man, visited
Heidelberg
about the end of the year
ε.
ε.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
32, &c.
, ed.
Orelli ; Cic.
ad Att.
“ Jamque per Esquilias Romanam intraverat
vi. 1. 8 10, ad Fam. xii. 18, Phil. vi. 4, x. 10,
urbem,
xi. 6, xii. 8, xiii. 12. )
Et mane in medio plaustra fuere foro.
COIN OF L. PLAUTIUS PLANCUS.
## p. 385 (#401) ############################################
PLANUDES.
PLANUDES.
385
PLAUTIUB, ut possent specie numeroque senatum | literature, poets of the highest fame cultivated this
Fallere, personis imperat ora tegi. "
species of composition, which received its most
perfect development from the hand of Simonides.
(Comp. Eckhel, vol. v. p. 276, &c. )
6. L. MUNATIUS PLANCUS, son of No. 2, was
Thenceforth, as a set forin of poetry, it became a
consul A. D. 13 with C. Silius. In the following sentiments on any subject ; until at last the form
fit vehicle for the brief expression of thonghts and
year he was sent by the senate after the death of
Augustus to the mutinous legions of Germanicus came to be cultivated for its own sake, and the
in the territory of the Ubii, and there narrowly ability to make epigrams an essential part of the
literati of Alexandria and Byzantium deerned the
escaped death at the hands of the soldiers (Dion character of a scholar. Hence the mere trifling,
Cass. Ivi. 28; Suet. Aug. 101 ; Tac. Ann. i. 39. )
PLANTA, POMPEIUS, praefect of Egypt in which form to large a part of the epigrammatic
the stupid jokes, and the wretched personalities,
the reign of Trajan. (Plin. Ep. x. 7 or 5. )
PLĂNU'DES (Favouons), surnamed Maxi poetry contained in the Greek Anthology.
MUS, was one of the most learned of the Constan. ference has already been made, are often quoted by
The monumental inscriptions, to which re-
tinopolitan monks of the last age of the Greek the ancient writers as historical authorities, as, for
empire, and was greatly distinguished as a theolo-
gian, grammarian, and rhetorician; but his name later writers, such as Diodorus and Plutarch,
example, by Herodotus and Thucydides ; and by
is now chiefly interesting as that of the compiler
of the latest of those collections of minor Greek partly as authorities, partly to embellish their
works. This use of inscriptions would naturally
poems, which were known by the names of Gar-
lands or Anthologies (Etépavoi
, 'Avoodoylai). Pla- suggest the idea of collecting them. The earliest
known collection was made by the geographer
nudes lourished at Constantinople in the first half Polemon (B. c. 200), in a work neplºtūv kard
of the fourteenth century, under the emperors FOX ELS Éteypaupátwv (Ath. x. p. 436, d. , p. 442, e. ).
Andronicus II. and III. Palaeologi
. In A. D. 1327 He also wrote other works, on votive offerings,
he was sent by Andronicus II. as ambassador to
Venice. Nothing more is known of his life with matic inscriptions on them. (POLEMON. ) Simi-
which are likely to have contained the epigram-
any certainty, except that he was somewhat dis- lar collections were made by Alcetas, Tepl Twv év
posed to the tenets of the Roman Church, which, AcApois dvaonudtw (Ath. xiii, p. 591, c. ), by
however, a short imprisonment seems to have in- Menestor, év tý tepl dvaðnuárwx (Ath. xiii.
duced him to renounce. (See Fabric. Bibl. Graec.
vol. xi. p. 682, and the authorities quoted in 0. 594, d. ), and perhaps by Apellas Ponticus.
These persons collected chiefly the inscriptions on
Harles's note. ) His works, of which several only
exist in Ms. , are not of sufficient importance to offerings (drabhuara): epigrams of other kinds
were also collected, as the Theban Epigrams, by
be enumerated individually. They consist of ora-
tions and homilies ; translations from Latin into Attic by Philochorus (Suid. s. v. , the reading is,
Aristodemus (Schol. in Apoll. Rhod. ii. 906), the
Greek of Cicero's Somnium Scipionis, Caesar de however, somewhat doubtful), and others by
Bello Gallico, Ovid's Metamorphoses, Cato's Dis- Neoptolemus of Paros (Ath. x. 454, f. ), and Eu-
ticha Moralia, Boëthius de Consolatione, St. Au- hemerus (Lactant. Instit. Div. í. 9 ; Cic. de Nat.
gustin
de Trinitate and de Civitate Dei, and
Dona- Deor. i. 42).
tus's Grammatica Parva; two grammatical works ;
a collection of Aesop's Fables, with a worthless pilers chiefly collected epigrams of particular
2. The Garland of Meleager. The above com-
Life of Aesop; some arithmetical works, especially classes, and with reference to their use as historical
Scholia, of no great value, on the first two books authorities. The first person who made such a
of the Arithmetic of Diophantus ; a few works on collection solely for its own sake, and to preserve
natural history ; Commentaries on the Rhetoric of epigrams of all kinds, was MELEAGER, a cynic
Hermogenes, and on other Greek writers; a poem philosopher of Gadara, in Palestine, about B. c. 60.
in forty-seven hexameters, on Claudius Ptolemaeus, His collection contained epigrams by no less than
and a few other poems ; and his Anthology. (See forty-six poets, of all ages of Greek poetry, up to
Fabric. 1. c. pp. 682—693, vol. i. p. 641, vol
. vi. the most ancient lyric period. He entitled it The
p. 348 ; Hoffmann, Lericon Bibliographicum Garland (Stépavos), with reference, of course, to
Script. Graec. s. v. ) As the Anthology of Planudes the common comparison of small beautiful poems
was not only the latest compiled, but was also that to flowers ; and in the introduction to his work,
which was recognised as The Greek Anthology, until he attaches the names of various flowers, shrubs,
the discovery of the Anthology of Constantinus and herbs, as emblems, to the names of the several
Cephalas, this is chosen as the fittest place for an
poets. The same idea is kept up in the word
account of the
Anthology (dvoodoyla), which was adopted by the
LITERARY HISTORY OF THE GREEK ANTHOLOGY. land of Meleager was arranged in alphabetical
next compiler as the title of his work. The Gar
1. Materials. The various collections, to which order, according to the initial letters of the first
their compilers gave the name of Garlands and line of each epigram.
