the son of Deion, and a grandson of
AZolus, was married to Procris, the eldest daughter of
Ercchtheus.
AZolus, was married to Procris, the eldest daughter of
Ercchtheus.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
, p.
173.
)
Celtici, a people of Lusitania, whose territory lay
below the mouth of the Tagus, and between- that river
and the Turdetani. They were of Celtic origin, as
their name imports, and their country answered to
what is now the southern part of Aloniejos. Their
chief town was Pax Julia, now Beja. (Plm. , 3, 1. --
Id. , 4, 81. )
Centum, a promontory of Eiilxra. which formed the
extreme point of the island towards the northwest.
The modem name is Lithada. (Strab. , 444. --Plin. ,
4, n. --Ptoi, p. 87. )
Cenchbe*:, I. a harbour of Corinth, on the Saronic
Gulf, from which this city traded with Asia, the Cyc-
ladcs, and the Euxinc. (Strabo, 380. ) It was about
seventy stadia from the city itself; and the road thither
appears, from the account of Pausanias, to have been
lined with temples and sepulchres. Dr. Clarke ob-
serves, that the remains at Ccnchresj faithfully corre-
spond with the description given by Pausanias of tho
spot. Sir W. Gell says the place is still called Ken-
chrcs. (Itin. of the Morea, p. 207. )--II. A village of
Argolis, near the frontiers of Arcadia, southwest of
Argos. A tumulus was here erected to some Argives
who had fallen in a battle with the Spartans. (Strabo,
376. ) ?
Cenchbeis, a small island off the Spirmum Prom-
ontorium of Argolis. (Plin. , 4, 11. )
Cenchbios, a river of Ionia nearEphesus and Mount
Solmissus, where the Curetes, according to some, con-
cealed and protected Latona after her delivery, when
she was pursued by the power of Juno. (Strab. , 639.
--Tacit. , Ann. , 3, 61. )
Cemmaoni, a people of Britain, north of thcTrino-
bantes, on the eastern coast, forming part of the great
nation of the Iceni. (Vid. Iccni. Lipsius, however,
rejects the term Ccnimagni, where it occurs in the
text of Cssar (B. G. , 5, 21), on the ground that this
race are nowhere else mentioned among the British
tribes, and he proposes to read in place of it, leent,
Cangi. The author of the Greek paraphrase of Ceesar
has Kcvifiavot, whence Vossius conjectured the true
reading to be Ccnomani, and supposed this nation to
have crossed over from Gaul. (Lemairc, Ind. Gcogr.
ad Cos. , p. 231, seqq. )
CenTna. Vid. Caenina.
Cenomani, a people of Gaul, belonging to the nation
of the Aulerci. (Vid. Aulcrci. )
Cexsokes, two magistrates of great authority at
Rome, first created A. U. C. 312. The office of the
censors was chiefly to estimate the fortunes, and to in
spect the morals of the citizens. For a full account
of their duties, &c, consult Adams, Rom. Ant.
CensobInus, I. one of the ephemeral Roman emper-
ors who appeared in so great numbers under the reign
of Gallienus, and arc known in later Roman history
as " the thirty tyrants. " (Treb. Pollio, in Hist. Aug.
Script. , vol. 2, p. 254, ed. Hack. ) Censorinus had
been distinguished in camps and in the senate ; he had
been twice consul, twice praetorian prefect, three times
prefect of Rome, and four times proconsul. After
having passed through this honourable career, he re-
tired to the country, being now advanced in years, and
lame from a wound he had received in the war against
the Persians during the reign of Valerian. It was un-
der these circumstances that he was proclaimed em-
? ? peror, A. D. 269, in spite, as it would appear, of his
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? CEN
fpreai over the north of Greece; the latter, the more
emliud race, which founded towns, and gradually
drove their wild neighbours back into the mountains.
