Insula, and
Sulpitius
Scverus (2, c.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
257.
-- Cramer's Anc.
Italy, vol. 2, p. 199. )
Casincm, the last town of Latium on the Latin
Way, according to Strabo (238). It was a large and
populous place, and its site is now partly occupied by
the modem town of San Germane According to
Varro, its name was derived from Cascum, an Oscan
word, answering to the Latin Vctus. The same wri-
ter informs us, that Casinum originally belonged to the
Samnites, from whom it was conquered by the Ro-
mans. (Varr. , L. L. , 6. )
Cask's, I. a mountain on the coast of Africa, near
the PalOs Scrbonis (Herodot. , 2, 6), and, according to
Strabo (758), three hundred stadia from Pclusium.
The Ilin. Antonin. , however, makes the distance be-
tween it and the latter place 320 stadia. (Compare
Larchcr, Hist. d'Hcrodotc,Table Gcographique, vol. 8, p.
101. ) On this mountain reposed the remains of Pom-
pey, and here also Jupiter, sumamed Casius, had a tem-
ple. (Compare remarks under the article Asi. ) Mount
Casius forms a promontory called at the present day
Cape El-Cas. --II. Another in Syria, below Antiochia.
It is a very lofty mountain. Plinv, in a style of ex-
aggeration, asserts, that at the fourth watch (three
o'clock A. M. ), the rising sun could be seen from its
top, while the base was enveloped in darkness. (Plin. ,
5, 22. ) The African appears to have been named af-
ter the Syrian mountain. (Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 10,
p. 493. ) As regards the etymology of the name Ca-
sius, consult Bitter, Vorhalle, p. 465, and compare re-
marks under the article Asi.
CaspijH Pokt. i: or Pyl. *, the Caspian gates or pass,
a name belonging properly to a defile near Teheran,
in ancient Media. Moricr (Second Journey through
Persia, &c, chap. 23) names it the pass of Charrar.
(Compare Sainte-Croiz, Ezamen des Hist, a"Alex. , p.
688, seqq. , and 862, ed. 2d. ) It is vaguely applied by
Tacitus and some other ancient writers to different
passes of Mount Caucasus. (Malte-Brun, Geogr. ,
vol. 2, p. 13, Brussels ed. ) For the Caucasian and Al-
banian gates, rid. Caucasus.
Caspii, a nation dwelling along the southern borders
of the Caspian Sea, and giving name to it, according to
Rittcr. (Erdkunde, vol. 2, p. 899, seqq. ) They appear
to have been at one time a powerful commercial peo-
ple, and to have occupied, in the time of the Persian
dominion, the country answering to Ghilan and Der-
bend. Their name is supposed to have been derived
from the term Casp, signifying " a mountain. " (Ritter,
I. e. ) Gattcrer is wrong in placing them between the
Sea of Aral and the northeastern shore of the Caspian,
from which quarter, according to him, they advanced
into the country of the Sarmatro, and afterward, in the
first century of our era, emigrated into Europe. (Con-
sult Bdhr, ad Herod. , 3, 95, and compare Ptoi, 7, 1. --
Mela, 8, 5. )
Caspium mare, a celebrated inland sea of Upper
Asia, deriving its name either from the Caspii along
its southern shores (vid. Caspii), or from Casp, "a
mountain," in allusion to its vicinity to Caucasus.
According to the latest astronomical observations and
local measurements, it extends from north to south, in
a longitudinal direction, nearly all of equal width, ex-
cepting a contraction which occurs at the encroach-
? ? ment made by the peninsula of Apsheron. The nor-
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? CAS
CASSANDER.
