10206 (#14) ###########################################
viii
WILHELM MÜLLER
From The Pretty Maid of the Mill':
Wandering; Whither?
viii
WILHELM MÜLLER
From The Pretty Maid of the Mill':
Wandering; Whither?
Warner - World's Best Literature - v16 to v20 - Phi to Qui
The hard school of thirty years' expe-
rience changed his views as to the means by which this aim was
to be reached; his aim itself remained the same in the times
of his hopeless humiliation and of his unlimited plenitude of
power, in the times when as demagogue and conspirator he stole
towards it by paths of darkness, and in those when as joint
possessor of the supreme power and then as monarch, he worked
at his task in the full light of day before the eyes of the world.
All the measures of a permanent kind that proceeded from him
at the most various times assume their appropriate places in the
great building-plan. We cannot therefore properly speak of iso-
lated achievements of Cæsar; he did nothing isolated.
With justice men commend Cæsar the orator for his mascu-
line eloquence, which, scorning all the arts of the advocate, like
a clear flame at once enlightened and warmed. With justice
men admire in Cæsar the author the inimitable simplicity of
the composition, the unique purity and beauty of the language.
With justice the greatest masters of war of all times have
praised Cæsar the general, who, in a singular degree disregarding
routine and tradition, knew always how to find out the mode of
warfare by which in the given case the enemy was conquered,
## p. 10212 (#644) ##########################################
102 1 2
THEODOR MOMMSEN
and which was consequently in the given case the right one;
who, with the certainty of divination, found the proper means for
every end; who after defeat stood ready for battle like William
of Orange, and ended the campaign invariably with victory; who
managed that element of warfare, the treatment of which serves
to distinguish military genius from the mere ordinary ability of
an officer,—the rapid movement of masses, — with unsurpassed
perfection, and found the guarantee of victory not in the massive-
ness of his forces but in the celerity of their movements, not in
long preparation but in rapid and bold action even with inade-
quate means. But all these were with Cæsar mere secondary
matters: he was no doubt a great orator, author, and general, but
he became each of these merely because he was a consummate
statesman.
The soldier more especially played in him altogether an ac-
cessory part; and it is one of the principal peculiarities by which
he is distinguished from Alexander, Hannibal, and Napoleon, that
he began his political activity not as an officer but as a dema-
gogue. According to his original plan he had purposed to reach
his object, like Pericles and Gaius Gracchus, without force of arms;
and throughout eighteen years, as leader of the popular party,
he had moved exclusively amid political plans and intrigues:
until, reluctantly convinced of the necessity for a military sup-
port, he headed an army when he was already forty years of age.
It was natural that even afterwards he should remain still more
statesman than general; like Cromwell, who also transformed
himself from a leader of opposition into a military chief and
democratic king, and who in general, little as the Puritan hero
seems to resemble the dissolute Roman, is yet in his develop-
ment, as well as in the objects which he aimed at and the
results which he achieved, of all statesmen perhaps the most akin
to Cæsar. Even in his mode of warfare this improvised general-
ship may still be recognized: the enterprises of Napoleon against
Egypt and against England do not more clearly exhibit the artil-
lery lieutenant who had risen by service to command, than the
similar enterprises of Cæsar exhibit the demagogue metamor-
phosed into a general. A regularly trained officer would hardly
have been prepared, through political considerations of a not
altogether stringent nature, to set aside the best-founded military
scruples in the way in which Cæsar did so on several occasions,
most strikingly in the case of his landing in Epirus.
## p. 10213 (#645) ##########################################
THEODOR MOMMSEN
10213
Several of his acts are therefore censurable from a military
point of view; but what the general loses the statesman gains.
The task of the statesman is universal in its nature, like Cæsar's
genius: if he undertook things the most varied and most remote
one from another, they had all, without exception, a bearing on
the one great object to which with infinite fidelity and consistency
he devoted himself; and he never preferred one to another of the
manifold aspects and directions of his great activity. Although
a master of the art of war, he yet from statesmanly consider-
ations did his utmost to avert the civil strife, and when it never-
theless began, to keep his laurels from the stain of blood.
Although the founder of a military monarchy, he, yet with an
energy unexampled in history, allowed no hierarchy of marshals
or government of prætorians to come into existence. If he had
a preference for any one form of services rendered to the State,
it was for the sciences and arts of peace rather than for those of
war.
The most remarkable peculiarity of his action as a statesman
was its perfect harmony. In reality all the conditions for this
most difficult of all human functions were united in Cæsar. A
thorough realist, he never allowed the images of the past or ven-
erable tradition to disturb him; with him nothing was of value
in politics but the living present, and the law of reason: just as
in grammar he set aside historical and antiquarian research, and
recognized nothing but on the one hand the living usus loquendi
and on the other hand the rule of symmetry.
A born ruler, he
governed the minds of men as the wind drives the clouds, and
compelled the most heterogeneous natures to place themselves
at his service; - the smooth citizen and the rough subaltern, the
noble matrons of Rome and the fair princesses of Egypt and
Mauritania, the brilliant cavalry officer and the calculating banker.
His talent for organization was marvelous. No statesman has
ever compelled alliances, no general has ever collected an army
out of unyielding and refractory elements, with such decision,
and kept them together with such firmness, as Cæsar displayed
in constraining and upholding his coalitions and his legions.
Never did regent judge his instruments and assign each to the
place appropriate for him with so acute an eye.
He was monarch; but he never played the king. Even
when absolute lord of Rome, he retained the deportment of the
party leader: perfectly pliant and smooth, easy and charming in
## p. 10214 (#646) ##########################################
10214
THEODOR MOMMSEN
conversation, complaisant towards every one, it seemed as if he
wished to be nothing but the first among his peers.
Cæsar entirely avoided the blunder of so many men other.
wise on an equality with him, who have carried into politics the
tone of military command; however much occasion his disagree-
able relations with the Senate gave for it, he never resorted to
outrages such as that of the eighteenth Brumaire. Cæsar was
monarch; but he was never seized with the giddiness of the
tyrant. He is perhaps the only one among the mighty men of
the earth who in great matters and little never acted according
to inclination or caprice, but always without exception according
to his duty as ruler; and who, when he looked back on his life,
found doubtless erroneous calculations to deplore, but no false
step of passion to regret. There is nothing in the history of
Cæsar's life which even on a small scale can be compared with
those poetico-sensual ebullitions - such as the murder of Kleitos
or the burning of Persepolis — which the history of his great
predecessor in the East records. He is, in fine, perhaps the only
one of those mighty men who has preserved to the end of his
career the statesman's tact of discriminating between the possi-
ble and the impossible, and has not broken down in the task
which for nobly gifted natures is the most difficult of all, - the
task of recognizing, when on the pinnacle of success, its nat-
ural limits. What was possible he performed; and never left
the possible good undone for the sake of the impossible better,
never disdained at least to mitigate by palliatives evils that were
incurable. But where he recognized that fate had spoken, he
always obeyed. Alexander on the Hyphasis, Napoleon at Mos-
cow, turned back because they were compelled to do so, and
were indignant at destiny for bestowing even on its favorites
merely limited successes; Cæsar turned back voluntarily on the
Thames and on the Rhine; and at the Danube and the Euphra-
tes thought not of unbounded plans of world-conquest, but
merely of carrying into effect a well-considered regulation of the
frontiers.
Such was this unique man, whom it seems so easy and yet is
so infinitely difficult to describe. His whole nature is transparent
clearness; and tradition preserves more copious and more vivid
information regarding him than regarding any of his peers in
the ancient world. Of such a person our conceptions may well
vary in point of shallowness or depth, but strictly speaking, they
## p. 10215 (#647) ##########################################
THEODOR MOMMSEN
10215
cannot be different: to every inquirer not utterly perverted, the
grand figure has exhibited the same essential features, and yet
no one has succeeded in reproducing it to the life. The secret
lies in its perfection. In his character as a man as well as in
his place in history, Cæsar occupies a position where the great
contrasts of existence meet and balance each other. Of the
mightiest creative power and yet at the same time of the most
penetrating judgment; no longer a youth and not yet an old
man; of the highest energy of will and the highest capacity of
execution; filled with republican ideals and at the same time
born to be a king; a Roman in the deepest essence of his nature,
and yet called to reconcile and combine in himself as well as in
the outer world the Roman and the Hellenic types of culture,-
Cæsar was the entire and perfect man. Accordingly we miss in
him more than in any other historical personage what are called
characteristic features, which are in reality nothing else than
deviations from the natural course of human development. What
in Cæsar passes for such at the first superficial glance is, when
more closely observed, seen to be the peculiarity not of the indi-
vidual but of the epoch of culture or of the nation: his youthful
adventures, for instance, were common to him as to all his more
gifted contemporaries of like position; his unpoetical but strongly
logical temperament was the temperament of Romans in general.
