No More Learning

Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de (fônt-nel').
A distinguished French essayist; born at Rouen,
13


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194
FONVIELLE - FORBES
Feb. II, 1657; died at Paris, Jan. 9, 1757. A
gift of luminous popular exposition made his
historical, philosophical, moral, and scientific
writings highly esteemed. Best known among
his prose writings are: Dialogues of the Dead,
after the Manner of Lucian) (1683); Conver-
sations on the Plurality of Worlds) (1686),
which was translated into many languages and
is still republished; History of the Oracles)
(1686). He was unsuccessful as a writer for
the stage.
Fonvielle, Wilfried de (fôn-vyāl or fôn-
vyā'). A French popular scientific prose-writer;
born in Paris, July 21, 1824. He has long aimed
to propagate scientific truths by his writings, of
which the best known are: (Fossil Man' (1865);
(Balloons in the Siege of Paris) (1871); (The
Physics of Miracles) (1872); (The Conquest of
the North Pole) (1877); (The Wonders of the
Invisible World (5th ed. 1880); and (Thun-
ders and Lightnings) (4th ed. 1885); — besides
one or two minor historical works.
Fonvizin (Von Wisin), Denis Ivanovich
(fon-vis'in). A Russian dramatist, satirist, and
epistolary writer; born in Moscow, April 14,
1745; died in St. Petersburg, Dec. 12, 1792.
His fame as the Molière of his country arises
from the merit of two comedies, (The Briga-
dier) (1766) and (The Minor) (or Mother's
Favorite Son): 1782), ridiculing certain pecul-
iarities of Russian character. A burlesque,
(Court Grammar, and mock (correspond-
ence) of a facetious sort, add to his renown.
Foote, Henry Stewart. An American states-
man and author; born in Fauquier County, Va. ,
Sept. 20, 1800; died in Nashville, Tenn. , May
20, 1880. In 1847 he was chosen to the United
States Senate; resigning in 1852 to serve as
governor of his State. Subsequently he was
elected to the Confederate Congress. His pub-
lications include: (Texas and the Texans)
vols. , 1841); (The War of the Rebellion, or
Scylla and Charybdis) (1866); and (Personal
Reminiscences.
Foote, Mary (Hallock). An American nov-
elist, descriptive writer, and illustrator ; born at
Milton, N. Y. , Nov. 19, 1847; married a mining
engineer, and lives mainly in the Rocky Mount-
ain districts. She is the author of several
novels and collections of short stories on the
life of these regions : (The Led Horse Claim )
(1883); John Bodewin's Testimony) (1886);
(In Exile); (The Chosen Valley); (Coeur d'-
Alène); (The Cup of Trembling and Other
Stories); etc.
Foote, Samuel. An English wag, imperson-
ator, and comic playwright; born at Truro
in Cornwall, 1720; died at Dover, Oct. 21,
1777. From Oxford he went to London to
study law, but had to go on the stage for a
living; tried tragic parts and failed; then
began to give entertainments of a sort now
familiar but then new, impersonating real and
imaginary people and acting little farces by
himself. Later he wrote regular farce-plays, 22
in number; the most notable being "The Mi.
nor) (1700), a skit at the Methodists; (The
Liar); 'The Mayor of Garratt. His repartees
are famous, and have been collected into a
volume. *
Foran, Joseph K. A Canadian poet and
novelist; born in Greenpark, Aylmer, P. Q.
1857. Among his poems the best known are
a Lament for Longfellow) and Indian Trans-
lations. From 1879 till 1883 he published a
series of essays on monuments, coins, art; and
subsequently (Irish-Canadian Representatives:
Their Past Acts, Present Stand, and Future
Prospects); (The Spirit of the Age); also two
novels - (Tom Ellis, a Story of the Northwest
Rebellion,' and (Simon, the Abenakis. )
Forbes, Archibald. A British war corre-
spondent and journalist; born in Morayshire,
Scotland, 1838. He became famous during the
Franco-German war and the Paris communard
insurrection by the vivid power of his letters
to the London Daily News. He also did dis-
tinguished work during the Russo-Turkish war.
His books include: Drawn from Liſe) (1870);
(My Experiences of the War between France
and Germany) (1871); 'Chinese Gordon, a Suc-
cinct Record of his Life) (1884), a very able
work; (Soldiering and Scribbling! ; 'Glimpses
through the Cannon Smoke); Life of Colin
Campbell, Lord Clyde (1895); (Memories and
Studies of War and Peace (1895); Czar and
Sultan); etc.
