PALLADIUM
APOSTLE OF THE SCOTS AND PICTS.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v7
In
the small Island of Ennismacreeny or Ennismacreey, in Lough Key, County Roscommon, are the ruins of an old church. A drawing made by Bigari, in
the last century, has been elegantly engraved ; but, Dr. Ledwich's vagaries,
in the are ridiculous in the extreme. 12 A letterpress description,
holy well, called after St. Etain, was near the church called Kill-oscoban. To it, many
were accustomed to resort, through motives of devotion, and to obtain spiritual
been transferred by him to the wood, en-
also called Moduena, Moedoena and Man-
doena by prefixing the devotional mo or ——
graved by Mrs. 11
"my," to her name is identical, as Rev. Dr. Todd states, in a note.
Millard.
Three views of these are engraved, and
they were respectively drawn by Bigari, T. 9 "The mem. in the more recent hand Cocking, and Lieutenant Daniel Grose. An
should probably belong to the Moninne under the 6th of July," adds William M. Hennessy, in a manuscript note to his copy of the Donegal Martyrology.
additional engraving, representing a ground- plan and details, occupies another plate. See Grose's "Antiquities of Ireland," vol. i. , pp. 81, 82.
Ireland,"
10 The
by William F. Wakeman on the spot, has
12 See Grose's " of Antiquities
accompanying illustration,
taken
vol. i„ pp. 85, 86.
July 5. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 65
favours, as also to be cured from bodily diseases. ^ The grave of this pious woman is shown in the churchyard, not far from the River Shannon. 1 * A
tradition exists, in the neighbourhood of Carrick-on-Shannon, that the chapel of Toomna had been built by the family of Lenaghan. The name is still extant in this 1 * The name of this also occurs in the of
Donegal,'
6 at the same date, as Etavin, of Tuaim Noa, in
on
parish. virgin
Martyrology Magh Luirg,
the banks of the Bui 11. In the table added to this Martyrology, at the entry
of this saint's name, the notification is given, that she was identical with the
virgin Mdduena. 1' This, however, seems to be very doubtful. At the 5th
•of July, St. Edana or Edaena, in Ireland, and a virgin, is recorded by Rev.
18 x
Alban Butler. At this date, too, in the Circle of the Seasons, 9 this holy
woman is entered, as St. Edana, Virgin, in Ireland. She is also recorded, by
20
Article III. —St. Fergus O'Huamaigh. In the Martyrology of
1
Tallagh, a festival is entered at the 5th of July, in honour of Fergusa ohua-
2 at this same
Article IV. —St. Ultan. The name of Ultan occurs, in the Martyr-
1
ology of Donegal, as having been venerated, at the 5th of July. His age or
place does not seem to be known.
Article V. —St. Cillen. On the 5th of July, in the Martyrology of
1 the name of Cillen. 2 Marianus O'Gorman is as Donegal, appears cited,
authority for the introduction of his name, at this date. The Bollandists 3 also record Kilian, on this day, but they do not pretend to know who he was, if not identical with the Kilian of Wurtzburgh, who is venerated on the 8th of this month.
13 This is stated on the authority of Father 2 See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Thomas O'Sheerin, who seems to think the Julii v. Among the pretermitted feasts,
Bishop Forbes.
The
gussius, from the Manuscripts of Father Thomas O'Sheerin. They acknow- ledge, however, that such a name was not found on their own lists. The Martyrology of Donegal, 3 at the same date, records him as Ho Huimmigh,* i. e. , Fergus or Ferghass, as found in a distinct line, but evidently referring to one and the same person. The foregoing words, within brackets, had been entered,5 bythemorerecenthand. 6 _
maigh.
Bollandists,
date,
enter a Fer- Huamayus aliquis
present holy virgin was not a different per- son from St. Modwenna, whose feast also occurs on this day.
14 See Dr. O'Donovan's "Annals of the
pp. 215, 216.
3 Edited by Drs. Todd and Reeves, pp.
186, 187.
4 A note by Dr. Todd says, "The Mart.
Four vol. Masters,"
iii. ,
n.
(g), pp. 323,
Taml. " calls him " correctly Fergus
maigh. "
5 This the Rev. Dr. Todd tells us.
O'Hua-
324.
»5 Ibid. , n. (n), p. 332.
16 Edited 186, 187.
Drs. Todd and
6 William M.
writer did not possibly notice the Ver^i^rf
l-
ofthe —
Donegal Martyrology.
by
Reeves, pp.
Hennessy remarks,
that the
17 See ibid. , pp. 406, 407, and pp. 450, immediately succeeding, in a note tolas copy
45
See LivesoftheFathers,Martyrsand
other principal Saints," vol. vii. , July v.
