:
The pathology of Galen, says Dr.
The pathology of Galen, says Dr.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
3, works, yet it was to these branches of medical
vol. xix. p. 24, 25. ) The six last books, and science that he did most real service, and it is this
about two-thirds of the ninth, which are not extant class of his writings that is most truly valuable.
either in the original Greek or in any Latin trans- A very interesting and accurate “Cursory Analysis
lation (as far as the writer is aware), are preserved of the Works of Galen, so far as they relate to
in an Arabic version, of which there are two Anatomy and Physiology,” by Dr. Kidd, is in-
copies in the Bodleian library at Oxford (Uri, serted in the sixth volume of the “ Transactions of
Cital. MSS. Orient. Bibl. Bodl. p. 135, codd. 567, the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association "
570), and apparently in no other European library. I(Lond. 1838), to which we must refer our readers
## p. 213 (#229) ############################################
GALENUS.
213
GALENUS.
for an account of Galen's views on anatomy and dot! TÓ Tyrelvóv, Ulrum Medicinae sit, vel Gym-
physiology.
nastices Hygicine (vol. v. ). 28. De Attenuante
Galen's familiarity with practical anatomy is at- Victus Rutione (vol. vi. ed. Chart. ). 29. 'Tgleivá,
tested by numerous passages in his writings. In De Sunitate Tuenda (vol. vi. ). One of Galen's best
the examination, for instance, of the blood-vessels works. 30. Περί Τροφών Δυνάμεως, De Aliment-
of the liver, he directs you to insert a probe into orum Facultatibus (vol. vi. ). 31. Tepl Evxvulas
the vena portae, and from thence into any of its kad Kakoxuulas Tpoow, Dé Probis et Praris Ali-
several larger ramifications ; then gently advancing mentorum Succis (vol. vi. ). 32. Nepl nitioávns,
the probe further and further, to dissect down to De Ptisana (vol. vi. ) 33. Tepl toll dià Mixpas
it. And thus, he says, you may trace the minu- Epalpas ruuvasiou, De Parvae Pilae Exercitio
test branches ; removing with the knife the inter- (vol. v. ). 34. De Dissolutione Continua, sive De
mediate substance, called by Erasistratus the par- Alimentorum Facultatibus (vol. vi. ed. Chart. )
enchyma (De Anutom. Administr. vi. Il, vol. ii. In Galen's directions respecting both food and
p. 575). Again, he notices what every one has the means of preserving health, we find many which
often experienced in dissection, the occasional con- are erroneous, and many others which, from the
venience of dividing the cellular membrane, either difference of climate and manners, are totally inap-
by the finger or the handle of the scalpel (ibid. plicable to us ; but, if allowance be made for these
p. 476. ): and in describing the use of the blow- points, most of the rest of his observations will pro-
pipe and various other instruments and contri- bably be admitted to be very judicious and useful.
vances employed in anatomical examinations, he Like the rest of the ancient medical writers, and
continually introduces you, as it were, into the in accordance with the habits of his countrymen,
dissecting room itself (ibid. p. 476, 668, 716). As he lays great stress on different species of gym-
an instance of the boldness and extent of his ex- nastic exercises, and especially eulogizes hunting, as
perimental anatomy, it may be mentioned, that, being an excellent exercise to the body, and an
after observing that although a ligature on the agreeable recreation to the mind. (De Parva Pila,
inguinal or axillary artery causes the pulse to cease vol. v. c. 1, p. 900. ) He particularly recommends
in the leg or in the arm, yet the experiment is not the cold bath to persons in the prime of life, and
seriously injurious to the animal on which it is during the summer season. With respect to the
made, he adds that even the carotid arteries may regimen of old persons, he says, that as old age is
be tied with impunity. (De Usu Puls. c. 1. vol. v. cold and dry, it is to be corrected by diluents and
p. 150. ) And the habitual' accuracy of his ob- calefacients, such as hot baths of sweet waters,
servation is evinced when he corrects the error of drinking wine, and taking such food as is moisten-
those experimentalists, who, omitting to separate ing and calefacient. He strenuously defends the
the contiguous nerves in tying the carotids, sup practice of allowing old persons to take wine, and
posed that the consequent loss of voice depended gives a circumstantial account of the Greek and
on the compression of those arteries, and not on Roman wines best adapted to them. He also ap-
that of the accompanying nerves. (De Hippocr. et proves of their taking three meals in the day
Plat. Decr. ii. 6. vol. v. p. 266 ; Dr. Kidd's Cur-(while to other persons he allows only two), and
sory Analysis, &c. )
recommends the bath to be used before dinner,
The question has often been discussed, whether which should consist of sea-fish.
