864 Conversion of
Bulgaria
to orthodoxy.
Cambridge Medieval History - v4 - Eastern Roman Empire
1885.
(f) ON THE HIPPODROME.
Grosvenor, E. A. The hippodrome of Constantinople. London. 1889.
Rambaud, A. Le sport et l'hippodrome à Constantinople. In Études sur l'histoire
byzantine. Paris. 1912.
Uspenski, F. Partii tsirka i dimy v Konstantinopolê. In VV. I. 1894.
(9) ON COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY.
Brentano, L. Die byzant. Volkswirthschaft. Munich. 1917.
Heyd, W. Histoire du commerce du Levant. See Gen. Bibl. v.
(h) ON LITERATURE.
Krumbacher, K. Geschichte der byzant. Litteratur. See Gen. Bibl. v. [Indispensable. )
(i) ON THE BISTORY OF ART.
Bayet, C. L'art byzantin. 2nd edn. Paris. 1904.
Dalton, O. M. Byzantine art and archaeology. See Gen. Bibl. v.
Diehl, C. Manuel d'art byzantin. See Gen. Bibl. v.
Kondakoff (Kondakov), N. P. Histoire de l'art byzantin. See Gen. Bibl. v.
Millet, G. 'L'art byzantin. In Michel, A. Histoire de l'art. Vols. 1 and u. Paris.
1905, 8.
Wulff, 0. Altchristliche und byzantinische Kunst. Berlin. 1914.
(j) ON THE AGRARIAN QUESTION AND THE BYZANTINE FEUDAL LORDS.
Neumann, C. Die Weltstellung des byzant. Reiches vor den Kreuzzügen. See Gen.
Bibl. v.
Rambaud, A. N. L'empire grec au xe siècle. Paris. 1870.
Testaud, G. Des rapports des puissants et des petits propriétaires ruraux dans
l'empire byzantin au xe siècle. Bordeaux. 1898.
## p. 899 (#941) ############################################
899
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
OF
LEADING EVENTS MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME
VOL
330 (11 May) Inauguration of Constantinople, "New Rome,' by Constantine
the Great.
428-633 Persian rule in Armenia.
476 Deposition of Romulus Augustus.
529 Justinian's Code.
533 Justinian's Digest and Institutes.
535 Justinian's Novels.
537 Inauguration of St Sophia.
558 The Avars appear in Europe.
565 Death of Justinian.
568 The Lombards invade Italy.
The Avars enter Pannonia.
C. 582 Creation of the exarchates of Africa and Ravenna.
626 The Avars besiege Constantinople.
627 Defeat of the Persians by Heraclius at Nineveh.
631 The Avars defeat the Bulgarians.
633-693 Byzantine rule in Armenia.
635 The Bulgarians free themselves from the power of the Chazars.
C. 650 Creation of the Asiatic themes.
679 Establishment of the Bulgarians south of the Danube.
693-862 Arab rule in Armenia.
713 First Venetian Doge elected.
717 (25 March) Accession of Leo III the Isaurian.
717-718 The Arabs besiege Constantinople.
726 Edict against images.
727 Insurrections in Greece and Italy.
732 Victory of Charles Martel at Poitiers (Tours).
739 Battle of Acroïnon.
740 Publication of the Ecloga.
Death of Leo III the Isaurian, and accession of Constantine V Copro-
nymus.
741 Insurrection of Artavasdus.
742 (2 Nov. ) Recovery of Constantinople by Constantine V.
744 Murder of Walid II. The Caliphate falls into anarchy.
747 Annihilation of the Egyptian fleet.
750 Foundation of the Abbasid Caliphate.
751 Taking of Ravenna by the Lombards.
753 Iconoclastic Council of Hieria.
754 Donation of Pepin to the Papacy.
755The war with the Bulgarians begins.
756 “Abd-ar-Rahmān establishes an independent dynasty in Spain.
757 Election of Pope Paul IV. Ratification of Papal elections ceases to be
asked of the Emperor of the East.
758 Risings of the Slavs of Thrace and Macedonia.
759 Defeat of the Bulgarians at Marcellae.
762 Baghdad founded by the Caliph Manşür.
Defeat of the Bulgarians at Anchialus.