Forbes, David. An English geologist and
traveler; born at Douglas, Isle of Man, Sept.
6, 1828; died in London, Dec. 5, 1876. As a
civil engineer he traveled all over the world,
studying rock formations and fossils, and writ-
ing On the Relations of the Silurian and
Metamorphic Rocks of the South of Norway)
(1855); (On the Geology of Bolivia and South-
ern Peru) (1861); and kindred treatises.
Forbes, Edward. An eminent English nat-
uralist ; born in Douglas, Isle of Man, Feb. 12,
1815; died in Edinburgh, Nov. 18, 1854. Scarcely
any department of botany, paläontology, geol-
ogy, and the allied sciences, remained without
obligation to his energy and research. The
(History of British Starfishes) (1841), (De-
scription of Fossil Invertebrate from South
India (1846), (Zoology of the European Seas)
(posthumous, 1859), and like studies, remain
monuments of his scientific attainments.
Forbes, Henry 0. A Scotch naturalist; born
in Drumblade, Aberdeen, Jan. 30, 1851. His
learning, supplemented by pilgrimages to Java,
Sumatra, Timor, and New Guinea, has enriched
the literature of science with A Naturalist's
Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago) (1885);
(Three Months' Exploration in the Tenimbur
Islands of Timor Laut) (1884); and New
Guinea) (1886), which last domain he has most
exhaustively explored.
Forbes, James. An English writer of me-
moirs, and Indian civil servant; born in Lon.
don, 1749; died at Aix-la-Chapelle, Germany,


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FORBES - FORNEY
195
23, 1868.
Aug. I, 1819. He lived almost a generation in
the vicinity of Calcutta, where he obtained his
material for the Oriental Memoirs) (1813-15),
a narrative of his experiences and impressions.
Forbes, James David. A noted English
physicist; born in Edinburgh, April 20, 1809;
died in Clifton, Dec. 31, 1868. He investigated
glacial formation, recording his deductions in
(Travels through the Alps of Savoy) (1843);
Illustrations of the Viscous Theory of Glacier
Motion) (1845); Norway and its Glaciers)
(1853); etc. ; in addition to which a (Review
of the Progress of Mathematical and Physical
Science (1858), and Experiments on the Tem-
perature of the Earth' (1846), must be cited.
Force, Manning Ferguson. An American
general in the Civil War; born in Washing.
ton, D. C. , Dec. 17, 1824. He joined the Fed-
eral Army in 1861, and continued in active
service until the close of the war. His public
cations include: (From Fort Henry to Corinth)
(1881); Marching Across Carolina! (1883);
(The Mound Builders); Prehistoric Man);
and (Personal Recollections of the Vicksburg
Campaign) (1885).
Force, Peter. An American historical writer
and journalist; born near Little Falls, N. J. ,
Nov. 26, 1790; died Washington, D. C. , Jan.
His life work, entitled (American
Archives,' a valuable collection of 22,000 books
and 40,000 pamphlets, was bought by the gov-
ernment (1867) and placed in the library of
Congress. He has published also (Grinnell
Land : Remarks on the English Maps of Arctic
Discoveries in 1850-1) (1852); and Notes on
Lord Mahon's History of the American Dec-
laration of Independence) (1855).
Forcellini, Egidio (for-chel-e'nē). A notable
Italian lexicographer; born in Feltre, Belluno,
Aug. 26, 1688; died Padua, April 4, 1768.
Notwithstanding a humble origin and impov-
erished circumstances, he acquired scholarly
distinction early in life, and consecrated his
best years and efforts to a Dictionary of all
Latinity) (1771), published posthumously; and
so thoroughly well done that every subsequent
work of the kind has been indebted to it.
The success of the volumes was largely due
to the guidance and support of Facciolati, his
collaborator.
Forchhammer, Peter Wilhelm (forch'häm-
mer). A German classical schola and anti-
quarian; born in Husum, Oct. 23, 1801; died in
Kiel, Jan. 9, 1894. Topography and mythology
were his special fields; and in (Hellenica)
(
(1837); (The Topography of Athens) (1841);
Description of the Plain of Troy) (1850); and
works on the interpretation of myth, he places
scholars under great obligations.
Ford, James Lauren. An American jour-
nalist and author; born in Missouri in 1854.