Galen derived his anatomical knowledge from dis- Of all kinds of animal food pork was almost uni-
secting a human body, or that of some other ani- versally esteemed by the ancients as the best ; and
mal. The writer is not aware of any passage in Galen speaks of it in terms of the strongest appro-
his writings in which it is distinctly stated that bation. He says that the athletes, if for one day
he dissected human bodies; while the numerous presented with the same bulk of any other article
passages in which he recommends the dissection of of food, immediately experienced a diminution of
apes, bears, goats, and other animals, would seem strength ; and that, if the change of diet was per-
indirectly to prove that human bodies were seldom sisted in for several days, they fell off in flesh. (De
or never used for that purpose. (See particularly Aliment. Facult. ij. 2. vol. vi. p. 661. )
De Anat, Administr. iii. 5. vol. ii. 384 ; De Musc. Many other curious extracts from Galen's works
Dissect. c. 1. vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 930. See also on this subject may be found in Mr. Adams's Com-
Rufus Ephes. De Corp. Hum. Part. Appellat. i. p. mentary on the first book of Paulus Aegineta, from
33; Theophilus, De Corp. Hum. Fabr. v. 11. which the preceding remarks have been abridged.
§ 20. ) In one passage, however, he mentions, as
something extraordinary, that those physicians who
V. WORKS ON PATHOLOGY.
attended the emperor M. Aurelius in his wars
against the Germans had an opportunity of dissect- 35. Περί 'Ανωμάλου Δυσκρασίας, De Inaequali
ing the bodies of the barbarians. (De Compos. Intemperie (vol. vii. ). 36. Nepl Avonvolas, De
Medicam. sec. Gen. iii. 2. vol. viii. p. 604. ) Difficili Respiratione (vol. vii. ). 37. Iepi IIandous,
On Galen's opinions respecting the nervous sys- De Plenitudine (vol. vii. ). 38. Dep. Twy mapa
tem there is a very complete and interesting thesis púow 'Oykw, De Tumoribus praeter Naturam
by C. V. Daremberg, Paris, 1841, 4to. , entitled (vol. vii. ). 39. Ilepi Tpóuov, kal Nannoù, xal Anao-
• Exposition des connaissances de Galien, sur Moù, kai 'Plyous, De Tremore, Palpitatione, Con-
l'Anatomic, la Physiologie, ct la Pathologie du rulsione, et Rigore (vol. vii. ). 40. Tiepi Tŵr "OXov
Systeme Nerveux. "
ToỦ Noonuatos Kaipôv, De Totius Morli Tempor-
ilus (vol. vii. ); of doubtful genuineness.
IV. WORKS ON DIETETICS AND HYGIENE.
Much pathological matter may be found in va-
25. Περί 'Αρίστης Κατασκευής του Σώματος | rious other parts of Galen 's writings, and perhaps
nuar, De Optima Corporis nostri Constitutione some of the treatises noticed under the following
(vol. iv. ). 26. ſep. Evegias, De Bono Habitu head might with equal propriety have been classed
(vol. iv. ). 27. Πότερον Ιατρικής, η Γυμναστικής | under the present.
;
p 3
## p. 214 (#230) ############################################
214
GALENUS.
GALENUS.
:
The pathology of Galen, says Dr. Bostock, was Galcno, et aliis quibusdam (vol. xix. ). 68. Nepl
much more imperfect than his physiology, for in Lovuwv após 'Artwvior, De Pulsibus ad Antro
this department he was left to follow the bent of nium (vol. xix. ); spurious. 69. Compendium Pule
his speculative genius almost without control. suum (vol. viii. ed. Chart. ); spurious.
He adopts, as the foundation of his theory, the It would be difficult to give anything like an
doctrine of the four elements, and, like Hippo- analysis of Galen's mode of discovering the nature
crates, he supposes that the fluids are the primary of diseases, and of forming his prognosis, in which
seat of disease. But in the application of this doc- his skill and success were so great that he ven-
trine he introduces 80 many minute subdivisions tured to assert that, by the assistance of the Deitr,
that he may be regarded as the inventor of the he had never been wrong. (Comment. in Hippocr.
theory of the Humoralists, which was so generally “ Epid. I. " i. 20. vol. xviii. pt. i. p. 383. )
adopted in the schools of medicine.