acid, which is obtained from it in anion with soda, that
is, in the state of Glauber's salt. (Gmclin, Voyage,
to). 3, p. 267. ) The northwest winds are said to di-
minish the saltness, and to increase the bitterness of
the water. The powerful phosphorescence of the thick,
muddy waters of the Caspian Sea is remarked by
Pallas. The black colour which they assume at a
great distance from the shore is nothing more than
the effect of the depth, and owing to the same optical
cause which makes the ocean appear comparatively
dark and blue instead of light green, in deep places
where the colour of the bottom does not intermix
itself with the natural colour of the water. It would
serve little purpose to enumerate all the names which
have been given to this sea. The "Caspian" is one
of the most ancient. This name is not only common
to the Greek and Latin languages, but enters into the
Georgian, the Armenian, and the Syriac. (Wakl,
Alien, vol. 1, p. 679, seqq. ) The Jewish Rabbis and
Peritsol call it the Dead Sea. The Turkish denom-
ination for it. Khoosghoon Denghizi, is variously trans-
lated, but no probable etymology is assigned. The
Byzantine and Arabian writers call it the sea of Kho-
zares, after a powerful nation; and the Russian an-
nalists knew it in the tenth century under the name of
Gmdenskoi or Shwalenskoi-More, after the Shawlis a
Slavonian people, not much known, that lived on the
Wolga. The name given to this sea in the Zenda-
Vesta is, however, worthy of remark. That apocry-
phal work, which is full of old traditions, calls this sea
TcJukact Daiti, or "the great water of the judgment. " i
Perhaps Noah's Bood, as described in some of the
Eastern traditions, might have a connection with a
sinking of the earth, which had destroyed the inhabit-
ants of an extensive country, and converted it into this
remarkable sea. (Malte-Brun, Geogr. , vol. 2, p. 130,
Brussels (J. )
Cassander, son of Antipater. A short time before
the death of Alexander, he crossed over into Asia for
the purpose of defending his father against the accusa-
tions of Olympias ; and when, after the decease of the
Macedonian monarch, Antipater was appointed regent,
his son received from him the command of the Asiatic
horse. The ambitious views, however, of the young
Cassander, induced his parent to bequeath to him no
share in the government, and Cassander, therefore,
wishing to annul the arrangements which his father I
had made at his death, gave Nicanor the command of
the garrison in the Munychia at Athens, by means of
secret orders, before the news of his father's death
could reach that city, and thus secured for himself an
important stronghold. He then crossed over into
A<ia, in order to secure the co-operation of Ptolemy
and Antigonus. During his absence, Polysperchon
sent an army into Attica, and issued a decree for the
re-establishment of democracy in all the Grecian cities,
in place of the aristocratic forms of government which
had been brought in by Alexander. This edict had
all the effect which Polysperchon intended, and the
cities of Greece drove out, for the most part, those in-
dividuals who were at the head of their affairs. The
Athenians, likewise, put many persons to death, in the
number of whom was the celebrated Phocion, but could
not dislodge the garrison from the Munychia. Cas-
sander, having returned with troops and vessels, which
lie had obtained from Antigonus, seized upon the I'i-
neus, and compelled the Athenians to submit once
? ? more to an aristocratic rule, at the head of which he
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? CAS
CAS
der, favoured, as he thought, the interests of his broth-
er Alexander. The latter, with the aid of Demetrius,
son of Antigonus, made war upon him for this; but,
when about to become reconciled to him, was treach-
erously slain by Demetrius, his own ally; and Antipa-
ter was afterward put to death by his own father-in-
law Lysimachus. (Justin, 13, 4, 18. --Id. , 14, 6, 12.
--Id. , 15, 2, 3. -- Id. , 16, 2, 1, &c. -- Diod. Sic, 18,
3, seqq. --ld. , 18, 54, &c. )
Cassandra, daughter of Priam and Hecnba. She
was beloved by Apollo, and promised to listen to his
addresses, provided he would grant her the knowledge
of futurity. This knowledge she obtained; but she
was regardless of her promise; and Apollo, in re-
venge, determined that no credit should ever be at-
tached to her predictions. Hence her warnings re-
specting the downfall of Troy, and the subsequent
misfortunes of the race, were disregarded by her coun-
trymen. When Troy was taken, she fled for shelter
to the temple of Minerva, but was exposed there to the
brutality of Ajax, the son of Oileus. In the division
of the spoils she fell to the share of Agamemnon, and
was assassinated with him on his return to Mycenae.
(Vid. Agamemnon. ) Cassandra was called Priameis
from her father; and Alexandra, as the sister of Alex-
ander or Paris. --Lord Bacon considers this fable to
have been invented to express the inefficacy of unsea-
sonable advice: "For they," affirms the great philos-
opher, "who are conceited, stubborn, or untractable,
and listen not. to the instructions of Apollo, the god
of harmony, so as to leam and observe the modula-
tions and measures of affairs, the sharps and flats of
discourse, the difference between judicious and vulgar
ears, and the proper times of speech and silence, let
them be ever so intelligent, and ever so frank of their
advice, or their counsels ever so good and just, yet all
their endeavours, cither of persuasion or force, are of
little significance, and rather hasten the ruin of those
whom they advise. But at last, when the calamitous
event has made the sufferers feel the effects of their
neglect, they too late reverence their advisers as deep,
foreseeing, and faithful prophets. " (Apollod. , 3, 12,
6. --Virg. , jEn. , 2, 324. --Bacon, De Sap. Vet. , 1. )
Cassandrea, a city of Macedonia, on the neck of
the peninsula of Pallene. It was founded by Cassan-
der, and he transferred to it the inhabitants of several
neighbouring towns, and, among others, those of Po-
tidaa, and the remnant of the population of Olynthus.
Cassandrea is said to have surpassed all the Macedo-
nian cities in opulence and splendour. (Diod. Sic,
19, 52. ) Philip, the son of Demetrius, made use of
the place as his principal naval arsenal, and at one
time caused a hundred galleys to be constructed in the
docks of that port. (Liv. , 28, 8. ) Pliny speaks of
Cassandrea as a Roman colony (4, 10). From Pro-
copius we learn that this city at length fell a prey to
the Huns, who left scarcely a vestige of it remaining.
(Bell. Per,. , 2, 4. -- Id. , de JEdif, 4, 3. -- Niceph.