Anthologies, were made up of short poems, chiefly 3. The Anthology of Philip of Thessalonica. - In
of an epigrammatic character, and in the elegiac the time of Trajan, as it seems, Philip of Thes-
metre. The earliest examples of such poetry were, SALONICA compiled his Anthology ('Avoodosla),
doubtless, furnished by the inscriptions on monu- avowedly in imitation of the Garland of Meleager,
ments, such as those erected to commemorate heroic and chiefly with the view of adding to that col-
deeds, the statues of distinguished men, especially lection the epigrams of more recent writers. The
victors in the public games, sepulchral monuments, arrangement of the work was the same as that of
and dedicatory offerings in temples (avadńuara); Meleager. 1: was also entitled orégavos, as well
to which may be added oracles and proverbial say. as ανθολογία. Another title by which it is quoted
ing. At an early period in the history of Greek | is συλλογή νέων επιγραμμάτων.
VOL. III
CO
## p. 386 (#402) ############################################
386
PLANUDES.
PLANUDES.
a
4. Diogenianus, Straton, and Diogenes Laërtius. parchment, of a quarto form, though somewhat
--Shortly after Philip, in the reign of Hadrian, the longer than it is broad, and contains 710 pages
leurned grammarian, DIOGENIAN US of Heracleia, without reckoning three leaves at the commence-
compiled an Anthology, which is entirely lost. It ment, which are stuck together, and which are
might perhaps have been well if the same fate had also full of epigrams. The writing is by different
befallen the very polluted, though often beautiful hands. The index prefixed to the MS. and the
collection of his contemporary, STRATON of Sar- first 453 pages are in an ancient handwriting ;
dis, the nature of which is sufficiently indicated then follows a later hand, up to p. 644; then again
by its title, Moùoa maidira. About the same time an older handwriting to p. 705. The rest is by a
Diogenes Laërtius collected the epigrams which are hand later than either of the others, and in the
interspersed in his lives of the philosophers, into a same writing are some additions in the other
separate book, under the title of ý náujetpos. parts of the work, the leaves which are stuck to-
[DIOGENES LAERTIUS. ] This collection, however, gether at the beginning, and some pages which
as containing only the poems of Diogenes himself, had been left vacant by the former writers. The
must rather be viewed as among the materials of numbers of the pages are added by a still later
the later Anthologies than as an Anthology in itself. hand, and the first three leaves are not included
5. Agathias Scholasticus. — During the long pe- in the numbering. The most ancient handwriting
riod from the decline of original literature to the is supposed to be of the eleventh century. The
cra when the imitative compositions of the Con- time of the others cannot be fixed with any cer-
stantinopolitan grammarians had reached their tainty. But not only is it thus evident that the
height, we find no more Anthologies. The next MS. was written by different persons and at dif-
was the Kúkos érzypaupátw of AGATHIAS Scho- ferent times, but it is also quite clear that the
LASTICUS, who lived in the time of Justinian. It original design of the work has been materially
was divided into seven books, according to sub- altered by the successive writers. There is an
jects, the first book containing dedicatory poems ; index at the beginning, which states the contents
the second, descriptions of places, statues, pic-of each book of the collection, but, as the MS.
tures, and other works of art; the third, epitaphs ; now stands, its actual contents do not agree with
the fourth, poems on the various events of human this index. (The exact amount of the discrepancies
life ; the fifth, satiric epigrams; the sixth, ama- is stated by Jacobs, who prints the index in his
tory; the seventh, exhortations to the enjoyment Prolegomena, p. Ixv. ) The inference drawn from
of life. This was the earliest Anthology which these variations is that the present MS. is copied
was arranged according to subjects. The poems from an older one, the contents of which are repre-
included in it were those of recent writers, and sented by the index, but that the copyists have
chiefiy those of Agathias himself and of his con- exercised their own judgment in the arrangement
temporaries, such as Paulus Silentiarius and Ma- of the epigrams, and in the addition of some which
cedonius. [Agathias. ]
were not in the older MS. It may further be
6. The Anthology of Constantinus Cephalas, or pretty safely assumed that the older MS. was the
the Palatine Anthology. — Constantinus Cephalas Anthology as compiled by Constantinus Cephalas,
appears to have lived about four centuries after the contents of which the index represents. But
Agathias, and to have flourished in the tenth even in the index itself there are discrepancies;
century, under the emperor Constantinus Porphyro- for it consists of two parts, the first of which pro-
genitus. The labours of preceding compilers fesses to give the contents of the book, and the
may be viewed as merely supplementary to the second their arrangement; but these parts disagree
Garland of Meleager ; but the Anthology of Con- with one another, as well as with the contents of
stantinus Cephalas was an entirely new collection the MS. itself. The order given in the index is
from the preceding Anthologies and from original as follows (we give the titles in an abbreviated
As has been said above [CEPHALAS] form) :-
nothing is known of Constantine himself. Modern
α. τα των Χριστιανών.
scholars had never even heard his name till it was
β. τα Χριστοδώρου του Θηβαίου.
brought to light by the fortunate discovery of
Salmasius. That great scholar, when a very young
γ. τα ερωτικά επιγράμματα,
δ. τα αναθηματικά.
man, visited Heidelberg about the end of the year
ε. τα επιτύμβια.