See Kalendars of Scottish Saints," P- 333-
18 "
Articleiv.
s
Edited
Drs. Todd and
by
x 9 See p. 187. 10 "
Reeves, pp. 186, 187.
Article v. — 1 Edited by Drs. Todd
and Reeve*, pp. 186, 187.
3 A note by Dr. Todd says at Cillien's
name, that it has been added, by the more recent hand, from Marianus O'Gorman.
e
—
Vol. VII. —No. 2.
Article hi. Kelly, p. xxviii.
*
Edited by Rev. Dr.
66 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
[July 5.
Article VI. —St. Rumoldus. In Convseus' list, at the 5 tli of July, we have a festival-day assigned to St. Rumoldus, prince Archbishop of Dublin,
we have treated at some
about this distinguished saint, at the 1st day of this month, and in the present
3
Article VII. —Feast of St. Agatha and of her Companions,
Martyrs. In the early Irish Church, at the 5th of July, the martyrdom of
the holy virgin St. Agatha and of her companions was commemorated, as we
his date, in a commentary containing eighteen paragraphs.
Article VIII. —Reputed Feast of St. Alea, or Athea. At the present date, the Bollandists x enter the name of a holy nun, Alea, remitted from the 23rd of May. Bucelin commemorates her as a saint. The Bollan- dists think she was Atea, who is mentioned in the Life of St. Modwenna, and regarding whom no special Acts have been written.
Article IX. —Reputed Feast of St. Boniface, Bishop and Martyr. In a Calendar, not more particularly described by Bollandus, there was found an entry of Boniface, Bishop and Martyr, at the 5th of July. However, he
and afterwards of Mechlin. 1 Apostle
Already
length,
volume.
learn from the "Feilire"1 of St. An Irish ^Engus.
commentary appended states that she was in Lombardy and which—strange to say—is supposed by the writer of the gloss to have been in Gaul. 2 However, it seems more pro- bable, that she was one of those holy Martyrs, who suffered together at Rhegium,inCalabria,andwhoseActs3 aresetdownbytheBollandists,*at
is
2
to be the same as St. Boniface of — and
of
thought, Mayence, Apostle Germany. It was probably an error of placement July having been sub- stituted for June. At the 5th of this month, the Acts of this illustrious
Apostle of Germany have been already set forth, as it is the date usually given for his chief Festival.
3 See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Julii v. Among the pretermitted saints,
>ee Art. i. — Translation, in three paragraphs.
x* Article vii. In the "Leabhar
Bre. ic" copy, is the following stanza, trans- lated into English by Dr. Whitley Stokes : —
Oonm4j\cir\ •AgAcliA CotiAcleip CA111 comuL Uo ip Crur-c [rro] rlemun mit!
216. Article vi.
2 hee
cxv.
—
Historic Catholics Ibernise Compen- plebe et ab ilia nominata est. "
p.
"
dium," tomus i. , lib. iv. , cap. x, p. 48. * These pre written in Greek, with a Latin
opr-ei^cc
La oitkmi.
Sancto- rum," tomus ii. , Julii v. Among the preter-
mitted — feasts, p. 215.
Article ix.
Sixth Volume of this work, at the 5th of June, Art. i.
3 See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Julii v. Among the pretermitted saints, p. 214.
r
See O'Sul'. evan Beare's
"To the martyr Agatha, with her followers, a fair assembly, Christ granted perfect peace,
great love of him with awe. "—
of the Royal Irish Academy," Irish Manuscript
"Transactions
Series, vol. i. , part i. Oengus, p. cix.
A Latin comment is subjoined :" Agatus nomen ciuitatis in ilia
ibid. , p.
See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Jul i v. I)e SS. Stephano, Primo Episcopo Rhegiensi et sociis, Snera Episcopo, Agnete, Felicitate et Perpetua, pp. 217 to 220. —
l
Article viii.
See "Acta
On the Calendar of
his in the See Life,
July 6. ]
LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 67
£>tjrtl) 2Bap of 3ul2*
ARTICLE I. -ST.
PALLADIUM APOSTLE OF THE SCOTS AND PICTS. [FIFTH CENTURY. }
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION—AUTHORITIES FOR THE LIFE OF ST. PALLADIUS—HIS DISPUTED ORIGIN —HIS EARLIEST MISSION TO BRITAIN AND HIS SUCCESS IN STEMMING THE PELAGIAN HERESY—CREATED ARCHDEACON—AFTERWARDS SELECTED AND CONSECRATED BYPOPEST. CELESTINEI. TOPREACHTHEGOSPELAMONGTHESCOTS—HEARRIVES IN IRELAND, WHERE HE BUILDS SOME CHURCHES.