Greg. , vol. 1, p. 150. --Cramer's Anc Greece, vol. 1,
p. 246. )
Cassia lex was enacted by Cassius Longinus,
A. U. C. 649. By it no man condemned by the peo-
ple or deprived of military power was permitted to en-
ter the senate-house. --II. Another, that the people
should vote by ballot. --III. Another, called also fru-
menlarta, proposed by the consuls C. Cassius and M.
Terentius, and hence sometimes termed Lex Cassia
? ? Terentia. It ordained, as is thought, that five modu
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? CAS
CaS
modems, together with a part of Cornwall. The
term Cassiterides is derived from the Greek Kaooi-
Ttpoc, tin. The tin was obtained by the islanders
from the main land, and afterward sold to strangers.
Solinus (c. 22) mentions these islands under the name
of Silurum.
Insula, and Sulpitius Scverus (2, c. 51)
under that of Sylina Insula. (Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 2,
p. 238)
Cassivell,ad>>>us, a monarch over part of Britain at
the time of Cesar's invasion. His territories were
separated from the maritime states by the river Ta-
mesis or Thames. He commanded the confederate
forces against Cesar. In Dio Cassius the name is
incorrectly written "ZoviWkav, which Reimar changes
in the text to KaemveXXavov, but, in a note, thinks that
the true form is KaooveX? . av. (Reim. ad Dion Cats. ,
40, 2. ) Polyaenus has Kam/. av/. nr (8, 23, 5). Bede
gives CassaieUaunus. Julius Celsus (p. 60) has Cas-
mtUantHs, and in another place (p. 61) Casmellaunus.
Cambden makes Cassmcllaunus equivalent to Cassi-
omm prineepit. Caesar makes mention of the Cassi
(whom Cambden calls Casrii) in a part of his Com-
mentaries. (Cos. , B. G. , 5, 11. -- Id. ib. , c. 21. --
Ramar, I. e. )
Cassics, I. , C. or C. Cassius Lon^inus, one of the
conspirators against Julius Cesar. E. en when a boy
he is said to have been remarkable for the pride and
violence of his temper, if we may believe the anec-
dotes recorded of him by Plutarch (Vit. Brut. , e. 9)
and Valerius Maxima* (3, 1). He accompanied Cras-
stu into Parthia as his qusstor, and distinguished him-
self, after the death of his general, by conducting the
wreck of the Roman army back to Syria in safety.
At the beginning of the civil war he was one of the
tribunes of the people. We find him after this com-
manding the Syrian squadron in Pompey's fleet, and
infestintr the coasts of Sicily. A short time before the
battle of Pharsalia he had burned the entire fleet ofthe
enemy, amounting to thirty-five ships, in the harbour
of Messina. The news of Pompey's defeat, however,
deterred him from pursuing his advantages, and, re-
signing the contest, he submitted to Ctcsar in Asia
Minor, when the latter was returning from Egypt into
Italy. Cicero, however, asserts, that at this very time
Cassius had intended to assassinate the man whose
clemency he was consenting to solicit, had not an acci-
dent prevented the accomplishment of his purpose.
(Philipp. , 2, 11. ) He was not only spared by Ctesar,
but was appointed by him one of his lieutenants, a fa-
vour bestowed by magistrates upon their friends, in
order to invest them with a public character, and thus
enable them to reside or to travel in the provinces with
greater comfort and dignity. Even during the last
campaign of Cesar in Spain, Cassius wrote to Cicero,
saying that he was anxious that Csssar should be vic-
torious, for that he preferred an old and merciful mas-
ter to a new and cruel one. (Cic, Ep. ad Fam. , 15,
19. ) He also, together with Brutus, was appointed
one of the pnetors for the year 709 (Plul. , Vit.
Brut. , c 7. -- Cic, Ep. ad Fam. , 11, 2, el 3). at a
moment in which he was entirely discontented with
Cesar's government; and he is said to have been the
person by whose intrigues the first elements of the
conspiracy were formed. Cassius had married Junia,
the sister of Brutus, and it was partly through her
means that he made his approaches, when seeking to
gain over her brother and induce him to join in the
? ? plot. After the assassination of Caesar, Cassius, to-
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? CAS
CAS
now Montcasscl, northeast of St: Omer in France. --
VII. Castkllum Turentinum, in Piccnum, now
Torre Segura. (Pomp, in Cic, Epist. ad Fam. , 8,
12. )
I'lvriuN. ti, a town of Thessaly, on the coast of
Magnesia, northwest of the promontory Sepias. It is
noticed by Herodotus in his account of the terrible
storm experienced by the fleet of Xerxes off this coast
(7, 183. -- Compare Slrab. , 443 --Pltn. , 4, 9). The
name is written by Steph. Byz. Kuoraraia (Casta-
ncta), and in the Etymol. Mag. Kaoravia (Castania.
? --Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 424).
Castor and Pollux (in Greek Kiiarup and Tlo? . -
vJevKnc), twin brothers, the latter the son of Leda and
Jupiter, the former of Leda and Tyndarus. (Vid.
Leda. ) The earliest exploit of these twin heroes,
who were bom at Amycla1 in Laconia, was the re-
covery of their sister Helen from the hands of Theseus,
whose mother . Ethra they dragged into captivity.