He has written several volumes of short stories
and essays, among which are: Hypnotic Tales'
(1891); (The Literary Shop) (1894); (Bohemi
Invaded); Dolly Dillenback. He is also the
author of two books for young readers : (Dr.
Dodd's School (1892) and (The Third Alarm
(1893).
Ford, John. An English dramatist; born at
Islington in Devon, April 1586; died about 1640.
He turned from law to devote himself to the
drama. His first poem was "Fame's Memorial,"
an elegy on the Earl of Devonshire. Alone
and in collaboration he wrote a series of very
successful plays. His tragedies sometimes go
beyond even the elastic Elizabethan limits of
the permissible, and are Greek in repulsive.
ness of theme; his comedies are sometimes
distasteful: but as a poet he ranks among the
foremost outside of Shakespeare. Among his
best plays are: “The Lover's Melancholy);
(The Broken Heart); Love's Sacrifice. *
Ford, Paul Leicester. An American bibli.
ographer and novelist ; born in Brooklyn, N. Y. ,
in 1865. Besides numerous pamphlets relating
to American historiography his works include:
(The Honorable Peter Stirling) (1894), a novel
of New York society ; (The True George
Washington' (1896); Bibliotheca Hamiltonia';
(Franklin Bibliography); and an edition of the
works of Thomas Jefferson (1897), with notes,
biographical introduction, etc. He has recently
published (The Story of an Untold Love. )
Ford, Sallie Rochester. An American story-
writer; born in Rochester Springs, Boyle County,
Ky. , in 1828. Together with her husband she
edited the Christian Repository and the Home
Circle for many years. Among her published
works are : 'Grace Truman (1857); (Mary Bun-
yan' (1859); (Morgan and his Men) (1864); and
(Ernest Quest' (1887).
Fornaris, José (for-nä'rēs). A Cuban poet;
born in Bayamo, Cuba, 1826. He wrote the
dramas (The Daughter of the People) and
(Love and Sacrifice); and is author of
(The Harp of the Home, (Songs of the
Tropics,' and other volumes of verse.
Forneron, Henri (for-nº-rốn”). A French
historian and biographer; born in Troyes, Nov.
16, 1834; died in Paris, March 26, 1886. He
was connected with the ministry of finance, but
preferred historical and biographical studies,
the results of which were highly profitable and
entertaining, particularly his (Amours of Car-
dinal Richelieu) (1870); "History of the Polit.
ical Debates in the English Parliament since
the Revolution of 1688) (1871); "The Dukes of
Guise and their Time) (1877); and History
of Philip II. (1880-82).
Forney, John Weiss. An American poli-
tician, journalist, and author; born in Lancas-
ter, Pa. , Sept. 30, 1817; died in Philadelphia,
Pa. , Dec. 9, 1881. He was apprenticed in the
office of the Lancaster Journal in 1833; was
clerk of the House of Representatives from
1851 to 1855; and secretary of the United States
Senate from 1861 to 1868. He was connected
with several papers in Philadelphia and Wash-
ington. Among his works are: “What I Saw
in Texas) (1872); (Anecdotes of Public Men'


## p. 196 (#212) ############################################

196
FORSTER - FORTUNATUS
a
(1873); Forty Years of American Journalism)
(1877).
Förster, Ernst (fér'ster). A German artist,
art writer, and critic; born in Münchengosser-
städt on the Saale, April 8, 1800; died in Munich,
April 29, 1885. His capacity with pencil and
brush speedily made him known; and in (The
Truth about Jean Paul's Life) (1827-33), (His-
tory of German Art) (1851-60), History of
Italian Art) (1869-78), and numerous kindred
studies, he showed his literary skill. His essays
on the works of the old masters are invaluable
to tourist and student.
Förster, Friedrich Christoph. A Ger-
man historian, poet, essayist, and critic; born
in Münchengosserstädt on the Saale, Sept. 24,
1791; died in Berlin, Nov. 8, 1868. He fought
in the war of liberation, and with a Battle-
Cry to the Aroused Germans) won fame as a
song-writer: but « The Courts and Cabinets of
Europe in the Eighteenth Century) (1836–39);
(Gustavus Adolphus) (1832), a historical drama;
(Prussian Heroes in War and Peace, a history
in detached studies; Poems) (1838), a verse
collection; and many short fictions, comprise
his enduring works.
