No More Learning

Burmeister, Hermann (bür-mis'ter). A Ger-
man scientific writer; born in Stralsund, Jan.
15, 1807; died in Buenos Ayres, Argentine Re-
public, May 2, 1892. He distinguished himself
a geologist and zoologist in his native
country, and settled permanently in the Argen-
tine, where he continued his investigations.
(Manual of Entomology) (1832-44); "History
of Creation) (1843); and (The Fossils of Horses
Found among the South American Pampas!
(1875), are among his books.
Burnaby, Frederick Gustavus. An English
descriptive writer; born in Bedford, March 3,
1842; died at Abu Klea in the Soudan, Jan.
17, 1885. He served in the Royal Horse
Guards, in which he became lieutenant-colonel
in 1881. Distinguished in military service and
with a love of adventure and literary skill, his
as
(


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84
BURNAND-BURROUGHS
.
:
life and books are equally interesting. His
(Ride to Khiva) (London, 1875) ran through
eleven editions in a year. (On Horseback
through Asia Minor) (1877) was nearly as
popular. See R. K. Mann, Life and Advent-
ures of Burnaby) (London, 1882).
Burnand, Francis Cowley. An English
humorist; born in London, Nov. 29, 1837. After
graduation from Cambridge, he devoted his
attention to play-writing, and has written about
100 burlesques, extravaganzas, and successful
comedies. Since 1880 he has been the editor of
Punch. Among his books, Happy Thoughts
(1868) and its sequels are the most popular.
The New History of Sandford and Merton)
(1872) and (Quite at Home) (1890) are also
favorites.
Burnett, Frances Hodgson. An Anglo-
American novelist; born in Manchester, Eng.
land, Nov. 24, 1849; her family emigrated to
America and settled in Tennessee in 1865.
She early wrote stories. In 1873 Miss Hodgson
married Dr. Burnett, and in 1875 settled in
Washington, where she has since resided. After
various short stories, she published as a serial
in Scribner's Magazine (That Lass o' Low-
rie's,' which became very popular, was promptly
issued in book form (1877), and was dramatized.
It was followed by a number of novels, among
which are: (Haworth's) (1879); (Louisiana)
(1881); Esmeralda); A Fair Barbarian' (1882);
(Through One Administration (1883); Little
Lord Fauntleroy,' a juvenile story, also drama-
tized (1887); (The Pretty Sister of José) (1889);
( The One I Knew Best of All, an autobiogra-
phy (1893); A Lady of Quality) (1895); (His
Grace of Osmonde, a sequel to the preced-
ing; and a drama, (The First Gentleman of
Europe, with George Fleming, represented in
1897. *
Burney, Charles. An English author; born
in Shrewsbury, April 7, 1726; died in Chelsea,
April 12, 1814. He became a famous and in-
fluential musician in London ; was given the
degree of doctor of music by Oxford in 1769;
and sacrificed time, money, and personal com-
fort to travel and collect material for his (His-
tory of Music) (4 vols. , London, 1776-89). He
also wrote (Memoirs and Letters of Metastasio)
(3 vols. , 1796). Madame D'Arblay was his
daughter.
Burney, Frances - Madame D'Arblay. An
English novelist, daughter of Charles Burney;
born in King's Lynn, Norfolk, June 13, 1752;
died in Bath, Jan. 6, 1840. After she had pub.
lished Evelina, or a Young Lady's Entrance
into the World (1778), she became the favorite
of the literary men of the day, especially Dr.
Johnson. Her second novel, (Cecilia) (1782),
was no less admired. In 1786 she was made
Second Keeper of the Robes to Queen Char-
lotte; and in 1793 she was married to M. D'Ar-
blay, a French army officer. Her other books
are : (Camilla (1795); and (The Wanderer, or
Female Difficulties) (1814). Her Diary and
Letters, edited by her niece (7 vols. , 1842-46),
are affected, but entertaining. She also wrote
memoirs of her father (1832). "Evelina) and
(Cecilia) were published with introductions by
Annie R. Ellis (London, 1881-82). *
Burnham, Clara Louise. An American
story-writer; born in Newton, Mass. , May 25,
1854. She is the daughter of George F. Root,
the composer, and has lived in Chicago since
childhood. She has written several novels, in-
cluding: Dearly Bought) (1884); Next Door)
(1886); Young Maids and Old) (1888); Miss
Bagg's Secretary) (1892); and (Sweet Clover,
a Romance of the White City) (1894). She
has also written libretti for her father's cantatas.