He therefore thinks the exposition of Centaurs as Air-
ftactri (from nevreZv -rijv avpav) not an improbable
me, for that very idea is suggested by the figure of a
Coxack. leaning forwunl with his protruded lance as
IK gallops along. He regards, however, the idea of
urrovpoc having been in its origin simply nevrup as
much more probable. Lapithae may, he thinks, have
signified Slont-pcrsutiders (from Auaf -,iu. u >. a po-
etic appellation for the builders of towns. He supposes
Hi|ipodiniia, as her name seems to intimate, to have
been a Centauress, married to the prince of the Lapi-
tli. T. and thus accounts for the Centaurs having been
at the wedding. (Mythologus, 1. c. --Kaghlley'i 1/v-
t/iolagy, p. 316, teqq. ) Knight takes a very different
view of the legend. The horse, as he observes, was
? acred to Neptune and the Rivers, and was employed
u a general symbol of the waters. The Centaurs ap-
pear to him to have been the same symbol partly hu-
manized. According to this explanation, the legend
respecting the Centaurs and Lapitlio; will have refer-
ence to the draining of some parts of Thessaly by that
oU Pelasgic race. (Knight's Enquiry, &c. , t> 111,
Kf j. --Clan. Journ. , vol. 25, p. 34, seqq )
CBXTKITIS, a river of Armenia Major, flowing under
tie ramparts of Tigranocerta, and falling into the Eu-
phrates. The Greeks gave it the name of Nicephorius,
"that brings victory," probably on account of some
battle gained in its vicinity during the time of the
Syrian kings. It separated Armenia from the country
of the Carduchi, and is now the Bitlu-Soo. (Xen. ,
Ana*. , 4, 3. --Manner t, Geogr. , vol. 5, p. 236. )
CISTBO. XES, a people of Gaul, among the Alpes
Graii? , who, along with the Graioceli and Caturiges,
? ere defeated by Cesar in several engagements.
Their chief city was Forum Claudii Centronum, now
Ctatron. (Lcmairf, Index Geogr. ad Cat. , p. 331. )
CENT-CM CKLI. . E, a seaport town of Etruria, north-
nit of Ctere. It is better known under the name of
Trajani Portua, that emperor having caused a magnifi-
cent harbour to be constructed there, which Pliny the
vounger has described in one of his epistles (6, 31).
Two immense piers formed the port, which was semi-
circular, while an island, constructed artificially nl'im-
mense masses of rock, brought there by vessels and
? unk in the sea, served as a breakwater in front and
supported a pharos. The coast being very destitute
of shelter foi vessels of burden, this work of Trajan
was of great national benefit. Previous to Trajan's
improvements the place was very thinly inhabited, and
received its name from the mean and scanty abodes
scattered here and there along the shore. Centum
Cell* having been destroyed by the Saracens, the in-
habitants built another town at some distance inland,
but afterward they reoccupicd the site of the old city,
which, from that circumstance, obtained its present
name of Cnila Vccchia. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol.
1, p. 201, teqq. --Manncrt, Geogr. , vol. 9, p. 373. )
CEHTOHVIEI, the members of a court of justice at
Rome. There were originally chosen three from each
of the 35 tribes of the people, and, though 105, they
were always called Centumvirs. They were after-
ward increased to the number of 180, but still kept
their original name. They seem to have been first insti-
tuted MOD after the creation of the prtetor peregrinus.
The cause* that came before them in the time of the
? ? republic are enumerated by Cicero. They judged
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? CEP
CER
t. -inls that he appeared to have the direction of the
whole island. He had projected the foundation of a
new city, but the work was never executed. (Cra-
mer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 49, seq. )
Cephalion, a Greek writer, whose native country
is unknown. Suidas, it is true, makes him to have
been born at Gergitha in Troas, but the lexicographer
evidently confounds him with another writer named
Ccphalon. (Voss. , Hist. Gr. , 2, 12. ) Cephalion is
? aid to have lived during the reign of Hadrian, and to
have been exiled to Sicily for some offence given to
the emperor. He wrote an Abridgment of Universal
History (Zivrofioc 'laTopmot;) from Ninus to the death
of Alexander. It was in the Ionic dialect, like the
work of Herodotus, and, like this also, was divided
into nine books, each named after one of the Muses.
He composed also rhetorical declamations. His works
are lost. (Phottus, Cod. , 68--vol. 1, p. 34, ed. Bck-
kcr. --Kusler, ad Suid. , s. v. )
Cephalon, a native of Gergitha in Troas, not to be
confounded with the preceding. Cephalon wrote an
historical work, entitled Trojan Events (TputKu). He
appears to have been anterior to Alexander the Great,
and is considered by Dionysius of Halicarnassus
worthy of reliance as an historical writer. His work
is lost. (Dion. Hal. , Ant. Rom. , 1, 49, el 72. )
Cephalus, I.
the son of Deion, and a grandson of
AZolus, was married to Procris, the eldest daughter of
Ercchtheus. They dwelt at Thoricos in Attica, and
lived happily together, till curiosity to try the fidelity
of his wife entered the mind of Cephalus. Feigning
a journey of eight years, he disguised himself and
came to Procris with a splendid jewel, which he offer-
ed to her on dishonourable terms. After much hesita-
tion she yielded, when her husband discovered himself
and reproached her with her conduct. She fled from
him in shame, but they were soon after reconciled.