It formed part also of Cæsar's full humanity that he was
in the highest degree influenced by the conditions of time and
place; for there is no abstract humanity, - the living man cannot
but occupy a place in a given nationality and in a definite line
of culture. Cæsar was a perfect man just because more than
any other he placed himself amidst the currents of his time, and
because more than any other he possessed the essential peculiar-
ity of the Roman nation — practical aptitude as a citizen — in per-
fection; for his Hellenism in fact was only the Hellenism which
had been long intimately blended with the Italian nationality.
But in this very circumstance lies the difficulty, we may perhaps
say the impossibility, of depicting Cæsar to the life. As the
artist can paint everything save only consummate beauty, so the
historian, when once in a thousand years he falls in with the per-
fect, can only be silent regarding it. For normality admits doubt-
less of being expressed, but it gives us only the negative notion
of the absence of defect; the secret of nature, whereby in her most
finished manifestations normality and individuality are combined,
## p. 10216 (#648) ##########################################
10216
THEODOR MOMMSEN
is beyond expression. Nothing is left for us but to deem those
fortunate who beheld this perfection, and to gain some faint con-
ception of it from the reflected lustre which rests imperishably
on the works tiat were the creation of this great nature.
These also, it is true, bear the stamp of the time. The Ro-
man hero himself stood by the side of his youthful Greek prede-
cessor, not merely as an equal but as a superior; but the world
had meanwhile become old and its youthful lustre had faded.
The action of Cæsar was no longer, like that of Alexander, a
,
joyous marching onward towards a goal indefinitely remote: he
built on and out of ruins, and was content to establish himself
as tolerably and as securely as possible within the ample but yet
definite bounds once assigned to him. With reason, therefore,
the delicate poetic tact of the nations has not troubled itself
about the unpoetical Roman, and has invested the son of Philip
alone with all the golden lustre of poetry, with all the rainbow
hues of legend. But with equal reason the political life of nations
has during thousands of years again and again reverted to the
lines which Cæsar drew; and the fact that the peoples to whom
the world belongs still at the present day designate the highest
of their monarchs by his name, conveys a warning deeply signifi-
cant, and unhappily fraught with shame.
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## p. 10193 (#1) ############################################
3 2044 010 096 592
## p. 10194 (#2) ############################################
Lit 2020. 18
VERI
TAS
HARVARD
COLLEGE
LIBRARY
4
## p. 10195 (#3) ############################################
#
## p. 10196 (#4) ############################################
{ *
## p. 10197 (#5) ############################################
I
## p. 10198 (#6) ############################################
Grosch
CARDINAL J. H. NEWMAN,
40%
## p. 10199 (#7) ############################################
LIBRARY
OF
THE
WORLD'S BEST LITERATURE
Ancient and Modern
CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER
EDITOR
HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE, LUCIA GILBERT RUNKLE,
GEORGE H. WARNER
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
THIRTY VOLUMES
VOL. XVIII
NEW YORK
R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
PUBLISHERS
## p. 10200 (#8) ############################################
Lit
MAS
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
COPYRIGHT 1897
BY R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
All rights reserved
WERNERCOMPANY
PRINTERS
381
54-13
8-2
## p. 10201 (#9) ############################################
THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
CRAWFORD H. TOY, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Hebrew,
HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.
THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, LL. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of
YALE UNIVERSITY, New Haven, Conn.
WILLIAM M. SLOANE, PH. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of History and Political Science,
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Princeton, N. J.
BRANDER MATTHEWS, A. M. , LL. B. ,
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D. ,
President of the
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, Mich.
WILLARD FISKE, A. M. , PH. D. ,
Late Professor of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y.
and Literatures,
ALCÉE FORTIER, LIT. D. ,
EDWARD S. HOLDEN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Director of the Lick Observatory, and Astronomer,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Cal.
Professor of the Romance Languages,
TULANE UNIVERSITY, New Orleans, La.
WILLIAM P. TRENT, M. A. ,
Dean of the Department of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of
English and History,
UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH, Sewanee, Tenn.
PAUL SHOREY, PH. D. ,
Professor of Greek and Latin Literature,
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, Chicago, Ill.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D. ,
United States Commissioner of Education,
BUREAU OF EDUCATION, Washington, D. C.
MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Id
Professor of Literature in the
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Washington, D. C.
## p. 10202 (#10) ###########################################
## p. 10203 (#11) ###########################################
A
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU
VOL. XVIII
To E. W. Montagu, Esq.
To the Same
MONTESQUIEU
To Mr. Pope
To Mrs. S. C.
To the Countess of Mar
MICHEL EYQUEM DE MONTAIGNE
BY ANNA MCCLURE SHOLL
LIVED
1689-1762
BY FERDINAND BOCHER
The Author to the Reader ('Essays')
Of Friendship (same)
Of Books (same)
Of Repentance (same)
To the Abbé X-
To the Countess of Mar
To the Countess of Bute
From a Letter to the Same
To the Countess of Bute
1533-1592
1689-1755
BY FRANCIS NEWTON THORPE
On the Power of Punishments (The Spirit of Laws')
In What Manner Republics Provide for Their Safety
(same)
PAGE
10217
Origin of the Right of Slavery among the Roman Civil-
ians (same)
On the Spirit of Trade (same)
On the True Nature of Benevolence (same)
On Religion (same)
On Two Causes which Destroyed Rome (Grandeur and
Decadence of the Roman Empire')
Usbek at Paris, to Ibben at Smyrna (Persian Letters')
Rica at Paris, to Ibben at Smyrna (same)
10237
10249
## p. 10204 (#12) ###########################################
vi
THOMAS MOORE
BY THOMAS WALSH
Paradise and the Peri (Lalla Rookh')
Love's Young Dream
The Time I've Lost in Wooing
Believe Me if All Those Endearing Young Charms
Come, Rest in This Bosom
Nora Creina
Oft, in the Stilly Night
Oh! Breathe Not His Name
'Tis the Last Rose of Summer
"Thou Art, O God"
The Bird Let Loose
The Harp that Once Through Tara's Halls
Sound the Loud Timbrel
SIR THOMAS MORE
JAMES JUSTINIAN MORIER
LIVED
1779-1852
A Letter to Lady More
Life in Utopia (Utopia')
Slavery and Punishments for Crime (same)
EDUARD MÖRIKE
My River
Two Lovers
An Hour Ere Break of Day
JOHN MORLEY
BY ANNA MCCLURE SHOLL
1478-1535
1780-1849
Hajji as a Quack ('The Adventures of Hajji Baba')
1804-1875
WILLIAM MORRIS
1838-
Rousseau at Montmorency (Rousseau')
Condorcet (Critical Miscellanies')
The Church and the 'Encyclopædia' ('Diderot and the
Encyclopædists')
1834-1896
BY WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE
Shameful Death
Hallblithe Dwelleth in the Wood Alone (The Story of
the Glittering Plain')
PAGE
10271
10295
10304
10318
10323
10337
## p. 10205 (#13) ###########################################
vii
WILLIAM MORRIS- Continued:
Iceland First Seen
From The Earthly Paradise': Introduction; L'Envoi
The Blue Closet
MOSCHUS
The Lamentation for Bion
The Day is Coming
Kiartan Bids Farewell to Gudrun (The Lovers of Gudrun ')
Third Century B. C.
10360
WILLIAM MOTHERWELL
1797-1835
When I Beneath the Cold Red Earth am Sleeping
Jeanie Morrison
My Heid is Like to Rend, Willie
May Morn Song
JOHN LOTHROP MOTLEY
LIVED
ELISHA MULFORD
BY JOHN FRANKLIN JAMESON
The Abdication of Charles V. of Spain (Rise of the
Dutch Republic')
The Spanish Armada Approaches England (History of
the United Netherlands')
The Armada Destroyed (same)
The Fate of John of Barneveld (Life of Barneveld')
FREDERICK MAX MÜLLER
1814-1877
The Nation is a Continuity (The Nation')
The Nation the Realization of Freedom (same)
The People and the Land (same)
The Personality of Man (The Republic of God')
The Personality of God (same)
The Teleological Argument (same)
The Scriptures (same)
BY HENRY A. STIMSON
JOHN MUIR
1836–
A Wind-storm in the Forests (The Mountains of California')
1833-1885
PAGE
1823-
On the Migration of Fables ('Chips from a German Work-
shop')