Burns, Robert. A Scotch poet; born in Al-
loway, Jan. 25, 1759; died in Dumfries, July
21, 1796. Among the poems to which he owes
his fame are: (The Cotter's Saturday Night);
(Hallowe'en); “Tam O'Shanter) (1790); (To
a Mountain Daisy); (To a Mouse); (Twa
Dogs'; Highland Mary. His principal col-
lected editions are, in the order of publica-
tion : (Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect)
(1786); (The Scots' Musical Museum (6 vols. ,
1787-1803); (A Select Collection of Original
Scottish Airs
with Select and Charac.
teristic Verses, which contains 100 songs by
the poet. But such editions have been issued
almost annually since 1805. *
Burr, Enoch Fitch. An American mathe,
matical and religious writer; born at Green's
Farms, Fairfield County, Conn. , Oct. 21, 1818.
He graduated from Yale in 1839, and became
pastor of the Congregational Church in Lyme,
Conn. , in 1850. Since 1868 he has been a lect-
urer at Amherst College. Among his works
are : (A Treatise on the Application of the
Calculus to the Theory of Neptune (1848);
(A Song of the Sea) (1873); (Aleph, the
Chaldean) (18
Burr, George Lincoln. An American writer
and professor of history; born at Oramel,
N. Y. , Jan. 30, 1857. From 1881 to 1884 he was
instructor at Cornell University. In 1892 he
was appointed professor of ancient and medi-
æval history in that institution. His published
works include : (The Literature of Witchcraft)
(1890); (Charlemagne) (Heroes of History)
series).
Burritt, Elihu. An American author, called
(« The Learned Blacksmith)); born in New
Britain, Conn. , Dec. 8, 1811; died there, March
7, 1879. He was a blacksmith, linguist, lecturer,
reformer, and a noted advocate of peace. His
books include: 'Sparks from the Anvil) (1848);
(Olive Leaves) (1853); and “Chips from Many
Blocks) (1878). See Charles Northend, (Life
of Elihu Burritt) (New York, 1879).
Burroughs, John. An American essayist;
born in Roxbury, N. Y. , April 3, 1837. He is
the son of a farmer, became a journalist in
New York, and engaged in other pursuits until
1874, when he settled on a farm at Esopus,
N. Y. , to devote himself to literature and to
fruit-culture. His essays are remarkable for


## p. 85 (#101) #############################################

BURTON - BUTLER
85
>
3
their descriptions of nature and their style.
His books on rural themes include: (Wake-
Robin) (1871); "Winter Sunshine) (1875);
Birds and Poets) (1877); "Locusts and Wild
Honey) (1879); Pepacton : Notes of a Walker)
(1881); (Fresh Fields) (1884); (Signs and Sea-
sons) (1886); and (Sharp Eyes) (1888). He
has also written Notes on Walt Whitman)
(1867); and (Whitman: a Study) (1897). *
Burton, Nathaniel J. An American Congre-
gational clergyman and writer; born at Trum-
bull, Conn. , Dec. 17, 1824; died at Hartford,
Conn. , Oct. 13, 1887. He graduated in 1857
from Wesleyan College, Middletown, Conn. , and
from the Yale Divinity School in 1854. Trans-
lated (Sacred History from the French of J.
N. Loriquet) (1872); and wrote (Yale Lectures
on Preaching and Other Writings, edited by
Richard E. Burton, his son.
Burton, Richard. An American poet and
journalist, son of Nathaniel J. ; born in Hart-
ford, Conn. , March 14, 1859. He graduated
from Trinity College, Hartford, and took a
degree at Johns Hopkins University. His pub-
lished poems are: (Dumb in June (1895), and
Memorial Day) (1897).