1606, and there, in the library of the Electors Pa-
5. τα επιδεικτικά.
latine, he found the MS. collection of Greek epi-
ζ. τα προτρεπτικά.
grams, which was afterwards removed to the
η. τα σκωπτικά.
Vatican, with the rest of the Palatine library
θ. τα Στράτωνος του Σαρδιανού.
(1623), and has become celebrated under the
ι. διαφόρων μέτρων διάφορα επιγράμματα.
names of the Palatine Anthology and the Vatican
ια. αριθμητικά και γρήφα σύμμικτα.
Codex of the Greek Anthology. * Salmasius at once
ιβ. Ιωάννου γραμματικού Γάζης έκφρασις.
saw that it was quite a different work from the
ιγ. Σύριγξ Θεοκρίτου και πτέρυγες Σιμμίου.
Planudean Anthology. He collated it with W'e-
Δωσιάδα βωμός. Βησαντίνου ώον και πέ-
chel's edition of the latter, and copied out those
λεκυς.
epigrams which were not contained in the latter.
ιδ. Ανακρέοντος Τηΐου.
The work thus discovered soon became known
ιε. Γρεγορίου εκλογαί, κ. τ. λ.
among the scholars of the day as the Anthologia
inedita codicis Palatini. The MS. is written on The actual contents, however, are as follows:
Pauli Silentiarii Ecphrasis, to p. 40 ; S. Gregorii
* The MS. was transferred to Paris, upon the Eclogae, to p. 49; Epigrammata Christiana, to
peace of Tolentino, in 1797 ; and, after the peace p. 63 ; Christodori Ecphrasis, to p. 76 ; Epigram-
of 1815, it was restored to its old home at Heidel- mata Cyzicena, to p. 81 ; Prooemia Meleagri, Phi-
berg, where it now lies in the University library. lippi, Agathiae, to p. 87; Amatoria, to p. 140;
sources.
## p. 387 (#403) ############################################
1
pp. 81-87.
PLANUDES.
PLANUDES.
307
Dedicatoria, to p. 207 ; Sepulcralia, to p. 326 ; name of Gregory is mentioned (if the meaning is
Epigrammata S. Gregorii, to p. 357 ; 'EMDELKTIKÁ, rightly interpreted) as having copied inscriptions
to p. 488 ; Προτρεπτικά, το p. 507 ; Συμποτικά, to which Ceplialas received from him and included in
p. 517; EKWTTIKá, to p. 568 ; Stratonis Musa his work (pp. 254, 255). Another mention of
Puerilis, to p. 607; Epigrammata variis metris Gregory furnishes an indication of the age of
conscripta, to p. 614; Problemata arithmetica et Cephalas. It is this : - p. 273, TOūTO TO 'Enl.
αεnigmata, to p. 643; Joannis Gazae Eophrasis, γραμμα ο Κεφαλάς προεβάλετο εν τη σχολή της
to p. 665; Syrinx Theocriti, &c. pp. 670—674 ; Néas 'Ekranolas él toù uakaplov ſpnyopiou Toû
Anacreontis Carmina, to p. 692 ; Carmina quaedam Maylotopos. Now, this New Church was built
Gregorii et aliorum, to p. 707 ; Epigrammata in by the emperor Basilius I. Macedo, who reigned
Hippodromo Constantinopolitano, to p. 710. These from 867 to 886 A. D. It could not, therefore,
contents are divided into fifteen books, which do have been till towards the end of the 9th century
not however include the first two heads of the that Cephalas frequented this school. Now, at
above list, pp. 1–49 of the MS. ; but the first the beginning of the 10th century, literature sud-
book begins with the Christian Epigrams, on p. 49. denly revived under Constantinus Porphyrogenitus,
In this respect, as well as in the number of books, who devoted especial attention to the making of
the actual arrangement is the same as that of the abridgements and extracts and compilations from
index given above ; but the titles of the books are the ancient authors. This, therefore, secms the
not the same throughout, as will be seen by the most probable time, to which the Anthology of
following table, which represents the contents of Cephalas can be referred. The conjecture of
the fifteen books of the Palatine Anthology, and Reiske, that Cephalas was the same person as his
the number of epigrams in each of them, and the contemporary Constantinus Rhodius, has really
pages of the MS. , as printed in Jacobs's edition :- no evidence for or against it, when we remember
Ι. Χριστιανικά 'Επιγράμματα, 123, pp. 49- how common the name of Constantine was at this
63.
period.
II. Xplotoðupov čaopaois. 416 lines, pp. 64-
The Anthology of Cephalas seems to have been
74.
compiled from the old Anthologies, as a basis, with
the addition of other epigrams. He appears to
III. 'Etiypáupata év Kufug. 19, pp. 76–81.
IV. Td #poolua râv diapópw đvoodoysav. 4, Agathias, &c. , those epigrams which suited his
have extracted in turn from Meleager, Philip,
V. 'Etiypdupata épwtiká. 309, pp. 87—140. purpose, and his work often exhibits traces of the
VI. 'Αναθηματικά. 358, pp. 141-207.
alphabetical order of the Garland of Meleager.