One of his chief sources of prognosis was de-
rived from the Critical Days, in which doctrine he
VI. WORKS ON DIAGNOSIS AND SEMEIOLOGY.
reposes such confidence that he affirms, that, by a
proper observance of them, the physician may be
41. Nep! Tv Tlenovootwv Tórwv, De Locis Af: able to prognosticate the very hour when a ferer
fectis, in six books (vol. viii. ); sometimes quoted will terminate. He believed (as did most of the
by the title Alayswotikń, Diagnostica. This is ancient authorities) that the critical days are influ-
preferred by Ilaller to any of Galen's works, and enced by the moon. Another very important ele-
has always been considered one of the niost valu- ment in his diagnosis and prognosis was afforded
able and elaborate, as it was written when he was by the Pulse, on which subject, as the works of his
mature in judgment and experience. 42. Nepi predecessors are no longer extant, he may be con-
Alapopas Tiupetwv, De Differentiis Febriun (vol. sidered as the first and greatest authority,- we
vii. ) 43. Περί των εν ταις Νόσοις Καιρών, De might almost say our sole authority, for all subse-
Mórborum Temporibus (vol. vii. ). 44. Nepl TW quent writers were content to adopt his system
Equyuwe mois Eloayouévous, De Pulsibus ad Ti- without the slightest alteration. According to
rones (vol. viii. ). 45. Nepi Alapopas Equuwv, Galen, the pulse consists of four parts, of a dinstole
De Differentia Pulsuum (vol. viii. ). 46. Nepi and a systole, with two intervals of rest, one after
Alaycrews Spuydwv, De Dignoscendis Pulsibus the diastole before the systole, and the other after
(vol. viii. ). 47. Nepi Twv év tois Sovyuois Al the systole before the diastole. He maintained
Tiwv, De Causis Pulsuum, (vol. ix. ). 48. Tepl that by practice and attention all these parts can
Mpoyvarews Spuyu@v, De Praesagitione ex Puld be distinguished (De Dignosc. Puls. iii. 3. vol.
sibus, (vol. ix. ). These last four works are some viii
. p. 902, &c. ); but his system is so complicated
times considered as four parts of one large treatise and subtle that it would be hardly possible to make
49. Σύνοψις περί Σφυγμών Ιδίας Πραγματείας, it intelligible to the reader without going to greater
Synopsis Librorum suorum de Pulsibus (vol. ix. ). lengths than can here be allowed. A full account
50. [lepl Kploiuwv 'Huepôv, De Criticis Dielus (vel of it is given by Mr. Adams in his Commentary on
Decretoriis) (vol. ix. ). 51. Tepl Kploewv, De Paulus Aegineta (ii. 12), to which work in this,
Crisibus (vol. ix. ). 52. De Causis Procatarcticis as in several other instances, the present article is
(vol. vii. ed. Chart. ). 53. ſep. Alapopas Noon much indebted.
játwv, De Differentia Morborum (vol. vi. ). 54.
Περί των εν τοις Νοσήμασιν Αιτίων, De Morborum
VII. WORKS ON PHARMACY AND MATERIA
Causis (vol. vii. ). 55. Περί Συμπτωμάτων Διαφο-
MEDICA.
pās, De Symptomatum Differentia (vol. vii. ). 56.
Περί Αιτίων Συμπτωμάτων, De Causis Sympto- 70. Περί Κράσεως και Δυνάμεως των Απλών
malum, in three books (vol. vii. ). This and the Ⓡapuáxwv, De Temperamentis et Facultatibus Sim-
three preceding treatises are intimately connected plicium Medicamentorum, in eleven books (vols.
together, and are merely the different parts of one xi. xii. ). Galen recommends his readers to study
large work, as they are considered in some editions the third book of his work De Temperamentis,
of Galen's writings. 57. 1s Aci 'Efeléyxe which treats of the temperaments of drugs, be
Tous Ipootouovuévous Nogeiv, Quomodo sint De fore they begin to read this treatise. (Ars
prehendendi Morbum Simulantes (vol
. xix. ). 58. Med. c. 37, vol. i. p. 407. ), 71. Dep! Euroé
Περί της εξ Ενυπνίων Διαγνώσεως, De Dignotiοne | σεως Φαρμάκων των κατά τόπους, De Composi-
ex Insomniis (vol. vi. ). 59. Iepl toll Ilpoyiváokeu tione Medicamentorum secundum Locos (vols.