Burton, Sir Richard Francis. An English
Orientalist and explorer; born in Hertfordshire,
March 19, 1821 ; died Oct. 20, 1890. He was an
officer of the Indian army, for several years
engaged in surveys for public works; in this
pursuit he learned the languages, habits, be-
liefs of many races. Obtaining leave of ab-
sence, he went to Mecca and Medina in the
guise of a Mohammedan devotee; afterward
he made extensive explorations in Africa, Bra-
zil, Syria, Iceland; visited the United States
twice and traversed the country from Atlantic
to Pacific. Of his books of travel, the follow-
ing may be particularized: Pilgrimage to
El Medinah); (Highlands of Brazil); "Gold
Coast); (City of the Saints); "Unexplored
Palestine. He translated into English from
the Arabic: (The Thousand Nights and a
Night); and “The Scented Garden,' a collection
of stories left in MS. and never published. He
wrote a Life of Camoens,' with translation of
the Lusiads. *
Burton, Robert. An English writer of pe-
culiar characteristics; born at Lindley, Leices-
tershire, Feb. 8, 1577; died at Oxford (? ), Jan.
25, 1640. Obtaining two church livings, he
resided at Christ Church, Oxford. Here he
wrote the Anatomy of Melancholy' (pub-
lished about 1621); a vast storehouse of shrewd
comment, apt and learned quotation, humor,
and erudition, from which Milton, Sterne, and
others did not scruple to borrow. The work
mirrors his own mind and temperament. *
Busch, Wilhelm (bösh). A German poet
and delineator; born at Wiedensahl in Han-
over, April 15, 1832. He was employed on the
Fliegende Blätter, the great German comic
journal, in 1859. The text for his comic de-
signs is often supplied by himself. Among
his most celebrated productions, whether with
pencil or pen, are to be named : (St. Antony
of Padua); (The Pious Helen); Max and
Moritz); (Father Filucius. )
Bush, George. An American Swedenbor.
gian clergyman and Bible commentator; born
in Norwich, Vt. , June 12, 1796; died in Roches-
ter, N. Y. , Sept. 19, 1859. He graduated from
Dartmouth in 1818, and studied theology at
Princeton, N. J. , from 1820 to 1822. In 1831
he became professor of Hebrew and Oriental
literature in the University of New York.
Among his works are : Life of Mohammed'
(1832); Hebrew Grammar) (1835); (Bible
Commentaries) (1840).
Bushnell, Horace. An eminent American
clergyman; born near Litchfield, Conn. , 1802 ;
died at Hartford, Conn. , in 1876. He was set-
tled over a Congregational Church in Hartford
until 1853. His numerous works on religion,
theology, and morals, and other topics, com-
prise : (Christian Nurture); (God in Christ);
(Christ in Theology); (The Vicarious Sacri.
fice); Nature and the Supernatural); Moral
Uses of Dark Things); (Forgiveness and Law);
(The Age of Homespun); (Moral Tendencies
and Results of Human History); (The Char-
acter of Jesus ); (Work and Play); (Christ and
His Salvation); Politics the Law of God);
(Woman Suffrage. See Life and Letters,
edited by his daughter, Mrs. Mary Cheney. *
Busse, Karl (büs'é). A German story-writer
and poet; born in Lindenstadt-Birnbaum,
Posen, Nov. 12, 1872. He appeared early in lit-
erature with Poems) (1892), and "Quiet His-
tories) (1894), the latter a volume of fiction.
Butler, Joseph. An English divine and
theological writer; born in Berkshire, 1692;
died in 1752. He had a distinguished career
in the Church, but his fame rests upon the
Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed,
to the Constitution and Course of Nature)
(1736), which is an argumentative and philo-
sophical treatise on Christianity.
Butler, Samuel. An English satirist; born
in Strensham, Worcestershire, in February
1612; died in London, Sept. 25, 1680. Little is
known of his life except what Anthony-a-Wood
relates. He was educated at Oxford or Cam-
bridge, occupied his leisure in studying music
and painting, became a man of wide and curious
learning, and gained his living secretary and
clerk to aristocratic personages. His famous
poem, Hudibras, a witty and sharp satire on
the Puritans, secured instant favor with the
king and the public; yet after the appearance of
the first part in 1663, he spent seventeen years
in poverty and obscurity. The second and
third divisions of (Hudibras) appeared in 1664
and 1678. The general design of the great
poem was derived from (Don Quixote. ) The
situations of the mock epic are few but ludi-
crous, and the whole canvas is embellished
with imagination, raillery, subtle casuistry, brill-
iant epigrams, and sparkling wit. (Hudibras)


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86
BUTLER - BYRON
3
P1
consists of 10,000 verses, and is one of the most
frequently quoted books in the language. The
standard edition by Dr. 2. Grey (1744) has fre-
quently been reprinted. Butler's next important
works are: (The Elephant in the Moon, a
satire on the Royal Society; a series of prose
(Characters); and an (Ode to Duval, the
famous highwayman. (The Posthumous Works
of Mr. S. Butler) were published with great
success (1715). *
Butler, William Allen. An American poet;
born in Albany, N. Y. , Feb. 20, 1825. He
graduated from the University of the City of
New York in 1843, and has since practiced
law in New York. He wrote: Nothing to
Wear) (1857), a satirical poem which attracted
wide attention ; (Two Millions,' a satire (1858);
and Mrs. Limber's Raffle) (1876).
