch. 276), and more especially of the earth as
worship of Demeter was introduced into Sicily by producing fruit, and consequently of agriculture,
colonists from Megara and Corinth. Other tradi- whence human food or bread is called by Homer
tions place the rape of Persephone at Erineus on (n. xiii. 322) the gift of Demeter. The notion
the Cephissus, in the neighbourhood of Eleusis of her being the author of the earth's fertility was
(Orph. Hymn. 17. 15), at Colonus in Attica (Schol. extended to that of fertility in general, and she
ad Soph. Oed. Col. 1590), in an island the accordingly was looked upon also as the goddess of
Atlantic near the western coast of Spain (Orph. marriage (Serv. ad Aen. iv. 58), and was wor-
Argon. 1190), at Hermione in Peloponnesus shipped especially by women. Her priestess also
(Apollod. i. 5. & 1; Strab. viii. p. 373), in Crete initiated young married people into the duties of
(Schol. ad Hesiod. Theog. 914), or in the neigh- their new situation. (Plut. de Off. conj. 1. ) As
bourhood of Pisa (Paus. ri. 21. § 1. ) Others the goddess of the earth she was like the other
again place the event at Pheneus in Arcadia Jeol xtóvioi, a subterraneous divinity, who worked
(Conon, Narr. 15), or at Cyzicus (Propert. iii. 21. in the regions inaccessible to the rays of Helios,
4), while the Homeric hymn on Demeter places As agriculture is the basis of a well-regulated
it in the plain of Nysa in Asia. In the Iliad and social condition, Demeter is represented also as the
Odyssey the rape of Persephone is not expressly friend of peace and as a law-giving goddess. (960-
mentioned. Demeter wandered about in search of uocópos, Callim. Hymn. in Cer. 138 ; Orph. Hymn.
her daughter for nine days, without taking any 39. 4 ; Virg. Aen. iv. 58; Hom. II. v. 500; Ov.
nectar or ambrosia, and without bathing. On the Net. v. 341 ; Paus. viii. 15. $ 1. ) The mythus of
tenth she met Hecate, who told her that she had Demeter and her daughter embodies the idea, that
heard the cries of Persephone, but did not know the productive powers of the earth or nature rest
who had carried her off. Both then hastened to or are concealed during the winter season; the
Helios, who revealed to them that Pluto had been goddess (Demeter and Persephone, also called Cora,
the ravisher, and with the consent of Zeus. Demeter are here identified) then rules in the depth of the
in her anger at this news avoided Olympus, and earth mournful, but striving upwards to the all-
dwelt upon earth among men, conferring presents animating light. Persephone, who has eaten of
and blessings wherever she was kindly received, the pomegranate, is the fructified flower that re-
and severely punishing those who repuls
turns in spring, dwells in the region of light during
did not receive her gifts with proper reverence. a portion of the ycar, and nourishes men and
In this manner she came to Celeus at Eleusis. animals with her fruits. Later philosophical writers,
[Celeus. ] As the goddess still continued in her and perhaps the mysteries also, referred the dis-
anger, and produced famine on the earth by not appearance and return of Persephone to the burial
allowing the fields to produce any fruit, Zeus, of the body of man and the immortality of his
anxious that the race of mortals should not become soul. Demeter was worshipped in Crete, Delos,
extinct, sent Iris to induce Demeter to return to | Argolis, Attica, the western coast of Asia, Sicily,
her or
## p. 961 (#981) ############################################
DEMETER.