They took part in all the great undertakings of their
time, were at the Calydonian hunt, accompanied Her-
cules against the Amazons, sailed in the Argo, and
aided Peleus to storm Iolcos. Pollux was the most
distinguished pugilist, Castor the most experienced
charioteer of his day. Mercury bestowed on them the
fleet steeds Phlogius and Harpagus, the offspring of
the harpy Podargc: Juno gave them the swift Xan-
thus and Cyllarus. The brothers fell into the very
same offence which they had punished in Theseus.
Being invited to the wedding-feast by their cousins
Idas and Lynceus, the sons of Apharcus, who had
married their cousins Phoebe and Hilaera, the daugh-
ters of Leucipp\is, they became enamoured of the
brides, and carried them off. Idas and his brother
pursued them. In the conflict Castor fell by the spear
of Idas; and Pollux, aided by the thunder of Jove,
slew the two sons of Apharcus. (Schol. ad 11. , 3,
243-- Schol. ad Ptnd. , Nem. , 10, 112. --Hygin. , Fab. ,
GO. ) Another account says, that the four heroes
joined to drive off the herds of the Arcadians. Idas
was appointed to divide the booty. He killed an ox;
and, dividing it into four parts, said that one half of
the prey should fall to him who had first eaten his
share, and the remainder to him who next finished.
He then quickly devoured his own and his brother's
Eart, and drove the whole herd to Messene. The
lioecuri (Awoitovpot, Jove's sons), as Castor and his
brother were called, made war on Messene. Driving
olf all the cattle which they met, they laid themselves
in ambush in a hollow tree. But Lynceus, whose
vision could penetrate the trees and the rocks, as-
cended the top of Taygetus, and, looking over on
the Peloponnesus, saw them there; whereupon he
and his brother hastened to attack them. Castor fell
by the spear of Idas; Pollux pursued the slayers, and,
coming up with them at the tomb of their father Apha-
reus, was struck by them in the breast with the pillar
belonging to it. Unretarded by the blow, he rushed
on, and killed Lynceus with his spear; and Jupiter,
at the same moment, struck Idas with a thunderbolt.
(Schol. ad Pind. , Nem. , 10, 114 -- Tzetz. ad Ly-
copkr. , 511. ) Pollux was inconsolable for the Joss
of his brother; and Jupiter, on his prayer, gave him
his choice of being taken up himself to Olympus, and
sharing the honours of Mars and Minerva, or of divi-
ding them with his brother, and for them to live day and
day alternately in heaven and under the earth. Pollux
? ? chose the latter, and divided his immortality with Cas-
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? CAT
as fallows: I. Castrum Novum, a town of Etruria,
south of Centum Cells, and situate on the coast. It
is now Santa Marinella. D'Anville, however, makes
it correspond to the modem Torre Chiarruccia. --II.
0astbcm Imui, a place on the coast of Latium, between
Antium and Ardea. ( Virg. , Mn. , 6, 775. ) Accord-
ing to Livy (1, 5), Inuus was the same with Pan. --III.
Castkum Lucii, now Chains in France, in the de-
partment of Upper Vienne. Here Richard I. of Eng-
land died. -- IV. Castrum Sedunum, now Sum in
Switzerland. It was also called Civitas Sedunorum.
(Casaub. ad Suet. , Vit. Aug. , c. 58. )
Casti;uo, a town of Hispania Bcetica, on the Btetis,
west of Corduba. Now Cazlona. (Plut. , Vit. Sert.
--Liv. , 24, 41. )
Catabathxits, a great declivity, whence its name,
Kara6adu6[, separating Cyrenaica from Egypt. It is
now called by the Arabs Akabet-assolom. Some an-
cient writers, and in particular Sallust, make this the
point of separation between Asia and Africa. There
was another Catabathmus in the Libyan nome, called
parvus, as this was styled magnus. It lay southeast
of Panetonium. (. Sallust, Jug. , 17 et 19. -- Pltn. ,
6,5. )
Catadupa, a name given by the Greek geographers
to the smaller cataract of the Nile (Cataractes Minor),
and intended to indicate the loud noise occasioned by
the fall of the waters <xaru and douiroc, a heavy, crash-
ing sound). It was situate in the Thebais, at Dodeca-
schrenus, to the south of Elephantina, and near Phi-
la. (Cic. , Somn. Scip. , c. 5. -- Plin. , 5, 9. -- Senee. ,
<j*ast Nat. , 4, 2. ) The ancients believed that the
neighbouring inhabitants were deprived of hearing by
the constant roar of the waters! (Cic, I. c. )
Catana, a city of Sicily, on the eastern coast, at the
base of . Etna, and a short distance below the river Acis
and the Cvclopum Scopuli. It was founded by a colony
from Chalcis in Eubcea, five years after the settlement
of Syracuse. Catana, like all the other colonies of,Gre-
eian origin, soon became independent of any foreign
control, and, in consequence of the fertility of the sur-
rounding country, attained to a considerable degree of
prosperity. It does not appear, however, to have been
at any time a populous city; and hence Hiero of
Syracuse was enabled without difficulty to transfer
the inhabitants to Leontini.