the Irish and the Scotch have regarded with especial veneration this the Pontiff at Rome with the
BOTH
early Apostle, charged by Sovereign
duty of announcing to them the message of Gospel truth. His mission less
successful preceded that of St. Patrick to our Island ; but, even for several
years before their appearance, other servants of Christ had heralded their
approach. It is recorded, that at the period of- St. Patrick's arrival, as
apostolic missionary in Ireland, four holy men specially mentioned had been
engaged in this part of the Lord's vineyard. These missionaries were called
Saints 1 2Ailbe3andKieran. 4 Allwerenativesof while
Declain, Ibar, Ireland,
they were engaged in spreading the Gospel light, and in opening its great truths to the minds of their countrymen. St. Kieran has been styled the "first born of Ireland's Saints. " Thus he was considered the proto-Saint of the Island, so far remote from the centre of Christendom, although the others are regarded as having been his contemporaries. An innumerable host of sanctifiedmenandwomenourcountryafterwardsgavetotheChurch. The fame and virtues of these holy persons are written in the pages of almost all Christian histories and records. Their memories are recorded, in writing, as well as remembered, in the grateful recollection of civilized Europe. Their names, moreover, are inscribed in the Book of Life; and, therefore, unfading they shall remain, within the heavenly Jerusalem.
After all, we know very few authentic particulars, regarding the Acts of this illustrious missionary. His name is generally Latinized as Palladius, but by the Scots, he is often called Padie. s We find accounts of this glorious saint, bv St. of
6 Venerable Marianus Scotus, Bede,? Sigebert,
Prosper
Matthew of Westminster,8 Ado, Hermannus Contractus, Florence of Worces-
10
Aquitaine,
Nen-
Article i. —Chapter 1. — * His feast s See Bishop Challenor's "Memorial of occurs at the 24th of July. British Piety," p. IOI.
86 See an account of him, in the Fourth
ter, Matthaeus Florilegus, Freculphus Lexoviensis,9 Polydore Virgil,
nius the Briton, Probus Hibernus, Jocelyn, John of Teignmouth, and by many other early chroniclers. Furthermore, those who have treated the Acts of
Volume of this work, at April 23rd—the supposed date for his festival, Art. ii.
In his Chronicle.
7 See " Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis An-
glorum," lib. i. , cap. xiii.
8 In "Flores Historiarum," at A. D.
433.
9 In lib. v. , cap. xxiii.
,0
3 His festival is held, on the 1 2th of tember.
Sep-
4 See his Acts, at the 5th of March, in the Third Volume of this work, Art. i.
In "Historia Anglicana," lib. iii. , p. 59.
68 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [July 6.
2
Pope St. Celestine I. , such as Platina," Ciaconius,' and other writers, inci-
dentally relate the period and mission of St. Palladius. Since the time of the Reformation, various authors, as well Protestants as Catholics, allude to him, in connexion with the ecclesiastical history of these Islands. Among those may be enumerated Archbishop Ussher,1^ Baronius,1* and many others.
x
FatherJohnColgans haswrittenaverylearneddisquisitiononthemission
of Palladius in Ireland, before the arrival ol St. Patrick, as a Christian mis-
sionary.
16 The Life of St. Palladius has been treated the Bollandist by
Father John Baptist Soller, S. J. , in a historic sylloge, consisting of two sections
1 18 andnineteenparagraphs. ? Again,amongtheScottishwriters,JohnMajor,
Hector 1 * 20 Thomas Boetius, JohnLesley,
21 and
woode,22 have various notices of St. Palladius. Besides the foregoing, Dean
S. Cressy,
23
Bishop Challenor,
2*
2^ Father Thomas Eev.
"
In his Fourth Book, when treating
3L John Bale and other writers adopt this statement.
& Among these were Palladius Arch- bishop of Bourges, elected to that See in a'. d. 377. Another of the same name filled that same See in a. d. 451. See Rev. Dr. Todd's " St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland," chap, i. , pp. 278, 279.
33 See Father Innes, " Civil and Ecclesi-
astical History of Scotland," p. 52.
3» jn a Work by William of Malmesbury,
about Eugenius II. 91 "
Scotorum Hystoriae," lib. vii.
23 See "The Church
tany," book ix. , chap, iii. , pp. 172 to 174.
called "De
siae," this is expressly stated.
History
of Brit-
AntiquitateGlastoniensis Eccle-
Dempster, Rev. Alban Butler,
ArchbishopSpottis-
27 M'Lauchlan,28 and Rev. Dr. F. S. J.
26 Rev. Dr.
Gordon,29 record the few known particulars about Palladius, and that have come down to our time.