764–771 Persecution of the image-worshippers.
772 Defeat of the Bulgarians at Lithosoria.
57-2
## p. 900 (#942) ############################################
900
Chronological Table
774 Annexation of the Lombard kingdom by Charlemagne.
775 (14 Sept. ) Death of the Emperor Constantine V and accession of Leo IV
the Chazar.
780 (8 Sept. ) Death of Leo IV and Regency of Irene.
781 Pope Hadrian I ceases to date official acts by the regnal years of the
Emperor.
787 Ecumenical Council of Nicaea. Condemnation of Iconoclasm.
788 Establishment of the Idrīsid dynasty in Morocco.
790 (Dec. ) Abdication of Irene. Constantine VI assumes power.
797 (17 July) Deposition of Constantine Vi. Irene becomes Emperor.
800 Establishment of the Ayhlabid dynasty in Tunis.
(25 Dec. ) Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the West.
802 (31 Oct. ) Deposition of Irene and accession of Nicephorus I.
803 Destruction of the Barmecides.
809 Death of Hārūn ar-Rashid and civil war in the Caliphate.
The Bulgarian Khan Krum invades the Empire.
Pepin of Italy's attack upon Venice.
810 Nicephorus I's scheme of financial reorganisation.
Concentration of the lagoon-townships at Rialto.
811 The Emperor Nicephorus I is defeated and slain by the Bulgarians:
accession of Michael I Rangabé.
812 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle recognises Charlemagne's imperial title.
813 Michael I defeated at Versinicia: Krum appears before Constantinople.
Deposition of Michael I and accession of Leo V the Armenian.
Battle of Mesembria.
Ma'mun becomes sole Caliph.
814 (14 April) Death of Krum: peace between the Empire and the Bulgarians.
815 Iconoclastic synod of Constantinople.
. Banishment of Theodore of Studion.
820 (25 Dec. ) Murder of Leo V, and accession of Michael II the Amorian.
822 Insurrection of Thomas the Slavonian.
826 Death of Theodore of Studion.
Conquest of Crete by the Arabs.
827 Arab invasion of Sicily.
829-842 Reign of Theophilus.
832 Edict of Theophilus against images.
833 Death of the Caliph Ma'mūn.
836 The Abbasid capital removed from Baghdad to Sâmarrā.
839 Treaty between the Russians and the Greeks.
840 Treaty of Pavia ween the Emperor Lothar I and Ve ce.
842 The Arabs take Messina.
Disintegration of the Caliphate begins.
842–867 Reign of Michael III.
843 Council of Constantinople, and final restoration of image-worship by the
Empress Theodora.
846 Ignatius becomes Patriarch.
852–893 Reign of
Boris in Bulgaria.
856_866 Rule of Bardas.
858 Deposition of Ignatius and election of Photius as Patriarch.
860 The Russians appear before Constantinople.
860–861 (? ) Cyril's mission to the Chazars.
863 (? ) Mission of Cyril and Methodius to the Moravians.
864 Conversion of Bulgaria to orthodoxy.
867 The Schism of Photius.
The Synod of Constantinople completes the rupture with Rome.
(23 Sept. ) Murder of Michael III and accession of Basil I the Macedonian.
Deposition of Photius. Restoration of Ignatius.
867 (13 Nov. ) Death of Pope Nicholas I.
(14 Dec. ) Election of Pope Hadrian II.
868 Independence of Egypt under the Țūlūnid dynasty.
## p. 901 (#943) ############################################
Chronological Table
901
869 (14 Feb. ) Death of Cyril.
Ecumenical Council of Constantinople. End of the Schism.
870 Methodius becomes the first Moravo-Pannonian archbishop.
871 War with the Paulicians.
876 Capture of Bari from the Saracens by the Greeks.
877 Death of Ignatius and reinstatement of Photius as Patriarch.
(22 July) Council of Ravenna.
878 (21 May) Capture of Syracuse by the Arabs.
878 (? ) Promulgation of the Prochiron.
882 Fresh rupture between the Eastern and Western Churches; excommuni-
cation of Photius.
885 (6 April) Death of Methodius.
886–912 Reign of Leo VI the Wise.
886 Deposition and exile of Photius.
887–892 Reign of Ashot I in Armenia.