10365
10373
10405
10415
10425
## p.
10206 (#14) ###########################################
viii
WILHELM MÜLLER
From The Pretty Maid of the Mill':
Wandering; Whither? Halt! Thanksgiving to the Brook;
Curiosity; Impatience; Good-Morning; Showers of
Tears; Mine! Withered Flowers; The Miller and the
Brook; Cradle Song of the Brook
Vineta
MARY NOAILLES MURFREE (Charles Egbert Craddock)
1850-
HENRI MURGER
The Dancin' Party at Harrison's Cove (In the Tennessee
Mountains')
ALFRED DE MUSSET
1822-1861
A Bohemian Evening Party (The Bohemians of the Latin
Quarter')
The White Violets (same)
LIVED
1794-1827
BY ALCÉE FORTIER
Vergiss Mein Nicht
From To a Comrade'
From On a Slab of Rose Marble'
From The Wild Mare in the Desert'
To Pépa
Juana
The Grisettes (Mimi Pinson')
The False Lover ('No Trifling with Love')
FREDERIC WILLIAM HENRY MYERS
1810-1857
1843-
The Disenchantment of France (Science and a Future
Life ')
MYTHS AND FOLK-LORE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES
The Kinvad Bridge
The Bridge of Dread
The Legend of Bomere Pool
The Lake of the Demons
Fairy Gifts and their Ill-Luck
BY WILLIAM SHARP AND ERNEST RHYS
PAGE
10442
10453
10473
10487
10511
10522
A Sleeping Army
The Black Lamb
Death-Bed Superstitions
The Witched Churn
The Bad Wife and the Demon
## p. 10207 (#15) ###########################################
ix
LIVED
MYTHS AND FOLK-LORE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES - - Continued:
Hangman's Rope
May-Day Song
Old English Charms and Folk Customs: Bread Charms;
Knife Charm
Yule-Log Ceremony
The Changeling
The Magic Sword
LADY NAIRNE (CAROLINA OLIPHANT)
The Land of the Leal
The Hundred Pipers
Caller Herrin'
FRIDTJOF NANSEN
BY THOMAS DAVIDSON
The Auld House
The Laird o' Cockpen
Wha'll be King but Charlie ?
Will Ye no Come Back Again?
Gude-Nicht, and Joy be wi' Ye A'
Would you be Young Again?
THE NEW TESTAMENT
An Evening's Aurora (Farthest North')
The Polar Night (same)
The New Year, 1896: Our Daily Life (same)
The Journey Southward (same)
1766-1845
BY FREDERICK W. FARRAR
The Sermon on the Mount (Matthew)
From the Gospel According to St. Mark
The Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke)
The Parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke)
On the Sabbath (Mark, Luke)
Discipleship (John)
Immortality (same)
From the General Epistle of Jude
The Vision (Revelation)
1861-
The Conversion of Paul (Acts of the Apostles)
The Nature of Love (First Epistle to the Corinthians)
PAGE
10543
10555
10565
## p. 10208 (#16) ###########################################
JOHN HENRY NEWMAN
The Transition ('Apologia pro Vitâ Suâ')
The Locusts ('Callista')
SIR ISAAC NEWTON
Callista and Agellius (same)
Mother and Son ('Loss and Gain')
The Separation of Friends (Lyra Apostolica ')
The Pillar of the Cloud
After Death (The Dream of Gerontius')
Angel
X
NIBELUNGENlied
BY RICHARD HOLT HUTTON
LIVED
1801-1890
Letter to Francis Astor in 1669
From Mathematical Principles' (Principia')
BARTHOLD GEORG NIEBUHR
NIZĀMĪ
1642-1727
From the
the Nibelungenlied (Fall of the Nibelungers):
Kriemhild; Siegfried; Hagan's Account of Siegfried;
How Siegfried First Saw Kriemhild; How the Two
Queens Reviled One Another; How Siegfried Parted
from Kriemhild; How Siegfried was Slain; How the
Margrave Rudeger Bewailed his Divided Duty; How
Kriemhild Slew Hagan and was Herself Slain
Twelfth Century
BY CHARLES HARVEY GENUNG
CHARLES NODIER
1776-1831
Plan for a Complete History of Rome (Introduction to
"History of Rome')
Early Education: Words and Things (Life and Letters')
The Importance of the Imagination (same)
From Nizami's 'Laila and Majnun'
1141-1203
BY A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSON
1780-1844
The Golden Dream: The Kardouon; Xailoun; The Fakir
Abhoc; Doctor Abhac; The King of the Sands; The
Sage Lockman; The Angel; The End of the Golden
Dream
PAGE
10597
10619
10627
10657
10665
10672
## p. 10209 (#17) ###########################################
xi
WILLIAM EDWARD NORRIS
1847-
Freddy Croft: And the Lynshire Ball (Matrimony')
Mrs. Winnington's Eavesdropping (No New Thing')
An Idyl in Kabylia (Mademoiselle de Mersac ')
CHARLES ELIOT NORTON
1827-
The Building of Orvieto Cathedral (Notes of Travel and
Study in Italy')
The Dome of Brunelleschi (Historical Studies of Church
Building in the Middle Ages')
NOVALIS (FRIEDRICH VON HARDENBERG)
Hymns to the Night
FITZ-JAMES O'BRIEN
LIVED
-
1772-1801
The Great Diamond is Obtained and Used (The Dia-
mond Lens')
The Lost Steamship
ADAM GOTTLOB OEHLENSCHLÄGER
1828-1862
1
BY WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE
The Dedication of 'Aladdin' to Goethe
Song ('Aladdin')
From Axel and Valborg'
The Foes (Hakon Jarl')
The Sacrifice (same)
Song (Correggio')
1779-1850
Noureddin Reads from an old Folio ('Aladdin')
Oehlenschläger's Only Hymn
THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE JEWISH APOCRYPHA
BY CRAWFORD H. TOY
PAGE
10685
10707
The Old Testament
Narrative Prose: Abraham's Appeal for Sodom; Elijah
and the Prophets of Baal; Elijah's Flight; Micaiah's
Prophecy; Esther and Haman
The Prophets: Amos Denounces the Evil Time; A La-
mentation of Jeremiah; Ezekiel - Invocation of Evils
on Israel, Description of Tyre, Address to Pharaoh,
Description of Pharaoh's Fall; Isaiah-Prophesies
Jehovah's Vengeance on Edom, also Israel's Future
Glory
10724
10733
10745
10775
## p. 10210 (#18) ###########################################
xii
THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE JEWISH APOCRYPHA-
Continued:
Poetry: From Psalms xxiii. , xxiv. , cxxi. , xviii. ; From
Lamentations ii. ; From Ezekiel xix. ; From Isaiah
xiv. ; From Lamentations i. ; From Job; From Can-
ticles; From Ecclesiastes
Apocalypse
-
Apocrypha: The Lament of the Wicked (Wisdom of Sol-
omon)
Odes in Praise of Wisdom: Job xxviii. , Ecclesiasticus
xxiv. , Wisdom of Solomon vii.
A
## p. 10211 (#19) ###########################################
LIST OF PORTRAITS
IN VOL. XVIII
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne
Montesquieu
Thomas Moore
Sir Thomas More
Eduard Mörike
John Morley
William Morris
William Motherwell
John Lothrop Motley
John Muir
Frederick Max Müller
Wilhelm Müller
Mary Noailles Murfree
Henri Murger
Alfred De Musset
Fridtjof Nansen
John Henry Newman
Sir Isaac Newton
Barthold Georg Niebuhr
Charles Nodier
William Edward Norris
Charles Eliot Norton
- Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg)
Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger
Full page
Full page
Full page
Full page
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Full page
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
## p. 10212 (#20) ###########################################
## p. 10213 (#21) ###########################################
## p. 10214 (#22) ###########################################
LADY MARY WORTLEY
MONTAGU
## p. 10215 (#23) ###########################################
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## p. 10216 (#24) ###########################################
## p. 10217 (#25) ###########################################
10217
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU
(1689-1762)
BY ANNA MCCLURE SHOLL
HE glamour which to this day is about the enigmatic character
of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu seems born of the contra-
dictions of her nature. Her letters show her capable of
greatness of thought and feeling, and yet she produced little but
enigmas. She is brilliant but not convincing. The present genera-
tion, like her own, is of two minds about her. It cannot take her
with over-seriousness; yet it is forced to pay tribute to her precocity
of mind and character.
Had Lady Mary Montagu lived in an age friendly to the intellect-
ual sincerity of women, she might have put her powers of mind to
great advantage; but the world would probably have lost that unique.
personality which might be the eighteenth century masquerading as
a woman. Of the weakness and strength of that age of light without
sweetness, Lady Mary is representative. She possesses its cleverness,
its clear head, its brittle wit. She exhibits also its lack of strong
natural feeling, its indifference to the primal truths of existence, its
tendency to sacrifice the Ten Commandments to an epigram. She
was as much a product of her time as her acid friend and enemy,
Pope; as the rocking-horse metre of the contemporary poetry; as the
patched and powdered ladies of the court; as the Whig and Tory
parties; as the polite infidelities of the fashionable. Yet in her good
sense and intellectual fearlessness she belonged to a later day. The
woman who introduced inoculation into England would not have been
out of place in the latter half of this century.