Historians have not decided on the native country of. this illustrious mis-
sionaryandapostle; but,thereisaveryconcurrentagreementamongwriters, that he was a Grecian^ There are other authors, who think, that Palladius
was probably a Gaul by birth, although perhaps of Hellenic extraction ; for, some of the southern Gallic cities had been peopled by Greek immigrants^' and he might have some relationship to their race. Moreover, some men of his name, and perhaps connected with his family, were already of repute and distinction in the Gallic church. 3 2 Some writers 33 have asserted, that this saint was a native of Britain. 34 About the year 360 to 363, one of the chief officers of Julian the Apostate, and a Christian, had been banished into Britain. It has been supposed probable, that he had been father of the future Deacon Palladius. This supposition might warrant a suggestion, that he was of
Innes,
John Lanigan,
11 In Gestis Sancti Ccelestini.
12
In "Vitse et Res Gestae Pontificum Romanorum et Romanae Ecclesiae Cardina- Hum. "
J 3 See " Britannicarum Ecclesiarum An-
tiquitates," cap. xvi. , pp. 417, to 425.
14 In "Annales Ecclesiastici," at A. D.
429, num. iv.
's In one place, Colgan intimates, he in- tended to give the Acts of this saint at the 6th of June, but this is clearly a mistake for the 6th of July.
16 See "Trias Thaumaturga," Quinta Appendix ad Acta S. Patricii, cap. xiv. , pp. 245 to 250.
'7 See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Julii v. De S. Palladio Epis. et Conf.
Scotorum Apostolo Forduni in Scotia, pp. 286 to 290.
18 "De Gestis Scotorum," lib. ii. ,
cap, ii. '9 In
20
See Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Scotorum," lib. xv. , num. 998.
82
In his History of the Church of Scot- land.
24 See "A Memorial of British 101.
Piety,"
p.
2S See "Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs
and other principal Saints," vol. vii. ,
vi.
July
26 "
tory 37
See his Civil and Ecclesiastical His- of Scotland. "
See " Ecclesiastical History of Ire- land," vol. i. , chap, i. , sect, iv. , pp. 9 to 1 1, sect, xi. , xv. , xvi. , pp. 23 to 47. Also
chap, iv. , sect, xviii. , pp, 198 to 202. 28 "
In his Early Scottish Church. "
29 See his " Scotichronicon," vol. i. , pp.
391041.
30 gee the Rev# i)r- Gordon's " Scoti-
chronicon," vol. him a Greek.
i. , p. 39.
Trithemius calls
July 6. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 69
British birth. Another mistaken account makes him an Egyptian^ proba- bly originating in an assumption, that our Palladius was author of the Histo-
ria Lausiaca; but, regarding this opinion, there is no sufficient evidence given. 3 6 The Bollandist Father J. B. Soller maintains, that he was an Italian ; yet,
thisopinionisnotveryclearlysustained. 3? Accordingtooneaccount,Palla- dius hailed from Rome. Some suppose him to have been identical
with Palladius, Bishop of Helenopolis, and who wrote the Life of St. John
8 Chrysostom. s
In reality, it is improbable at the present day, that we should be able to glean any authentic facts regarding his parentage or native country, while as little seems to be discoverable regarding his early training and education. Yet, Palladius is called an Archdeacon, in that Life of St. Patrick, contained in
the Book ofArmagh. 39 It is generally supposed, this dignity had been con- ferred on him in Rome. Also, St. Palladius is styled an Archdeacon,* or a High Deacon, in other Lives of St. Patrick. A curious account is given
regarding
a certain "
Ballerus,
a man from at the head of a Rome," being
Welsh college at Cor Tewdws in Gower, when it had been plundered and
sacked by Scotic raiders, and when they carried away Padrig Maenwyn, who
was a teacher into which he endured in Ireland/1 It has there, captivity,
been supposed probable, that Palladius had been in that school for a series
of years, and that his residence there might account for a special mission he
had from Rome, to watch the progress of heresy at its source in Britain,
while he became acquainted with the spiritual needs of the British Church,
and the destitute condition of some scattered -Christian communities in
2
Ireland/
tical with Palladius ; but, we think it rather more ingeniously conceived than well-founded on any reliable evidence. St. Prosper^ who seems to have had a very inaccurate historical and geographical knowledge of the British Islands, satisfies us, that Christianity had taken root in Britain, and that the peace ot the Church had been disturbed by a subsequent prevalence of the Pelagian heresy. In his Chronicle,44 he relates, that Agricola, a Pelagian/s had cor- rupted about this time the churches of Britain, owing to the insinuation of his doctrine. Muchobscurityprevails,however,inreferencetotheoriginandacts of its author Pelagius. The holy Pope Celestine I. was greatly concerned in his endeavours to preserve the Roman province there*6 in the Catholic Faith, while he was equally desirous to bring the Scots over to the Christian
Religion.