C. 888 Publication of the Basilics.
891 Death of Photius.
892 The Abbasid capital restored to Baghdad.
892–914 Reign of Smbat I in Armenia.
893–927 Reign of Simeon in Bulgaria.
895–896 The Magyars migrate into Hungary:
898 Reconciliation between the Eastern and Western Churches.
899 The Magyars invade Lombardy.
900 Victory of Nicephorus Phocas at Adana.
The Magyars occupy Pannonia.
902 (1 Aug. ) Fall of Taormina, the last Greek stronghold in Sicily.
904 Thessalonica sacked by the Saracens.
906 Leo VI's fourth marriage: contest with the Patriarch.
The Magyars overthrow the Great Moravian State.
907 Russian expedition against Constantinople.
909–1171 The Fățimid Caliphate in Africa.
912 (11 May) Death of Leo VI and accession of Constantine VII Porphyro-
genitus under the regency of Alexander.
913 Simeon of Bulgaria appears before Constantinople.
915–928 Reign of Ashot II in Armenia.
917 (20 Aug. ) Bulgarian victory at Anchialus.
919 (25 Mar. ) Usurpation of Romanus Lecapenus.
920 (June) A Council at Constantinople pronounces upon fourth marriages.
923 Simeon besieges Constantinople.
927 (8 Sept. ) Peace with Bulgaria.
932 Foundation of the Buwaihid dynasty.
933 Venice establishes her supremacy in Istria.
941 Russian expedition against Constantinople.
944 (16 Dec. ) Deposition of Romanus Lecapenus. Personal rule of Con-
stantine VII begins.
945 The Buwaihids enter Baghdad and control the Caliphate.
954 Princess Olga of Russia embraces Christianity.
955 Battle of the Lechfeld.
959 (9 Nov. ) Death of Constantine VII and accession of Romanus II.
959-976 Reign of the Doge Peter IV Candianus.
961 Recovery of Crete by Nicephorus Phocas.
(Mar. ) Advance in Asia by the Greeks.
Athanasius founds the convent of St Laura on Mt Athos.
963 (15 Mar. ) Death of Romanus II: accession of Basil II: regency of
Theophano.
(16 Aug. ) Usurpation of Nicephorus II Phocas.
964 Novel against the monks.
965 Conquest of Cilicia.
967 Renewal of the Bulgarian war.
968 The Russians in Bulgaria.
## p. 902 (#944) ############################################
902
Chronological Table
969 (28 Oct. ) Capture of Antioch.
The Fātimid Caliphs annex Egypt.
(10 Dec. ) Murder of Nicephorus Phocas and accession of John Tzimisces.
970 Capture of Aleppo.
Accession of Géza as Prince of the Magyars.
971 Revolt of Bardas Phocas.
The Emperor John Tzimisces annexes Eastern Bulgaria.
972 Death of Svyatoslav of Kiev.
976 (10 Jan. ) Death of John Tzimisces: personal rule of Basil II Bulgar-
octonus begins.
Peter Orseolo I elected Doge.
976–979 Revolt of Bardas Sclerus.
980 Accession of Vladímir in Russia.
985 Fall of the eunuch Basil.
986–1018 Great Bulgarian War.
987–989 Conspiracy of Phocas and Sclerus.
988 The Fātimid Caliphs occupy Syria.
989 Baptism of Vladímir of Russia.
Vladimir captures Cherson.
991 The Fāțimids re-occupy Syria.
991–1009 Reign of Peter Orseolo II as Doge.
992 (19 July) First Venetian treaty with the Eastern Empire.
994 Saif-ad-Daulah takes Aleppo and establishes himself in Northern Syria.
994–1001 War with the Fățimids.
995 Basil Il's campaign in Syria.
996 (Jan. ) Novel against the Powerful.
Defeat of the Bulgarians on the Spercheus.
997 Accession of St Stephen in Hungary, and conversion of the Magyars.
998-1030 Reign of Maḥmūd of Ghaznah.
1006 Vladímir of Russia makes a treaty with the Bulgarians.
1009 The Patriarch Sergius erases the Pope's name from the diptychs.
1014 Battle of Cimbalongu; death of the Tsar Samuel.
1015 Death of Vladímir of Russia.
1018-1186 Bulgaria a Byzantine province.