She was born in 1689, at a time when English society and Eng-
lish literature had lost the last gleam of a great dead age, and
existed for the most part in the candle-light of drawing-rooms. Her
father, the Marquis of Dorchester, did little for her but introduce her
to the Kit-Kat Club, where she made her first bow to the world of
the new century, in which she was afterwards to become a central
figure. Having no mother, she grew up as she could. Her irregular
education in her father's library, where she read what she chose,
probably heightened that spontaneity of thought which gives to her
letters their peculiar charm. Her neglected childhood served doubt-
less to increase her originality and her independence. The latter
## p. 10218 (#26) ###########################################
10218
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU
quality, at least, was exhibited in her precipitate marriage with
Edward Wortley. Tradition has it that her scholarly husband had
been drawn to her by her knowledge of classical Latin; but in all
probability Lady Mary herself was the greater magnet. Shortly after
his marriage, Edward Wortley was appointed ambassador to Tur-
key. His wife gave evidence of her adventurous spirit and of her
intellectual thirst by accompanying him thither. In her letters from
Turkey, Lady Mary exhibits her disposition to regard all life as a
pageant. The spectacular element in human existence, whether in
Constantinople or in London, made strong appeal to her. Like her
age, she was absorbed in the shows of things. Her intellectual com-
prehension of them was complete. Beyond the domain of the intel-
lect she never ventured. The letters from Turkey give evidence of
having been written for publication. They are studied in manner,
but this does not deprive them of the charm of individuality. Lady
Mary, on her return, took her place at once in London society as
a remarkable woman- with varying effects upon the world before
which she lived. Opinions of her touched extremes. No one within
the circle of her influence could trim between adoration and detes-
tation. If she was not a hag she was a goddess. It required the
versatility and peculiar sensitiveness of Pope himself to find her both.
Their famous friendship and their famous quarrel are food for the
reflection of posterity.
The savage attacks of the poet may have been one cause for the
departure of Lady Mary from London to the sylvan life abroad, of
which she writes in such fine detail to her daughter, Lady Bute.
Through her letters she held her power at home during many years
of her self-imposed exile. he remained abroad from 1739 to 1762,
the year of her death; although she writes to her daughter that the
very hay in which some china was packed is dear to her, because it
came from England.
She returned to her native land sick, homely, and old, but with
power still to turn her mean tenement into a court. The last picture
of her is of a decrepit woman in an abominable wig and greasy petti-
coat, and an old great-coat with tarnished brass buttons, receiving the
homage of English wit and English culture, drawn to her by an irre-
sistible fascination. She was Lady Mary Wortley Montagu under all
disguises. She retains her power to this day.
Alena Mune Sholl
## p. 10219 (#27) ###########################################
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU
TO E. W. MONTAGU, ESQ.
10219
TUESDAY NIGHT.
I
RECEIVED both your Monday letters before I writ the inclosed,
which, however, I send you. The kind letter was writ and
sent Friday morning, and I did not receive yours till Satur-
day noon. To speak truth, you would never have had it else,
there were so many things in yours to put me out of humor.
Thus, you see, it was on no design to repair anything that of
fended you.
You only show me how industrious you are to find
faults in me: why will you not suffer me to be pleased with
you?
I would see you if I could (though perhaps it may be wrong);
but in the way that I am here, 'tis impossible. I can't come
to town but in company with my sister-in-law: I can carry her
nowhere but where she pleases; or if I could, I would trust her
with nothing. I could not walk out alone without giving suspi-
cion to the whole family; should I be watched, and seen to meet
a man-judge of the consequences!
You speak of treating with my father, as if you believed he
would come to terms afterwards. I will not suffer you to remain
in the thought, however advantageous it might be to me; I will
deceive you in nothing. I am fully persuaded he will never hear
of terms afterwards. You may say, 'tis talking oddly of him. I
can't answer to that; but 'tis my real opinion, and I think I know
him. You talk to me of estates, as if I was the most interested
woman in the world. Whatever faults I may have shown in my
life, I know not one action in it that ever proved me mercenary.
I think there cannot be a greater proof to the contrary than
my treating with you, where I am to depend entirely upon your
generosity, at the same time that I may have settled on me £500
per annum pin-money, and a considerable jointure, in another
place; not to reckon that I may have by his temper what com-
mand of his estate I please: and with you I have nothing to
pretend to. I do not, however, make a merit to you: money is
very little to me, because all beyond necessaries I do not value
that is to be purchased by it. If the man proposed to me had
£10,000 per annum, and I was sure to dispose of it all, I should
act just as I do. I have in my life known a good deal of show,
and never found myself the happier for it.
## p. 10220 (#28) ###########################################
10220
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU
In proposing to you to follow the scheme proposed by that
friend, I think 'tis absolutely necessary for both our sakes. I
would have you want no pleasure which a single life would
afford you. You own you think nothing so agreeable. A woman
that adds nothing to a man's fortune ought not to take from his
happiness. If possible, I would add to it; but I will not take
from you any satisfaction you could enjoy without me.
On my
own side, I endeavor to form as right a judgment of the temper
of human nature, and of my own in particular, as I am capable
of. I would throw off all partiality and passion, and be calm in
my opinion. Almost all people are apt to run into a mistake,
that when they once feel or give a passion, there needs nothing
to entertain it. This mistake makes, in the number of women
that inspire even violent passions, hardly one preserve one after
possession. If we marry, our happiness must consist in loving
one another; 'tis principally my concern to think of the mcst
probable method of making that love eternal. You object against
living in London: I am not fond of it myself, and readily give
it up to you; though I am assured there needs more art to
keep a fondness alive in solitude, where it generally preys upon
itself.
There is one article absolutely necessary: to be ever beloved,
one must ever be agreeable. There is no such thing as being
agrecable without a thorough good-humor, a natural sweetness
of temper, enlivened by cheerfulness. Whatever natural funds
of gayety one is born with, 'tis necessary to be entertained with
agreeable objects. Anybody capable of tasting pleasure when
they confine themselves to one place, should take care 'tis the
place in the world the most agreeable. Whatever you may now
think (now, perhaps, you have some fondness for me), though
your love should continue in its full force there are hours when
the most beloved mistress would be troublesome. People are not
forever (nor is it in human nature that they should be) disposed
to be fond; you would be glad to find in me the friend and the
companion. To be agreeably the last, it is necessary to be gay
and entertaining. A perpetual solitude, in a place where you see
nothing to raise your spirits, at length wears them out, and con-
versation insensibly falls into dull and insipid. When I have no
more to say to you, you will like me no longer.
How dreadful is that view! You will reflect for my sake
you have abandoned the conversation of a friend that you liked,
## p. 10221 (#29) ###########################################
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU
10221
and your situation in a country where all things would have
contributed to make your life pass in (the true volupte) a smooth
tranquillity. I shall lose the vivacity which should entertain you,
and you will have nothing to recompense you for what you have
lost. Very few people that have settled entirely in the country,
but have grown at length weary of one another.
The lady's
conversation generally falls into a thousand impertinent effects.
of idleness; and the gentleman falls in love with his dogs and
his horses, and out of love with everything else. I am not now
arguing in favor of the town: you have answered me as to that
point.
In respect of your health, 'tis the first thing to be considered,
and I shall never ask you to do anything injurious to that. But
'tis my opinion, 'tis necessary, to be happy, that we neither of us
think any place more agreeable than that where we are. I have
nothing to do in London; and 'tis indifferent to me if I never
see it more. I know not how to answer your mentioning gal-
lantry, nor in what sense to understand you: whoever I marry,
when I am married I renounce all things of the kind.
I am
willing to abandon all conversation but yours; I will part with
anything for you, but you. I will not have you a month, to lose
you for the rest of my life. If you can pursue the plan of hap-
piness begun with your friend, and take me for that friend, I
am ever yours. I have examined my own heart whether I can
leave everything for you; I think I can: if I change my mind,
you shall know before Sunday; after that I will not change my
mind.
If 'tis necessary for your affairs to stay in England, to assist
your father in his business, as I suppose the time will be short,
I would be as little injurious to your fortune as I can, and I will
do it. But I am still of opinion nothing is so likely to make us
both happy, as what I propose. I foresee I may break with you
on this point, and I shall certainly be displeased with myself for
it, and wish a thousand times that I had done whatever you
pleased; but, however, I hope I shall always remember how much
more miserable than anything else would make me, should I
be to live with you and to please you no longer. You can be
pleased with nothing when you are not pleased with your wife.
One of the Spectators is very just that says, "A man ought
always to be upon his guard against spleen and a too severe
philosophy; a woman, against levity and coquetry. " If we go to
## p. 10222 (#30) ###########################################
10222
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU
Naples, I will make no acquaintance there of any kind, and you
will be in a place where a variety of agreeable objects will dis-
pose you to be ever pleased. If such a thing is possible, this
will secure our everlasting happiness; and I am ready to wait on
you without leaving a thought behind me.
TO E. W. MONTAGU, ESQ.
FRIDAY NIght.
I
TREMBLE for what we are doing. Are you sure you shall love
me for ever? Shall we never repent? I fear and I hope. I
foresee all that will happen on this occasion. I shall incense
my family in the highest degree. The generality of the world
will blame my conduct, and the relations and friends of
will invent a thousand stories of me; yet 'tis possible you may
recompense everything to me. In this letter, which I am fond of,
you promise me all that I wish. Since I writ so far, I received.
your Friday letter. I will be only yours, and I will do what you
please.