Cephalus went constantly to the chase; and Procris
growing suspicious, as she had failed herself, fancied
that he was attracted by the charms of some other fair
one. She questioned the slave who used to accom-
pany him; and he told her, that his master used fre-
quently to ascend the summit of a hill, and cry out,
"Come, Nephcla, come! " Procris went to the des-
ignated hill, and concealed herself in a thicket; and
on her husband's crying, "Come, Ncphela, come! "
(which was nothing more than an invocation for some
cloud to interpose itself between him and the scorching
beams of the sun), she rushed forward towards her
husband, who, in his astonishment, threw his dart and
unwittingly killed her. (Plierccydcs, ap. Schol. ad
Od. , 11, 321. ) This legend is told with great varia-
tions, which it is not worth while here to enumerate.
(Consult Hytrin. , Fab. , 189. -- Ovid, Met. , 7, 661,
scqq. --Pausan. , 9, 19, 1. --Apollod. , 3, 15, 1. --An-
ton. Lib. , c. 41. ) Cephalus, for his involuntary crime,
was banished. He went to Thebes, which was at
that time ravaged by a fox, which nothing could over-
take, and he joined Amphitryon in the chase of it.
His dog I. a>laps ran it down; but, just as he was
catching it, Jupiter turned them both to stone. (Apol-
lod. , 2,4,7. ) Cephalus then aided Amphitryon against
the Teleboans, and on their conquest he settled in
the island named from him Cephallenia. This last-
mentioned circumstance, however, is a mere coinci-
dence of name. (Keightlcy's Mythology, p. 381,
seqq. )--II. An Athenian orator, who flourished to-
? ? wards the end of the Peloponnesian war, and was one
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? CER
nrast have been limited by the city walls, which, as
we know, came close to the fountain Callirhoe or En-
neacrounos. ( T/ttieyd, 2, 15. ) The breadth of the
Ceramicus, according to Mr. Hawkins, being thus
confined on one side by the walls of the city, and on
the other by the buildings immediately under the acrop-
olis, could not have exceeded one half of its length.
It was divided into the outer and inner Ceramicus.
The former was without the walls, and contained the
tombs of those who had fallen in battle, and were bu-
ried at the public expense. (Sckol. , Aristoph. Et/uit. ,
772. --Plut. , Vit. Syll. --Hesych. , s. v. KepaueiKoc. )
From Plutarch it appears, that the communication
from the one Ceramicus to the other was by the gate
Dipylum. (Haichins's Topogr. of Athens, in Walp.
Coll. , p. 485. Cramcr'i Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 315,
****? -)
Ceramcs, a small town and fortress of Caria, on the
northern side of the Sinus Ceramicus, and a short dis-
tance to the east of Halicamassus. The village of
Kcramo, at the present day, indicates the ancient site.
(Strai,. , 611. Ptol. , p. 119)
Cerascs (unlis), a city of Pontns, on the seacoast,
southwest of Trapezus. It was founded by a colony
from Sinope in JPaphlagonia, to which it paid a yearly
tribute. It must not be confounded with Pharnacia.
(Vid. Pharnacia. ) Xenophon and the Greeks rested
here for ten days on their retreat from Asia. (Anab. ,
5. 3, 5. ) From this place, according to Pliny, Lucul-
lus first brought cherries into Italy, A. U. C. 680, which
were introduced 120 years after into Britain. Hence
the Latin eeraxrts, "a cherry-tree," and cerasum, "a
cherry. " According to Toumefort, the country is hilly
and the hills covered with forests, in which cherry-trees
grow naturallv- ft is now Kerasoun. (Amm. Mar-
cell . 22, 13 --. P/>>'>>. , 15, 25 -- Mela, 1, 19. )
CeRAI'TTII (or AcBOCERAUNIl) MoNTF. S, a chain of
mountains stretching along the coast of northern Epi-
rus, and forming part of the boundary between it and
Illyricum. That portion of the chain which extended
beyond Oricum, formed a bold promontory, and was
termed Acroceraunia ('AicpoKepavvia), from its sum-
mif* (u*oa) being often struck by lightning (Kepavvoc).
The modern name for the Ceraunian range is Monte
Vkimarra, and that of the Acroceraunian promontory
U Cape IAng-uetla. The Greek and Latin poets are
full of allusions to this dangerous shore. (Apollon. ,
Artr , 4. 1216. Lycopkr. , 1016. --Vtrg. , JEn. , 3,
506. Hot. , Od. , 1, 3, 19. ) It was much dreaded by
the mariners of antiquity, from the belief that the
mountains attracted storms. Augustus narrowly es-
caped shipwreck here when returning from Actium.
(Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 94. )
Cesu-scis, a surname of one of the Ptolemies.