Forster, Georg (fôrs'ter). A German tour-
ist and writer of travel, son of Johann Rein-
hold ; born 1754; died 1794. He wrote (Views
on the Lower Rhine, and Minor Writings on
philosophy.
Forster, Johann Reinhold. A German nat-
uralist and voyager; born in Dirschau, West
Prussia, Oct. 22, 1729; died in Halle, Dec. 9,
1798. An inveterate student and investigator,
he was master of seventeen languages, besides
his accomplishments in the physical sciences,
theology, and metaphysics. His specialties are
indicated by the titles of his brilliant and
famous works: Introduction to Mineralogy)
(1768); (Flora of South America' (1771); (De.
scription of the Kinds and Qualities of Plants
Gathered during a Journey to the Islands of
the South Sea, 1772–75' (1776); (Observations
Made during a Voyage Round the World
(1778); and many more.
Forster, John. An English biographer and
historical writer ; born in Newcastle-on-Tyne,
April 2, 1812; died in London, Feb. 2, 1876.
He was educated for the law; held one or two
public offices, and finally engaged in literature
and journalism. He is noted for his (Life of
Charles Dickens) (1871-74). He also wrote:
(Statesmen of the Commonwealth of England)
(1831-34); (Life of Oliver Goldsmith) (1848);
Biographical and Historical Essays' (1859); etc.
Förster, Karl August (férs'ter). A German
poet and translator of poetry; born in Naum-
burg on the Saale, April 3, 1784; died in Dres-
den, Dec. 18, 1841. His versions of Petrarch,
of Tasso's choicer lyric verse, and of Dante's
New Life) (1841), won admiration. He wrote
a work on “Raphael (1827), and has pub-
lished a volume of Poems) (1842).
Forsyth, Joseph. A Scotch descriptive writer;
born in Elgin, Feb. 18, 1763; died there, Sept.
20, 1815. He was a man of taste and training
who gratified a life's ambition by visiting Italy,
where he observed and studied much; aſter-
wards writing Remarks on Antiquities, Arts,
and Letters, during an Excursion in Italy in
the Years 1802 and 1803' (1813), a work of such
merit that it has run through many editions.
Forsyth, William. A Scotch poet and jour-
nalist; born in Turriff, Aberdeenshire, Oct. 24,
1818; died at Aberdeen (? ), June 21, 1879. Sol-
diering songs and descriptive poems show him
favorably as a poet; (Idylls and Lyrics) (1872),
a miscellaneous collection, being probably his
best work.
Forteguerri, Giovanni (for-tā-gwā'rē). An
Italian story-writer ; born 1508; died in Pistoja,
1582. He is remembered for a series of tales
cast in the Boccaccian mold, and interesting as
revelations of contemporary life and specimens
of Italian in the course of its development.
Fortier, Alcée. («Eugene Antoine. ) A
distinguished American educator and miscel-
laneous prose-writer; born in Louisiana, 1856.
He won distinction when very young, with
stories of life in his native State. He is now
professor in Tulane University.
His works
include : Le Château de Chambord '; (Gabriel
d'Ennerich,' a historical tale; (Bits of Louis-
iana Folk-Lore); (Sept Grands Auteurs du
XIXe siècle); (Histoire de la Littérature Fran-
çaise); (Louisiana Studies); (Louisiana Folk
Tales'; etc.
Fortiguerri, Niccold (for-tê-gwā'rä). An
Italian poet (1674-1735). He wrote a comico-
satirical epic (Ricciardetto) (1737), in which
he, a canon of Santa Maria Maggiore and sec-
retary of the Propaganda, lashes the vices of
the clergy: it revived the ironic romantic spirit
of Ariosto with admirable taste.
Fortis, Giovanni Battista (for'tēs). An Ital-
ian descriptive writer, naturalist, versifier, and
biographer; born in Padua, Nov. II, 1741; died
in Bologna, Oct. 21, 1803. He is sometimes
alluded to as Alberto. He was a priest of
attractive personality and great versatility, be-
sides being a noted conversationalist. His best-
known work is (Travels in Dalmatia) (1774).
Fortlage, Karl (fort'läg-ė). A German phi-
losopher; born in Osnabrück, June 12, 1806;
died in Jena, Nov. 8, 1881. A Hegelian in his
student days, he arrived finally at what we
might designate “transcendental pantheism”);
his chief works being the (Genetic History of
Philosophy since Kant) (1852) and (A System
of Empirical Psychology) (1855). In the latter
he emphasizes the importance of introspection.