TO MR. POPE
ADRIANOPLE, April 1st, O. S. , 1717.
rience changed his views as to the means by which this aim was
to be reached; his aim itself remained the same in the times
of his hopeless humiliation and of his unlimited plenitude of
power, in the times when as demagogue and conspirator he stole
towards it by paths of darkness, and in those when as joint
possessor of the supreme power and then as monarch, he worked
at his task in the full light of day before the eyes of the world.
All the measures of a permanent kind that proceeded from him
at the most various times assume their appropriate places in the
great building-plan. We cannot therefore properly speak of iso-
lated achievements of Cæsar; he did nothing isolated.
With justice men commend Cæsar the orator for his mascu-
line eloquence, which, scorning all the arts of the advocate, like
a clear flame at once enlightened and warmed. With justice
men admire in Cæsar the author the inimitable simplicity of
the composition, the unique purity and beauty of the language.
With justice the greatest masters of war of all times have
praised Cæsar the general, who, in a singular degree disregarding
routine and tradition, knew always how to find out the mode of
warfare by which in the given case the enemy was conquered,
## p. 10212 (#644) ##########################################
102 1 2
THEODOR MOMMSEN
and which was consequently in the given case the right one;
who, with the certainty of divination, found the proper means for
every end; who after defeat stood ready for battle like William
of Orange, and ended the campaign invariably with victory; who
managed that element of warfare, the treatment of which serves
to distinguish military genius from the mere ordinary ability of
an officer,—the rapid movement of masses, — with unsurpassed
perfection, and found the guarantee of victory not in the massive-
ness of his forces but in the celerity of their movements, not in
long preparation but in rapid and bold action even with inade-
quate means. But all these were with Cæsar mere secondary
matters: he was no doubt a great orator, author, and general, but
he became each of these merely because he was a consummate
statesman.
The soldier more especially played in him altogether an ac-
cessory part; and it is one of the principal peculiarities by which
he is distinguished from Alexander, Hannibal, and Napoleon, that
he began his political activity not as an officer but as a dema-
gogue. According to his original plan he had purposed to reach
his object, like Pericles and Gaius Gracchus, without force of arms;
and throughout eighteen years, as leader of the popular party,
he had moved exclusively amid political plans and intrigues:
until, reluctantly convinced of the necessity for a military sup-
port, he headed an army when he was already forty years of age.
It was natural that even afterwards he should remain still more
statesman than general; like Cromwell, who also transformed
himself from a leader of opposition into a military chief and
democratic king, and who in general, little as the Puritan hero
seems to resemble the dissolute Roman, is yet in his develop-
ment, as well as in the objects which he aimed at and the
results which he achieved, of all statesmen perhaps the most akin
to Cæsar. Even in his mode of warfare this improvised general-
ship may still be recognized: the enterprises of Napoleon against
Egypt and against England do not more clearly exhibit the artil-
lery lieutenant who had risen by service to command, than the
similar enterprises of Cæsar exhibit the demagogue metamor-
phosed into a general. A regularly trained officer would hardly
have been prepared, through political considerations of a not
altogether stringent nature, to set aside the best-founded military
scruples in the way in which Cæsar did so on several occasions,
most strikingly in the case of his landing in Epirus.
## p. 10213 (#645) ##########################################
THEODOR MOMMSEN
10213
Several of his acts are therefore censurable from a military
point of view; but what the general loses the statesman gains.
The task of the statesman is universal in its nature, like Cæsar's
genius: if he undertook things the most varied and most remote
one from another, they had all, without exception, a bearing on
the one great object to which with infinite fidelity and consistency
he devoted himself; and he never preferred one to another of the
manifold aspects and directions of his great activity. Although
a master of the art of war, he yet from statesmanly consider-
ations did his utmost to avert the civil strife, and when it never-
theless began, to keep his laurels from the stain of blood.
Although the founder of a military monarchy, he, yet with an
energy unexampled in history, allowed no hierarchy of marshals
or government of prætorians to come into existence. If he had
a preference for any one form of services rendered to the State,
it was for the sciences and arts of peace rather than for those of
war.
The most remarkable peculiarity of his action as a statesman
was its perfect harmony. In reality all the conditions for this
most difficult of all human functions were united in Cæsar. A
thorough realist, he never allowed the images of the past or ven-
erable tradition to disturb him; with him nothing was of value
in politics but the living present, and the law of reason: just as
in grammar he set aside historical and antiquarian research, and
recognized nothing but on the one hand the living usus loquendi
and on the other hand the rule of symmetry.
A born ruler, he
governed the minds of men as the wind drives the clouds, and
compelled the most heterogeneous natures to place themselves
at his service; - the smooth citizen and the rough subaltern, the
noble matrons of Rome and the fair princesses of Egypt and
Mauritania, the brilliant cavalry officer and the calculating banker.
His talent for organization was marvelous. No statesman has
ever compelled alliances, no general has ever collected an army
out of unyielding and refractory elements, with such decision,
and kept them together with such firmness, as Cæsar displayed
in constraining and upholding his coalitions and his legions.
Never did regent judge his instruments and assign each to the
place appropriate for him with so acute an eye.
He was monarch; but he never played the king. Even
when absolute lord of Rome, he retained the deportment of the
party leader: perfectly pliant and smooth, easy and charming in
## p. 10214 (#646) ##########################################
10214
THEODOR MOMMSEN
conversation, complaisant towards every one, it seemed as if he
wished to be nothing but the first among his peers.
Cæsar entirely avoided the blunder of so many men other.
wise on an equality with him, who have carried into politics the
tone of military command; however much occasion his disagree-
able relations with the Senate gave for it, he never resorted to
outrages such as that of the eighteenth Brumaire. Cæsar was
monarch; but he was never seized with the giddiness of the
tyrant. He is perhaps the only one among the mighty men of
the earth who in great matters and little never acted according
to inclination or caprice, but always without exception according
to his duty as ruler; and who, when he looked back on his life,
found doubtless erroneous calculations to deplore, but no false
step of passion to regret. There is nothing in the history of
Cæsar's life which even on a small scale can be compared with
those poetico-sensual ebullitions - such as the murder of Kleitos
or the burning of Persepolis — which the history of his great
predecessor in the East records. He is, in fine, perhaps the only
one of those mighty men who has preserved to the end of his
career the statesman's tact of discriminating between the possi-
ble and the impossible, and has not broken down in the task
which for nobly gifted natures is the most difficult of all, - the
task of recognizing, when on the pinnacle of success, its nat-
ural limits. What was possible he performed; and never left
the possible good undone for the sake of the impossible better,
never disdained at least to mitigate by palliatives evils that were
incurable. But where he recognized that fate had spoken, he
always obeyed. Alexander on the Hyphasis, Napoleon at Mos-
cow, turned back because they were compelled to do so, and
were indignant at destiny for bestowing even on its favorites
merely limited successes; Cæsar turned back voluntarily on the
Thames and on the Rhine; and at the Danube and the Euphra-
tes thought not of unbounded plans of world-conquest, but
merely of carrying into effect a well-considered regulation of the
frontiers.
Such was this unique man, whom it seems so easy and yet is
so infinitely difficult to describe. His whole nature is transparent
clearness; and tradition preserves more copious and more vivid
information regarding him than regarding any of his peers in
the ancient world. Of such a person our conceptions may well
vary in point of shallowness or depth, but strictly speaking, they
## p. 10215 (#647) ##########################################
THEODOR MOMMSEN
10215
cannot be different: to every inquirer not utterly perverted, the
grand figure has exhibited the same essential features, and yet
no one has succeeded in reproducing it to the life. The secret
lies in its perfection. In his character as a man as well as in
his place in history, Cæsar occupies a position where the great
contrasts of existence meet and balance each other. Of the
mightiest creative power and yet at the same time of the most
penetrating judgment; no longer a youth and not yet an old
man; of the highest energy of will and the highest capacity of
execution; filled with republican ideals and at the same time
born to be a king; a Roman in the deepest essence of his nature,
and yet called to reconcile and combine in himself as well as in
the outer world the Roman and the Hellenic types of culture,-
Cæsar was the entire and perfect man. Accordingly we miss in
him more than in any other historical personage what are called
characteristic features, which are in reality nothing else than
deviations from the natural course of human development. What
in Cæsar passes for such at the first superficial glance is, when
more closely observed, seen to be the peculiarity not of the indi-
vidual but of the epoch of culture or of the nation: his youthful
adventures, for instance, were common to him as to all his more
gifted contemporaries of like position; his unpoetical but strongly
logical temperament was the temperament of Romans in general.