προς Επιγένην, De Praemotione ad Εpigenem (sive | xii. xiii. ). 72. Περί Συνθέσεως Φαρμάκων των
Posthumum) (vol. xiv. ). 60. Περί Τύπων, De κατά Γένη, De Compositione Medicamentorum
Typis (vol. vii. ); of rather doubtful genuineness. secundum Genera (vol. xii. ). This and the pre
61. Προς τους περί Τύπων Γράψαντας, ή περί Πε- ceding treatise may be considered as two parts of
plodwv, Adversus eos qui de Typis scripserunt, vel de one large work. 73. Περί Αντιδότων, De Anti-
Periodis (vol. vii. ) ; of doubtful genuineness. 62. dotis (vol. xiv. ). This is one of Galen's last
Tepl lipoyvárews, De Praenotione (vol. xix. ); spu- works, and written in the reign of the emperor
rious. 63. Πρόγνωσις Πεπειραμένη και Παναλήθης, Severus, about the year 200. 74. Περί Εύπορί-
Praesagitio Erperta et omnino Vera (vol. xix. ); OTwv, De Remediis facile Parabilibus (vol. xiv. ).
spurious. 64. Tepl Katakaloews Ipoyvwotid ék The third part of this work is undoubteds spurious.
της Μαθηματικής Επιστήμης, Prognostica de De-75. Περί της Θηριακής προς Πίσωνα, De Them
cubitu ex Mathematica Scientia (vol. xix. ); spu-aca ad Pisonem (vol. xiv. ) This work is quoted as
rious. 65. Tepi Oūpwv, De Urinis (vol. xix. ) ; of genuine by Aëtius, Paulus Aegineta, and the
doubtful genuineness. 66. ilep! Ojpwx év Luv- Arabic physicians; but is considered to be of
Tómx, De Urinis Compendium (vol. xix. ); spurious. doubtful authority by some modern critics. This
67. Περί Ούρων εκ των Ιπποκράτους και Γαλη- condemnation, however, seems to the writer to rest
voù, kal åriw tivwv, De Urinis ex Hippocrate, on insufficient grounds, as, on a cursory examina.
.
## p.
vol. xix. p. 24, 25. ) The six last books, and science that he did most real service, and it is this
about two-thirds of the ninth, which are not extant class of his writings that is most truly valuable.
either in the original Greek or in any Latin trans- A very interesting and accurate “Cursory Analysis
lation (as far as the writer is aware), are preserved of the Works of Galen, so far as they relate to
in an Arabic version, of which there are two Anatomy and Physiology,” by Dr. Kidd, is in-
copies in the Bodleian library at Oxford (Uri, serted in the sixth volume of the “ Transactions of
Cital. MSS. Orient. Bibl. Bodl. p. 135, codd. 567, the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association "
570), and apparently in no other European library. I(Lond. 1838), to which we must refer our readers
## p. 213 (#229) ############################################
GALENUS.
213
GALENUS.
for an account of Galen's views on anatomy and dot! TÓ Tyrelvóv, Ulrum Medicinae sit, vel Gym-
physiology.
nastices Hygicine (vol. v. ). 28. De Attenuante
Galen's familiarity with practical anatomy is at- Victus Rutione (vol. vi. ed. Chart. ). 29. 'Tgleivá,
tested by numerous passages in his writings. In De Sunitate Tuenda (vol. vi. ). One of Galen's best
the examination, for instance, of the blood-vessels works. 30. Περί Τροφών Δυνάμεως, De Aliment-
of the liver, he directs you to insert a probe into orum Facultatibus (vol. vi. ). 31. Tepl Evxvulas
the vena portae, and from thence into any of its kad Kakoxuulas Tpoow, Dé Probis et Praris Ali-
several larger ramifications ; then gently advancing mentorum Succis (vol. vi. ). 32. Nepl nitioávns,
the probe further and further, to dissect down to De Ptisana (vol. vi. ) 33. Tepl toll dià Mixpas
it. And thus, he says, you may trace the minu- Epalpas ruuvasiou, De Parvae Pilae Exercitio
test branches ; removing with the knife the inter- (vol. v. ). 34. De Dissolutione Continua, sive De
mediate substance, called by Erasistratus the par- Alimentorum Facultatibus (vol. vi. ed. Chart. )
enchyma (De Anutom. Administr. vi. Il, vol. ii. In Galen's directions respecting both food and
p. 575). Again, he notices what every one has the means of preserving health, we find many which
often experienced in dissection, the occasional con- are erroneous, and many others which, from the
venience of dividing the cellular membrane, either difference of climate and manners, are totally inap-
by the finger or the handle of the scalpel (ibid. plicable to us ; but, if allowance be made for these
p. 476. ): and in describing the use of the blow- points, most of the rest of his observations will pro-
pipe and various other instruments and contri- bably be admitted to be very judicious and useful.