Butterworth, Hezekiah.
An American story-
writer; born in Warren, R. I. , Dec. 22, 1839.
Since 1871 he has been on the staff of the
Youth's Companion. Author of popular juve-
nile stories and travels, including : (Zig-Zag
Journeys) (1876-80); (Songs of History: Po-
ems and Ballads upon Important Episodes in
American History) (1887); and (The Wampum
Belt, or the Fairest Page of History) (1896).
Butz, Kaspar (büts). A German-American
versifier; born in Hagen, Westphalia, Oct. 23,
1825; died at Des Moines, Iowa, Oct. 17, 1885.
He was a prominent political journalist in his
native land in the stirring days of 1848, but
was forced to flee to this country. Here he
became a noted (Chicago) newspaper man,
and produced pleasing verse, collected in A
German-American's Poems) (1879) and (Grand-
father Songs) (1887).
Byers, Samuel Hawkins Marshall. An
American historical and descriptive writer;
born in 1838. During the Civil War he served
in the Union army. He was taken prisoner;
and while in prison in Columbia, S. C. , wrote
the famous song "Sherman's March to the
Sea. He was consul at Zürich, Switzerland,
from 1869 to 1884, and consul-general to Italy
in 1885. Among his works are: (Switzerland)
(1875); “History of Switzerland (1886); Mili-
tary History of Iowa) (1888).
Bynner, Edwin Lassetter. An American
novelist;" born in Brooklyn, N. Y. , in 1842; died
in 1893, in Boston, Mass. , where he was libra-
rian of the Boston Law Library. He was the
author of short stories, and of several novels,
including: (Tritons) (Boston, 1878); Agnes
Surriage' (1886); Penelope's Suitors) (Lon-
don, 1887).
Byr, Robert (bir), pseudonym of Karl Rob-
ert Emerich von Bayer. A German novelist;
born at Bregenz, April 15, 1835. He is a very
popular and exceedingly prolific story-teller,
and his volume-a-year since 1862 has had a
wide circulation. Among his best-known nov-
els are: (The Struggle for Life); (Masks); (A
Secret Dispatch'; (The Road to Fortune);
Meadow Maidenhair); (The Ironworm.
Byrne, Julia Clara. An English novelist;
born about 1822, and married to William Pitt
Byrne in 1842. Her best-known books are:
(Flemish Interiors) (1856); (Red, White, and
Blue: Sketches of Military Life) (1863); and
Pictures of Hungarian Life) (1869).
Byron, George Noel Gordon, Lord. A cel.
ebrated English poet; born in London, Jan. 22,
1788; died at Missolonghi, Greece, April 19,
1824. His poems appear in an immense num-
ber of editions, but a complete bibliography is
impossible here, and any attempt at charac-
terization or criticism is wholly superfluous.
The collected Life and Works, published by
Murray (1832-35), includes all the recognized
poems. The dates of issue of a few of the
most celebrated single works are as follows:
(Hours of Idleness) (1807); (English Bards
and Scotch Reviewers) (1809); (Childe Har-
old's Pilgrimage) (1812-22); (The Giaour)
(1813); (The Bride of Abydos) (1813); (The
Corsair) (1814); "Lara) (1814); Hebrew Mel.
odies) (1815); (The Prisoner of Chillon (1816);
Manfred) (1817); (The Lament of Tasso)
(1817); “Don Juan' (1819-24); Marino Faliero
(1820); “The Two Foscari' (1821); and "Cain)
(1821). *
Byron, Henry James. An English dram-
atist; born in Manchester, in January 1834;
died in London, April 11, 1884. Forsaking
law and medicine for the stage, he acted with
success in London, and was for many years a
popular author of burlesques, plays, extrava-
ganzas, farces, and light comedies. Among
the best are: (Cyril's Success) (1868); and
(Our Boys) (1875), which ran for four years.