961
DEMETRIUS.
and Italy, and her worship consisted in a great the repulvlic was often made over to her temple.
measure in orgic mysteries. Among the inany (Dionys. vi. 89, viii. 79; Plin. II. N. xxxiv. 4.
festivals celebrated in her honour, the Thesmo- s. 9; Liv. ii. 41. ) The decrees of the senate were
phoria and Eleusinia were the principal ones. deposited in her temple for the inspection of the
(Dict. of Ant. s. rr. Choča, Ilaloa, Thesmuphoria, tribunes of the people. (Liv. iii. 55, xxxiii. 25. )
Eleusiria, Nevalartia Chthonia. ) The sacrifices If we further consider that the aediles had the
offered to her consisted of pigs, the symbol of fer- special superintendence of this temple, it is very
tility, bulls, cows, honey-cakes, and fruits. (Macrob.
probable that Ceres, whose worship was like the
Su. i. 12, iii. 11; Diod. v. 4 ; Paus. ii. 35. § 4, plebeians, introduced at Rome from without, had
viii. 42, in fin. ; Ov. Fast. iv. 515. ) Her temples some peculiar relation to the plebeian order.
were called Megara, and were often built in groves ( Muller, Dor. ii. 10. V 3; Preller, Demeter und
in the neighbourhood of towns. (Pans. i. 39. $ 4, Persephone, ein Cyclus mythol. Untersuch. , Ham-
40. § 5, rii. 26. 4, viii. 54. Ø 5, ix. 25. < 5; burg, 1837, 8vo. ; Welcker, Zeitschrift für die
Strab. viii. p. 344, ix. p. 435. ) Many of her ulte kunst, i. 1, p. 96, &c. ; Niebulir, llist. of
surnames, which are treated of in separate articles, Rome, i. p. 621; Hartung, Die Relig. der Römer,
are descriptive of the character of the goddess. ii. p. 135, &c. )
(LS. )
She was often represented in works of art, though DEMETRIANUS(Anuntpiavos), of Ravenna,
scarcely one entire statue of her is preserved. Her the father of the celebrated rhetorician Aspasius,
representations appear to have been brought to lived in the time of the emperor Alexander Severus,
ideal perfection by Praxiteles. (Paus. i. 2. $ 4. ) and was no less distinguished as a rhetorician than
Her image resembled that of Ilera, in its maternal as a critical mathematician. (Philostr. lit. Soph.
character, but had a softer expression, and her eyes ii. 33. $ 1; Suidas, s. v. 'Aonéoios. ) [L. S. )
were less widely opened. She was represented DEME'TRIUS (Anuntpios). 1. Son of Althae-
sometimes in a sitting attitude, sometimes walking, menes, commander of one of the squadrons of
and sometimes riding in a chariot drawn by horses Macedonian cavalry under Alexander. (Arrian,
or dragons, but always in full attire. Around her Anal. iii. 11, iv. 27, v. 21. )
head she wore a garland of corn-ears or a simple 2. Son of Pythonax, sumamed Pheidon, one of
ribband, and in her hand she held a sceptre, corn the select band of cavalry, called étaipon, in the
ears or a poppy, sometimes also a torch and the service of Alexander. (Arrian, Anub. iv. 12;
mystic basket. (Paus. in. 19. 4, viii. 31. § 1, Plut. Alex. 51. )
42. ^4; Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. ) She appears 3. One of the body-guards of Alexander, was
most frequently on gems and vases.
suspected of being engaged in the conspiracy of
The Romans received the worship of Demeter, Philotas, and displaced in consequence. (Arrian,
to whom they applied the name of Ceres, from Anab. iii. 27. )
Sicily. (Val. Max. i. 1. & 1. ) The first temple 4. A son of Ariarathes V. , king of Cappadocia,
of Ceres at Rome was vowed by the dictator A. commanded the forces sent by his father in 154
Postumius Albinus, in B. c. 496, for the purpose of B. C. to support Attalus in his war against Prusias.
averting a famine with which Rome was threaten- (Polyb. xxxiii. 10. )
ed during a war with the Latins. (Dionys. vi. 5. A native of Gadara in Syria, and a freedman
17, comp. i. 33; Tacit. Ann. ii. 49. ) In intro- of Pompey, who shewed him the greatest favour,
ducing this foreign divinity, the Romans acted in and allowed him to accumulate immense riches.