VII. 'Etitúubua. 748, pp. 207-326.
With respect to arrangement, he seems to have
VIII. 'Ex. Ippyoplou tou coa you. 254, pp. 326 taken the Kúkdos of Agathias as a foundation, for
both works are alike in the division of their
-357.
IX. Επιδεικτικά, 827, pp. 358-488.
subjects, and in the titles prefixed to the epigrams.
The order of the books, however, is different, and
Χ. Προτρεπτικά. 126, pp. 489-507.
XI. Evurotikd Kad OKURTIĆ. 442, pp. 507– one book of Agathias, namely, the descriptions of
works of art, is altogether omitted by Constantine.
568.
XII. Etpátwvos Moñoa TaldUCTÍ. 258, pp. 569– It is also to be observed that the Palatine Antho-
607.
logy contains ancient epigrams, which had not
XIII. 'Exiypáupata Slapópur Métpw. 31, pp. had been preserved in some other way.
appeared in any of the preceding Anthologies, but
For
608—614.
XIV. Mpob juara ép@untird, aivlyuara, Xpno-composed a book full of epigrams, and the same
example, Diogenes Laërtius, as above mentioned,
Mol. 150, pp. 615–643.
XV. Σύμμικτά τινα, 51, pp. 665-710.
thing is supposed of Palladas and Lucillius.
These writers were later than Philip, but yet too
Jacobs supposes that the chapter containing the old to be included among the “ recent poets" of
uoga traidish of Straton was the last in the An- Agathias. Their epigrams are generally found
thology of Cephalas, and that the remaining parts together in the Vatican Codex.
were added by copyists, excepting perhaps the There remains to be mentioned an interesting
section which contains the epigrams in various point in the history of the Vatican Codex. We
metres. His reason is, that these latter portions of learn from the Codex itself (pp. 273, 274) that
the work are without prefaces.
a certain Michael Maximus had made a copy of
Of the compiler, Constantine, and his labours, the book of Cephalas, and that this copy was fol-
the only mention made is in the MS. itself. In lowed in some parts by the transcriber of the
one passage (p. 81) a marginal scholion states that Vatican Codex.
Constantine arranged the Garland of Meleager, All other important details respecting the
dividing it into different chapters ; namely, amatory, Vatican Codex, with a careful estimate of its
dedicatory, monumental, and epideictic. The work merits, and a proof of its great excellence, will be
itself, however, shows that this is not all that found in Jacobs's Prolegomena, and in the preface
Constantine did, and that the mention of Meleager to his edition of the Palatine Anthology.
and of the titles of each section are only given by 7. The Anthology of Planudes is arranged in
way of example. There are also prefaces to each seven books, each of which, except the fifth and
book or section, in which the copyist quotes Con- seventh, is divided into chapters according to
stantine (sonjetimes by name, sometimes not) as subjects, and these chapters are arranged in alpha-
explaining the character and design of the work betical order. The chapters of the first book, for
(pp. 141, 207, bis, 358, 489, 507, 517). In one example, run thus:- 1. Els 'Agwvas, 2. Els
of these passages he is called o wakápiós kad dei- untenov, 3. Els dvaðnuata, and so on to 91. Eis
μνηστος και τριπόθητος άνθρωπος. There are also | ώρας. The contents of the books are as follows:-
three passages, in which an unknown person of the 1. Chiefly énIDELKTIKÁ, that is, displays of skill in
сс 2
## p. 388 (#404) ############################################
888
PLANUDES.
PLANUDES.
this species of poetry, in 91 chapters. 2. Jocular | 437). The first printed edition was published
or satiric (OKWTTIKÁ), chaps. 53. 3. Sepulchral about 150 years after the compilation of the work
(επιτύμβια), chaps. 32. 4. Inscriptions on statues by Planudes, under the following title ;-'Aviono-
of athletes and other works of art, descriptions of | γία διαφόρων επιγραμμάτων, αρχαίους συντεθειμέ-
places, &c. chaps. 33. 5. The Ecphrasis of Christo- νων σοφοίς, επί διαφόροις υποθέσεσιν, ερμηνείας
dorus, and epigrams on statues of charioteers in | εχόντων επίδειξιν και πραγμάτων και γενομένων, η
the Hippodrome at Constantinople. 6. Dedicatory | ως γενομένων αφήγησιν. Διηρμένου δε εις επτά
(αναθηματικά), chaps. 27. 7. Amatory (ερωτικά). | τμήματα του βιβλίου και τούτων είς κεφάλαια κατά
It should be observed that this division is alto- στοιχείον διεκτεθειμένων, τάδε περιέχει το πρώτον:
gether different from the seven books of the Eis dywvas ;-then follow the epigrams: it was
Anthology of Agathias, with which that of Planudes edited by Janus Lascaris, and printed at Florence,
has sometimes been confounded. The opinion of 1494, 4to. ; it is printed in capital letters. This
Reiske, that Planudes collected chiefly those an- Editio Princeps is by far the best of the early
cient epigrams which had been overlooked by editions ; the errors of the press are much fewer
Cephalas, is at once contradicted by a comparison than in the Aldine and Wechelian editions ; and
of the two Anthologies, and can only have arisen the text is a faithful representation of the MS. from
from the circumstance that Reiske mistook the which it is printed. At the end of the work is a
Leipzig copy of the Palatine Anthology for the Greek poem by Lascaris, and a Latin letter by him
complete work, whereas that copy only contains to Pietro di Medici, occupying seven pages, which
the epigrams which are not found in the Planudean are wanting in several of the still existing copies
Anthology. The true theory seems to be that of of this rare work : these seven pages were reprinted
Brunck and Jacobs, namely, that Planudes did by Maittaire, in his Anal.
vi. 1. 8 10, ad Fam. xii. 18, Phil. vi. 4, x. 10,
urbem,
xi. 6, xii. 8, xiii. 12. )
Et mane in medio plaustra fuere foro.
