"
Paramartha
is very dear: "Because they have the similar idea that Brahma is their sole cause.
Abhidharmakosabhasyam-Vol-2-Vasubandhu-Poussin-Pruden-1991
15. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 199a6. The first stanza is quoted in Anguttara, iii. 4l 1, where it is attributed to a deity (devatd). In Sanskrit as in Pali it begins with na te kdmdydnidtrdniloke/ samkalpardgah purusasya kdmah. The two other stanzas, to my knowledge, are absent in the Pali. The Vydkhyd gives the last two lines.
The argument of the Ajivika does not hold He thinks that a Bhiksu ceases to be a Bhiksu if he is a kdmopabhogin; and, if kdma = desire, then the Bhiksu would be kdmopabhogin, and would lose the quality of Bhiksu, even when he does not enjoy these objects. But the Bhiksu, through desire, corrupts his morality and his precepts, without losing the quality of Bhiksu: by this he transgresses by his body or speech the boundary of the rules of the Tathagata.
In Kdthdvatthu, viii. 3-4, the Theravadins establish against the Pubbaseliyas that kdma, in the expression Kdmadhdtu, does not signify "object of desire", as rupdyatana or "visible matter",etc, but rather "desire. " They quote the stanza of the Anguttara, iii. 411 and Samyutta, i. 22, as does Vasubandhu.
Compare Vibhanga, 256 quoted in Atthasdlint, 164-5; the distinction between the vatthukdmas and the kilesakdmas, Mahdniddesa to Suttanipdta, 766; Compendium, p. 81, n. 2.
16. Some dharmas are produced (samuddcarantt) in Kamadhatu which are of the sphere of Rupadhatu and Arupyadhatu, for example the different absorptions (viii. l9e); a person can experience "desire" (rdga) with respect to these absorptions: but as this desire has a dharma of a higher sphere for its object, it does not lodge in him: like a foot on a burning paving-stone (v. 2,39). So too among the beings of Kamadhatu some andsravas, or "pure" dharmas are produced, namely the mental states which constitute the Path: these dharmas are not the object of "desire" {rdga) in any Dhatu (v. 16, viii20c): they are thus adhdtupatita or adhdtvdpia, foreign to the Dhatus.
From whence the principle that it is "thirst" which determines the spheres (Kamadhatu = one sphere, Rupadhatu = four spheres); viii20c
All dharma with respect to which the "thirst" of a being in Kamadhatu develops is also of the sphere of Kamadhatu.
17. Seevii. 49-51.
18. There are four anantas: dkdso ananto, cakkavdldni anantdni, sattakdyo ananto, buddhandnam
anantam (Atthasdlint, 160).
19. P'u-kuang (quoted by Saeki, viii. 5b) says, "If one follows the opinion of the Mahilasakas, there is an arising of new beings (yu shih ch'iyu ch'ing ^#&fe^frfpf = asty ddyutpannah sattvah) which do not arise from action-defilement (karmakleia)".
20. Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 966bll-27, mentions two opinions, a horizontal disposition, and a horizontal and vertical disposition of the universe, and the difficulties that they present. Compare Digha, i. 33.
21. This Sutra is Samyukta, 34. 7; it is used in the Lokaprajridpti, beginning (trans, in Cosmologie bouddhique, p. 196).
22. The Isadhara, "the cloud the drops of which have the dimension of a pole," is one of the four clouds at the beginning of the cosmic age, Siksdsamuccaya, 247', Koia, iii. 90c (A "rain" Naga of Waddell,JRAS, 1894,98. )
23. The opinion of the Dharmaguptakas according to P'u-kuang. The opinion of Sthiramati, Tsa-chi (TD 31, number 1606), etc
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24 For example, Samyukta, TD 2, p. 120b26, Madhyama, TD 1, p. 493b8.
25. On the disposition of the universe, see the references in Hastings, article "Cosmology", 137b
(Mahavastu, i. 122; Lotus Sutra, Chap, xi; Avatamsaka). See below iii. 45,73.