As Legate to Pope Celestine I. , St. Germanus, the Bishop of Auxerre,4 ?
laboured among the Britons, who had been infected with the heresy of Pela-
This conjecture supposes, however, that Ballerus had been iden-
33 See the Breviary of Aberdeen. Propria Sanctorum, ad vi. Julii, fol. xxiv.
the small Island of Ennismacreeny or Ennismacreey, in Lough Key, County Roscommon, are the ruins of an old church. A drawing made by Bigari, in
the last century, has been elegantly engraved ; but, Dr. Ledwich's vagaries,
in the are ridiculous in the extreme. 12 A letterpress description,
holy well, called after St. Etain, was near the church called Kill-oscoban. To it, many
were accustomed to resort, through motives of devotion, and to obtain spiritual
been transferred by him to the wood, en-
also called Moduena, Moedoena and Man-
doena by prefixing the devotional mo or ——
graved by Mrs. 11
"my," to her name is identical, as Rev. Dr. Todd states, in a note.
Millard.
Three views of these are engraved, and
they were respectively drawn by Bigari, T. 9 "The mem. in the more recent hand Cocking, and Lieutenant Daniel Grose. An
should probably belong to the Moninne under the 6th of July," adds William M. Hennessy, in a manuscript note to his copy of the Donegal Martyrology.
additional engraving, representing a ground- plan and details, occupies another plate. See Grose's "Antiquities of Ireland," vol. i. , pp. 81, 82.
Ireland,"
10 The
by William F. Wakeman on the spot, has
12 See Grose's " of Antiquities
accompanying illustration,
taken
vol. i„ pp. 85, 86.
July 5. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 65
favours, as also to be cured from bodily diseases. ^ The grave of this pious woman is shown in the churchyard, not far from the River Shannon. 1 * A
tradition exists, in the neighbourhood of Carrick-on-Shannon, that the chapel of Toomna had been built by the family of Lenaghan. The name is still extant in this 1 * The name of this also occurs in the of
Donegal,'
6 at the same date, as Etavin, of Tuaim Noa, in
on
parish. virgin
Martyrology Magh Luirg,
the banks of the Bui 11. In the table added to this Martyrology, at the entry
of this saint's name, the notification is given, that she was identical with the
virgin Mdduena. 1' This, however, seems to be very doubtful. At the 5th
•of July, St. Edana or Edaena, in Ireland, and a virgin, is recorded by Rev.
18 x
Alban Butler. At this date, too, in the Circle of the Seasons, 9 this holy
woman is entered, as St. Edana, Virgin, in Ireland. She is also recorded, by
20
Article III. —St. Fergus O'Huamaigh. In the Martyrology of
1
Tallagh, a festival is entered at the 5th of July, in honour of Fergusa ohua-
2 at this same
Article IV. —St. Ultan. The name of Ultan occurs, in the Martyr-
1
ology of Donegal, as having been venerated, at the 5th of July. His age or
place does not seem to be known.
Article V. —St. Cillen. On the 5th of July, in the Martyrology of
1 the name of Cillen. 2 Marianus O'Gorman is as Donegal, appears cited,
authority for the introduction of his name, at this date. The Bollandists 3 also record Kilian, on this day, but they do not pretend to know who he was, if not identical with the Kilian of Wurtzburgh, who is venerated on the 8th of this month.
13 This is stated on the authority of Father 2 See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Thomas O'Sheerin, who seems to think the Julii v. Among the pretermitted feasts,
Bishop Forbes.
The
gussius, from the Manuscripts of Father Thomas O'Sheerin. They acknow- ledge, however, that such a name was not found on their own lists. The Martyrology of Donegal, 3 at the same date, records him as Ho Huimmigh,* i. e. , Fergus or Ferghass, as found in a distinct line, but evidently referring to one and the same person. The foregoing words, within brackets, had been entered,5 bythemorerecenthand. 6 _
maigh.
Bollandists,
date,
enter a Fer- Huamayus aliquis
present holy virgin was not a different per- son from St. Modwenna, whose feast also occurs on this day.
14 See Dr. O'Donovan's "Annals of the
pp. 215, 216.
3 Edited by Drs. Todd and Reeves, pp.
186, 187.
4 A note by Dr. Todd says, "The Mart.
Four vol. Masters,"
iii. ,
n.
(g), pp. 323,
Taml. " calls him " correctly Fergus
maigh. "
5 This the Rev. Dr. Todd tells us.
O'Hua-
324.
»5 Ibid. , n. (n), p. 332.
16 Edited 186, 187.
Drs. Todd and
6 William M.
writer did not possibly notice the Ver^i^rf
l-
ofthe —
Donegal Martyrology.
by
Reeves, pp.
Hennessy remarks,
that the
17 See ibid. , pp. 406, 407, and pp. 450, immediately succeeding, in a note tolas copy
45
See LivesoftheFathers,Martyrsand
other principal Saints," vol. vii. , July v.
See Kalendars of Scottish Saints," P- 333-
18 "
Articleiv.
s
Edited
Drs. Todd and
by
x 9 See p. 187. 10 "
Reeves, pp. 186, 187.