COIN OF L. PLAUTIUS PLANCUS.
## p. 385 (#401) ############################################
PLANUDES.
PLANUDES.
385
PLAUTIUB, ut possent specie numeroque senatum | literature, poets of the highest fame cultivated this
Fallere, personis imperat ora tegi. "
species of composition, which received its most
perfect development from the hand of Simonides.
(Comp. Eckhel, vol. v. p. 276, &c. )
6. L. MUNATIUS PLANCUS, son of No. 2, was
Thenceforth, as a set forin of poetry, it became a
consul A. D. 13 with C. Silius. In the following sentiments on any subject ; until at last the form
fit vehicle for the brief expression of thonghts and
year he was sent by the senate after the death of
Augustus to the mutinous legions of Germanicus came to be cultivated for its own sake, and the
in the territory of the Ubii, and there narrowly ability to make epigrams an essential part of the
literati of Alexandria and Byzantium deerned the
escaped death at the hands of the soldiers (Dion character of a scholar. Hence the mere trifling,
Cass. Ivi. 28; Suet. Aug. 101 ; Tac. Ann. i. 39. )
PLANTA, POMPEIUS, praefect of Egypt in which form to large a part of the epigrammatic
the stupid jokes, and the wretched personalities,
the reign of Trajan. (Plin. Ep. x. 7 or 5. )
PLĂNU'DES (Favouons), surnamed Maxi poetry contained in the Greek Anthology.
MUS, was one of the most learned of the Constan. ference has already been made, are often quoted by
The monumental inscriptions, to which re-
tinopolitan monks of the last age of the Greek the ancient writers as historical authorities, as, for
empire, and was greatly distinguished as a theolo-
gian, grammarian, and rhetorician; but his name later writers, such as Diodorus and Plutarch,
example, by Herodotus and Thucydides ; and by
is now chiefly interesting as that of the compiler
of the latest of those collections of minor Greek partly as authorities, partly to embellish their
works. This use of inscriptions would naturally
poems, which were known by the names of Gar-
lands or Anthologies (Etépavoi
, 'Avoodoylai). Pla- suggest the idea of collecting them. The earliest
known collection was made by the geographer
nudes lourished at Constantinople in the first half Polemon (B. c. 200), in a work neplºtūv kard
of the fourteenth century, under the emperors FOX ELS Éteypaupátwv (Ath. x. p. 436, d. , p. 442, e. ).
Andronicus II. and III. Palaeologi
. In A. D. 1327 He also wrote other works, on votive offerings,
he was sent by Andronicus II. as ambassador to
Venice. Nothing more is known of his life with matic inscriptions on them. (POLEMON. ) Simi-
which are likely to have contained the epigram-
any certainty, except that he was somewhat dis- lar collections were made by Alcetas, Tepl Twv év
posed to the tenets of the Roman Church, which, AcApois dvaonudtw (Ath. xiii, p. 591, c. ), by
however, a short imprisonment seems to have in- Menestor, év tý tepl dvaðnuárwx (Ath. xiii.
duced him to renounce. (See Fabric. Bibl. Graec.
vol. xi. p. 682, and the authorities quoted in 0. 594, d. ), and perhaps by Apellas Ponticus.
These persons collected chiefly the inscriptions on
Harles's note. ) His works, of which several only
exist in Ms. , are not of sufficient importance to offerings (drabhuara): epigrams of other kinds
were also collected, as the Theban Epigrams, by
be enumerated individually. They consist of ora-
tions and homilies ; translations from Latin into Attic by Philochorus (Suid. s. v. , the reading is,
Aristodemus (Schol. in Apoll. Rhod. ii. 906), the
Greek of Cicero's Somnium Scipionis, Caesar de however, somewhat doubtful), and others by
Bello Gallico, Ovid's Metamorphoses, Cato's Dis- Neoptolemus of Paros (Ath. x. 454, f. ), and Eu-
ticha Moralia, Boëthius de Consolatione, St. Au- hemerus (Lactant. Instit. Div. í. 9 ; Cic. de Nat.
gustin
de Trinitate and de Civitate Dei, and
Dona- Deor. i. 42).
tus's Grammatica Parva; two grammatical works ;
a collection of Aesop's Fables, with a worthless pilers chiefly collected epigrams of particular
2. The Garland of Meleager. The above com-
Life of Aesop; some arithmetical works, especially classes, and with reference to their use as historical
Scholia, of no great value, on the first two books authorities. The first person who made such a
of the Arithmetic of Diophantus ; a few works on collection solely for its own sake, and to preserve
natural history ; Commentaries on the Rhetoric of epigrams of all kinds, was MELEAGER, a cynic
Hermogenes, and on other Greek writers; a poem philosopher of Gadara, in Palestine, about B. c. 60.
in forty-seven hexameters, on Claudius Ptolemaeus, His collection contained epigrams by no less than
and a few other poems ; and his Anthology. (See forty-six poets, of all ages of Greek poetry, up to
Fabric. 1. c. pp. 682—693, vol. i. p. 641, vol
. vi. the most ancient lyric period. He entitled it The
p. 348 ; Hoffmann, Lericon Bibliographicum Garland (Stépavos), with reference, of course, to
Script. Graec. s. v. ) As the Anthology of Planudes the common comparison of small beautiful poems
was not only the latest compiled, but was also that to flowers ; and in the introduction to his work,
which was recognised as The Greek Anthology, until he attaches the names of various flowers, shrubs,
the discovery of the Anthology of Constantinus and herbs, as emblems, to the names of the several
Cephalas, this is chosen as the fittest place for an
poets. The same idea is kept up in the word
account of the
Anthology (dvoodoyla), which was adopted by the
LITERARY HISTORY OF THE GREEK ANTHOLOGY. land of Meleager was arranged in alphabetical
next compiler as the title of his work. The Gar
1. Materials. The various collections, to which order, according to the initial letters of the first
their compilers gave the name of Garlands and line of each epigram.