Fortunatus, Venantius Honorius Clemen.
tianus. A Latin poet; born near Treviso, in
northern Italy, about 530; died at Poitiers,
France, about 609. He was educated at Milan
and Ravenna; in 565 went to France, where
he was welcomed at the court of Sigebert,


## p. 197 (#213) ############################################

FORTUNE - FOUQUÉ
197
king of Austrasia. At Poitiers he became
chaplain to Queen Radegonda, and about 592
succeeded to the episcopate of Poitiers. His
prose is mechanical, but his poetry has an easy
rhythmical flow. Besides the beautiful hymn
beginning Vexilla regis prodeunt” (The ban-
ners of the king advance), which has been
translated into several modern languages, he
wrote lives of St. Martin of Tours, Saint Rade-
gonda, etc. ; hymns; epitaphs, poetical epistles,
and some other verses.
Fortune, Robert. An English botanist ; born
at Kelloe, Berwickshire, Sept. 16, 1813, died at
South Kensington, April 13, 1880. His (Three
Years' Wanderings in China' (1847) and (A
Residence among the Chinese, Inland, on the
Coast, and at Sea) (1857), in addition to the
charm of their plant lore, possess literary grace.
Fosbroke, Thomas Dudley. An English
antiquary; born in London, May 27, 1770; died
at Walford, Herefordshire, Jan. I, 1842. His
devotion to archæology and the older Anglo-
Saxon lore inspired (British Monachism) (1802)
and an Encyclopædia of Antiquities) (1825),
which show learning and patient investigation.
Foscolo, Ugo (fos’ko-lo). A celebrated Italian
poet and patriot; born on the island of Zante,
Jan. 26, 1778; died Oct. 10, 1827, in London.
His tragedy (Thyeste) was received with great
favor at Venice in 1797. "The True Story of
Two Luckless Lovers, or Last Letters of Ja-
copo Ortis! (1799), afterward rewritten and
renamed (Italy) (1802), voices his disappoint-
ment that the French armies did not liberate
Italy; as did an outspoken apostrophe to Bona-
parte. In 1807 was published his finest poem,
(The Graves. His second tragedy, Ajax,
brought out at Milan in 1809, caused his expul-
sion from Lombardy; he went to Florence and
there produced the tragedy Ricciarda' (1813);
compelled to flee from Italy, he composed in
Switzerland the bitter satire against his ene-
mies, “The One-Volume Book of the Super-
Revelations of the Cleric Didymus, Least of
the Prophets. He wrote many critical and
literary essays.
Fosdick, Charles Austin. A popular Amer-
ican writer of juvenile books; born at Kan-
dolph, N. Y. , in 1842. He served in the Union
navy in the Civil War from 1862 to 1865.
Besides contributions to periodicals, he has
published under the pseudonym "Harry Cas-
tlemon over thirty books for boys, among
which are : "The Gunboat Series) (1864-68);
(Rocky Mountain Series) (1868–71); (Rod and
Gun Series) (1883-84); (The Buried Treasure);
(The Steel Horse. )
Fosdick, William Whiteman. An American
poet; born in Cincinnati, (). , Jan. 28, 1825; died
there, March 8, 1862. He gained some distinc-
tion as a poet by a drama entitled “Tecumseh.
He also published Malmiztic the Toltec) (1851)
and Ariel and Other Poems) (1855).
Foster, Hannah (Webster). An American
novelist; born 1759; died at Montreal, Canada,
April 17, 1840. Her published works are: “The
Coquette, or the History of Eliza Wharton,'
one of the eariiest of American novels ; (The
Boarding School (1796); and Lessons of a
Preceptress) (1798).
Foster, John. An English essayist; born
(probably) in Halifax, Yorkshire, Sept. 17, 1770;
died at Stapleton, near Bristol, Oct. 14 or 15, 1843.
A clergyman, self-educated and with an ad-
vanced point of view, he wrote regularly and
delightfully; but his volume of (Essays) (1805)
constitutes his chief title to recognition. Four
in number, these compositions are respectively:
(On a Man's Writing Memoirs of Himself);
(On Decision of Character); “On the Applica-
tion of the Epithet Romantic); and On Some
of the Causes by which Evangelical Religion
has been Rendered Less Acceptable to Persons
of Cultivated Taste. )
Foster, Stephen Collins. A famous Amer-
ican song-writer and composer; born at Pitts-
burg, Pa. , July 4, 1826; died in New York city,
Jan. 13, 1864. He was educated at Athens
Academy and Jefferson College, Pennsylvania.