1021-1022 Annexation of Vaspurakan to the Empire.
1024 The Patriarch Eustathius attempts to obtain from the Pope the autonomy
of the Greek Church.
1025 (15 Dec. ) Death of Basil II and accession of Constantine VIII.
1026 Fall of the Orseoli at Venice.
1028 (11 Nov. ) Death of Constantine VIII and succession of Zoë and
Romanus III Argyrus.
1030 Defeat of the Greeks near Aleppo.
1031 Capture of Edessa by George Maniaces.
1034 (12 April) Murder of Romanus III and accession of Michael IV the
Paphlagonian.
Government of John the Orphanotrophos.
1038 Death of St Stephen of Hungary.
Success of George Maniaces in Sicily.
The Seljūq Țughril Beg proclaimed.
1041 (10 Dec. ) Death of Michael IV and succession of Michael V Calaphates.
Banishment of John the Orphanotrophos.
1042 (21 April) Revolution in Constantinople; fall of Michael V.
Zoë and Theodora joint Empresses.
(11–12 June) Zoë's marriage; accession of her husband, Constantine IX
Monomachus.
1043 Michael Cerularius becomes Patriarch.
Rising of George Maniaces; his defeat and death at Ostrovo.
1045 Foundation of the Law School of Constantinople.
1046 Annexation of Armenia (Ani) to the Empire.
1047 Revolt of Tornicius.
1
## p. 903 (#945) ############################################
Chronological Table
903
1048 Appearance of the Seljūqs on the eastern frontier of the Empire.
1050 Death of the Empress Zoë.
1054 (20 July) The Patriarch Michael Cerularius breaks with Rome; schism
between the Eastern and Western Churches.
1055 (11 Jan. ) Death of Constantine IX; Theodora sole Empress.
The Seljūq Țughril Beg enters Baghdad.
1056 (31 Aug. ) Death of Theodora and proclamation of Michael VI Stratio-
ticus.
1057 Revolt of Isaac Comnenus. Deposition of Michael Vi.
(1 Sept. ? ) Isaac I Comnenus crowned Emperor at Constantinople.
1058 Deposition and death of Michael Cerularius.
1059 Treaty of Melfi.
Abdication of Isaac Comnenus.
1059–1067 Reign of Constantine X Ducas.
1063 Death of Țughril Beg;
1063-1072 Reign of the Seljūq Alp Arslān.
1064 Capture of Ani by the Seljūqs, and conquest of Greater Armenia.
1066 Foundation of the Nizamīyah University at Baghdad.
1067-1071 Reign of Romanus III Diogenes.
1071 Capture of Bari by the Normans and loss of Italy.
Battle of Manzikert.
The Seljūqs occupy Jerusalem.
1071-1078 Reign of Michael VII Parapinaces Ducas.
1072–1092 Reign of the Seljūq Malik Shāh.
1077 Accession of Sulaiman I, Sultan of Rūm.
1078 The Turks at Nicaea.
1078_1081 Reign of Nicephorus III Botaniates.
1080 Alliance between Robert Guiscard and Pope Gregory VII.
Foundation of the Armeno-Cilician kingdom.
1081–1118 Reign of Alexius I Comnenus.
1081-1084 Robert Guiscard's invasion of Epirus.
1082 Treaty with Venice.
1086 Incursions of the Patzinaks begin.
1091 (29 April) Defeat of the Patzinaks at the river Leburnium.
1094-1095 Invasion of the Cumans.
1094 Council of Piacenza.
1095 (18-28 Nov. ) Council of Clermont proclaims the First Crusade.
1096 The Crusaders at Constantinople.
1097 The Crusaders capture Nicaea.
1098 Council of Bari. St Anselm refutes the Greeks.
1099 Establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
1100 (18 July) Death of Godfrey of Bouillon.
1104 Defeat of the Crusaders at Harrãn.
1107 Bohemond's expedition against Constantinople.
1108 Battle of Durazzo.
Treaty with Bohemond.
1116 Battle of Philomelium.
1118-1143 Reign of John II Comnenus.