(Vid. Ptolemsaus XV. )
Cerbkbus, the famous dog of Hades, the fruit of
Echidna's union with Typhon. He was stationed at
the entrance of hell, as a watchful keeper, to prevent
the living from entering the infernal regions, and the
dead from escaping from their confinement. Orpheus
hilled him to sleep with his lyre; and Hercules
dragged him from hell in the performance of his
twelfth and last labour. (Vid. Hercules. ) The poets
differ in their descriptions of this fabled animal. He-
siod (Theog. , 312) assigns him fifty heads, calling
him <<wa rcevTrjKovTaKuarpmv. Sophocles (Trach. ,
1114) styles him 'Atdov rpixpavov oKvlaxa ("the
three-headed dog of Pluto"), and in this last account
? ? the Latin poets generally coincide. Horace, however,
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? CERES.
CERES.
succeeding poets, after whom Ovid has related it (Met. ,
5, 341. --Id. , Fast. , 4, 417, teg. ). Claudian also has
sung it in a poem, of which, unfortunately, a portion is
lost. --Proserpina, according to the author of the Ho-
meric hymn, was in the Nysian plain with the ocean-
nymphs gathering flowers. According to some ac-
counts, Venus, Minerva, and Diana were the compan-
ions of their sister on this occasion. (Hy/rin. , Fab. ,
146. --Claudian, Rapt. Pros. , 3, 11, ieqq. --Stat. ,
Achill. , 2, 150. ) Others gave her the sirens as her
attendants. (Apolt. Rh. , 4, 896. ) She plucked the
rose, the violet, the crocus, the hyacinth, when she
beheld a narcissus of surprising size and beauty, hav-
ing a hundred flowers growing from a single root.
Unconscious of danger, the maiden stretched forth
her hand to seize the wondrous flower, when suddenly
the wide earth gaped, Pluto arose in his golden char-
iot, and, seizing the terrified goddess, carried her oil'
shrieking for aid, but unheard and unseen by gods or
mortals save by Hecate, the daughter of Perses, who
heard her as she sat in her cave, and by King Hclius
(the sun), whose eye nothing on earth escapes. So
long as the goddess beheld the earth and starry heav-
ens, the fishy sea, and the beams of the sun, so long she
hoped to sec her mother and the tribes of the gods;
and the tops of the mountains and the depths of the
sea resounded with her divine voice. At length her
mother heard, and, frantic with grief, inquired for ti-
dings of her lost daughter; but neither gods, nor men,
nor birds, could give her intelligence. Nine days she
wandered over the earth, with flaming torches in her
hands; on the tenth Hecate met her, but could not
tell who it was that had carried off Proserpina. To-
gether they proceeded to Hclius, and the Sun-god
tells Ceres that the ravisher is Pluto, who, by the per-
mission of her sire, had carried her away to be his
queen. Incensed at the conduct of Jupiter, Ceres
thereupon abandoned the society of the gods and
came down among men. But now she was heedless
of her person, and no one recognised her. Under the
guise of an aged female, she came to Eleusis, and
was employed, as a nurse for her infant, son Dcmo-
phoon, by Metanira the wife of Celeus, monarch of the
place. Beneath the care of the goddess the child
"throvo like a god. " He ate no food, but Ceres
breathed on him as he lay in her bosom, and anointed
him with ambrosia, and ovcry night hid him beneath
the fire, unknown to his parents, who marvelled at his
growth. It was the design of Ceres to make him
immortal, but the curiosity and folly of Metanira de-
prived him of the intended gift. She watched one
night, and, seeing what the nurse was doing to her
child, shrieked with affright and horror. The goddess
threw the infant on the ground, declaring what he had
lost by the inconsideratcness of his mother, but an-
nouncing that he would still become a great and hon-
oured man. She then disclosed her real character,
and directed the people of Eleusis to raise an altar and
temple to her without the city, on the hill Callichorus.
The temple was speedily raised, and the mourning
goddess took up her abode in it, but a dismal year
came upon mankind; the earth yielded no produce;
in vain the oxen drew the plough in the field; in vain
the seed was cast into the ground, for Ceres would
allow of no increase. Jove at length sent Iris to
Eleusis to invite Ceres back to Olympus, but she
would not comply with the call. All the other gods
? ? were sent on the same errand, but with as little suc-
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? CER
? cireh afteT Proserpina. At times she appears in her
chariot drawn by dragons. (Keightley's Mythology,
p. 170, seqq. )--The Latin name Ceres is in reality of
the same force with the Greek appellation Demeter
(itliajrqp, i. e. ? yq /ajrrip), the Roman C being origi-
nally the same letter, both in figure and power, as the
Greek T\ which was often employed as a mere gut-
tural aspirate, especially in the old jEolic dialect, from
which the Latin is principally derived. (Compare
Knight on the Greek Alphabet, p.