He composed the music and wrote the words
of over 125 popular songs and melodies, among
which are: (Old Folks at Home); Nelly Bly);
(Old Dog Tray); 'Come Where my Love Lies
Dreaming'; (Suwanee River); etc.
Fothergill, Jessie. An English story-teller;
born at Manchester, June 7, 1881; died at Lon-
don, July 1891. Her stories show a keen faculty
of observation; among them are : Healey, a
Romance (1875); (The First Violin) (1878),
in which German life is faithfully portrayed ;
(Probation) (1879); Kith and Kin) (1881);
(The Lasses of Laverhouse) (1888); "Oriole's
Daughter) (1893).
Foucher, Paul (fö-shā'). A French play-
wright (1810-75). Partly in collaboration with
others and partly alone, he composed about 70
romantic dramas of very unequal value for the
Boulevard Théâtre of Paris. His Notre Dame
de Paris,' after Victor Hugo's novel, alone of
all his pieces now holds the stage.
Foucher de Careil, Louis Alexandre, Count
(fö-shā' dė kär-ā'ē). A French diplomatist and
philosophical essayist and critic; born in Paris,
March 1, 1826; died there, Jan. 10, 1891. He
aimed at popularizing, or at least propagating,
the philosophy of Leibnitz; for which purpose
he vrote (Letters and Minor Works of Leib-
nitz) (1854), Leibnitz, Descartes, and Spinoza)
(1863), and other books; as well as (Goethe and
his Work) (1865), and studies of Hegel and
Schopenhauer.
Fouqué, Baron Friedrich de la Motte (fö-
kā'). A German romancist in various forms;
born at Brandenburg, Feb. 12, 1777; died at
Berlin, Jan. 23, 1843. His first contributions to
literature were : (Romances from the Vale of
Roncesval (1805); “Story of the Noble Knight
Galmy and a Fair Duchess of Britanny) (1806);
(Alwin (1808); followed by the hero-drama
"Sigurd the Snake-Killer) (1808): the titles
(


## p. 198 (#214) ############################################

198
FOUQUIER – FRANCE
(
show his thoughts to have been filled with
legends of mediæval France and the Scandi-
navian North. The work by which he is chiefly
known to-day is Undine) (1811); (Sintram)
is also familiar. Among his other works
are : The Voyages of Thiodulf the Icelander)
(1815); (Short Stories) (6 vols. , 1814-19); several
dramas, as (Alf and Yngwi, (Runes, (The Jarl
of the Orkneys); the epics (Corona, (Charle-
magne, (Bertrand du Guesclin. Karoline Au-
guste, his second wife (1773-1831), wrote many
novels and tales, including : (Roderic) (1807);
(The Heroic Maid of La Vendée) (1816);
(Valerie) (1827). *
Fouquier, Henry (fö-kyā'). A French jour-
nalist and topical writer; born in Marseilles,
Sept. 1, 1838. For many years his lively talent
has enriched the columns of Gil Blas, Figaro,
and L'Écho de Paris, both over his own name
and such pseudonyms as Nestor,) « Colum-
bine,) and “Columba. )) The volumes called
(Artistic Studies) (1859), 'In the Last Century)
(1884), and Parisian Goodness) (1885), are
happy dashes at men and women and things.
Fourier, François Marie Charles (fö-ryā').
A French social economist, a very original and
interesting figure ; born in Besançon, April 7,
1772; died in Paris, Oct. 10, 1837. At first in
trade, then in the army, the seeing a cargo of
rice thrown into the sea to raise its price led
him to attempt a reform abolishing the com-
petitive system, by means of associated produc-
tion and life in “phalansteries. " The Theory
of the Four Movements) (1808), «The New
Industrial and Social World (1829), and (False
Industry) (1835), set forth his scheme.
Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph, Baron. A
celebrated French mathematician and physicist ;
born in Auxerre, March 21, 1768; died in
Paris (? ), May 16, 1830. He was an active
Jacobin during the French Revolution. His
later energies were divorced from politics and
given up to science. Analytical Theory of
Heat' (1822) is his most noted work; but in
mathematics his speculations and methods are
of high permanent utility.