Article v. — 1 Edited by Drs. Todd
and Reeve*, pp. 186, 187.
3 A note by Dr. Todd says at Cillien's
name, that it has been added, by the more recent hand, from Marianus O'Gorman.
e
—
Vol. VII. —No. 2.
Article hi. Kelly, p. xxviii.
*
Edited by Rev. Dr.
66 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
[July 5.
Article VI. —St. Rumoldus. In Convseus' list, at the 5 tli of July, we have a festival-day assigned to St. Rumoldus, prince Archbishop of Dublin,
we have treated at some
about this distinguished saint, at the 1st day of this month, and in the present
3
Article VII. —Feast of St. Agatha and of her Companions,
Martyrs. In the early Irish Church, at the 5th of July, the martyrdom of
the holy virgin St. Agatha and of her companions was commemorated, as we
his date, in a commentary containing eighteen paragraphs.
Article VIII. —Reputed Feast of St. Alea, or Athea. At the present date, the Bollandists x enter the name of a holy nun, Alea, remitted from the 23rd of May. Bucelin commemorates her as a saint. The Bollan- dists think she was Atea, who is mentioned in the Life of St. Modwenna, and regarding whom no special Acts have been written.
Article IX. —Reputed Feast of St. Boniface, Bishop and Martyr. In a Calendar, not more particularly described by Bollandus, there was found an entry of Boniface, Bishop and Martyr, at the 5th of July. However, he
and afterwards of Mechlin. 1 Apostle
Already
length,
volume.
learn from the "Feilire"1 of St. An Irish ^Engus.
commentary appended states that she was in Lombardy and which—strange to say—is supposed by the writer of the gloss to have been in Gaul. 2 However, it seems more pro- bable, that she was one of those holy Martyrs, who suffered together at Rhegium,inCalabria,andwhoseActs3 aresetdownbytheBollandists,*at
is
2
to be the same as St. Boniface of — and
of
thought, Mayence, Apostle Germany. It was probably an error of placement July having been sub- stituted for June. At the 5th of this month, the Acts of this illustrious
Apostle of Germany have been already set forth, as it is the date usually given for his chief Festival.
3 See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Julii v. Among the pretermitted saints,
>ee Art. i. — Translation, in three paragraphs.
x* Article vii. In the "Leabhar
Bre. ic" copy, is the following stanza, trans- lated into English by Dr. Whitley Stokes : —
Oonm4j\cir\ •AgAcliA CotiAcleip CA111 comuL Uo ip Crur-c [rro] rlemun mit!
216. Article vi.
2 hee
cxv.
—
Historic Catholics Ibernise Compen- plebe et ab ilia nominata est. "
p.
"
dium," tomus i. , lib. iv. , cap. x, p. 48. * These pre written in Greek, with a Latin
opr-ei^cc
La oitkmi.
Sancto- rum," tomus ii. , Julii v. Among the preter-
mitted — feasts, p. 215.
Article ix.
Sixth Volume of this work, at the 5th of June, Art. i.
3 See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Julii v. Among the pretermitted saints, p. 214.
r
See O'Sul'. evan Beare's
"To the martyr Agatha, with her followers, a fair assembly, Christ granted perfect peace,
great love of him with awe. "—
of the Royal Irish Academy," Irish Manuscript
"Transactions
Series, vol. i. , part i. Oengus, p. cix.
A Latin comment is subjoined :" Agatus nomen ciuitatis in ilia
ibid. , p.
See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Jul i v. I)e SS. Stephano, Primo Episcopo Rhegiensi et sociis, Snera Episcopo, Agnete, Felicitate et Perpetua, pp. 217 to 220. —
l
Article viii.
See "Acta
On the Calendar of
his in the See Life,
July 6. ]
LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 67
£>tjrtl) 2Bap of 3ul2*
ARTICLE I. -ST.
PALLADIUM APOSTLE OF THE SCOTS AND PICTS. [FIFTH CENTURY. }
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION—AUTHORITIES FOR THE LIFE OF ST. PALLADIUS—HIS DISPUTED ORIGIN —HIS EARLIEST MISSION TO BRITAIN AND HIS SUCCESS IN STEMMING THE PELAGIAN HERESY—CREATED ARCHDEACON—AFTERWARDS SELECTED AND CONSECRATED BYPOPEST. CELESTINEI. TOPREACHTHEGOSPELAMONGTHESCOTS—HEARRIVES IN IRELAND, WHERE HE BUILDS SOME CHURCHES.