Celtici, a people of Lusitania, whose territory lay
below the mouth of the Tagus, and between- that river
and the Turdetani. They were of Celtic origin, as
their name imports, and their country answered to
what is now the southern part of Aloniejos. Their
chief town was Pax Julia, now Beja. (Plm. , 3, 1. --
Id. , 4, 81. )
Centum, a promontory of Eiilxra. which formed the
extreme point of the island towards the northwest.
The modem name is Lithada. (Strab. , 444. --Plin. ,
4, n. --Ptoi, p. 87. )
Cenchbe*:, I. a harbour of Corinth, on the Saronic
Gulf, from which this city traded with Asia, the Cyc-
ladcs, and the Euxinc. (Strabo, 380. ) It was about
seventy stadia from the city itself; and the road thither
appears, from the account of Pausanias, to have been
lined with temples and sepulchres. Dr. Clarke ob-
serves, that the remains at Ccnchresj faithfully corre-
spond with the description given by Pausanias of tho
spot. Sir W. Gell says the place is still called Ken-
chrcs. (Itin. of the Morea, p. 207. )--II. A village of
Argolis, near the frontiers of Arcadia, southwest of
Argos. A tumulus was here erected to some Argives
who had fallen in a battle with the Spartans. (Strabo,
376. ) ?
Cenchbeis, a small island off the Spirmum Prom-
ontorium of Argolis. (Plin. , 4, 11. )
Cenchbios, a river of Ionia nearEphesus and Mount
Solmissus, where the Curetes, according to some, con-
cealed and protected Latona after her delivery, when
she was pursued by the power of Juno. (Strab. , 639.
--Tacit. , Ann. , 3, 61. )
Cemmaoni, a people of Britain, north of thcTrino-
bantes, on the eastern coast, forming part of the great
nation of the Iceni. (Vid. Iccni. Lipsius, however,
rejects the term Ccnimagni, where it occurs in the
text of Cssar (B. G. , 5, 21), on the ground that this
race are nowhere else mentioned among the British
tribes, and he proposes to read in place of it, leent,
Cangi. The author of the Greek paraphrase of Ceesar
has Kcvifiavot, whence Vossius conjectured the true
reading to be Ccnomani, and supposed this nation to
have crossed over from Gaul. (Lemairc, Ind. Gcogr.
ad Cos. , p. 231, seqq. )
CenTna. Vid. Caenina.
Cenomani, a people of Gaul, belonging to the nation
of the Aulerci. (Vid. Aulcrci. )
Cexsokes, two magistrates of great authority at
Rome, first created A. U. C. 312. The office of the
censors was chiefly to estimate the fortunes, and to in
spect the morals of the citizens. For a full account
of their duties, &c, consult Adams, Rom. Ant.
CensobInus, I. one of the ephemeral Roman emper-
ors who appeared in so great numbers under the reign
of Gallienus, and arc known in later Roman history
as " the thirty tyrants. " (Treb. Pollio, in Hist. Aug.
Script. , vol. 2, p. 254, ed. Hack. ) Censorinus had
been distinguished in camps and in the senate ; he had
been twice consul, twice praetorian prefect, three times
prefect of Rome, and four times proconsul. After
having passed through this honourable career, he re-
tired to the country, being now advanced in years, and
lame from a wound he had received in the war against
the Persians during the reign of Valerian. It was un-
der these circumstances that he was proclaimed em-
? ? peror, A. D. 269, in spite, as it would appear, of his
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? CEN
fpreai over the north of Greece; the latter, the more
emliud race, which founded towns, and gradually
drove their wild neighbours back into the mountains.
He therefore thinks the exposition of Centaurs as Air-
ftactri (from nevreZv -rijv avpav) not an improbable
me, for that very idea is suggested by the figure of a
Coxack. leaning forwunl with his protruded lance as
IK gallops along. He regards, however, the idea of
urrovpoc having been in its origin simply nevrup as
much more probable. Lapithae may, he thinks, have
signified Slont-pcrsutiders (from Auaf -,iu. u >. a po-
etic appellation for the builders of towns. He supposes
Hi|ipodiniia, as her name seems to intimate, to have
been a Centauress, married to the prince of the Lapi-
tli. T. and thus accounts for the Centaurs having been
at the wedding. (Mythologus, 1. c. --Kaghlley'i 1/v-
t/iolagy, p. 316, teqq. ) Knight takes a very different
view of the legend. The horse, as he observes, was
? acred to Neptune and the Rivers, and was employed
u a general symbol of the waters. The Centaurs ap-
pear to him to have been the same symbol partly hu-
manized. According to this explanation, the legend
respecting the Centaurs and Lapitlio; will have refer-
ence to the draining of some parts of Thessaly by that
oU Pelasgic race. (Knight's Enquiry, &c. , t> 111,
Kf j. --Clan. Journ. , vol. 25, p. 34, seqq )
CBXTKITIS, a river of Armenia Major, flowing under
tie ramparts of Tigranocerta, and falling into the Eu-
phrates. The Greeks gave it the name of Nicephorius,
"that brings victory," probably on account of some
battle gained in its vicinity during the time of the
Syrian kings. It separated Armenia from the country
of the Carduchi, and is now the Bitlu-Soo. (Xen. ,
Ana*. , 4, 3. --Manner t, Geogr. , vol. 5, p. 236. )
CISTBO. XES, a people of Gaul, among the Alpes
Graii? , who, along with the Graioceli and Caturiges,
? ere defeated by Cesar in several engagements.