Italy, vol. 2, p. 199. )
Casincm, the last town of Latium on the Latin
Way, according to Strabo (238). It was a large and
populous place, and its site is now partly occupied by
the modem town of San Germane According to
Varro, its name was derived from Cascum, an Oscan
word, answering to the Latin Vctus. The same wri-
ter informs us, that Casinum originally belonged to the
Samnites, from whom it was conquered by the Ro-
mans. (Varr. , L. L. , 6. )
Cask's, I. a mountain on the coast of Africa, near
the PalOs Scrbonis (Herodot. , 2, 6), and, according to
Strabo (758), three hundred stadia from Pclusium.
The Ilin. Antonin. , however, makes the distance be-
tween it and the latter place 320 stadia. (Compare
Larchcr, Hist. d'Hcrodotc,Table Gcographique, vol. 8, p.
101. ) On this mountain reposed the remains of Pom-
pey, and here also Jupiter, sumamed Casius, had a tem-
ple. (Compare remarks under the article Asi. ) Mount
Casius forms a promontory called at the present day
Cape El-Cas. --II. Another in Syria, below Antiochia.
It is a very lofty mountain. Plinv, in a style of ex-
aggeration, asserts, that at the fourth watch (three
o'clock A. M. ), the rising sun could be seen from its
top, while the base was enveloped in darkness. (Plin. ,
5, 22. ) The African appears to have been named af-
ter the Syrian mountain. (Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 10,
p. 493. ) As regards the etymology of the name Ca-
sius, consult Bitter, Vorhalle, p. 465, and compare re-
marks under the article Asi.
CaspijH Pokt. i: or Pyl. *, the Caspian gates or pass,
a name belonging properly to a defile near Teheran,
in ancient Media. Moricr (Second Journey through
Persia, &c, chap. 23) names it the pass of Charrar.
(Compare Sainte-Croiz, Ezamen des Hist, a"Alex. , p.
688, seqq. , and 862, ed. 2d. ) It is vaguely applied by
Tacitus and some other ancient writers to different
passes of Mount Caucasus. (Malte-Brun, Geogr. ,
vol. 2, p. 13, Brussels ed. ) For the Caucasian and Al-
banian gates, rid. Caucasus.
Caspii, a nation dwelling along the southern borders
of the Caspian Sea, and giving name to it, according to
Rittcr. (Erdkunde, vol. 2, p. 899, seqq. ) They appear
to have been at one time a powerful commercial peo-
ple, and to have occupied, in the time of the Persian
dominion, the country answering to Ghilan and Der-
bend. Their name is supposed to have been derived
from the term Casp, signifying " a mountain. " (Ritter,
I. e. ) Gattcrer is wrong in placing them between the
Sea of Aral and the northeastern shore of the Caspian,
from which quarter, according to him, they advanced
into the country of the Sarmatro, and afterward, in the
first century of our era, emigrated into Europe. (Con-
sult Bdhr, ad Herod. , 3, 95, and compare Ptoi, 7, 1. --
Mela, 8, 5. )
Caspium mare, a celebrated inland sea of Upper
Asia, deriving its name either from the Caspii along
its southern shores (vid. Caspii), or from Casp, "a
mountain," in allusion to its vicinity to Caucasus.
According to the latest astronomical observations and
local measurements, it extends from north to south, in
a longitudinal direction, nearly all of equal width, ex-
cepting a contraction which occurs at the encroach-
? ? ment made by the peninsula of Apsheron. The nor-
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? CAS
CASSANDER.
acid, which is obtained from it in anion with soda, that
is, in the state of Glauber's salt. (Gmclin, Voyage,
to). 3, p. 267. ) The northwest winds are said to di-
minish the saltness, and to increase the bitterness of
the water. The powerful phosphorescence of the thick,
muddy waters of the Caspian Sea is remarked by
Pallas. The black colour which they assume at a
great distance from the shore is nothing more than
the effect of the depth, and owing to the same optical
cause which makes the ocean appear comparatively
dark and blue instead of light green, in deep places
where the colour of the bottom does not intermix
itself with the natural colour of the water. It would
serve little purpose to enumerate all the names which
have been given to this sea. The "Caspian" is one
of the most ancient. This name is not only common
to the Greek and Latin languages, but enters into the
Georgian, the Armenian, and the Syriac. (Wakl,
Alien, vol. 1, p. 679, seqq. ) The Jewish Rabbis and
Peritsol call it the Dead Sea. The Turkish denom-
ination for it. Khoosghoon Denghizi, is variously trans-
lated, but no probable etymology is assigned. The
Byzantine and Arabian writers call it the sea of Kho-
zares, after a powerful nation; and the Russian an-
nalists knew it in the tenth century under the name of
Gmdenskoi or Shwalenskoi-More, after the Shawlis a
Slavonian people, not much known, that lived on the
Wolga. The name given to this sea in the Zenda-
Vesta is, however, worthy of remark. That apocry-
phal work, which is full of old traditions, calls this sea
TcJukact Daiti, or "the great water of the judgment. " i
Perhaps Noah's Bood, as described in some of the
Eastern traditions, might have a connection with a
sinking of the earth, which had destroyed the inhabit-
ants of an extensive country, and converted it into this