It formed part also of Cæsar's full humanity that he was
in the highest degree influenced by the conditions of time and
place; for there is no abstract humanity, - the living man cannot
but occupy a place in a given nationality and in a definite line
of culture. Cæsar was a perfect man just because more than
any other he placed himself amidst the currents of his time, and
because more than any other he possessed the essential peculiar-
ity of the Roman nation — practical aptitude as a citizen — in per-
fection; for his Hellenism in fact was only the Hellenism which
had been long intimately blended with the Italian nationality.
But in this very circumstance lies the difficulty, we may perhaps
say the impossibility, of depicting Cæsar to the life. As the
artist can paint everything save only consummate beauty, so the
historian, when once in a thousand years he falls in with the per-
fect, can only be silent regarding it. For normality admits doubt-
less of being expressed, but it gives us only the negative notion
of the absence of defect; the secret of nature, whereby in her most
finished manifestations normality and individuality are combined,
## p. 10216 (#648) ##########################################
10216
THEODOR MOMMSEN
is beyond expression. Nothing is left for us but to deem those
fortunate who beheld this perfection, and to gain some faint con-
ception of it from the reflected lustre which rests imperishably
on the works tiat were the creation of this great nature.
These also, it is true, bear the stamp of the time. The Ro-
man hero himself stood by the side of his youthful Greek prede-
cessor, not merely as an equal but as a superior; but the world
had meanwhile become old and its youthful lustre had faded.
The action of Cæsar was no longer, like that of Alexander, a
,
joyous marching onward towards a goal indefinitely remote: he
built on and out of ruins, and was content to establish himself
as tolerably and as securely as possible within the ample but yet
definite bounds once assigned to him. With reason, therefore,
the delicate poetic tact of the nations has not troubled itself
about the unpoetical Roman, and has invested the son of Philip
alone with all the golden lustre of poetry, with all the rainbow
hues of legend. But with equal reason the political life of nations
has during thousands of years again and again reverted to the
lines which Cæsar drew; and the fact that the peoples to whom
the world belongs still at the present day designate the highest
of their monarchs by his name, conveys a warning deeply signifi-
cant, and unhappily fraught with shame.
## p. (#649) ################################################
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Widener Library
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Publisher: New York, R. S. Peale and J. A. Hill [c1896-97]
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## p. 10193 (#1) ############################################
3 2044 010 096 592
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Lit 2020. 18
VERI
TAS
HARVARD
COLLEGE
LIBRARY
4
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#
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{ *
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I
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Grosch
CARDINAL J. H. NEWMAN,
40%
## p. 10199 (#7) ############################################
LIBRARY
OF
THE
WORLD'S BEST LITERATURE
Ancient and Modern
CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER
EDITOR
HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE, LUCIA GILBERT RUNKLE,
GEORGE H. WARNER
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
THIRTY VOLUMES
VOL. XVIII
NEW YORK
R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
PUBLISHERS
## p. 10200 (#8) ############################################
Lit
MAS
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
COPYRIGHT 1897
BY R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
All rights reserved
WERNERCOMPANY
PRINTERS
381
54-13
8-2
## p. 10201 (#9) ############################################
THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
CRAWFORD H. TOY, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Hebrew,
HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.
THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, LL. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of
YALE UNIVERSITY, New Haven, Conn.
WILLIAM M. SLOANE, PH. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of History and Political Science,
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Princeton, N. J.
BRANDER MATTHEWS, A. M. , LL. B. ,
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D. ,
President of the
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, Mich.
WILLARD FISKE, A. M. , PH. D. ,
Late Professor of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y.
and Literatures,
ALCÉE FORTIER, LIT. D. ,
EDWARD S. HOLDEN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Director of the Lick Observatory, and Astronomer,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Cal.
Professor of the Romance Languages,
TULANE UNIVERSITY, New Orleans, La.
WILLIAM P. TRENT, M. A. ,
Dean of the Department of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of
English and History,
UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH, Sewanee, Tenn.
PAUL SHOREY, PH. D. ,
Professor of Greek and Latin Literature,
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, Chicago, Ill.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D. ,
United States Commissioner of Education,
BUREAU OF EDUCATION, Washington, D. C.
MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Id
Professor of Literature in the
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Washington, D. C.
## p. 10202 (#10) ###########################################
## p. 10203 (#11) ###########################################
A
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU
VOL. XVIII
To E. W. Montagu, Esq.
To the Same
MONTESQUIEU
To Mr. Pope
To Mrs. S. C.
To the Countess of Mar
MICHEL EYQUEM DE MONTAIGNE
BY ANNA MCCLURE SHOLL
LIVED
1689-1762
BY FERDINAND BOCHER
The Author to the Reader ('Essays')
Of Friendship (same)
Of Books (same)
Of Repentance (same)
To the Abbé X-
To the Countess of Mar
To the Countess of Bute
From a Letter to the Same
To the Countess of Bute
1533-1592
1689-1755
BY FRANCIS NEWTON THORPE
On the Power of Punishments (The Spirit of Laws')
In What Manner Republics Provide for Their Safety
(same)
PAGE
10217
Origin of the Right of Slavery among the Roman Civil-
ians (same)
On the Spirit of Trade (same)
On the True Nature of Benevolence (same)
On Religion (same)
On Two Causes which Destroyed Rome (Grandeur and
Decadence of the Roman Empire')
Usbek at Paris, to Ibben at Smyrna (Persian Letters')
Rica at Paris, to Ibben at Smyrna (same)
10237
10249
## p. 10204 (#12) ###########################################
vi
THOMAS MOORE
BY THOMAS WALSH
Paradise and the Peri (Lalla Rookh')
Love's Young Dream
The Time I've Lost in Wooing
Believe Me if All Those Endearing Young Charms
Come, Rest in This Bosom
Nora Creina
Oft, in the Stilly Night
Oh! Breathe Not His Name
'Tis the Last Rose of Summer
"Thou Art, O God"
The Bird Let Loose
The Harp that Once Through Tara's Halls
Sound the Loud Timbrel
SIR THOMAS MORE
JAMES JUSTINIAN MORIER
LIVED
1779-1852
A Letter to Lady More
Life in Utopia (Utopia')
Slavery and Punishments for Crime (same)
EDUARD MÖRIKE
My River
Two Lovers
An Hour Ere Break of Day
JOHN MORLEY
BY ANNA MCCLURE SHOLL
1478-1535
1780-1849
Hajji as a Quack ('The Adventures of Hajji Baba')
1804-1875
WILLIAM MORRIS
1838-
Rousseau at Montmorency (Rousseau')
Condorcet (Critical Miscellanies')
The Church and the 'Encyclopædia' ('Diderot and the
Encyclopædists')
1834-1896
BY WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE
Shameful Death
Hallblithe Dwelleth in the Wood Alone (The Story of
the Glittering Plain')
PAGE
10271
10295
10304
10318
10323
10337
## p. 10205 (#13) ###########################################
vii
WILLIAM MORRIS- Continued:
Iceland First Seen
From The Earthly Paradise': Introduction; L'Envoi
The Blue Closet
MOSCHUS
The Lamentation for Bion
The Day is Coming
Kiartan Bids Farewell to Gudrun (The Lovers of Gudrun ')
Third Century B. C.
10360
WILLIAM MOTHERWELL
1797-1835
When I Beneath the Cold Red Earth am Sleeping
Jeanie Morrison
My Heid is Like to Rend, Willie
May Morn Song
JOHN LOTHROP MOTLEY
LIVED
ELISHA MULFORD
BY JOHN FRANKLIN JAMESON
The Abdication of Charles V. of Spain (Rise of the
Dutch Republic')
The Spanish Armada Approaches England (History of
the United Netherlands')
The Armada Destroyed (same)
The Fate of John of Barneveld (Life of Barneveld')
FREDERICK MAX MÜLLER
1814-1877
The Nation is a Continuity (The Nation')
The Nation the Realization of Freedom (same)
The People and the Land (same)
The Personality of Man (The Republic of God')
The Personality of God (same)
The Teleological Argument (same)
The Scriptures (same)
BY HENRY A. STIMSON
JOHN MUIR
1836–
A Wind-storm in the Forests (The Mountains of California')
1833-1885
PAGE
1823-
On the Migration of Fables ('Chips from a German Work-
shop')
10365
10373
10405
10415
10425
## p.
10206 (#14) ###########################################
viii
WILHELM MÜLLER
From The Pretty Maid of the Mill':
Wandering; Whither? Halt! Thanksgiving to the Brook;
Curiosity; Impatience; Good-Morning; Showers of
Tears; Mine! Withered Flowers; The Miller and the
Brook; Cradle Song of the Brook
Vineta
MARY NOAILLES MURFREE (Charles Egbert Craddock)
1850-
HENRI MURGER
The Dancin' Party at Harrison's Cove (In the Tennessee
Mountains')
ALFRED DE MUSSET
1822-1861
A Bohemian Evening Party (The Bohemians of the Latin
Quarter')
The White Violets (same)
LIVED
1794-1827
BY ALCÉE FORTIER
Vergiss Mein Nicht
From To a Comrade'
From On a Slab of Rose Marble'
From The Wild Mare in the Desert'
To Pépa
Juana
The Grisettes (Mimi Pinson')
The False Lover ('No Trifling with Love')
FREDERIC WILLIAM HENRY MYERS
1810-1857
1843-
The Disenchantment of France (Science and a Future
Life ')
MYTHS AND FOLK-LORE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES
The Kinvad Bridge
The Bridge of Dread
The Legend of Bomere Pool
The Lake of the Demons
Fairy Gifts and their Ill-Luck
BY WILLIAM SHARP AND ERNEST RHYS
PAGE
10442
10453
10473
10487
10511
10522
A Sleeping Army
The Black Lamb
Death-Bed Superstitions
The Witched Churn
The Bad Wife and the Demon
## p. 10207 (#15) ###########################################
ix
LIVED
MYTHS AND FOLK-LORE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES - - Continued:
Hangman's Rope
May-Day Song
Old English Charms and Folk Customs: Bread Charms;
Knife Charm
Yule-Log Ceremony
The Changeling
The Magic Sword
LADY NAIRNE (CAROLINA OLIPHANT)
The Land of the Leal
The Hundred Pipers
Caller Herrin'
FRIDTJOF NANSEN
BY THOMAS DAVIDSON
The Auld House
The Laird o' Cockpen
Wha'll be King but Charlie ?