vances employed in anatomical examinations, he Like the rest of the ancient medical writers, and
continually introduces you, as it were, into the in accordance with the habits of his countrymen,
dissecting room itself (ibid. p. 476, 668, 716). As he lays great stress on different species of gym-
an instance of the boldness and extent of his ex- nastic exercises, and especially eulogizes hunting, as
perimental anatomy, it may be mentioned, that, being an excellent exercise to the body, and an
after observing that although a ligature on the agreeable recreation to the mind. (De Parva Pila,
inguinal or axillary artery causes the pulse to cease vol. v. c. 1, p. 900. ) He particularly recommends
in the leg or in the arm, yet the experiment is not the cold bath to persons in the prime of life, and
seriously injurious to the animal on which it is during the summer season. With respect to the
made, he adds that even the carotid arteries may regimen of old persons, he says, that as old age is
be tied with impunity. (De Usu Puls. c. 1. vol. v. cold and dry, it is to be corrected by diluents and
p. 150. ) And the habitual' accuracy of his ob- calefacients, such as hot baths of sweet waters,
servation is evinced when he corrects the error of drinking wine, and taking such food as is moisten-
those experimentalists, who, omitting to separate ing and calefacient. He strenuously defends the
the contiguous nerves in tying the carotids, sup practice of allowing old persons to take wine, and
posed that the consequent loss of voice depended gives a circumstantial account of the Greek and
on the compression of those arteries, and not on Roman wines best adapted to them. He also ap-
that of the accompanying nerves. (De Hippocr. et proves of their taking three meals in the day
Plat. Decr. ii. 6. vol. v. p. 266 ; Dr. Kidd's Cur-(while to other persons he allows only two), and
sory Analysis, &c. )
recommends the bath to be used before dinner,
The question has often been discussed, whether which should consist of sea-fish.
Galen derived his anatomical knowledge from dis- Of all kinds of animal food pork was almost uni-
secting a human body, or that of some other ani- versally esteemed by the ancients as the best ; and
mal. The writer is not aware of any passage in Galen speaks of it in terms of the strongest appro-
his writings in which it is distinctly stated that bation. He says that the athletes, if for one day
he dissected human bodies; while the numerous presented with the same bulk of any other article
passages in which he recommends the dissection of of food, immediately experienced a diminution of
apes, bears, goats, and other animals, would seem strength ; and that, if the change of diet was per-
indirectly to prove that human bodies were seldom sisted in for several days, they fell off in flesh. (De
or never used for that purpose. (See particularly Aliment. Facult. ij. 2. vol. vi. p. 661. )
De Anat, Administr. iii. 5. vol. ii. 384 ; De Musc. Many other curious extracts from Galen's works
Dissect. c. 1. vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 930. See also on this subject may be found in Mr. Adams's Com-
Rufus Ephes. De Corp. Hum. Part. Appellat. i. p. mentary on the first book of Paulus Aegineta, from
33; Theophilus, De Corp. Hum. Fabr. v. 11. which the preceding remarks have been abridged.
§ 20. ) In one passage, however, he mentions, as
something extraordinary, that those physicians who
V. WORKS ON PATHOLOGY.
attended the emperor M. Aurelius in his wars
against the Germans had an opportunity of dissect- 35. Περί 'Ανωμάλου Δυσκρασίας, De Inaequali
ing the bodies of the barbarians. (De Compos. Intemperie (vol. vii. ). 36. Nepl Avonvolas, De
Medicam. sec. Gen. iii. 2. vol. viii. p. 604. ) Difficili Respiratione (vol. vii. ). 37. Iepi IIandous,
On Galen's opinions respecting the nervous sys- De Plenitudine (vol. vii. ). 38. Dep. Twy mapa
tem there is a very complete and interesting thesis púow 'Oykw, De Tumoribus praeter Naturam
by C. V. Daremberg, Paris, 1841, 4to. , entitled (vol. vii. ). 39. Ilepi Tpóuov, kal Nannoù, xal Anao-
• Exposition des connaissances de Galien, sur Moù, kai 'Plyous, De Tremore, Palpitatione, Con-
l'Anatomic, la Physiologie, ct la Pathologie du rulsione, et Rigore (vol. vii. ). 40. Tiepi Tŵr "OXov
Systeme Nerveux. "
ToỦ Noonuatos Kaipôv, De Totius Morli Tempor-
ilus (vol. vii. ); of doubtful genuineness.