26. Are there five or six gatis?
Kathdvattbu, villi. RegardlessofMajjhima, 173 (pafcakbopan'imasariputtagatayo. . . ), the
Andhakas and the Uttaripathakas maintain that the Asuras constitute a separate gatihut the Kalakafijakas are placed among the Pretas, and the Vepacitti (Samyutta, 1221, Dialogues, 11280, Brethren, 749) among the Devas. (According to the version and the note of Aung-Rhys Davids. )
Furthermore Majjhima, L73; Digha, HL234, Anguttara, iv. 459, Samyutta, vi. 474.
Yet there are four apdyas or painful realms of rebirth: the damned, animals, Pretas and Asuras (References: Rhys Davids-Stede). These are the aksanagafis of the Siksasamuceaya, 147, the akkhanas of the Digha, iii. 264, and the duggatis of the Petavatthu, which are lacking in the paradise of Amitibha (SukhaSvati, 11).
In the Lotus Sutra, we sometimes have six gatis (Burnouf, 309), sometimes five (Burnouf, 377).
Nagarjuna's Letter to a Friend gives five gatis; the same for the inscription of Bodh-Gaya (Fujishima, Mr. 1888, ii. 423; Chavannes, RHR. 1896, ii).
But six gatis In the Dharmasamgraha, 57, and other sources named ibidem.
Notes of Kyokuga Saeki i. The Asuras 1. are included among the Pretas {Vibhasa and Sambhinnahrdaya, TD28, number 1552); 2. are not Included among the gatis (Buddhabhumi,etc); 3. are a sixth gait (Mahasamghikas, etc); 4. are Included among the Pretas and the animals (SaddharmasmrtyupasthanasMra); and 5. are included among the Pretas, the animals and the gods (Sagathasutra). H. TheSutrasaysthattherearefivegatisMowcanonemaintainthattherearesix? Some five centuries after the Buddha's demise, there were many schools; the schools were not in agreement; some held to five gatis, others to six. The first make the Sutra say that there are five gatis,theothersthattherearesix. iii. IntheMahayana,theAvatamsakasaysthattherearesixgatis.
27. See below note 37.
28. Definition of gati in Karanaprajflapti, translated in Cosmologie bouddhique, p. 345. We see there that ndrakanikdyasabhagatd, narakdyatanasamanvagama, and ankrtavya^rtanarakarupadmi as well as ndrakesu pratisamdhih are narakagati.
29. This Sutra, discussed in Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 309bl5, is the Saptabhavasutra. The schools which deny intermediate existence contest its authenticity, see Samghabhadra, translated in Nirvana, 1925, p. 23, note.
30. Vasubandhu means: Only the Ka? mirians read this Sutra; this Sutra is muktaka, that is, it does not form part of the Agamas.
According to Vibhasa) TD 27, p. 865al8.
31. If the gatis are undefUed-neutral dharmas, the Prakarana should say how these dharmas are abandoned through meditation, 'The anuiayas abandoned through meditation and the universal anuUyas are active and develop with respect to the gatis" (see L40c and Chapter V); it should not say, "all the anuiayas", for among them there are those that are not active in undefiled-neutral dharmas.
32. This is the explanation of the Vibhdfd, TD 27,371bl6.
Samdhicitta =pratisamdhiatta=upapattibbavaoftheKo/a,iii. 13c,38. Wehavepratisamdbi=
vitffiana, the element of "reincarnation", Pafisambhiddmagga, i, p. 52; pratisamdhickta and virffiana, Visuddhimagga, 548,659.
33. According to iii. 38, ii. 14.
34. Paramartha (TD 29,p. 199c7) differs: "You say that karmabhava is mentioned here because it is the cause of the realms of rebirth: it would be fitting also to mention the skandhas which are also the cause of the realms of rebirth. "
? 35. One could say that intermediary existence is a realm of rebirth, even though it is mentioned separately in order to indicate that it is the access to other realms of rebirth.