1119 First expedition of John Comnenus to Asia Minor.
1122 Defeat of the Patzinaks near Eski-Sagra.
1122–1126 War with Venice.
(f) ON THE HIPPODROME.
Grosvenor, E. A. The hippodrome of Constantinople. London. 1889.
Rambaud, A. Le sport et l'hippodrome à Constantinople. In Études sur l'histoire
byzantine. Paris. 1912.
Uspenski, F. Partii tsirka i dimy v Konstantinopolê. In VV. I. 1894.
(9) ON COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY.
Brentano, L. Die byzant. Volkswirthschaft. Munich. 1917.
Heyd, W. Histoire du commerce du Levant. See Gen. Bibl. v.
(h) ON LITERATURE.
Krumbacher, K. Geschichte der byzant. Litteratur. See Gen. Bibl. v. [Indispensable. )
(i) ON THE BISTORY OF ART.
Bayet, C. L'art byzantin. 2nd edn. Paris. 1904.
Dalton, O. M. Byzantine art and archaeology. See Gen. Bibl. v.
Diehl, C. Manuel d'art byzantin. See Gen. Bibl. v.
Kondakoff (Kondakov), N. P. Histoire de l'art byzantin. See Gen. Bibl. v.
Millet, G. 'L'art byzantin. In Michel, A. Histoire de l'art. Vols. 1 and u. Paris.
1905, 8.
Wulff, 0. Altchristliche und byzantinische Kunst. Berlin. 1914.
(j) ON THE AGRARIAN QUESTION AND THE BYZANTINE FEUDAL LORDS.
Neumann, C. Die Weltstellung des byzant. Reiches vor den Kreuzzügen. See Gen.
Bibl. v.
Rambaud, A. N. L'empire grec au xe siècle. Paris. 1870.
Testaud, G. Des rapports des puissants et des petits propriétaires ruraux dans
l'empire byzantin au xe siècle. Bordeaux. 1898.
## p. 899 (#941) ############################################
899
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
OF
LEADING EVENTS MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME
VOL
330 (11 May) Inauguration of Constantinople, "New Rome,' by Constantine
the Great.
428-633 Persian rule in Armenia.
476 Deposition of Romulus Augustus.
529 Justinian's Code.
533 Justinian's Digest and Institutes.
535 Justinian's Novels.
537 Inauguration of St Sophia.
558 The Avars appear in Europe.
565 Death of Justinian.
568 The Lombards invade Italy.
The Avars enter Pannonia.
C. 582 Creation of the exarchates of Africa and Ravenna.
626 The Avars besiege Constantinople.
627 Defeat of the Persians by Heraclius at Nineveh.
631 The Avars defeat the Bulgarians.
633-693 Byzantine rule in Armenia.
635 The Bulgarians free themselves from the power of the Chazars.
C. 650 Creation of the Asiatic themes.
679 Establishment of the Bulgarians south of the Danube.
693-862 Arab rule in Armenia.
713 First Venetian Doge elected.
717 (25 March) Accession of Leo III the Isaurian.
717-718 The Arabs besiege Constantinople.
726 Edict against images.
727 Insurrections in Greece and Italy.
732 Victory of Charles Martel at Poitiers (Tours).
739 Battle of Acroïnon.
740 Publication of the Ecloga.
Death of Leo III the Isaurian, and accession of Constantine V Copro-
nymus.
741 Insurrection of Artavasdus.
742 (2 Nov. ) Recovery of Constantinople by Constantine V.
744 Murder of Walid II. The Caliphate falls into anarchy.
747 Annihilation of the Egyptian fleet.
750 Foundation of the Abbasid Caliphate.
751 Taking of Ravenna by the Lombards.
753 Iconoclastic Council of Hieria.
754 Donation of Pepin to the Papacy.
755The war with the Bulgarians begins.
756 “Abd-ar-Rahmān establishes an independent dynasty in Spain.
757 Election of Pope Paul IV. Ratification of Papal elections ceases to be
asked of the Emperor of the East.
758 Risings of the Slavs of Thrace and Macedonia.
759 Defeat of the Bulgarians at Marcellae.
762 Baghdad founded by the Caliph Manşür.
Defeat of the Bulgarians at Anchialus.
764–771 Persecution of the image-worshippers.