With Dion Boucicault he wrote (Lost at Sea)
(1869); and with F. C. Burnand, W. S. Gilbert,
and R. Reece, (Forty Thieves) (1878). Byron
was the first editor of Fun, and wrote a novel,
(Paid in Full! (3 vols. , London, 1865).


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N
CABALLERO-CÆSAR
87
с
Caballero, Fernan (kä-bäl-yā'ro), pseudo-
nym of Cecilia Böhl de Faber. A Spanish
novelist; born at Morges, Switzerland, Dec. 25,
1796; died in Seville, Spain, April 7, 1877. Not
until 1849 did her first bo_k, (The Sea-Gull,"
appear, forthwith establishing her fame as the
creator of the modern Spanish realistic novel.
A strictly Roman Catholic and extremely con-
servative tendency prevails in all her work.
Her novels include: (The Family of Alvareda';
"A Summer Season at Bornos); Clemencia);
'Elia); (Tears); "Poor Dolores); "Lucas
Garcia); and others. Besides several collections
of short stories, she also published the first
collection of Spanish fairy tales, under the
title (Andalusian Popular Tales and Poems)
(1859). *
Cabanis, Jean Louis (kä-bä-nës'). A Ger-
man ornithological writer; born in Berlin,
March 8, 1816. His studies in two continents
are ably elaborated in (Ornithological Obser-
vations, a work of authority in the science,
and succeeded by many invaluable notices and
investigations.
Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges. A French
physician and philosophical writer; born in
Cosnac, 1757; died near Meulan, May 5, 1808.
He attended Mirabeau in that great French-
man's final illness, and wrote Journal of the
Illness and Death of Mirabeau' (1791); besides
being the author of an interesting work on
(Connections (rapports ] between Man's Phys-
ical and Moral Constitutions (or Natures] (new
ed. 1806), which has proved an incentive to
thought.
Cabell, Isa Carrington. An American mis-
cellaneous writer; born in Virginia, 18—. She
has written for various periodicals, and has
published (Seen from a Saddle. )
Cable, George Washington. An American
novelist; born in New Orleans, La. , Oct. 12,
1844. After the Civil War he began to con-
tribute sketches to newspapers, and afterward
published stories in magazines. Among his
published works are: "Old Creole Days) (1879);
(The Grandissimes) (1880); Madame Del-
phine) (1881); Dr. Sevier) (1883); (The
Creoles of Louisiana) (1884); (The Silent
South) (1885); John March, Southerner);
(Bonaventure); Strange, True Stories of
Louisiana); (The Busy Man's Bible); and (The
Negro Question. *
Caccianiga, Antonio (kä"chä-nē'gä). An
Italian novelist; born in Treviso, June 30, 1823.
Exiled after the revolution of 1848, he lived
as reporter in Paris until 1854, and there wrote
his novel (The Proscript> (1853); esteemed as
an excellent portrayal of French life. Among
his other works are: (Sweet Idleness) (1869),
a picture of Venetian life in the 18th century;
(Countess Savina's Kiss) (1875); (The Fam-
ily of Bonifazio) (1886): all notable for facility
and legitimate popularity of style.
Cadahalso or Cadalso, Don José de (kä.
dä-äl'so or kä-däl'ső). A Spanish poet, dram-
atist, and story-writer; born in Cadiz, Oct. 8,
1741 ; killed at Gibraltar, Feb. 27, 1782. Mili-
tary and literary capacity were equally char-
acteristic of this well-born and well-educated
man, who, after writing elegant verses, dainty
satires, and especially (The Sages of the Violet)
(or (Learned Men who are Fashionable'), a
specimen of original and unforced humor, was
killed during a siege by the explosion of a
shell.