36. drtipya na gatih syui cyutideia evotpdddt / drupyagd biyatra cyavante vihare vd vfksamUle vd ydvac catmthydrh dhydnabhOman tatraivotpadyante: "In whichever place beings die, beings 'who should go to the arupyas', (artipyaga), either in a monastery, at the foot of a tree, or in the sphere of
the Fourth Dhyana, are reborn in this place from an dkdidnantya existence, etc" (See above iii. 3b).
37. Theundefiled-neutrai^rffWfctf canbeeithervipdkajaoraupacayika(137,ii. 57). Samghabhadra adopts the opinion of the second masters.
We see ii. 10 that tbefivitendnya is exclusively retribution, but that the five material organs,-- the mental organ, and the four sensations--are sometimes retribution, sometimes not retribution.
38. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 707a23-25.
The Sutra (Mahdvyutpatti, 119. 1-7) has: \. r&pi^ santi sattvd ndndtvakdya ndnMvasamjfihw
tadyathd manusyd ekatydi ca devdh, 2. . . . ndndtvakdya ekatvasamjfisms tadyathd devd brahmakdyikdh prathamdbhintrvrttdh, 3. . . . ekatvakdyd ndndtvasamplinas tadyathd devd dbhdsvardh,4. . . . ekatvakdydekatvasamjn^nastadyathddevdSubhakrtsnah, 5. dkdfdnantydyatanam (better: -dyatanopagdb), 6. vi/ttdndnantydyatanam, 1. dkimcanydyatanam. .
Digha, ii. 68 (iii. 253, 282, Anguttara, iv. 39, v. 53), "There are seven vnttidnatphitis and two dyatanas (which are joined to the vijndnasthitis in order to make nine sattvdvdsas, Kofa, iil 6c): 1. santi Ananda sattd ndnattakdyd ndnattasaMino seyyathdpi manussd ekacce ca devd ehacce ca vinipdtika. . . 2. sattd ndnattakdyd ekattasaMino. . . and as above to subhakitmd; 5. santi Ananda sattd sabbaso rJipasafinanamsamrtikkamapatighasafiTianam atthagamdndnattasaMdnam amana sikdrd ananto dkdso ti dkdsdna^cdyatanupagd; 6. . . . v&fiandnaricayatana&paga; 7. . . dkhncoMdyotanupagd.
39. The gods of the First Dhyana are, according to the system of the Foreign Masters (bahifdefakanaya): 1. the Brahmakayikas, 2. the Brahmapurohitas, 3. the Mahabrahmans (mahabrahmanaf ca). For the Masters of Kas'mir, the Mahabrahmans do not form a "place" (sthdna) distinct from the Brahmapurohitas (as we have seen, p. 366).
The vimpdtikas of the Pali text are missing.
40. The Vibhdsd (707a) omits the "gods of the First Dhyana," because these gods are not necessarily different in ideas (note of Kyokuga Saeki).
Hsiian-tsang and Paramartha translate prathamdbhinirvftta as those who arise at the beginning of the kalpa; the Lotsava has, literally, dan pot byun ba.
41. We follow the version of Paramartha. Vasubandhu (as the Lotsava and Hsiian-tsang) explains the expression ndndtvakdya as "difference of ideas because their ideas are different; endowed with this difference, they have different ideas. " On ndnMvasamjfia, the references of Rhys Davids-Stede and of Franke, Digha, p. 34, a8.
42. The Brahmakayikas are all the gods of the First Dhyana; by naming the first ones, one names the others.
43. Compare Digha, i l 8 , iiL29. Brahma thinks, "maydime sattd nhnmitd. . . "; theother gods think, "imind mayath bhotd brahmund nimmad. "
The Tibetan can be translated, "The aspect of the idea not being different, they are of the same idea.
" Paramartha is very dear: "Because they have the similar idea that Brahma is their sole cause. " Samghabhadra refutes an objection: 'Their ideas are different, since the Brahmakayikas think that they are created, whereas Mahabrahma tliinks that he creates. " In faa, he says, both have the idea of a single cause, the idea of creation (nirmdna).