their usual manner ; they instituted a festival with After the conquest of Syria, Pompey rebuilt and
games in honour of her (Dict. of Ant. s. r. Cere- restored at his request his native town of Gadara,
ulia), and gave the management of the sacred rites which had been destroyed by the Jews. (Joseph.
and ceremonies to a Greek priestess, who was Ant. xiv. 4. § 4, de Bell. Jud. i. 7. $ 7. ) An
usually taken from Naples or Velia, and received anecdote related by Plutarch shews the excessive
the Roman franchise, in order that the sacrifices adulation paid him in the East, on account of his
on behalf of the Roman people might be offered up well-known influence with Pompey. (Plut. Pomp.
by a Roman citizen. (Cic. pro Balb. 24 ; Festus, 40, Cato Min. 13. )
[E. H. B. )
s. v. Graeca sacra. ) In all other respects Ceres DEME'TRIUS (Anuhtpios), king of Bactria,
was looked upon very much in the same light as son of Euthydenius. Polybius mentions (xi. 34),
Tellus, whose nature closely resembled that of that when Antiochus the Great invaded the ter-
Ceres. Pigs were sacrificed to both divinities, in ritories of Euthydemus, the latter sent his son
the seasons of sowing and in harvest time, and also Demetrius, then quite a youth, to negotiate with
at the burial of the dead. It is strange to find the Syrian king; and that Antiochus was so much
that the Romans, in adopting the worship of pleased with the young man's appearance and
Demeter from the Greeks, did not at the same manners, that he confirmed Euthydemus in his so-
time adopt the Greek name Demeter. The name vereignty, and promised one of his own daughters
Ceres can scarcely be explained from the Latin in marriage to Demetrius. The other notices we
language. Servius informs us (ad Aen. ii. 325), possess of this prince are scanty and confused;
that Ceres, Pales, and Fortuna were the penates but it seems certain (notwithstanding the opinion
of the Etruscans, and it may be that the Romans to the contrary advanced by Bayer, Hist. Regni
applied to Demeter the name of a divinity of a Graccorum Bactriani, p. 83), that Demetrius suc-
siinilar nature, whose worship subsequently became ceeded his father in the sovereignty of Bactria,
extinct, and left no trace except the name Ceres. where he reigned at least ten years.
We remarked above that Demeter and Persephone ticularly mentions liim as among those Bactrian
or Cora were identified in the mythus, and it may kings who made extensive conquests in northern
be that Ceres is only a different form for Cora or India (Strab. xi. ll. $ 1), though the limit of his ac-
Core. But however this may be, the worship of quisitions cannot be ascertained. Justin, on the con-
Ceres soon acquired considerable political im-trary, calls him “rex Indorum" (xli. 6), and speaks
portance at Rome. The property of traitors ngainst of him as making war on and besieging Eucratides,
Strabo par-
30
## p. 962 (#982) ############################################
962
DEMETRIUS.
DEMETRIUS.
king of Bactria. Mionnet (Suppl. vol. viii. p. 473) lately occupied by Selencus. This he accomplished
has suggested that there were two Demetrii, one with little difficulty, but did not complete his
the son of Euthydemus, the other a king of northern work, and without waiting to reduce one of the
India ; but it does not seem necessary to have forts or citadels of Babylon itself, he left a forco
recourse to this hypothesis. The most probable to continue the siege, and returned to join Antigo-
view of the matter is, that Eucratides revolted nus, who almost immediately afterwards concluded
from Demetrius, while the latter was engaged in peace with the confederates, B. c. 311. (Diod. xix.
his wars in India, and established his power in 96-98, 100; Plut. Demetr. 7. ) This did not last
Bactria proper, or the provinces north of the Hindoo long, and Ptolemy quickly renewed the war, which
Koosh, while Demetrius retained the countries south was however almost confined to maritime opera-
of that barrier. Both princes may thus have ruled tions on the coasts of Cilicia and Cyprus, in which
contemporaneously for a considerable space of time. Demetrius, who commanded the fleet of Antigonus,
(Comp.