Anthologies, were made up of short poems, chiefly 3. The Anthology of Philip of Thessalonica. - In
of an epigrammatic character, and in the elegiac the time of Trajan, as it seems, Philip of Thes-
metre. The earliest examples of such poetry were, SALONICA compiled his Anthology ('Avoodosla),
doubtless, furnished by the inscriptions on monu- avowedly in imitation of the Garland of Meleager,
ments, such as those erected to commemorate heroic and chiefly with the view of adding to that col-
deeds, the statues of distinguished men, especially lection the epigrams of more recent writers. The
victors in the public games, sepulchral monuments, arrangement of the work was the same as that of
and dedicatory offerings in temples (avadńuara); Meleager. 1: was also entitled orégavos, as well
to which may be added oracles and proverbial say. as ανθολογία. Another title by which it is quoted
ing. At an early period in the history of Greek | is συλλογή νέων επιγραμμάτων.
VOL. III
CO
## p. 386 (#402) ############################################
386
PLANUDES.
PLANUDES.
a
4. Diogenianus, Straton, and Diogenes Laërtius. parchment, of a quarto form, though somewhat
--Shortly after Philip, in the reign of Hadrian, the longer than it is broad, and contains 710 pages
leurned grammarian, DIOGENIAN US of Heracleia, without reckoning three leaves at the commence-
compiled an Anthology, which is entirely lost. It ment, which are stuck together, and which are
might perhaps have been well if the same fate had also full of epigrams. The writing is by different
befallen the very polluted, though often beautiful hands. The index prefixed to the MS. and the
collection of his contemporary, STRATON of Sar- first 453 pages are in an ancient handwriting ;
dis, the nature of which is sufficiently indicated then follows a later hand, up to p. 644; then again
by its title, Moùoa maidira. About the same time an older handwriting to p. 705. The rest is by a
Diogenes Laërtius collected the epigrams which are hand later than either of the others, and in the
interspersed in his lives of the philosophers, into a same writing are some additions in the other
separate book, under the title of ý náujetpos. parts of the work, the leaves which are stuck to-
[DIOGENES LAERTIUS. ] This collection, however, gether at the beginning, and some pages which
as containing only the poems of Diogenes himself, had been left vacant by the former writers. The
must rather be viewed as among the materials of numbers of the pages are added by a still later
the later Anthologies than as an Anthology in itself. hand, and the first three leaves are not included
5. Agathias Scholasticus. — During the long pe- in the numbering. The most ancient handwriting
riod from the decline of original literature to the is supposed to be of the eleventh century. The
cra when the imitative compositions of the Con- time of the others cannot be fixed with any cer-
stantinopolitan grammarians had reached their tainty. But not only is it thus evident that the
height, we find no more Anthologies. The next MS. was written by different persons and at dif-
was the Kúkos érzypaupátw of AGATHIAS Scho- ferent times, but it is also quite clear that the
LASTICUS, who lived in the time of Justinian. It original design of the work has been materially
was divided into seven books, according to sub- altered by the successive writers. There is an
jects, the first book containing dedicatory poems ; index at the beginning, which states the contents
the second, descriptions of places, statues, pic-of each book of the collection, but, as the MS.
tures, and other works of art; the third, epitaphs ; now stands, its actual contents do not agree with
the fourth, poems on the various events of human this index. (The exact amount of the discrepancies
life ; the fifth, satiric epigrams; the sixth, ama- is stated by Jacobs, who prints the index in his
tory; the seventh, exhortations to the enjoyment Prolegomena, p. Ixv. ) The inference drawn from
of life. This was the earliest Anthology which these variations is that the present MS. is copied
was arranged according to subjects. The poems from an older one, the contents of which are repre-
included in it were those of recent writers, and sented by the index, but that the copyists have
chiefiy those of Agathias himself and of his con- exercised their own judgment in the arrangement
temporaries, such as Paulus Silentiarius and Ma- of the epigrams, and in the addition of some which
cedonius. [Agathias. ]
were not in the older MS. It may further be
6. The Anthology of Constantinus Cephalas, or pretty safely assumed that the older MS. was the
the Palatine Anthology. — Constantinus Cephalas Anthology as compiled by Constantinus Cephalas,
appears to have lived about four centuries after the contents of which the index represents. But
Agathias, and to have flourished in the tenth even in the index itself there are discrepancies;
century, under the emperor Constantinus Porphyro- for it consists of two parts, the first of which pro-
genitus. The labours of preceding compilers fesses to give the contents of the book, and the
may be viewed as merely supplementary to the second their arrangement; but these parts disagree
Garland of Meleager ; but the Anthology of Con- with one another, as well as with the contents of
stantinus Cephalas was an entirely new collection the MS. itself. The order given in the index is
from the preceding Anthologies and from original as follows (we give the titles in an abbreviated
As has been said above [CEPHALAS] form) :-
nothing is known of Constantine himself. Modern
α. τα των Χριστιανών.
scholars had never even heard his name till it was
β. τα Χριστοδώρου του Θηβαίου.
brought to light by the fortunate discovery of
Salmasius. That great scholar, when a very young
γ. τα ερωτικά επιγράμματα,
δ. τα αναθηματικά.
man, visited Heidelberg about the end of the year
ε. τα επιτύμβια.