44. Height = aroha (uttaratd); greatness, breadth = parindha (sthantyapramdna); body = dkftivigraha, that is to say vigraha consisting of dkrti, or "figure", and as a consequence equivalent to fartra. [There is, furthermore, vedandvigraha, "mass of sensation", etc]; speech = vdgbhdsd (vdguccdrana): Hsiian-tsang and Paramartha translate: voke^ound (~vdg bhdsah).
Footnotes 501
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45. The Digha differs. We have the formula for Brahma's desire, " . . . oho vata atffie pi sattd itthattam dgaccheyyun ti," and the thought of the gods, "imam hi mayam addasdma idha pafhamam upapannam/ mayampan'amhdpacchdupapannd. ""forwehaveseenhimariseherebeforeus,and as for us, we have arisen after him. "
46. P'u-kuang (TD4l,p. 153a20) says that there are three answers to this question; Samghabhadra (TD 29, p. 462c20) mentions six responses; and the Vibhdsd (TD 27, p. 508c3) gives five answers of which Vasubandhu reproduces the first three.
47. Intermediate existence can be prolonged only when the intermediate being should be reincarnated into Kamadhatu, iii. l4d
48. According to the Vydkhyd
Paramartha understands: "The gods remember the past in the world of Brahma; they formerly
saw [=in a preceding existence in the world of Brahma] Brahma of long life and lasting for a long time; later, they see him anew; and as a consequence they s a y . . . "
Hsiian-tsang: "The gods remember the past of this being in this world itself; they have seen him previously. . . "
49. Destruction of the universe by fire, iil90a-b, 100c-d.
50. See viii. 4.
51. The Vydkhyd: paribhidyate'neneti paribhedah.
52. Vasubandhu reproduces the seventh of the eight explanations of the Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 708al3.
53. Addition of Hsiian-tsang who follows Samghabhadra (whom the Vydkhyd quotes ad iii. 7a), "The Aryans who are in the first three heavens of the Fourth Dhyana, desire to enter among the Suddhavasas (last five heavens of the Fourth Dhyana) or into Arupya; and the Suddhavasas desire Nirvana. "
54. Vydkhyd: cittacaittdndm mandapracdratvdd abalavad vijHdnam na tisthati.
55. Fa-pao says that the Sutra does not teach the nine sattvdvdsas, but the Vibhdsa (TD 27, p. 706bl3) is plain: "Why have we created this Sastra? In order to explain the meaning of the Sutra. The Sutra teaches seven vijndnasthitis, four vijndnasthitis, and nine sattvdvdsas, but it does not explain their distinctions and it does not say how they are included or are not included in one another . . . "
The Sutra of the Nine Dwellings of Beings: nava sattvdvdsdh / katame nava / rupinah santi sattvd ndndtvakdyd ndndtvasamjninas tadyathd manusyd ekatyds' ca devd / ayam prathamah sattvdvdsah . . . The fifth dwelling is that of the Unconscious Ones: rupinah santi sattvd asamjnino'pratisamjninah / tadyathddevdasamjn'isattvdh / ayam pancamah sattvdvdsas. . . The ninth dwelling: arupinah santi sattvd ye sarvaia akimcanydyatanam samatikramya naivasa- mjnandsamjnayatanam upasampadya viharanti / tadyathd devd naivasamjfandsamjridyatano- pagdh / ayam navamah sattvdvdsah. This is very close to the edition of the Digha, iii. 263, 288, Anguttara, iv. 401.
The Mahdvyutpatti, 119, adds the naivasarhjnandsamjnayatana (9th sattvdvdsa) and the asamjn'isattvas to the vijndnasthitis; the same for the Digha, ii. 68, which places the asamjnisattvas before naivasamjfid.