772 Defeat of the Bulgarians at Lithosoria.
57-2
## p. 900 (#942) ############################################
900
Chronological Table
774 Annexation of the Lombard kingdom by Charlemagne.
775 (14 Sept. ) Death of the Emperor Constantine V and accession of Leo IV
the Chazar.
780 (8 Sept. ) Death of Leo IV and Regency of Irene.
781 Pope Hadrian I ceases to date official acts by the regnal years of the
Emperor.
787 Ecumenical Council of Nicaea. Condemnation of Iconoclasm.
788 Establishment of the Idrīsid dynasty in Morocco.
790 (Dec. ) Abdication of Irene. Constantine VI assumes power.
797 (17 July) Deposition of Constantine Vi. Irene becomes Emperor.
800 Establishment of the Ayhlabid dynasty in Tunis.
(25 Dec. ) Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the West.
802 (31 Oct. ) Deposition of Irene and accession of Nicephorus I.
803 Destruction of the Barmecides.
809 Death of Hārūn ar-Rashid and civil war in the Caliphate.
The Bulgarian Khan Krum invades the Empire.
Pepin of Italy's attack upon Venice.
810 Nicephorus I's scheme of financial reorganisation.
Concentration of the lagoon-townships at Rialto.
811 The Emperor Nicephorus I is defeated and slain by the Bulgarians:
accession of Michael I Rangabé.
812 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle recognises Charlemagne's imperial title.
813 Michael I defeated at Versinicia: Krum appears before Constantinople.
Deposition of Michael I and accession of Leo V the Armenian.
Battle of Mesembria.
Ma'mun becomes sole Caliph.
814 (14 April) Death of Krum: peace between the Empire and the Bulgarians.
815 Iconoclastic synod of Constantinople.
. Banishment of Theodore of Studion.
820 (25 Dec. ) Murder of Leo V, and accession of Michael II the Amorian.
822 Insurrection of Thomas the Slavonian.
826 Death of Theodore of Studion.
Conquest of Crete by the Arabs.
827 Arab invasion of Sicily.
829-842 Reign of Theophilus.
832 Edict of Theophilus against images.
833 Death of the Caliph Ma'mūn.
836 The Abbasid capital removed from Baghdad to Sâmarrā.
839 Treaty between the Russians and the Greeks.
840 Treaty of Pavia ween the Emperor Lothar I and Ve ce.
842 The Arabs take Messina.
Disintegration of the Caliphate begins.
842–867 Reign of Michael III.
843 Council of Constantinople, and final restoration of image-worship by the
Empress Theodora.
846 Ignatius becomes Patriarch.
852–893 Reign of
Boris in Bulgaria.
856_866 Rule of Bardas.
858 Deposition of Ignatius and election of Photius as Patriarch.
860 The Russians appear before Constantinople.
860–861 (? ) Cyril's mission to the Chazars.
863 (? ) Mission of Cyril and Methodius to the Moravians.
864 Conversion of Bulgaria to orthodoxy.
867 The Schism of Photius.
The Synod of Constantinople completes the rupture with Rome.
(23 Sept. ) Murder of Michael III and accession of Basil I the Macedonian.
Deposition of Photius. Restoration of Ignatius.
867 (13 Nov. ) Death of Pope Nicholas I.
(14 Dec. ) Election of Pope Hadrian II.
868 Independence of Egypt under the Țūlūnid dynasty.
## p. 901 (#943) ############################################
Chronological Table
901
869 (14 Feb. ) Death of Cyril.
Ecumenical Council of Constantinople. End of the Schism.
870 Methodius becomes the first Moravo-Pannonian archbishop.
871 War with the Paulicians.
876 Capture of Bari from the Saracens by the Greeks.
877 Death of Ignatius and reinstatement of Photius as Patriarch.
(22 July) Council of Ravenna.
878 (21 May) Capture of Syracuse by the Arabs.
878 (? ) Promulgation of the Prochiron.
882 Fresh rupture between the Eastern and Western Churches; excommuni-
cation of Photius.
885 (6 April) Death of Methodius.
886–912 Reign of Leo VI the Wise.
886 Deposition and exile of Photius.
887–892 Reign of Ashot I in Armenia.