1606, and there, in the library of the Electors Pa-
5. τα επιδεικτικά.
latine, he found the MS. collection of Greek epi-
ζ. τα προτρεπτικά.
grams, which was afterwards removed to the
η. τα σκωπτικά.
Vatican, with the rest of the Palatine library
θ. τα Στράτωνος του Σαρδιανού.
(1623), and has become celebrated under the
ι. διαφόρων μέτρων διάφορα επιγράμματα.
names of the Palatine Anthology and the Vatican
ια. αριθμητικά και γρήφα σύμμικτα.
Codex of the Greek Anthology. * Salmasius at once
ιβ. Ιωάννου γραμματικού Γάζης έκφρασις.
saw that it was quite a different work from the
ιγ. Σύριγξ Θεοκρίτου και πτέρυγες Σιμμίου.
Planudean Anthology. He collated it with W'e-
Δωσιάδα βωμός. Βησαντίνου ώον και πέ-
chel's edition of the latter, and copied out those
λεκυς.
epigrams which were not contained in the latter.
ιδ. Ανακρέοντος Τηΐου.
The work thus discovered soon became known
ιε. Γρεγορίου εκλογαί, κ. τ. λ.
among the scholars of the day as the Anthologia
inedita codicis Palatini. The MS. is written on The actual contents, however, are as follows:
Pauli Silentiarii Ecphrasis, to p. 40 ; S. Gregorii
* The MS. was transferred to Paris, upon the Eclogae, to p. 49; Epigrammata Christiana, to
peace of Tolentino, in 1797 ; and, after the peace p. 63 ; Christodori Ecphrasis, to p. 76 ; Epigram-
of 1815, it was restored to its old home at Heidel- mata Cyzicena, to p. 81 ; Prooemia Meleagri, Phi-
berg, where it now lies in the University library. lippi, Agathiae, to p. 87; Amatoria, to p. 140;
sources.
## p. 387 (#403) ############################################
1
pp. 81-87.
PLANUDES.
PLANUDES.
307
Dedicatoria, to p. 207 ; Sepulcralia, to p. 326 ; name of Gregory is mentioned (if the meaning is
Epigrammata S. Gregorii, to p. 357 ; 'EMDELKTIKÁ, rightly interpreted) as having copied inscriptions
to p. 488 ; Προτρεπτικά, το p. 507 ; Συμποτικά, to which Ceplialas received from him and included in
p. 517; EKWTTIKá, to p. 568 ; Stratonis Musa his work (pp. 254, 255). Another mention of
Puerilis, to p. 607; Epigrammata variis metris Gregory furnishes an indication of the age of
conscripta, to p. 614; Problemata arithmetica et Cephalas. It is this : - p. 273, TOūTO TO 'Enl.
αεnigmata, to p. 643; Joannis Gazae Eophrasis, γραμμα ο Κεφαλάς προεβάλετο εν τη σχολή της
to p. 665; Syrinx Theocriti, &c. pp. 670—674 ; Néas 'Ekranolas él toù uakaplov ſpnyopiou Toû
Anacreontis Carmina, to p. 692 ; Carmina quaedam Maylotopos. Now, this New Church was built
Gregorii et aliorum, to p. 707 ; Epigrammata in by the emperor Basilius I. Macedo, who reigned
Hippodromo Constantinopolitano, to p. 710. These from 867 to 886 A. D. It could not, therefore,
contents are divided into fifteen books, which do have been till towards the end of the 9th century
not however include the first two heads of the that Cephalas frequented this school. Now, at
above list, pp. 1–49 of the MS. ; but the first the beginning of the 10th century, literature sud-
book begins with the Christian Epigrams, on p. 49. denly revived under Constantinus Porphyrogenitus,
In this respect, as well as in the number of books, who devoted especial attention to the making of
the actual arrangement is the same as that of the abridgements and extracts and compilations from
index given above ; but the titles of the books are the ancient authors. This, therefore, secms the
not the same throughout, as will be seen by the most probable time, to which the Anthology of
following table, which represents the contents of Cephalas can be referred. The conjecture of
the fifteen books of the Palatine Anthology, and Reiske, that Cephalas was the same person as his
the number of epigrams in each of them, and the contemporary Constantinus Rhodius, has really
pages of the MS. , as printed in Jacobs's edition :- no evidence for or against it, when we remember
Ι. Χριστιανικά 'Επιγράμματα, 123, pp. 49- how common the name of Constantine was at this
63.
period.
II. Xplotoðupov čaopaois. 416 lines, pp. 64-
The Anthology of Cephalas seems to have been
74.
compiled from the old Anthologies, as a basis, with
the addition of other epigrams. He appears to
III. 'Etiypáupata év Kufug. 19, pp. 76–81.
IV. Td #poolua râv diapópw đvoodoysav. 4, Agathias, &c. , those epigrams which suited his
have extracted in turn from Meleager, Philip,
V. 'Etiypdupata épwtiká. 309, pp. 87—140. purpose, and his work often exhibits traces of the
VI. 'Αναθηματικά. 358, pp. 141-207.
alphabetical order of the Garland of Meleager.