Will Ye no Come Back Again?
Gude-Nicht, and Joy be wi' Ye A'
Would you be Young Again?
THE NEW TESTAMENT
An Evening's Aurora (Farthest North')
The Polar Night (same)
The New Year, 1896: Our Daily Life (same)
The Journey Southward (same)
1766-1845
BY FREDERICK W. FARRAR
The Sermon on the Mount (Matthew)
From the Gospel According to St. Mark
The Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke)
The Parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke)
On the Sabbath (Mark, Luke)
Discipleship (John)
Immortality (same)
From the General Epistle of Jude
The Vision (Revelation)
1861-
The Conversion of Paul (Acts of the Apostles)
The Nature of Love (First Epistle to the Corinthians)
PAGE
10543
10555
10565
## p. 10208 (#16) ###########################################
JOHN HENRY NEWMAN
The Transition ('Apologia pro Vitâ Suâ')
The Locusts ('Callista')
SIR ISAAC NEWTON
Callista and Agellius (same)
Mother and Son ('Loss and Gain')
The Separation of Friends (Lyra Apostolica ')
The Pillar of the Cloud
After Death (The Dream of Gerontius')
Angel
X
NIBELUNGENlied
BY RICHARD HOLT HUTTON
LIVED
1801-1890
Letter to Francis Astor in 1669
From Mathematical Principles' (Principia')
BARTHOLD GEORG NIEBUHR
NIZĀMĪ
1642-1727
From the
the Nibelungenlied (Fall of the Nibelungers):
Kriemhild; Siegfried; Hagan's Account of Siegfried;
How Siegfried First Saw Kriemhild; How the Two
Queens Reviled One Another; How Siegfried Parted
from Kriemhild; How Siegfried was Slain; How the
Margrave Rudeger Bewailed his Divided Duty; How
Kriemhild Slew Hagan and was Herself Slain
Twelfth Century
BY CHARLES HARVEY GENUNG
CHARLES NODIER
1776-1831
Plan for a Complete History of Rome (Introduction to
"History of Rome')
Early Education: Words and Things (Life and Letters')
The Importance of the Imagination (same)
From Nizami's 'Laila and Majnun'
1141-1203
BY A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSON
1780-1844
The Golden Dream: The Kardouon; Xailoun; The Fakir
Abhoc; Doctor Abhac; The King of the Sands; The
Sage Lockman; The Angel; The End of the Golden
Dream
PAGE
10597
10619
10627
10657
10665
10672
## p. 10209 (#17) ###########################################
xi
WILLIAM EDWARD NORRIS
1847-
Freddy Croft: And the Lynshire Ball (Matrimony')
Mrs. Winnington's Eavesdropping (No New Thing')
An Idyl in Kabylia (Mademoiselle de Mersac ')
CHARLES ELIOT NORTON
1827-
The Building of Orvieto Cathedral (Notes of Travel and
Study in Italy')
The Dome of Brunelleschi (Historical Studies of Church
Building in the Middle Ages')
NOVALIS (FRIEDRICH VON HARDENBERG)
Hymns to the Night
FITZ-JAMES O'BRIEN
LIVED
-
1772-1801
The Great Diamond is Obtained and Used (The Dia-
mond Lens')
The Lost Steamship
ADAM GOTTLOB OEHLENSCHLÄGER
1828-1862
1
BY WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE
The Dedication of 'Aladdin' to Goethe
Song ('Aladdin')
From Axel and Valborg'
The Foes (Hakon Jarl')
The Sacrifice (same)
Song (Correggio')
1779-1850
Noureddin Reads from an old Folio ('Aladdin')
Oehlenschläger's Only Hymn
THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE JEWISH APOCRYPHA
BY CRAWFORD H. TOY
PAGE
10685
10707
The Old Testament
Narrative Prose: Abraham's Appeal for Sodom; Elijah
and the Prophets of Baal; Elijah's Flight; Micaiah's
Prophecy; Esther and Haman
The Prophets: Amos Denounces the Evil Time; A La-
mentation of Jeremiah; Ezekiel - Invocation of Evils
on Israel, Description of Tyre, Address to Pharaoh,
Description of Pharaoh's Fall; Isaiah-Prophesies
Jehovah's Vengeance on Edom, also Israel's Future
Glory
10724
10733
10745
10775
## p. 10210 (#18) ###########################################
xii
THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE JEWISH APOCRYPHA-
Continued:
Poetry: From Psalms xxiii. , xxiv. , cxxi. , xviii. ; From
Lamentations ii. ; From Ezekiel xix. ; From Isaiah
xiv. ; From Lamentations i. ; From Job; From Can-
ticles; From Ecclesiastes
Apocalypse
-
Apocrypha: The Lament of the Wicked (Wisdom of Sol-
omon)
Odes in Praise of Wisdom: Job xxviii. , Ecclesiasticus
xxiv. , Wisdom of Solomon vii.
A
## p. 10211 (#19) ###########################################
LIST OF PORTRAITS
IN VOL. XVIII
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne
Montesquieu
Thomas Moore
Sir Thomas More
Eduard Mörike
John Morley
William Morris
William Motherwell
John Lothrop Motley
John Muir
Frederick Max Müller
Wilhelm Müller
Mary Noailles Murfree
Henri Murger
Alfred De Musset
Fridtjof Nansen
John Henry Newman
Sir Isaac Newton
Barthold Georg Niebuhr
Charles Nodier
William Edward Norris
Charles Eliot Norton
- Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg)
Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger
Full page
Full page
Full page
Full page
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Full page
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
## p. 10212 (#20) ###########################################
## p. 10213 (#21) ###########################################
## p. 10214 (#22) ###########################################
LADY MARY WORTLEY
MONTAGU
## p. 10215 (#23) ###########################################
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AGI
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1:
## p. 10216 (#24) ###########################################
## p. 10217 (#25) ###########################################
10217
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU
(1689-1762)
BY ANNA MCCLURE SHOLL
HE glamour which to this day is about the enigmatic character
of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu seems born of the contra-
dictions of her nature. Her letters show her capable of
greatness of thought and feeling, and yet she produced little but
enigmas. She is brilliant but not convincing. The present genera-
tion, like her own, is of two minds about her. It cannot take her
with over-seriousness; yet it is forced to pay tribute to her precocity
of mind and character.
Had Lady Mary Montagu lived in an age friendly to the intellect-
ual sincerity of women, she might have put her powers of mind to
great advantage; but the world would probably have lost that unique.
personality which might be the eighteenth century masquerading as
a woman. Of the weakness and strength of that age of light without
sweetness, Lady Mary is representative. She possesses its cleverness,
its clear head, its brittle wit. She exhibits also its lack of strong
natural feeling, its indifference to the primal truths of existence, its
tendency to sacrifice the Ten Commandments to an epigram. She
was as much a product of her time as her acid friend and enemy,
Pope; as the rocking-horse metre of the contemporary poetry; as the
patched and powdered ladies of the court; as the Whig and Tory
parties; as the polite infidelities of the fashionable. Yet in her good
sense and intellectual fearlessness she belonged to a later day. The
woman who introduced inoculation into England would not have been
out of place in the latter half of this century.