C. 888 Publication of the Basilics.
891 Death of Photius.
892 The Abbasid capital restored to Baghdad.
892–914 Reign of Smbat I in Armenia.
893–927 Reign of Simeon in Bulgaria.
895–896 The Magyars migrate into Hungary:
898 Reconciliation between the Eastern and Western Churches.
899 The Magyars invade Lombardy.
900 Victory of Nicephorus Phocas at Adana.
The Magyars occupy Pannonia.
902 (1 Aug. ) Fall of Taormina, the last Greek stronghold in Sicily.
904 Thessalonica sacked by the Saracens.
906 Leo VI's fourth marriage: contest with the Patriarch.
The Magyars overthrow the Great Moravian State.
907 Russian expedition against Constantinople.
909–1171 The Fățimid Caliphate in Africa.
912 (11 May) Death of Leo VI and accession of Constantine VII Porphyro-
genitus under the regency of Alexander.
913 Simeon of Bulgaria appears before Constantinople.
915–928 Reign of Ashot II in Armenia.
917 (20 Aug. ) Bulgarian victory at Anchialus.
919 (25 Mar. ) Usurpation of Romanus Lecapenus.
920 (June) A Council at Constantinople pronounces upon fourth marriages.
923 Simeon besieges Constantinople.
927 (8 Sept. ) Peace with Bulgaria.
932 Foundation of the Buwaihid dynasty.
933 Venice establishes her supremacy in Istria.
941 Russian expedition against Constantinople.
944 (16 Dec. ) Deposition of Romanus Lecapenus. Personal rule of Con-
stantine VII begins.
945 The Buwaihids enter Baghdad and control the Caliphate.
954 Princess Olga of Russia embraces Christianity.
955 Battle of the Lechfeld.
959 (9 Nov. ) Death of Constantine VII and accession of Romanus II.
959-976 Reign of the Doge Peter IV Candianus.
961 Recovery of Crete by Nicephorus Phocas.
(Mar. ) Advance in Asia by the Greeks.
Athanasius founds the convent of St Laura on Mt Athos.
963 (15 Mar. ) Death of Romanus II: accession of Basil II: regency of
Theophano.
(16 Aug. ) Usurpation of Nicephorus II Phocas.
964 Novel against the monks.
965 Conquest of Cilicia.
967 Renewal of the Bulgarian war.
968 The Russians in Bulgaria.
## p. 902 (#944) ############################################
902
Chronological Table
969 (28 Oct. ) Capture of Antioch.
The Fātimid Caliphs annex Egypt.
(10 Dec. ) Murder of Nicephorus Phocas and accession of John Tzimisces.
970 Capture of Aleppo.
Accession of Géza as Prince of the Magyars.
971 Revolt of Bardas Phocas.
The Emperor John Tzimisces annexes Eastern Bulgaria.
972 Death of Svyatoslav of Kiev.
976 (10 Jan. ) Death of John Tzimisces: personal rule of Basil II Bulgar-
octonus begins.
Peter Orseolo I elected Doge.
976–979 Revolt of Bardas Sclerus.
980 Accession of Vladímir in Russia.
985 Fall of the eunuch Basil.
986–1018 Great Bulgarian War.
987–989 Conspiracy of Phocas and Sclerus.
988 The Fātimid Caliphs occupy Syria.
989 Baptism of Vladímir of Russia.
Vladimir captures Cherson.
991 The Fāțimids re-occupy Syria.
991–1009 Reign of Peter Orseolo II as Doge.
992 (19 July) First Venetian treaty with the Eastern Empire.
994 Saif-ad-Daulah takes Aleppo and establishes himself in Northern Syria.
994–1001 War with the Fățimids.
995 Basil Il's campaign in Syria.
996 (Jan. ) Novel against the Powerful.
Defeat of the Bulgarians on the Spercheus.
997 Accession of St Stephen in Hungary, and conversion of the Magyars.
998-1030 Reign of Maḥmūd of Ghaznah.
1006 Vladímir of Russia makes a treaty with the Bulgarians.
1009 The Patriarch Sergius erases the Pope's name from the diptychs.
1014 Battle of Cimbalongu; death of the Tsar Samuel.
1015 Death of Vladímir of Russia.
1018-1186 Bulgaria a Byzantine province.