IV. WORKS ON DIETETICS AND HYGIENE.
Much pathological matter may be found in va-
25. Περί 'Αρίστης Κατασκευής του Σώματος | rious other parts of Galen 's writings, and perhaps
nuar, De Optima Corporis nostri Constitutione some of the treatises noticed under the following
(vol. iv. ). 26. ſep. Evegias, De Bono Habitu head might with equal propriety have been classed
(vol. iv. ). 27. Πότερον Ιατρικής, η Γυμναστικής | under the present.
;
p 3
## p. 214 (#230) ############################################
214
GALENUS.
GALENUS.
:
The pathology of Galen, says Dr. Bostock, was Galcno, et aliis quibusdam (vol. xix. ). 68. Nepl
much more imperfect than his physiology, for in Lovuwv após 'Artwvior, De Pulsibus ad Antro
this department he was left to follow the bent of nium (vol. xix. ); spurious. 69. Compendium Pule
his speculative genius almost without control. suum (vol. viii. ed. Chart. ); spurious.
He adopts, as the foundation of his theory, the It would be difficult to give anything like an
doctrine of the four elements, and, like Hippo- analysis of Galen's mode of discovering the nature
crates, he supposes that the fluids are the primary of diseases, and of forming his prognosis, in which
seat of disease. But in the application of this doc- his skill and success were so great that he ven-
trine he introduces 80 many minute subdivisions tured to assert that, by the assistance of the Deitr,
that he may be regarded as the inventor of the he had never been wrong. (Comment. in Hippocr.
theory of the Humoralists, which was so generally “ Epid. I. " i. 20. vol. xviii. pt. i. p. 383. )
adopted in the schools of medicine.
One of his chief sources of prognosis was de-
rived from the Critical Days, in which doctrine he
VI. WORKS ON DIAGNOSIS AND SEMEIOLOGY.
reposes such confidence that he affirms, that, by a
proper observance of them, the physician may be
41. Nep! Tv Tlenovootwv Tórwv, De Locis Af: able to prognosticate the very hour when a ferer
fectis, in six books (vol. viii. ); sometimes quoted will terminate. He believed (as did most of the
by the title Alayswotikń, Diagnostica. This is ancient authorities) that the critical days are influ-
preferred by Ilaller to any of Galen's works, and enced by the moon. Another very important ele-
has always been considered one of the niost valu- ment in his diagnosis and prognosis was afforded
able and elaborate, as it was written when he was by the Pulse, on which subject, as the works of his
mature in judgment and experience. 42. Nepi predecessors are no longer extant, he may be con-
Alapopas Tiupetwv, De Differentiis Febriun (vol. sidered as the first and greatest authority,- we
vii. ) 43. Περί των εν ταις Νόσοις Καιρών, De might almost say our sole authority, for all subse-
Mórborum Temporibus (vol. vii. ). 44. Nepl TW quent writers were content to adopt his system
Equyuwe mois Eloayouévous, De Pulsibus ad Ti- without the slightest alteration. According to
rones (vol. viii. ). 45. Nepi Alapopas Equuwv, Galen, the pulse consists of four parts, of a dinstole
De Differentia Pulsuum (vol. viii. ). 46. Nepi and a systole, with two intervals of rest, one after
Alaycrews Spuydwv, De Dignoscendis Pulsibus the diastole before the systole, and the other after
(vol. viii. ). 47. Nepi Twv év tois Sovyuois Al the systole before the diastole. He maintained
Tiwv, De Causis Pulsuum, (vol. ix. ). 48. Tepl that by practice and attention all these parts can
Mpoyvarews Spuyu@v, De Praesagitione ex Puld be distinguished (De Dignosc. Puls. iii. 3. vol.