56. Hsiian-tsang adds: "With the exception of the place of the Asamjnisattvas, the Fourth Dhyana is not a dwelling, as explained above. "
The Vydkhyd observes that Vasubandhu enumerates the painful realms of rebirth through signs (mukhamdtra)\ this refers also to the gods of the Fourth Dhyana which is not a "dwelling," for no one desires to remain there. Samghabhadra is of this opinion. Some other commentators think that Vasubandhu, excluding only the painful realms of rebirth, holds the Fourth Dhyana to be a dwelling: they have to defend this opinion.
? 57. See viii3c
Digha, 9. 7, Samyukta, 3. 6. 1%/w, iii. 228, enumerates the four vijrldnasthuis according to the
Samyutta, iii. 54: rupupdyam va dvuso vifinanam mthamdnam titthati rupdrammanam rupapati- fpham nandUpasevanam vuddhim virulhim vepullam dpajjati / vedanUpdyam . . . The Sanskrit edition should be the nearest: the notable variant being the preference accorded to the expression rUpopagathe meaning is clear: "It is by going to the visible, to sensation, to ideas, to the samskdras, that the mind takes its support; it is with visible matter as its object and for its place that, associated withpleasure,theminddevelops . . . "
But the Abhidharma (Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 706bl6) attributes to the Sutra the expressions rupopagdvijndnasthiti,vedanopagdvijndnasthiti. . . thegrammaticalexplanationofwhichisnot easy.
a. The Vaibhasikas understand: Vijndnasthiti, or "dwelling of the vijndna", is that upon which the mind resides(tisthati). This dwelling, this object of the mind, is upaga, that is to say "near" (samipacdrint) the mind. It is, by its nature, "visible. " Being visible and near, it is termed rupopagd.
b. Bhagavadvi&esa says that the Sautrantikas have two explanations: 1. Vijndnasthiti means the duration of the mind, the non-interruption of the series of the mind (vijndnasamtatyanupaccheda). Visible matter is "approached" (upagamyate), and it is "made one's own" (taddtmikriyate) by this sthitlTbe sthiti is thus rUpapagd: "duration of the mind which approaches the visible. " 2. Sthiti means "thirst" (trsna), for thirst causes the mind to last. We thus have vijndnasthiti = "duration of the mind, consisting of thirst". This thirst "approaches" visible matter, and attaches itself to it. We thus have: rupopagd vijfidnasthitib = "thirst attaching itself to visible matter and causing the vijftdna to last" But, in these two explanations, vijndnasthiti is distinct from visible matter; now it is visible matter which is vijfidnasthitiWe must then hold to explanation 4. (But this explanation is absurd from the grammatical point of view. Also) some others explain rupopagd vijOdnasthhih as rUpasvahhdvd vijndnasthitih: "The object wherein one fixes the mind and consisting of visible matter. " In fact the toot gam is understood in the sense of svabhdva, as we have khakhatakharagata, etc (But, we would ssy,gata is not upaga).
58. The Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 706b20 and foil. , examines whether these skandhas are sattvdkhya or asattvdkhya. Two opinions.
59. Samyukta, TD2,p. 103a3; Samyutta, ii. 101 (Nettippakarana, 57): vinndne ca bhikkhave dhdre atthi nandiatthi rdgo atthi tanhd patitthitam tattha vin~ndnam virulham.
The word abhydrudha (a term employed in order to designate a sailor riding on a ship) should correspond to virulha of the Pa|i.
60. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 9a7. Compare Samyutta, iii. 54.
The four skandhas of the past and the future are the sthiti of past and future vijndna.
61. "Matrix, or "womb" is a useful equivalent. Better: "Four modes of birth, arising".
The theory of the four yonis in their relationship with the five gatis is presented in the
Kdranaprajridpti, Chap, xv {Cosmologie bouddhique, 345). Vasubandhu borrows his information from this work (the story of Kapotamalini, of the Bhiksuni "born in the hermitage", etc. ). The same subject studied in Visuddhimagga, 552.
Digha, iii. 230: catasso yonryo, anndajayoni, jaldbujayoni, samsedajayoni, opapdtikayoni; Majjhima, i. 73: andajdyoni. . . (with definitions); Visuddhimagga, 552,557; Mahdvyutpatti, 117:
jardyujdh, andajdh, samsvedajdh, upapddukdh.