remarkable sea. (Malte-Brun, Geogr. , vol. 2, p. 130,
Brussels (J. )
Cassander, son of Antipater. A short time before
the death of Alexander, he crossed over into Asia for
the purpose of defending his father against the accusa-
tions of Olympias ; and when, after the decease of the
Macedonian monarch, Antipater was appointed regent,
his son received from him the command of the Asiatic
horse. The ambitious views, however, of the young
Cassander, induced his parent to bequeath to him no
share in the government, and Cassander, therefore,
wishing to annul the arrangements which his father I
had made at his death, gave Nicanor the command of
the garrison in the Munychia at Athens, by means of
secret orders, before the news of his father's death
could reach that city, and thus secured for himself an
important stronghold. He then crossed over into
A<ia, in order to secure the co-operation of Ptolemy
and Antigonus. During his absence, Polysperchon
sent an army into Attica, and issued a decree for the
re-establishment of democracy in all the Grecian cities,
in place of the aristocratic forms of government which
had been brought in by Alexander. This edict had
all the effect which Polysperchon intended, and the
cities of Greece drove out, for the most part, those in-
dividuals who were at the head of their affairs. The
Athenians, likewise, put many persons to death, in the
number of whom was the celebrated Phocion, but could
not dislodge the garrison from the Munychia. Cas-
sander, having returned with troops and vessels, which
lie had obtained from Antigonus, seized upon the I'i-
neus, and compelled the Athenians to submit once
? ? more to an aristocratic rule, at the head of which he
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? CAS
CAS
der, favoured, as he thought, the interests of his broth-
er Alexander. The latter, with the aid of Demetrius,
son of Antigonus, made war upon him for this; but,
when about to become reconciled to him, was treach-
erously slain by Demetrius, his own ally; and Antipa-
ter was afterward put to death by his own father-in-
law Lysimachus. (Justin, 13, 4, 18. --Id. , 14, 6, 12.
--Id. , 15, 2, 3. -- Id. , 16, 2, 1, &c. -- Diod. Sic, 18,
3, seqq. --ld. , 18, 54, &c. )
Cassandra, daughter of Priam and Hecnba. She
was beloved by Apollo, and promised to listen to his
addresses, provided he would grant her the knowledge
of futurity. This knowledge she obtained; but she
was regardless of her promise; and Apollo, in re-
venge, determined that no credit should ever be at-
tached to her predictions. Hence her warnings re-
specting the downfall of Troy, and the subsequent
misfortunes of the race, were disregarded by her coun-
trymen. When Troy was taken, she fled for shelter
to the temple of Minerva, but was exposed there to the
brutality of Ajax, the son of Oileus. In the division
of the spoils she fell to the share of Agamemnon, and
was assassinated with him on his return to Mycenae.
(Vid. Agamemnon. ) Cassandra was called Priameis
from her father; and Alexandra, as the sister of Alex-
ander or Paris. --Lord Bacon considers this fable to
have been invented to express the inefficacy of unsea-
sonable advice: "For they," affirms the great philos-
opher, "who are conceited, stubborn, or untractable,
and listen not. to the instructions of Apollo, the god
of harmony, so as to leam and observe the modula-
tions and measures of affairs, the sharps and flats of
discourse, the difference between judicious and vulgar
ears, and the proper times of speech and silence, let
them be ever so intelligent, and ever so frank of their
advice, or their counsels ever so good and just, yet all
their endeavours, cither of persuasion or force, are of
little significance, and rather hasten the ruin of those
whom they advise. But at last, when the calamitous
event has made the sufferers feel the effects of their
neglect, they too late reverence their advisers as deep,
foreseeing, and faithful prophets. " (Apollod. , 3, 12,
6. --Virg. , jEn. , 2, 324. --Bacon, De Sap. Vet. , 1. )
Cassandrea, a city of Macedonia, on the neck of
the peninsula of Pallene. It was founded by Cassan-
der, and he transferred to it the inhabitants of several
neighbouring towns, and, among others, those of Po-
tidaa, and the remnant of the population of Olynthus.
Cassandrea is said to have surpassed all the Macedo-
nian cities in opulence and splendour. (Diod. Sic,
19, 52. ) Philip, the son of Demetrius, made use of
the place as his principal naval arsenal, and at one
time caused a hundred galleys to be constructed in the
docks of that port. (Liv. , 28, 8. ) Pliny speaks of
Cassandrea as a Roman colony (4, 10). From Pro-
copius we learn that this city at length fell a prey to
the Huns, who left scarcely a vestige of it remaining.
(Bell. Per,. , 2, 4. -- Id. , de JEdif, 4, 3. -- Niceph.
Greg. , vol. 1, p. 150. --Cramer's Anc Greece, vol. 1,
p. 246. )
Cassia lex was enacted by Cassius Longinus,
A. U. C. 649. By it no man condemned by the peo-
ple or deprived of military power was permitted to en-
ter the senate-house. --II. Another, that the people
should vote by ballot. --III. Another, called also fru-
menlarta, proposed by the consuls C. Cassius and M.