Fournel, François Victor (för-nel'). A
writer on the antiquities and curiosities of
Paris; born near Varennes, Feb. 8, 1829. Among
his writings are: (What One Sees in the Streets
of Paris) (1854); (Theatrical Curiosities) (1859);
(Pictures of Old Paris) (1863); Paris and its
Ruins in 1871) (1874); (Paris Cries) (1886).
He also wrote (The Contemporaries of Molière)
(1863); (To the Sun Lands, sketches of travel
(1883); <Contemporary French Artists) (1883).
Fournier, August (för-nyā'). A distin
guished Austrian historian; born in Vienna,
June 19, 1850. Historical Studies and Sketches)
(1885) and Napoleon I: a Biography) (1886-
89) have confirmed the presage of a high uni-
versity standing. He has written also many
biographies and sketches of special periods.
Fournier, Édouard. A French historical and
descriptive writer; born in Orléans, June 15,
1819; died in Paris, May 10, 1880. The annals
of the capital and its topographical features
have received interesting treatment at his
hands ; (The Street Lamps) (1854), (Riddles of
Parisian Streets) (1859), and Paris Through
the Ages) (1876), being typical themes. In
other lines he is instructive and pleasing, as
in Music among the People) (1847) and 'La
Bruyère's Comedy) (1866).
Fournier, Marc Jean Louis. A French
dramatist; born in Geneva, 1818; died in St.
Mandé, Jan. 5, 1879. He first entered journal-
ism, but afterwards wrote several strong and
original plays, Nights on the Seine) (1852)
among them; besides work done in collabora-
tion, notably Paillasse) (1849) and (Manon
Lescaut) (1852).
Fowler, William Worthington. An Amer-
ican prose-writer; born in Middlebury, Vt. ,
June 24, 1833; died in Durham, Conn. , Sept. 18,
1881. He was the author of (Ten Years in
Wall Street) (1870); Fighting Fire) (1873);
(Woman on the American Frontier) (1877);
(Twenty Years of Inside Life in Wall Street)
(1880),
Fox, George. Founder of the sect of Quak-
ers, and an English diarist and epistolary and
doctrinal writer; born at Fenny Drayton,
Leicestershire, July 1624; died in London, Jan.
13, 1691. His works are his Journal) (1694);
(Epistles' (1698); and Doctrinal Pieces) (1706):
the first especially made a very deep im-
pression.
Fox, John (William). An American writer
of dialect stories ; born about 1860. He is a
contributor to magazines, and has published
(The Cumberland Vendetta, and Other Stories)
(1895); (Hell Fer Sartain, and Other Stories)
(1897).
Foxe, John.
An English divine and martyr-
ologist ; born at Boston, Lincolnshire, in 1516;
died April 1587. He studied at Oxford, but
was expelled in 1545 after becoming a convert
to Protestantism. His fame as author
mainly rests upon his “History of the Acts and
Monuments of the Church, commonly known
as (Foxe's Book of Martyrs. This celebrated
work, upon which he labored for eleven years,
was published in 1563.
Fraknói, Wilhelm (fränk-no'). A Hun-
garian historian ; born in Ürmény, Feb. 7, 1843.
His country's annals and vicissitudes are graph-
ically and accurately elaborated in Peter
Pázmán and his Time) (1868–69); History of
Hungary) (1873-74); and (Hungary and the
League of Cambray) (1883).
France, Anatole (fräns). (Jacques Anatole
Thibault. ) A French novelist and poet of great
perfection and distinction of style; born at
Paris, April 16, 1844. His first volume of
(Poems) was published in 1873, and his dra-
matic poem (Corinthian Revels) in 1876. The
humorous story Jocaste and the Lean Cat)
(1879) was received with indifference; but
he had brilliant success with (The Crime of
an


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FRANCE – FRANÇOIS
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Sylvester Bonnard) (1881); (The Yule Log)
(1881); and (The Wishes of Jean Servien)
(1881). His other works include: (Our Child-
ren: Scenes in Town and in the Fields) (1886);
"Queen Pédauque's Cook-Shop); “Opinions of
the Abbé Jérôme Coignard (1893); (The Gar-
den of Epicurus); Abeille); My Friend's
Book'; 'Our Children'; 'Balthazar); (Thais);
Literary Life); Alfred de Vigny'; etc. *
France, Hector. A French novelist; born
at Mirecourt, Vosges, 1840. By profession a sol-
dier, he writes ably on military and economic
subjects, as (John Bull's Army) (1887) and
several pamphlets evince. His fictions show a
loving care of form and effect, also a delight
in dwelling on painful and revolting aspects
of passion. The Pastor's Romance? (1879);
Love in the Blue Country) (1880); and “Sister
Kuhnegunde's Sins) (1880), exemplify both.