She was born in 1689, at a time when English society and Eng-
lish literature had lost the last gleam of a great dead age, and
existed for the most part in the candle-light of drawing-rooms. Her
father, the Marquis of Dorchester, did little for her but introduce her
to the Kit-Kat Club, where she made her first bow to the world of
the new century, in which she was afterwards to become a central
figure. Having no mother, she grew up as she could. Her irregular
education in her father's library, where she read what she chose,
probably heightened that spontaneity of thought which gives to her
letters their peculiar charm. Her neglected childhood served doubt-
less to increase her originality and her independence. The latter
## p. 10218 (#26) ###########################################
10218
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU
quality, at least, was exhibited in her precipitate marriage with
Edward Wortley. Tradition has it that her scholarly husband had
been drawn to her by her knowledge of classical Latin; but in all
probability Lady Mary herself was the greater magnet. Shortly after
his marriage, Edward Wortley was appointed ambassador to Tur-
key. His wife gave evidence of her adventurous spirit and of her
intellectual thirst by accompanying him thither. In her letters from
Turkey, Lady Mary exhibits her disposition to regard all life as a
pageant. The spectacular element in human existence, whether in
Constantinople or in London, made strong appeal to her. Like her
age, she was absorbed in the shows of things. Her intellectual com-
prehension of them was complete. Beyond the domain of the intel-
lect she never ventured. The letters from Turkey give evidence of
having been written for publication. They are studied in manner,
but this does not deprive them of the charm of individuality. Lady
Mary, on her return, took her place at once in London society as
a remarkable woman- with varying effects upon the world before
which she lived. Opinions of her touched extremes. No one within
the circle of her influence could trim between adoration and detes-
tation. If she was not a hag she was a goddess. It required the
versatility and peculiar sensitiveness of Pope himself to find her both.
Their famous friendship and their famous quarrel are food for the
reflection of posterity.
The savage attacks of the poet may have been one cause for the
departure of Lady Mary from London to the sylvan life abroad, of
which she writes in such fine detail to her daughter, Lady Bute.
Through her letters she held her power at home during many years
of her self-imposed exile. he remained abroad from 1739 to 1762,
the year of her death; although she writes to her daughter that the
very hay in which some china was packed is dear to her, because it
came from England.
She returned to her native land sick, homely, and old, but with
power still to turn her mean tenement into a court. The last picture
of her is of a decrepit woman in an abominable wig and greasy petti-
coat, and an old great-coat with tarnished brass buttons, receiving the
homage of English wit and English culture, drawn to her by an irre-
sistible fascination. She was Lady Mary Wortley Montagu under all
disguises. She retains her power to this day.
Alena Mune Sholl
## p. 10219 (#27) ###########################################
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU
TO E. W. MONTAGU, ESQ.
10219
TUESDAY NIGHT.
I
RECEIVED both your Monday letters before I writ the inclosed,
which, however, I send you. The kind letter was writ and
sent Friday morning, and I did not receive yours till Satur-
day noon. To speak truth, you would never have had it else,
there were so many things in yours to put me out of humor.
Thus, you see, it was on no design to repair anything that of
fended you.
You only show me how industrious you are to find
faults in me: why will you not suffer me to be pleased with
you?
I would see you if I could (though perhaps it may be wrong);
but in the way that I am here, 'tis impossible. I can't come
to town but in company with my sister-in-law: I can carry her
nowhere but where she pleases; or if I could, I would trust her
with nothing. I could not walk out alone without giving suspi-
cion to the whole family; should I be watched, and seen to meet
a man-judge of the consequences!
You speak of treating with my father, as if you believed he
would come to terms afterwards. I will not suffer you to remain
in the thought, however advantageous it might be to me; I will
deceive you in nothing. I am fully persuaded he will never hear
of terms afterwards. You may say, 'tis talking oddly of him. I
can't answer to that; but 'tis my real opinion, and I think I know
him. You talk to me of estates, as if I was the most interested
woman in the world. Whatever faults I may have shown in my
life, I know not one action in it that ever proved me mercenary.
I think there cannot be a greater proof to the contrary than
my treating with you, where I am to depend entirely upon your
generosity, at the same time that I may have settled on me £500
per annum pin-money, and a considerable jointure, in another
place; not to reckon that I may have by his temper what com-
mand of his estate I please: and with you I have nothing to
pretend to. I do not, however, make a merit to you: money is
very little to me, because all beyond necessaries I do not value
that is to be purchased by it. If the man proposed to me had
£10,000 per annum, and I was sure to dispose of it all, I should
act just as I do. I have in my life known a good deal of show,
and never found myself the happier for it.
## p. 10220 (#28) ###########################################
10220
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU
In proposing to you to follow the scheme proposed by that
friend, I think 'tis absolutely necessary for both our sakes. I
would have you want no pleasure which a single life would
afford you. You own you think nothing so agreeable. A woman
that adds nothing to a man's fortune ought not to take from his
happiness. If possible, I would add to it; but I will not take
from you any satisfaction you could enjoy without me.
On my
own side, I endeavor to form as right a judgment of the temper
of human nature, and of my own in particular, as I am capable
of. I would throw off all partiality and passion, and be calm in
my opinion. Almost all people are apt to run into a mistake,
that when they once feel or give a passion, there needs nothing
to entertain it. This mistake makes, in the number of women
that inspire even violent passions, hardly one preserve one after
possession. If we marry, our happiness must consist in loving
one another; 'tis principally my concern to think of the mcst
probable method of making that love eternal. You object against
living in London: I am not fond of it myself, and readily give
it up to you; though I am assured there needs more art to
keep a fondness alive in solitude, where it generally preys upon
itself.
There is one article absolutely necessary: to be ever beloved,
one must ever be agreeable. There is no such thing as being
agrecable without a thorough good-humor, a natural sweetness
of temper, enlivened by cheerfulness. Whatever natural funds
of gayety one is born with, 'tis necessary to be entertained with
agreeable objects. Anybody capable of tasting pleasure when
they confine themselves to one place, should take care 'tis the
place in the world the most agreeable. Whatever you may now
think (now, perhaps, you have some fondness for me), though
your love should continue in its full force there are hours when
the most beloved mistress would be troublesome. People are not
forever (nor is it in human nature that they should be) disposed
to be fond; you would be glad to find in me the friend and the
companion. To be agreeably the last, it is necessary to be gay
and entertaining. A perpetual solitude, in a place where you see
nothing to raise your spirits, at length wears them out, and con-
versation insensibly falls into dull and insipid. When I have no
more to say to you, you will like me no longer.
How dreadful is that view! You will reflect for my sake
you have abandoned the conversation of a friend that you liked,
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LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU
10221
and your situation in a country where all things would have
contributed to make your life pass in (the true volupte) a smooth
tranquillity. I shall lose the vivacity which should entertain you,
and you will have nothing to recompense you for what you have
lost. Very few people that have settled entirely in the country,
but have grown at length weary of one another.
The lady's
conversation generally falls into a thousand impertinent effects.
of idleness; and the gentleman falls in love with his dogs and
his horses, and out of love with everything else. I am not now
arguing in favor of the town: you have answered me as to that
point.
In respect of your health, 'tis the first thing to be considered,
and I shall never ask you to do anything injurious to that. But
'tis my opinion, 'tis necessary, to be happy, that we neither of us
think any place more agreeable than that where we are. I have
nothing to do in London; and 'tis indifferent to me if I never
see it more. I know not how to answer your mentioning gal-
lantry, nor in what sense to understand you: whoever I marry,
when I am married I renounce all things of the kind.
I am
willing to abandon all conversation but yours; I will part with
anything for you, but you. I will not have you a month, to lose
you for the rest of my life. If you can pursue the plan of hap-
piness begun with your friend, and take me for that friend, I
am ever yours. I have examined my own heart whether I can
leave everything for you; I think I can: if I change my mind,
you shall know before Sunday; after that I will not change my
mind.
If 'tis necessary for your affairs to stay in England, to assist
your father in his business, as I suppose the time will be short,
I would be as little injurious to your fortune as I can, and I will
do it. But I am still of opinion nothing is so likely to make us
both happy, as what I propose. I foresee I may break with you
on this point, and I shall certainly be displeased with myself for
it, and wish a thousand times that I had done whatever you
pleased; but, however, I hope I shall always remember how much
more miserable than anything else would make me, should I
be to live with you and to please you no longer. You can be
pleased with nothing when you are not pleased with your wife.
One of the Spectators is very just that says, "A man ought
always to be upon his guard against spleen and a too severe
philosophy; a woman, against levity and coquetry. " If we go to
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10222
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU
Naples, I will make no acquaintance there of any kind, and you
will be in a place where a variety of agreeable objects will dis-
pose you to be ever pleased. If such a thing is possible, this
will secure our everlasting happiness; and I am ready to wait on
you without leaving a thought behind me.
TO E. W. MONTAGU, ESQ.
FRIDAY NIght.
I
TREMBLE for what we are doing. Are you sure you shall love
me for ever? Shall we never repent? I fear and I hope. I
foresee all that will happen on this occasion. I shall incense
my family in the highest degree. The generality of the world
will blame my conduct, and the relations and friends of
will invent a thousand stories of me; yet 'tis possible you may
recompense everything to me. In this letter, which I am fond of,
you promise me all that I wish. Since I writ so far, I received.
your Friday letter. I will be only yours, and I will do what you
please.
TO MR. POPE
ADRIANOPLE, April 1st, O. S. , 1717.