VII. 'Etitúubua. 748, pp. 207-326.
With respect to arrangement, he seems to have
VIII. 'Ex. Ippyoplou tou coa you. 254, pp. 326 taken the Kúkdos of Agathias as a foundation, for
both works are alike in the division of their
-357.
IX. Επιδεικτικά, 827, pp. 358-488.
subjects, and in the titles prefixed to the epigrams.
The order of the books, however, is different, and
Χ. Προτρεπτικά. 126, pp. 489-507.
XI. Evurotikd Kad OKURTIĆ. 442, pp. 507– one book of Agathias, namely, the descriptions of
works of art, is altogether omitted by Constantine.
568.
XII. Etpátwvos Moñoa TaldUCTÍ. 258, pp. 569– It is also to be observed that the Palatine Antho-
607.
logy contains ancient epigrams, which had not
XIII. 'Exiypáupata Slapópur Métpw. 31, pp. had been preserved in some other way.
appeared in any of the preceding Anthologies, but
For
608—614.
XIV. Mpob juara ép@untird, aivlyuara, Xpno-composed a book full of epigrams, and the same
example, Diogenes Laërtius, as above mentioned,
Mol. 150, pp. 615–643.
XV. Σύμμικτά τινα, 51, pp. 665-710.
thing is supposed of Palladas and Lucillius.
These writers were later than Philip, but yet too
Jacobs supposes that the chapter containing the old to be included among the “ recent poets" of
uoga traidish of Straton was the last in the An- Agathias. Their epigrams are generally found
thology of Cephalas, and that the remaining parts together in the Vatican Codex.
were added by copyists, excepting perhaps the There remains to be mentioned an interesting
section which contains the epigrams in various point in the history of the Vatican Codex. We
metres. His reason is, that these latter portions of learn from the Codex itself (pp. 273, 274) that
the work are without prefaces.
a certain Michael Maximus had made a copy of
Of the compiler, Constantine, and his labours, the book of Cephalas, and that this copy was fol-
the only mention made is in the MS. itself. In lowed in some parts by the transcriber of the
one passage (p. 81) a marginal scholion states that Vatican Codex.
Constantine arranged the Garland of Meleager, All other important details respecting the
dividing it into different chapters ; namely, amatory, Vatican Codex, with a careful estimate of its
dedicatory, monumental, and epideictic. The work merits, and a proof of its great excellence, will be
itself, however, shows that this is not all that found in Jacobs's Prolegomena, and in the preface
Constantine did, and that the mention of Meleager to his edition of the Palatine Anthology.
and of the titles of each section are only given by 7. The Anthology of Planudes is arranged in
way of example. There are also prefaces to each seven books, each of which, except the fifth and
book or section, in which the copyist quotes Con- seventh, is divided into chapters according to
stantine (sonjetimes by name, sometimes not) as subjects, and these chapters are arranged in alpha-
explaining the character and design of the work betical order. The chapters of the first book, for
(pp. 141, 207, bis, 358, 489, 507, 517). In one example, run thus:- 1. Els 'Agwvas, 2. Els
of these passages he is called o wakápiós kad dei- untenov, 3. Els dvaðnuata, and so on to 91. Eis
μνηστος και τριπόθητος άνθρωπος. There are also | ώρας. The contents of the books are as follows:-
three passages, in which an unknown person of the 1. Chiefly énIDELKTIKÁ, that is, displays of skill in
сс 2
## p. 388 (#404) ############################################
888
PLANUDES.
PLANUDES.
this species of poetry, in 91 chapters. 2. Jocular | 437). The first printed edition was published
or satiric (OKWTTIKÁ), chaps. 53. 3. Sepulchral about 150 years after the compilation of the work
(επιτύμβια), chaps. 32. 4. Inscriptions on statues by Planudes, under the following title ;-'Aviono-
of athletes and other works of art, descriptions of | γία διαφόρων επιγραμμάτων, αρχαίους συντεθειμέ-
places, &c. chaps. 33. 5. The Ecphrasis of Christo- νων σοφοίς, επί διαφόροις υποθέσεσιν, ερμηνείας
dorus, and epigrams on statues of charioteers in | εχόντων επίδειξιν και πραγμάτων και γενομένων, η
the Hippodrome at Constantinople. 6. Dedicatory | ως γενομένων αφήγησιν. Διηρμένου δε εις επτά
(αναθηματικά), chaps. 27. 7. Amatory (ερωτικά). | τμήματα του βιβλίου και τούτων είς κεφάλαια κατά
It should be observed that this division is alto- στοιχείον διεκτεθειμένων, τάδε περιέχει το πρώτον:
gether different from the seven books of the Eis dywvas ;-then follow the epigrams: it was
Anthology of Agathias, with which that of Planudes edited by Janus Lascaris, and printed at Florence,
has sometimes been confounded. The opinion of 1494, 4to. ; it is printed in capital letters. This
Reiske, that Planudes collected chiefly those an- Editio Princeps is by far the best of the early
cient epigrams which had been overlooked by editions ; the errors of the press are much fewer
Cephalas, is at once contradicted by a comparison than in the Aldine and Wechelian editions ; and
of the two Anthologies, and can only have arisen the text is a faithful representation of the MS. from
from the circumstance that Reiske mistook the which it is printed. At the end of the work is a
Leipzig copy of the Palatine Anthology for the Greek poem by Lascaris, and a Latin letter by him
complete work, whereas that copy only contains to Pietro di Medici, occupying seven pages, which
the epigrams which are not found in the Planudean are wanting in several of the still existing copies
Anthology. The true theory seems to be that of of this rare work : these seven pages were reprinted
Brunck and Jacobs, namely, that Planudes did by Maittaire, in his Anal.