Terentius, and hence sometimes termed Lex Cassia
? ? Terentia. It ordained, as is thought, that five modu
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? CAS
CaS
modems, together with a part of Cornwall. The
term Cassiterides is derived from the Greek Kaooi-
Ttpoc, tin. The tin was obtained by the islanders
from the main land, and afterward sold to strangers.
Solinus (c. 22) mentions these islands under the name
of Silurum.
Insula, and Sulpitius Scverus (2, c. 51)
under that of Sylina Insula. (Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 2,
p. 238)
Cassivell,ad>>>us, a monarch over part of Britain at
the time of Cesar's invasion. His territories were
separated from the maritime states by the river Ta-
mesis or Thames. He commanded the confederate
forces against Cesar. In Dio Cassius the name is
incorrectly written "ZoviWkav, which Reimar changes
in the text to KaemveXXavov, but, in a note, thinks that
the true form is KaooveX? . av. (Reim. ad Dion Cats. ,
40, 2. ) Polyaenus has Kam/. av/. nr (8, 23, 5). Bede
gives CassaieUaunus. Julius Celsus (p. 60) has Cas-
mtUantHs, and in another place (p. 61) Casmellaunus.
Cambden makes Cassmcllaunus equivalent to Cassi-
omm prineepit. Caesar makes mention of the Cassi
(whom Cambden calls Casrii) in a part of his Com-
mentaries. (Cos. , B. G. , 5, 11. -- Id. ib. , c. 21. --
Ramar, I. e. )
Cassics, I. , C. or C. Cassius Lon^inus, one of the
conspirators against Julius Cesar. E. en when a boy
he is said to have been remarkable for the pride and
violence of his temper, if we may believe the anec-
dotes recorded of him by Plutarch (Vit. Brut. , e. 9)
and Valerius Maxima* (3, 1). He accompanied Cras-
stu into Parthia as his qusstor, and distinguished him-
self, after the death of his general, by conducting the
wreck of the Roman army back to Syria in safety.
At the beginning of the civil war he was one of the
tribunes of the people. We find him after this com-
manding the Syrian squadron in Pompey's fleet, and
infestintr the coasts of Sicily. A short time before the
battle of Pharsalia he had burned the entire fleet ofthe
enemy, amounting to thirty-five ships, in the harbour
of Messina. The news of Pompey's defeat, however,
deterred him from pursuing his advantages, and, re-
signing the contest, he submitted to Ctcsar in Asia
Minor, when the latter was returning from Egypt into
Italy. Cicero, however, asserts, that at this very time
Cassius had intended to assassinate the man whose
clemency he was consenting to solicit, had not an acci-
dent prevented the accomplishment of his purpose.
(Philipp. , 2, 11. ) He was not only spared by Ctesar,
but was appointed by him one of his lieutenants, a fa-
vour bestowed by magistrates upon their friends, in
order to invest them with a public character, and thus
enable them to reside or to travel in the provinces with
greater comfort and dignity. Even during the last
campaign of Cesar in Spain, Cassius wrote to Cicero,
saying that he was anxious that Csssar should be vic-
torious, for that he preferred an old and merciful mas-
ter to a new and cruel one. (Cic, Ep. ad Fam. , 15,
19. ) He also, together with Brutus, was appointed
one of the pnetors for the year 709 (Plul. , Vit.
Brut. , c 7. -- Cic, Ep. ad Fam. , 11, 2, el 3). at a
moment in which he was entirely discontented with
Cesar's government; and he is said to have been the
person by whose intrigues the first elements of the
conspiracy were formed. Cassius had married Junia,
the sister of Brutus, and it was partly through her
means that he made his approaches, when seeking to
gain over her brother and induce him to join in the
? ? plot. After the assassination of Caesar, Cassius, to-
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? CAS
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now Montcasscl, northeast of St: Omer in France. --
VII. Castkllum Turentinum, in Piccnum, now
Torre Segura. (Pomp, in Cic, Epist. ad Fam. , 8,
12. )
I'lvriuN. ti, a town of Thessaly, on the coast of
Magnesia, northwest of the promontory Sepias. It is
noticed by Herodotus in his account of the terrible
storm experienced by the fleet of Xerxes off this coast
(7, 183. -- Compare Slrab. , 443 --Pltn. , 4, 9). The
name is written by Steph. Byz. Kuoraraia (Casta-
ncta), and in the Etymol. Mag. Kaoravia (Castania.
? --Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 424).
Castor and Pollux (in Greek Kiiarup and Tlo? . -
vJevKnc), twin brothers, the latter the son of Leda and
Jupiter, the former of Leda and Tyndarus. (Vid.
Leda. ) The earliest exploit of these twin heroes,
who were bom at Amycla1 in Laconia, was the re-
covery of their sister Helen from the hands of Theseus,
whose mother . Ethra they dragged into captivity.