Their chief city was Forum Claudii Centronum, now
Ctatron. (Lcmairf, Index Geogr. ad Cat. , p. 331. )
CENT-CM CKLI. . E, a seaport town of Etruria, north-
nit of Ctere. It is better known under the name of
Trajani Portua, that emperor having caused a magnifi-
cent harbour to be constructed there, which Pliny the
vounger has described in one of his epistles (6, 31).
Two immense piers formed the port, which was semi-
circular, while an island, constructed artificially nl'im-
mense masses of rock, brought there by vessels and
? unk in the sea, served as a breakwater in front and
supported a pharos. The coast being very destitute
of shelter foi vessels of burden, this work of Trajan
was of great national benefit. Previous to Trajan's
improvements the place was very thinly inhabited, and
received its name from the mean and scanty abodes
scattered here and there along the shore. Centum
Cell* having been destroyed by the Saracens, the in-
habitants built another town at some distance inland,
but afterward they reoccupicd the site of the old city,
which, from that circumstance, obtained its present
name of Cnila Vccchia. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol.
1, p. 201, teqq. --Manncrt, Geogr. , vol. 9, p. 373. )
CEHTOHVIEI, the members of a court of justice at
Rome. There were originally chosen three from each
of the 35 tribes of the people, and, though 105, they
were always called Centumvirs. They were after-
ward increased to the number of 180, but still kept
their original name. They seem to have been first insti-
tuted MOD after the creation of the prtetor peregrinus.
The cause* that came before them in the time of the
? ? republic are enumerated by Cicero. They judged
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? CEP
CER
t. -inls that he appeared to have the direction of the
whole island. He had projected the foundation of a
new city, but the work was never executed. (Cra-
mer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 49, seq. )
Cephalion, a Greek writer, whose native country
is unknown. Suidas, it is true, makes him to have
been born at Gergitha in Troas, but the lexicographer
evidently confounds him with another writer named
Ccphalon. (Voss. , Hist. Gr. , 2, 12. ) Cephalion is
? aid to have lived during the reign of Hadrian, and to
have been exiled to Sicily for some offence given to
the emperor. He wrote an Abridgment of Universal
History (Zivrofioc 'laTopmot;) from Ninus to the death
of Alexander. It was in the Ionic dialect, like the
work of Herodotus, and, like this also, was divided
into nine books, each named after one of the Muses.
He composed also rhetorical declamations. His works
are lost. (Phottus, Cod. , 68--vol. 1, p. 34, ed. Bck-
kcr. --Kusler, ad Suid. , s. v. )
Cephalon, a native of Gergitha in Troas, not to be
confounded with the preceding. Cephalon wrote an
historical work, entitled Trojan Events (TputKu). He
appears to have been anterior to Alexander the Great,
and is considered by Dionysius of Halicarnassus
worthy of reliance as an historical writer. His work
is lost. (Dion. Hal. , Ant. Rom. , 1, 49, el 72. )
Cephalus, I.
the son of Deion, and a grandson of
AZolus, was married to Procris, the eldest daughter of
Ercchtheus. They dwelt at Thoricos in Attica, and
lived happily together, till curiosity to try the fidelity
of his wife entered the mind of Cephalus. Feigning
a journey of eight years, he disguised himself and
came to Procris with a splendid jewel, which he offer-
ed to her on dishonourable terms. After much hesita-
tion she yielded, when her husband discovered himself
and reproached her with her conduct. She fled from
him in shame, but they were soon after reconciled.