62. Yoni=skyegnas;inHsiian-tsang,sheng4=tobeborn,toarise;inParamartha,tsa$|=tomix. fukrafonitasamnipdto yonih, in Pra/astapdda (Viz. S. S. p. 27) which defines the yonijas and ayonijas.
63. "Born from a wowb":jarayuryena mdtuh kuksau garbho vespitas tispbati / tasmdtjdtdjardyujdh. Majjhima:ye sattdvatthikosamabhinibbhijjajdyantiayarhvuccatijaldbujayoni. Onthenumerous modes of impregnation, Milmda 123, Samantapdsddikd, i. 213; Windisch, Geburt, 24.
Footnotes 503
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64. "Arisen from perspiration": bhMdndm pfthhyddmdm samsveddd dravatvalaksandj jdtdh. . . Majjhima:yesattdpa&imacche vd. . . jdyanti.
65. Upapdduka sattva, sems can skye ba pa, Hsiian-tsang: hua-sheng yu ch'mg {b^fe^f ffif Paramartha: tsejan sheng ch'ung sheng.
Upapdduka in Mahavyutpatti, Ko/avydkhyd, and Mahdvastu; aupapdduka in Divya, Avadd- nafataka; aupapddika in Caraka (quoted in Windisch, Geburt, 187), which corresponds to theJaina uvavdtya, and the Pali aupapdtika.
Upapdtika, upapattika, opapdtika (defined in Sumafigalavildsim: cavitva uppajjanakasattd: "one who, (immediately upon) death, is reborn").
A very long bibliography from the Lotus Sutra, 394: "came into the world by a miracle", Senart, JAs. 1876, ii. 477, Windisch, Geburt, 184, to S. Lev'tfAs. 1912, ii. 502 (who quotes Weber, Childers, Leumann, etc).
Upapdta simply signifies "birth, arising" (cyutyupapdtajtidna, vii. 29, etc) and not necessarily "casual and unusual birth" (Rhys Davids-Stede).
66. Organs not lacking is avikalendriydh; organs not deficient is ahinendriydh: the organ of the eye is hina when one is one-eyed or when one squints. The members, anga, are the hands, the feet; the "sub-members" are the fingers, etc
67. Majjhima: katamd ca opapdtikayoni / devd nerayikd ekacce ca manussd ekacce ca vinipdtikd.
68. Two merchants whose ship had burned found (samadhigata) a crane on the sea shore. From this union there were born the Sthaviras Saila and Upa? aila (Vydkhyd). According to another source, "&aila = mountain, Upa? aila = small mountain; a crane produced two eggs there, from whence there was born two men, and hence their names. "
69. The thirty-two eggs of Vis*? kha, Ralston-Schiefner, p. 125. The eggs of PadmavatI, Chavannes, Cinq cents contes, L81 ("Lait de la mere").
70. Five hundred eggs were born to the queen of the King of Pancala: they were placed in a box (manjasa) that was abandoned in the Ganges. The King of the Licchavis found the box and in it, five hundred young men (Vydkhyd*).
71. Mandhatar was born from a swelling (pitaka) which formed on the head of Uposadha; Cam and Upacaru were born from a swelling which formed on the knee of Mandhatar (Cakravartin Kings, see Koia, iil97d). Divya, 210, Ralston-Schiefner, p. xxxvii, Buddhacarita, i. 29), and the references of Cowell (Visnupurana, iv. 2, Mahdbhdrata, iii. 10450), Hopkins, Great Epic, 1915,169.
72. Kapotamalini was born from a swelling on the breast of King Brahmadatta.
73. Amrapali was born from the stem of a banana-tree.
See the story of Amrapali and Jivaka in Chavannes, Cinq cents contes, iii. 325, (translated
between A. D. 148 and 170); Ralston-Schiefner, p. lii A birth considered as "apparitional," in "Sisters," p. 120.
74. Compare Majjhima, i.