sibus, (vol. ix. ). These last four works are some viii
. p. 902, &c. ); but his system is so complicated
times considered as four parts of one large treatise and subtle that it would be hardly possible to make
49. Σύνοψις περί Σφυγμών Ιδίας Πραγματείας, it intelligible to the reader without going to greater
Synopsis Librorum suorum de Pulsibus (vol. ix. ). lengths than can here be allowed. A full account
50. [lepl Kploiuwv 'Huepôv, De Criticis Dielus (vel of it is given by Mr. Adams in his Commentary on
Decretoriis) (vol. ix. ). 51. Tepl Kploewv, De Paulus Aegineta (ii. 12), to which work in this,
Crisibus (vol. ix. ). 52. De Causis Procatarcticis as in several other instances, the present article is
(vol. vii. ed. Chart. ). 53. ſep. Alapopas Noon much indebted.
játwv, De Differentia Morborum (vol. vi. ). 54.
Περί των εν τοις Νοσήμασιν Αιτίων, De Morborum
VII. WORKS ON PHARMACY AND MATERIA
Causis (vol. vii. ). 55. Περί Συμπτωμάτων Διαφο-
MEDICA.
pās, De Symptomatum Differentia (vol. vii. ). 56.
Περί Αιτίων Συμπτωμάτων, De Causis Sympto- 70. Περί Κράσεως και Δυνάμεως των Απλών
malum, in three books (vol. vii. ). This and the Ⓡapuáxwv, De Temperamentis et Facultatibus Sim-
three preceding treatises are intimately connected plicium Medicamentorum, in eleven books (vols.
together, and are merely the different parts of one xi. xii. ). Galen recommends his readers to study
large work, as they are considered in some editions the third book of his work De Temperamentis,
of Galen's writings. 57. 1s Aci 'Efeléyxe which treats of the temperaments of drugs, be
Tous Ipootouovuévous Nogeiv, Quomodo sint De fore they begin to read this treatise. (Ars
prehendendi Morbum Simulantes (vol
. xix. ). 58. Med. c. 37, vol. i. p. 407. ), 71. Dep! Euroé
Περί της εξ Ενυπνίων Διαγνώσεως, De Dignotiοne | σεως Φαρμάκων των κατά τόπους, De Composi-
ex Insomniis (vol. vi. ). 59. Iepl toll Ilpoyiváokeu tione Medicamentorum secundum Locos (vols.
προς Επιγένην, De Praemotione ad Εpigenem (sive | xii. xiii. ). 72. Περί Συνθέσεως Φαρμάκων των
Posthumum) (vol. xiv. ). 60. Περί Τύπων, De κατά Γένη, De Compositione Medicamentorum
Typis (vol. vii. ); of rather doubtful genuineness. secundum Genera (vol. xii. ). This and the pre
61. Προς τους περί Τύπων Γράψαντας, ή περί Πε- ceding treatise may be considered as two parts of
plodwv, Adversus eos qui de Typis scripserunt, vel de one large work. 73. Περί Αντιδότων, De Anti-
Periodis (vol. vii. ) ; of doubtful genuineness. 62. dotis (vol. xiv. ). This is one of Galen's last
Tepl lipoyvárews, De Praenotione (vol. xix. ); spu- works, and written in the reign of the emperor
rious. 63. Πρόγνωσις Πεπειραμένη και Παναλήθης, Severus, about the year 200. 74. Περί Εύπορί-
Praesagitio Erperta et omnino Vera (vol. xix. ); OTwv, De Remediis facile Parabilibus (vol. xiv. ).
spurious. 64. Tepl Katakaloews Ipoyvwotid ék The third part of this work is undoubteds spurious.
της Μαθηματικής Επιστήμης, Prognostica de De-75. Περί της Θηριακής προς Πίσωνα, De Them
cubitu ex Mathematica Scientia (vol. xix. ); spu-aca ad Pisonem (vol. xiv. ) This work is quoted as
rious. 65. Tepi Oūpwv, De Urinis (vol. xix. ) ; of genuine by Aëtius, Paulus Aegineta, and the
doubtful genuineness. 66. ilep! Ojpwx év Luv- Arabic physicians; but is considered to be of
Tómx, De Urinis Compendium (vol. xix. ); spurious. doubtful authority by some modern critics. This
67. Περί Ούρων εκ των Ιπποκράτους και Γαλη- condemnation, however, seems to the writer to rest
voù, kal åriw tivwv, De Urinis ex Hippocrate, on insufficient grounds, as, on a cursory examina.
.
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