Cephalus went constantly to the chase; and Procris
growing suspicious, as she had failed herself, fancied
that he was attracted by the charms of some other fair
one. She questioned the slave who used to accom-
pany him; and he told her, that his master used fre-
quently to ascend the summit of a hill, and cry out,
"Come, Nephcla, come! " Procris went to the des-
ignated hill, and concealed herself in a thicket; and
on her husband's crying, "Come, Ncphela, come! "
(which was nothing more than an invocation for some
cloud to interpose itself between him and the scorching
beams of the sun), she rushed forward towards her
husband, who, in his astonishment, threw his dart and
unwittingly killed her. (Plierccydcs, ap. Schol. ad
Od. , 11, 321. ) This legend is told with great varia-
tions, which it is not worth while here to enumerate.
(Consult Hytrin. , Fab. , 189. -- Ovid, Met. , 7, 661,
scqq. --Pausan. , 9, 19, 1. --Apollod. , 3, 15, 1. --An-
ton. Lib. , c. 41. ) Cephalus, for his involuntary crime,
was banished. He went to Thebes, which was at
that time ravaged by a fox, which nothing could over-
take, and he joined Amphitryon in the chase of it.
His dog I. a>laps ran it down; but, just as he was
catching it, Jupiter turned them both to stone. (Apol-
lod. , 2,4,7. ) Cephalus then aided Amphitryon against
the Teleboans, and on their conquest he settled in
the island named from him Cephallenia. This last-
mentioned circumstance, however, is a mere coinci-
dence of name. (Keightlcy's Mythology, p. 381,
seqq. )--II. An Athenian orator, who flourished to-
? ? wards the end of the Peloponnesian war, and was one
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? CER
nrast have been limited by the city walls, which, as
we know, came close to the fountain Callirhoe or En-
neacrounos. ( T/ttieyd, 2, 15. ) The breadth of the
Ceramicus, according to Mr. Hawkins, being thus
confined on one side by the walls of the city, and on
the other by the buildings immediately under the acrop-
olis, could not have exceeded one half of its length.
It was divided into the outer and inner Ceramicus.
The former was without the walls, and contained the
tombs of those who had fallen in battle, and were bu-
ried at the public expense. (Sckol. , Aristoph. Et/uit. ,
772. --Plut. , Vit. Syll. --Hesych. , s. v. KepaueiKoc. )
From Plutarch it appears, that the communication
from the one Ceramicus to the other was by the gate
Dipylum. (Haichins's Topogr. of Athens, in Walp.
Coll. , p. 485. Cramcr'i Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 315,
****? -)
Ceramcs, a small town and fortress of Caria, on the
northern side of the Sinus Ceramicus, and a short dis-
tance to the east of Halicamassus. The village of
Kcramo, at the present day, indicates the ancient site.
(Strai,. , 611. Ptol. , p. 119)
Cerascs (unlis), a city of Pontns, on the seacoast,
southwest of Trapezus. It was founded by a colony
from Sinope in JPaphlagonia, to which it paid a yearly
tribute. It must not be confounded with Pharnacia.
(Vid. Pharnacia. ) Xenophon and the Greeks rested
here for ten days on their retreat from Asia. (Anab. ,
5. 3, 5. ) From this place, according to Pliny, Lucul-
lus first brought cherries into Italy, A. U. C. 680, which
were introduced 120 years after into Britain. Hence
the Latin eeraxrts, "a cherry-tree," and cerasum, "a
cherry. " According to Toumefort, the country is hilly
and the hills covered with forests, in which cherry-trees
grow naturallv- ft is now Kerasoun. (Amm. Mar-
cell . 22, 13 --. P/>>'>>. , 15, 25 -- Mela, 1, 19. )
CeRAI'TTII (or AcBOCERAUNIl) MoNTF. S, a chain of
mountains stretching along the coast of northern Epi-
rus, and forming part of the boundary between it and
Illyricum. That portion of the chain which extended
beyond Oricum, formed a bold promontory, and was
termed Acroceraunia ('AicpoKepavvia), from its sum-
mif* (u*oa) being often struck by lightning (Kepavvoc).
The modern name for the Ceraunian range is Monte
Vkimarra, and that of the Acroceraunian promontory
U Cape IAng-uetla. The Greek and Latin poets are
full of allusions to this dangerous shore. (Apollon. ,
Artr , 4. 1216. Lycopkr. , 1016. --Vtrg. , JEn. , 3,
506. Hot. , Od. , 1, 3, 19. ) It was much dreaded by
the mariners of antiquity, from the belief that the
mountains attracted storms. Augustus narrowly es-
caped shipwreck here when returning from Actium.
(Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 94. )
Cesu-scis, a surname of one of the Ptolemies.