They took part in all the great undertakings of their
time, were at the Calydonian hunt, accompanied Her-
cules against the Amazons, sailed in the Argo, and
aided Peleus to storm Iolcos. Pollux was the most
distinguished pugilist, Castor the most experienced
charioteer of his day. Mercury bestowed on them the
fleet steeds Phlogius and Harpagus, the offspring of
the harpy Podargc: Juno gave them the swift Xan-
thus and Cyllarus. The brothers fell into the very
same offence which they had punished in Theseus.
Being invited to the wedding-feast by their cousins
Idas and Lynceus, the sons of Apharcus, who had
married their cousins Phoebe and Hilaera, the daugh-
ters of Leucipp\is, they became enamoured of the
brides, and carried them off. Idas and his brother
pursued them. In the conflict Castor fell by the spear
of Idas; and Pollux, aided by the thunder of Jove,
slew the two sons of Apharcus. (Schol. ad 11. , 3,
243-- Schol. ad Ptnd. , Nem. , 10, 112. --Hygin. , Fab. ,
GO. ) Another account says, that the four heroes
joined to drive off the herds of the Arcadians. Idas
was appointed to divide the booty. He killed an ox;
and, dividing it into four parts, said that one half of
the prey should fall to him who had first eaten his
share, and the remainder to him who next finished.
He then quickly devoured his own and his brother's
Eart, and drove the whole herd to Messene. The
lioecuri (Awoitovpot, Jove's sons), as Castor and his
brother were called, made war on Messene. Driving
olf all the cattle which they met, they laid themselves
in ambush in a hollow tree. But Lynceus, whose
vision could penetrate the trees and the rocks, as-
cended the top of Taygetus, and, looking over on
the Peloponnesus, saw them there; whereupon he
and his brother hastened to attack them. Castor fell
by the spear of Idas; Pollux pursued the slayers, and,
coming up with them at the tomb of their father Apha-
reus, was struck by them in the breast with the pillar
belonging to it. Unretarded by the blow, he rushed
on, and killed Lynceus with his spear; and Jupiter,
at the same moment, struck Idas with a thunderbolt.
(Schol. ad Pind. , Nem. , 10, 114 -- Tzetz. ad Ly-
copkr. , 511. ) Pollux was inconsolable for the Joss
of his brother; and Jupiter, on his prayer, gave him
his choice of being taken up himself to Olympus, and
sharing the honours of Mars and Minerva, or of divi-
ding them with his brother, and for them to live day and
day alternately in heaven and under the earth. Pollux
? ? chose the latter, and divided his immortality with Cas-
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? CAT
as fallows: I. Castrum Novum, a town of Etruria,
south of Centum Cells, and situate on the coast. It
is now Santa Marinella. D'Anville, however, makes
it correspond to the modem Torre Chiarruccia. --II.
0astbcm Imui, a place on the coast of Latium, between
Antium and Ardea. ( Virg. , Mn. , 6, 775. ) Accord-
ing to Livy (1, 5), Inuus was the same with Pan. --III.
Castkum Lucii, now Chains in France, in the de-
partment of Upper Vienne. Here Richard I. of Eng-
land died. -- IV. Castrum Sedunum, now Sum in
Switzerland. It was also called Civitas Sedunorum.
(Casaub. ad Suet. , Vit. Aug. , c. 58. )
Casti;uo, a town of Hispania Bcetica, on the Btetis,
west of Corduba. Now Cazlona. (Plut. , Vit. Sert.
--Liv. , 24, 41. )
Catabathxits, a great declivity, whence its name,
Kara6adu6[, separating Cyrenaica from Egypt. It is
now called by the Arabs Akabet-assolom. Some an-
cient writers, and in particular Sallust, make this the
point of separation between Asia and Africa. There
was another Catabathmus in the Libyan nome, called
parvus, as this was styled magnus. It lay southeast
of Panetonium. (. Sallust, Jug. , 17 et 19. -- Pltn. ,
6,5. )
Catadupa, a name given by the Greek geographers
to the smaller cataract of the Nile (Cataractes Minor),
and intended to indicate the loud noise occasioned by
the fall of the waters <xaru and douiroc, a heavy, crash-
ing sound). It was situate in the Thebais, at Dodeca-
schrenus, to the south of Elephantina, and near Phi-
la. (Cic. , Somn. Scip. , c. 5. -- Plin. , 5, 9. -- Senee. ,
<j*ast Nat. , 4, 2. ) The ancients believed that the
neighbouring inhabitants were deprived of hearing by
the constant roar of the waters! (Cic, I. c. )
Catana, a city of Sicily, on the eastern coast, at the
base of . Etna, and a short distance below the river Acis
and the Cvclopum Scopuli. It was founded by a colony
from Chalcis in Eubcea, five years after the settlement
of Syracuse. Catana, like all the other colonies of,Gre-
eian origin, soon became independent of any foreign
control, and, in consequence of the fertility of the sur-
rounding country, attained to a considerable degree of
prosperity. It does not appear, however, to have been
at any time a populous city; and hence Hiero of
Syracuse was enabled without difficulty to transfer
the inhabitants to Leontini.