1021-1022 Annexation of Vaspurakan to the Empire.
1024 The Patriarch Eustathius attempts to obtain from the Pope the autonomy
of the Greek Church.
1025 (15 Dec. ) Death of Basil II and accession of Constantine VIII.
1026 Fall of the Orseoli at Venice.
1028 (11 Nov. ) Death of Constantine VIII and succession of Zoë and
Romanus III Argyrus.
1030 Defeat of the Greeks near Aleppo.
1031 Capture of Edessa by George Maniaces.
1034 (12 April) Murder of Romanus III and accession of Michael IV the
Paphlagonian.
Government of John the Orphanotrophos.
1038 Death of St Stephen of Hungary.
Success of George Maniaces in Sicily.
The Seljūq Țughril Beg proclaimed.
1041 (10 Dec. ) Death of Michael IV and succession of Michael V Calaphates.
Banishment of John the Orphanotrophos.
1042 (21 April) Revolution in Constantinople; fall of Michael V.
Zoë and Theodora joint Empresses.
(11–12 June) Zoë's marriage; accession of her husband, Constantine IX
Monomachus.
1043 Michael Cerularius becomes Patriarch.
Rising of George Maniaces; his defeat and death at Ostrovo.
1045 Foundation of the Law School of Constantinople.
1046 Annexation of Armenia (Ani) to the Empire.
1047 Revolt of Tornicius.
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Chronological Table
903
1048 Appearance of the Seljūqs on the eastern frontier of the Empire.
1050 Death of the Empress Zoë.
1054 (20 July) The Patriarch Michael Cerularius breaks with Rome; schism
between the Eastern and Western Churches.
1055 (11 Jan. ) Death of Constantine IX; Theodora sole Empress.
The Seljūq Țughril Beg enters Baghdad.
1056 (31 Aug. ) Death of Theodora and proclamation of Michael VI Stratio-
ticus.
1057 Revolt of Isaac Comnenus. Deposition of Michael Vi.
(1 Sept. ? ) Isaac I Comnenus crowned Emperor at Constantinople.
1058 Deposition and death of Michael Cerularius.
1059 Treaty of Melfi.
Abdication of Isaac Comnenus.
1059–1067 Reign of Constantine X Ducas.
1063 Death of Țughril Beg;
1063-1072 Reign of the Seljūq Alp Arslān.
1064 Capture of Ani by the Seljūqs, and conquest of Greater Armenia.
1066 Foundation of the Nizamīyah University at Baghdad.
1067-1071 Reign of Romanus III Diogenes.
1071 Capture of Bari by the Normans and loss of Italy.
Battle of Manzikert.
The Seljūqs occupy Jerusalem.
1071-1078 Reign of Michael VII Parapinaces Ducas.
1072–1092 Reign of the Seljūq Malik Shāh.
1077 Accession of Sulaiman I, Sultan of Rūm.
1078 The Turks at Nicaea.
1078_1081 Reign of Nicephorus III Botaniates.
1080 Alliance between Robert Guiscard and Pope Gregory VII.
Foundation of the Armeno-Cilician kingdom.
1081–1118 Reign of Alexius I Comnenus.
1081-1084 Robert Guiscard's invasion of Epirus.
1082 Treaty with Venice.
1086 Incursions of the Patzinaks begin.
1091 (29 April) Defeat of the Patzinaks at the river Leburnium.
1094-1095 Invasion of the Cumans.
1094 Council of Piacenza.
1095 (18-28 Nov. ) Council of Clermont proclaims the First Crusade.
1096 The Crusaders at Constantinople.
1097 The Crusaders capture Nicaea.
1098 Council of Bari. St Anselm refutes the Greeks.
1099 Establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
1100 (18 July) Death of Godfrey of Bouillon.
1104 Defeat of the Crusaders at Harrãn.
1107 Bohemond's expedition against Constantinople.
1108 Battle of Durazzo.
Treaty with Bohemond.
1116 Battle of Philomelium.
1118-1143 Reign of John II Comnenus.
1119 First expedition of John Comnenus to Asia Minor.
1122 Defeat of the Patzinaks near Eski-Sagra.
1122–1126 War with Venice.