Franchi, Ausonio (frän'ke), pseudonym of
Cristoforo Bonavino. An Italian philosopher;
born in Pegli, Feb. 24, 1821. He wrote (The
Rationalism of the People) (1856); (The Reli-
gion of the Nineteenth Century) (1853); and
other works in which the Kantian standpoint
is reconciled as much as possible with deistic
mysticism.
Francillon, Robert Edward. An English
novelist; born at Gloucester, 1841. Among his
novels are : Pearl and Emerald) ( 1872 );
(Queen Cophetua) (1880); (King or Knave)
(1888). He wrote also many Christmas stories,
as (Streaked with Gold); (Rare Good Luck);
(In the Dark); and the cantatas (The Rose
Maiden) and (The Corsair. He delights in
realistic descriptions of scenes of adventure.
Francis d'Assisi, St. An Italian preacher,
poet, and great spiritual force, founder of the
Franciscan order; born at Assisi in Umbria,
Italy, 1182; died Oct. 12, 1226. His literary
works consist of letters, sermons, ascetic trea-
tises, proverbs, moral apothegms, and hymns.
The most celebrated of his hymns is the "Can-
ticle of the Sun. His memory is held in great
reverence and love on account of his devotion
to religion and his love for all living creatures.
Many anecdotes on this point are contained in
a collection called “The Little Flowers of St.
Francis,' which is still very popular in Italy. *
Francis, Philip, Sir. An Irish-English pub-
lic man and writer, the best accredited of the
candidates for authorship of the Junius » let-
ters; born in Dublin, Oct. 22, 1740; died in
London, Dec. 23, 1818. He entered the civil
service at 23, and was rapidly advanced, owing
partly to his abilities and partly to personal
influence curiously accordant with partialities
shown in the Letters. Suddenly raised to
the lofty position of one of the resident India
council appointed by Parliament to control
those affairs, he went out to India; spent his
time there in a furious contest for supremacy
with Warren Hastings; was finally vanquished,
but achieved a terrible revenge after his return
to England, by inciting Hastings's impeach-
ment and coaching Burke; entered Parliament,
prepared many pamphlets and made many
speeches of much ability and unfailing acri-
mony. The Letters) – savage assaults on the
heads of the party in power, up to George III.
himself --- appeared in the Public Advertiser of
London from 1768 to 1772; ceasing with the
dispersion of the party faction most liked by
Francis, and a year before his great promotion
and his departure from England. The case
for his authorship is most effectively put in
Macaulay's Essay on Warren Hastings.
Franck, Adolphe (fronk). A French phi-
losopher; born in Liocourt, Meurthe, Oct. 9,
1809; died in Paris, April 11, 1893. He has
made a specialty of the Jewish side of meta-
physical and humanist subjects, being himself
of Jewish origin. His works are: (Sketches of
a History of Logic) (1838); (The Cabbala, or
Religious Philosophy of the Hebrews) (1843);
"Oriental Studies) (1861); and many similar
productions.
Franck, Johann (frängk). A German hymn-
writer; born in Guben, 1618; died in the Nie-
derlausitz, 1677. His hymns are distinguished
for a fervent, ecstatic quality, as shown in the
collection (Spiritual Zion (1674); among the
best remembered being Adorn Thyself, Loved
Soul, and Jesus, My Joy. )
Franck, Sebastian. A German prose Pietist
and spiritual and ethical writer; born in Don-
auwörth, 1499; died in Basle, Switzerland, 1543.
He was a priest who enlisted warmly in the
cause of the Reformation, and wrote two com-
pilations, (Proverbs (1541) and a World-Book)
(1534), abounding in instructive and edifying
miscellany; in addition to which he produced
historical and descriptive tracts and monographs.
Francke, Kuno. An American scholar and
author; born in Schleswig, Germany, in 1855.
He is professor of German literature in Har-
vard University. His notable book (Social
Forces in German Literature appeared in 1896.