Caderas, Gian Frederic (kä-dā'räs). A dis-
tinguished Swiss dialect poet and story-writer;
born at Modena, Italy, July 13, 1830; died at
Samaden, Switzerland, Nov. 25, 1891. He cul-
tivated the old Rhætian tongue, which still
survives among some of the Tyrolese and else-
where; producing much sprightly verse, the col-
lections (Alpine Flowers) (1883) and (Smiles
and Tears) (1887) containing fine specimens.
His comedy of “The Apothecary) (1864) has
been successful.
Cadol, Victor Edouard (kä-dōl). A French
dramatist and novelist; born in Paris, Feb. II,
1831. His literary career opened as the writer
of theatrical criticism for various periodicals;
but since the brilliant success of his comedy,
(The Good-for-Nothings) (1868), which ran
for 200 consecutive nights, he has been known
as a dramatist, and numerous plays have come
from his pen. Among his novels may be men-
tioned : (Rose: Splendor and Miseries of The-
atrical Life) (1874); and Hortense Maillot)
(1885).
Cadoudal, Louis Georges de (kä-dö-däl').
A French essayist and critic; born at Auzon,
Haute-Loire, Feb. 10, 1823. Journalism, the
cause of Bourbon restoration, and love of the
Church have occasioned his (Signs of the
Times) (1861); Memories of Fifteen Years)
(1862); and (Madame Acarie) (1863), a study
of the religious life in the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries.
Caedmon (kad'mon). An English poet;
born --; died 680. He is styled “the father
of English song " on account of his epics of
sacred history, written in old Northumberland
dialect, mostly without titles, although one is
called (Genesis. )
Cæsar, Caius Julius (sē’zär). The great
Roman general and writer of memoirs; was
born probably about 100 B. C. ; killed March 15,
44 B. C. He wrote (Commentaries) or notes
on all his wars, but those on the wars in Gaul
1


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88
CAHAN
CALENZÓLI
and those on the Civil War alone remain.
Besides the Commentaries, he wrote a gram-
matical treatise (On Analogy,' but it has not
come down to us; of his orations, too, no ex-
ample is extant. *
Cahan, Abraham (kā'hạn). An American
journalist and novelist; born in Russia, 1860.
He is editor of the New York Zukunft (Fu-
ture). He has written : (Yekl, a Tale of the
New York Ghetto); Raphael Narizokh) in
Yiddish
Cahen, Isidore (kä-an'). A French Hebraist
historian and critic, son of Samuel; born in
Paris, Sept. 16, 1826. (The Philosophy of the
Poem of Job) (1851) and (The Immortality
of the Soul among the Jews) (1857) are his
masterpieces.
Cahen, Samuel. An eminent French Hebra-
ist; born in Metz, Aug. 4, 1796; died in Paris,
Jan. 8, 1862. His version of the Old Testament
(1841-53) must remain a permanent monument
to his memory.
Caine, Thomas Henry Hall. An English
novelist; born at Runcorn, Cheshire, May 14,
1853. His works are: Recollections of Ros-
setti? (1882); (The Shadow of a Crime) (1885);
(A Son of Hagar) (1887); (The Deemster,
a romance of the Isle of Man (1887); (The
Little Manx Nation) (1891); (The Scape-
goat) (1891); (The Manxman) (1893); (The
Christian) (1897). *
Caldas Pereira de Souza, Antonio (käl’däs
pe-rā'rä de söʻzä). A Brazilian poet; born in
Rio Janeiro, Nov. 23, 1762; died there, March 2,
1814. He spent the greater part of his life in
Portugal, France, and Rome, where he took or-
ders, and returned to Brazil in 1808. His 'Poems,
Sacred and Profane) (1821; new ed. 1836), in
Spanish, contain many splendid passages; the
best examples being, probably, the ode on Man
as a Barbarian) and (The Birds.
Calderon, Don Serafin Estébanez (käl-dā.
rõn'). A Spanish writer (1801-67). He was
professor of poetry and rhetoric at Granada,
1822-30; but resigned and went to Madrid.