(Vid. Ptolemsaus XV. )
Cerbkbus, the famous dog of Hades, the fruit of
Echidna's union with Typhon. He was stationed at
the entrance of hell, as a watchful keeper, to prevent
the living from entering the infernal regions, and the
dead from escaping from their confinement. Orpheus
hilled him to sleep with his lyre; and Hercules
dragged him from hell in the performance of his
twelfth and last labour. (Vid. Hercules. ) The poets
differ in their descriptions of this fabled animal. He-
siod (Theog. , 312) assigns him fifty heads, calling
him <<wa rcevTrjKovTaKuarpmv. Sophocles (Trach. ,
1114) styles him 'Atdov rpixpavov oKvlaxa ("the
three-headed dog of Pluto"), and in this last account
? ? the Latin poets generally coincide. Horace, however,
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? CERES.
CERES.
succeeding poets, after whom Ovid has related it (Met. ,
5, 341. --Id. , Fast. , 4, 417, teg. ). Claudian also has
sung it in a poem, of which, unfortunately, a portion is
lost. --Proserpina, according to the author of the Ho-
meric hymn, was in the Nysian plain with the ocean-
nymphs gathering flowers. According to some ac-
counts, Venus, Minerva, and Diana were the compan-
ions of their sister on this occasion. (Hy/rin. , Fab. ,
146. --Claudian, Rapt. Pros. , 3, 11, ieqq. --Stat. ,
Achill. , 2, 150. ) Others gave her the sirens as her
attendants. (Apolt. Rh. , 4, 896. ) She plucked the
rose, the violet, the crocus, the hyacinth, when she
beheld a narcissus of surprising size and beauty, hav-
ing a hundred flowers growing from a single root.
Unconscious of danger, the maiden stretched forth
her hand to seize the wondrous flower, when suddenly
the wide earth gaped, Pluto arose in his golden char-
iot, and, seizing the terrified goddess, carried her oil'
shrieking for aid, but unheard and unseen by gods or
mortals save by Hecate, the daughter of Perses, who
heard her as she sat in her cave, and by King Hclius
(the sun), whose eye nothing on earth escapes. So
long as the goddess beheld the earth and starry heav-
ens, the fishy sea, and the beams of the sun, so long she
hoped to sec her mother and the tribes of the gods;
and the tops of the mountains and the depths of the
sea resounded with her divine voice. At length her
mother heard, and, frantic with grief, inquired for ti-
dings of her lost daughter; but neither gods, nor men,
nor birds, could give her intelligence. Nine days she
wandered over the earth, with flaming torches in her
hands; on the tenth Hecate met her, but could not
tell who it was that had carried off Proserpina. To-
gether they proceeded to Hclius, and the Sun-god
tells Ceres that the ravisher is Pluto, who, by the per-
mission of her sire, had carried her away to be his
queen. Incensed at the conduct of Jupiter, Ceres
thereupon abandoned the society of the gods and
came down among men. But now she was heedless
of her person, and no one recognised her. Under the
guise of an aged female, she came to Eleusis, and
was employed, as a nurse for her infant, son Dcmo-
phoon, by Metanira the wife of Celeus, monarch of the
place. Beneath the care of the goddess the child
"throvo like a god. " He ate no food, but Ceres
breathed on him as he lay in her bosom, and anointed
him with ambrosia, and ovcry night hid him beneath
the fire, unknown to his parents, who marvelled at his
growth. It was the design of Ceres to make him
immortal, but the curiosity and folly of Metanira de-
prived him of the intended gift. She watched one
night, and, seeing what the nurse was doing to her
child, shrieked with affright and horror. The goddess
threw the infant on the ground, declaring what he had
lost by the inconsideratcness of his mother, but an-
nouncing that he would still become a great and hon-
oured man. She then disclosed her real character,
and directed the people of Eleusis to raise an altar and
temple to her without the city, on the hill Callichorus.
The temple was speedily raised, and the mourning
goddess took up her abode in it, but a dismal year
came upon mankind; the earth yielded no produce;
in vain the oxen drew the plough in the field; in vain
the seed was cast into the ground, for Ceres would
allow of no increase. Jove at length sent Iris to
Eleusis to invite Ceres back to Olympus, but she
would not comply with the call. All the other gods
? ? were sent on the same errand, but with as little suc-
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? CER
? cireh afteT Proserpina. At times she appears in her
chariot drawn by dragons. (Keightley's Mythology,
p. 170, seqq. )--The Latin name Ceres is in reality of
the same force with the Greek appellation Demeter
(itliajrqp, i. e. ? yq /ajrrip), the Roman C being origi-
nally the same letter, both in figure and power, as the
Greek T\ which was often employed as a mere gut-
tural aspirate, especially in the old jEolic dialect, from
which the Latin is principally derived. (Compare
Knight on the Greek Alphabet, p.