the Irish and the Scotch have regarded with especial veneration this the Pontiff at Rome with the
BOTH
early Apostle, charged by Sovereign
duty of announcing to them the message of Gospel truth. His mission less
successful preceded that of St. Patrick to our Island ; but, even for several
years before their appearance, other servants of Christ had heralded their
approach. It is recorded, that at the period of- St. Patrick's arrival, as
apostolic missionary in Ireland, four holy men specially mentioned had been
engaged in this part of the Lord's vineyard. These missionaries were called
Saints 1 2Ailbe3andKieran. 4 Allwerenativesof while
Declain, Ibar, Ireland,
they were engaged in spreading the Gospel light, and in opening its great truths to the minds of their countrymen. St. Kieran has been styled the "first born of Ireland's Saints. " Thus he was considered the proto-Saint of the Island, so far remote from the centre of Christendom, although the others are regarded as having been his contemporaries. An innumerable host of sanctifiedmenandwomenourcountryafterwardsgavetotheChurch. The fame and virtues of these holy persons are written in the pages of almost all Christian histories and records. Their memories are recorded, in writing, as well as remembered, in the grateful recollection of civilized Europe. Their names, moreover, are inscribed in the Book of Life; and, therefore, unfading they shall remain, within the heavenly Jerusalem.
After all, we know very few authentic particulars, regarding the Acts of this illustrious missionary. His name is generally Latinized as Palladius, but by the Scots, he is often called Padie. s We find accounts of this glorious saint, bv St. of
6 Venerable Marianus Scotus, Bede,? Sigebert,
Prosper
Matthew of Westminster,8 Ado, Hermannus Contractus, Florence of Worces-
10
Aquitaine,
Nen-
Article i. —Chapter 1. — * His feast s See Bishop Challenor's "Memorial of occurs at the 24th of July. British Piety," p. IOI.
86 See an account of him, in the Fourth
ter, Matthaeus Florilegus, Freculphus Lexoviensis,9 Polydore Virgil,
nius the Briton, Probus Hibernus, Jocelyn, John of Teignmouth, and by many other early chroniclers. Furthermore, those who have treated the Acts of
Volume of this work, at April 23rd—the supposed date for his festival, Art. ii.
In his Chronicle.
7 See " Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis An-
glorum," lib. i. , cap. xiii.
8 In "Flores Historiarum," at A. D.
433.
9 In lib. v. , cap. xxiii.
,0
3 His festival is held, on the 1 2th of tember.
Sep-
4 See his Acts, at the 5th of March, in the Third Volume of this work, Art. i.
In "Historia Anglicana," lib. iii. , p. 59.
68 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [July 6.
2
Pope St. Celestine I. , such as Platina," Ciaconius,' and other writers, inci-
dentally relate the period and mission of St. Palladius. Since the time of the Reformation, various authors, as well Protestants as Catholics, allude to him, in connexion with the ecclesiastical history of these Islands. Among those may be enumerated Archbishop Ussher,1^ Baronius,1* and many others.
x
FatherJohnColgans haswrittenaverylearneddisquisitiononthemission
of Palladius in Ireland, before the arrival ol St. Patrick, as a Christian mis-
sionary.
16 The Life of St. Palladius has been treated the Bollandist by
Father John Baptist Soller, S. J. , in a historic sylloge, consisting of two sections
1 18 andnineteenparagraphs. ? Again,amongtheScottishwriters,JohnMajor,
Hector 1 * 20 Thomas Boetius, JohnLesley,
21 and
woode,22 have various notices of St. Palladius. Besides the foregoing, Dean
S. Cressy,
23
Bishop Challenor,
2*
2^ Father Thomas Eev.
"
In his Fourth Book, when treating
3L John Bale and other writers adopt this statement.
& Among these were Palladius Arch- bishop of Bourges, elected to that See in a'. d. 377. Another of the same name filled that same See in a. d. 451. See Rev. Dr. Todd's " St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland," chap, i. , pp. 278, 279.
33 See Father Innes, " Civil and Ecclesi-
astical History of Scotland," p. 52.
3» jn a Work by William of Malmesbury,
about Eugenius II. 91 "
Scotorum Hystoriae," lib. vii.
23 See "The Church
tany," book ix. , chap, iii. , pp. 172 to 174.
called "De
siae," this is expressly stated.
History
of Brit-
AntiquitateGlastoniensis Eccle-
Dempster, Rev. Alban Butler,
ArchbishopSpottis-
27 M'Lauchlan,28 and Rev. Dr. F. S. J.
26 Rev. Dr.
Gordon,29 record the few known particulars about Palladius, and that have come down to our time.