There he collected a vast library of old Span-
ish literature, especially of ballads, whether MS.
or in print: the collection is in the national
library at Madrid. He wrote a volume of
(Poems) (1833); a novel, Christians and Mo-
riscos) (1838); and a very valuable study of (The
Literature of the Moriscos. He also wrote
(The Conquest and the Loss of Portugal, and
a charming volume of Andalusian Scenes. )
Calderon de la Barca, Pedro (käl-dā-rõn'
dā lä bär’kä). A great Spanish dramatist;
born at Madrid, Jan. 17, 1600; died May 25,
1681. Of Sacramental Acts) - out-door plays
for Corpus Christi day – he wrote 72 on themes
Scriptural, classical, or moral: of these, (The
Divine Orpheus) is reputed the best. Of reli-
gious dramas he wrote 16, among them (The
Wonder-Working Magician,' the action of which
centres on a human soul's surrender to Satan;
it was translated by Shelley and beautifully
paraphrased by Fitzgerald. Another drama of
this series is (The Schism of England. Of
his dramas of secular history may be cited the
powerful domestic tragedy, (The Alcalde of
Zalamea. His dramas include: No Magic
Like Love, founded on the myth of Circe, and
(Echo and Narcissus); while his best known
comedies of intrigue, or of the cloak and
sword,” are: (The Fairy Lady) and ('Tis Ill
Keeping a House with Two Doors. *
Calderón y Beltrán, Fernando (käl-dā-rõn'
ē bel''trän'). A Mexican dramatist and poet;
born in Guadalajara, July 20, 1809; died at
Ojocaliente, Jan. 18, 1845. His plays, especially
(The Tourney,' Anne Boleyn, and (The
Return of the Crusader,' are very popular
throughout Spanish America, while as a lyric
poet he is also highly esteemed among his
countrymen.
Calderwood, Henry. A Scotch philosoph.
ical writer; born at Peebles, May 10, 1830.
An opponent of the doctrines of Sir William
Hamilton, he brought out (The Philosophy of
the Infinite) (1854); (The Handbook of Moral
Philosophy) (1872); and similar works, which
have run through numerous editions.
Caldwell, Joseph (kâld'wel). An American
divine and educator; born at Lamington, N. J. ,
April 21, 1773; died at Chapel Hill, N. C. ,
Jan. 27, 1835. He was president of the Uni-
versity of North Carolina (1804). He wrote:
(Letters of Carleton); etc.
Caldwell, William Warren. An American
writer of verse; born in Massachusetts, 1823.
His home is in Newburyport. Besides trans-
lating numerous lyrics from the German, he has
published Poems, Original and Translated,
Calef, Robert (kāʼlef). An American satir.
ist; born in Massachusetts, about 1648; died
1719. He was a Boston merchant. He wrote:
(More Wonders of the Invisible World (1700),
a reply to Cotton Mather's (Wonders of the
Invisible World, and opposing persecution for
witchcraft. The book was publicly burned by
Increase Mather.
Calemard de la Fayette, Charles (käl.
mär' de lä fi-yet or fā-yet). A French poet,
critic, and essayist; born in Puy, April 9, 1815.
He has enriched polite literature with studies
of (Dante, Michael Angelo, Machiavelli” ( 1852),
with an artistic version of (The Inferno of
Dante Alighieri) (1855), and with 'The Adieu!
(1885), a collection of well-polished verse.
Calentius or Calenzio (kä-len'shus). A
noted late Latin poet; died 1503. He wrote
elegies, satires, and epigrams that were greatly
admired for their pure Latinity; also a poem
founded upon the Homeric legends.
Calenzoli, Giuseppe (kä-len'tsó-le). An Ital.
ian dramatist; born in Florence, 1815; author
of some thirty comedies, mostly in one act,
showing an excellent sense of stage effect, and
a ready and always refined wit. The best


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CALFA---CALVIN
89
among them are : (A Search for a Husband'
(1852); Father Zappata) (1876). His Dia-
logues and Comedies for Young Girls) (1874)
are also highly esteemed.
Calfa, Ambroise (käl-fä'). A French-Arme-
nian historian and miscellaneous writer; born
in Constantinople, March 2, 1830. A Uni-
versal History) (1851), and Armenian versions
of French masterpieces, are typical of his tal-
ent and industry.
Calfa, Corène. An Armenian poet and prose-
writer, brother of Ambroise; born in Constan-
tinople in 1835. His poems and songs are
immensely popular with his countrymen; his
translation of Lamartine's Poetic Harmonies)
is adequate and spirited; besides which should
be mentioned a (History of Armenia,' well
written and authoritative.
Calhoun, John Caldwell. An American
statesman; born Abbeville dist. , S.