Historians have not decided on the native country of. this illustrious mis-
sionaryandapostle; but,thereisaveryconcurrentagreementamongwriters, that he was a Grecian^ There are other authors, who think, that Palladius
was probably a Gaul by birth, although perhaps of Hellenic extraction ; for, some of the southern Gallic cities had been peopled by Greek immigrants^' and he might have some relationship to their race. Moreover, some men of his name, and perhaps connected with his family, were already of repute and distinction in the Gallic church. 3 2 Some writers 33 have asserted, that this saint was a native of Britain. 34 About the year 360 to 363, one of the chief officers of Julian the Apostate, and a Christian, had been banished into Britain. It has been supposed probable, that he had been father of the future Deacon Palladius. This supposition might warrant a suggestion, that he was of
Innes,
John Lanigan,
11 In Gestis Sancti Ccelestini.
12
In "Vitse et Res Gestae Pontificum Romanorum et Romanae Ecclesiae Cardina- Hum. "
J 3 See " Britannicarum Ecclesiarum An-
tiquitates," cap. xvi. , pp. 417, to 425.
14 In "Annales Ecclesiastici," at A. D.
429, num. iv.
's In one place, Colgan intimates, he in- tended to give the Acts of this saint at the 6th of June, but this is clearly a mistake for the 6th of July.
16 See "Trias Thaumaturga," Quinta Appendix ad Acta S. Patricii, cap. xiv. , pp. 245 to 250.
'7 See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Julii v. De S. Palladio Epis. et Conf.
Scotorum Apostolo Forduni in Scotia, pp. 286 to 290.
18 "De Gestis Scotorum," lib. ii. ,
cap, ii. '9 In
20
See Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Scotorum," lib. xv. , num. 998.
82
In his History of the Church of Scot- land.
24 See "A Memorial of British 101.
Piety,"
p.
2S See "Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs
and other principal Saints," vol. vii. ,
vi.
July
26 "
tory 37
See his Civil and Ecclesiastical His- of Scotland. "
See " Ecclesiastical History of Ire- land," vol. i. , chap, i. , sect, iv. , pp. 9 to 1 1, sect, xi. , xv. , xvi. , pp. 23 to 47. Also
chap, iv. , sect, xviii. , pp, 198 to 202. 28 "
In his Early Scottish Church. "
29 See his " Scotichronicon," vol. i. , pp.
391041.
30 gee the Rev# i)r- Gordon's " Scoti-
chronicon," vol. him a Greek.
i. , p. 39.
Trithemius calls
July 6. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 69
British birth. Another mistaken account makes him an Egyptian^ proba- bly originating in an assumption, that our Palladius was author of the Histo-
ria Lausiaca; but, regarding this opinion, there is no sufficient evidence given. 3 6 The Bollandist Father J. B. Soller maintains, that he was an Italian ; yet,
thisopinionisnotveryclearlysustained. 3? Accordingtooneaccount,Palla- dius hailed from Rome. Some suppose him to have been identical
with Palladius, Bishop of Helenopolis, and who wrote the Life of St. John
8 Chrysostom. s
In reality, it is improbable at the present day, that we should be able to glean any authentic facts regarding his parentage or native country, while as little seems to be discoverable regarding his early training and education. Yet, Palladius is called an Archdeacon, in that Life of St. Patrick, contained in
the Book ofArmagh. 39 It is generally supposed, this dignity had been con- ferred on him in Rome. Also, St. Palladius is styled an Archdeacon,* or a High Deacon, in other Lives of St. Patrick. A curious account is given
regarding
a certain "
Ballerus,
a man from at the head of a Rome," being
Welsh college at Cor Tewdws in Gower, when it had been plundered and
sacked by Scotic raiders, and when they carried away Padrig Maenwyn, who
was a teacher into which he endured in Ireland/1 It has there, captivity,
been supposed probable, that Palladius had been in that school for a series
of years, and that his residence there might account for a special mission he
had from Rome, to watch the progress of heresy at its source in Britain,
while he became acquainted with the spiritual needs of the British Church,
and the destitute condition of some scattered -Christian communities in
2
Ireland/
tical with Palladius ; but, we think it rather more ingeniously conceived than well-founded on any reliable evidence. St. Prosper^ who seems to have had a very inaccurate historical and geographical knowledge of the British Islands, satisfies us, that Christianity had taken root in Britain, and that the peace ot the Church had been disturbed by a subsequent prevalence of the Pelagian heresy. In his Chronicle,44 he relates, that Agricola, a Pelagian/s had cor- rupted about this time the churches of Britain, owing to the insinuation of his doctrine. Muchobscurityprevails,however,inreferencetotheoriginandacts of its author Pelagius. The holy Pope Celestine I. was greatly concerned in his endeavours to preserve the Roman province there*6 in the Catholic Faith, while he was equally desirous to bring the Scots over to the Christian
Religion.
As Legate to Pope Celestine I. , St. Germanus, the Bishop of Auxerre,4 ?
laboured among the Britons, who had been infected with the heresy of Pela-
This conjecture supposes, however, that Ballerus had been iden-
33 See the Breviary of Aberdeen. Propria Sanctorum, ad vi. Julii, fol. xxiv.
