No More Learning

Headlam: German Empire.
Ely: In International Review, May, '82, on Bismarck and
Socialism.
Lavelaye: The European Terror, in Fortnightly, April, '83.
A. SUMMARY TO 1648.
1. The old empire; common misapprehensions and causes for
them; importance of correct view ; continuity of the em-
pire; re-union of West and East, 476; attempt to restore
seat of government to Rome (800) by Leo and Karl, and
the result in the first real division into two rival empires.
Office of the Eastern Empire to 1453.
2. The Holy Roman Empire, 800-1806: Karl; Otto, 962;
dual headship; tenth to thirteenth centuries, strongest
state in Christendom; seventeenth and eighteenth, the
weakest,
a. Shifting of territory.
Conquests from Slavs by Saxon emperors, the Hansa,
and the Teutonic Knights.
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? b. Decay of the Empire and disappearance of German king-
dom after the Hohenstaufens. (Great Interregnum. )
1) Causes of decay.
a) Italian and non-German polrcy. (The crown
of the German kings ''crushed by the loftier
imperial diadem. ")
b) Rivalry between the two heads.
c) Growing feudalism (decentralization).
2) Opportunity for these enemies in the elective char-
acter of the headship. The Golden Bull.
3) The Reformation and religious wars. (Opportun-
ity of Charles V. ) Death of the idea of universal
empire.
3. Peace of Westphalia economic waste (set back 200 years)
political disintegration and loss of territory.
B. CONDITION IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, or from the Peace
of Westphalia, 1648, to French Revolutionary Wars. (No
history, but not happy. )
Biedermann, Deutchland im Achtzehnten Jahrhundert, con-
densed in Fyffe, vol. I.
A loose alliance of practically sovereign states.
1. Imoerial elements.
a. The emperor practically hereditary and devoted to ag-
grandizing Austria.
The imperial courts no power of compulsion.
The diet. [electors,
1) Composition <! princes,
[free cities.
2) Powers deliberative.
2. The states
a. Of the first order
1) Austria: composition, races, government (Joseph
II. and attempted reforms).
2) Prussia: extent and population; absence of public
opinion ; caste and the land.
b. Of the second order government ; economic and social
conditions.
c. Of the third order 250 petty principalities, 50 imperial
cities.
d. Knights of the empire 1,500 petty sovereigns ruling
each over 300-400 people.
(A cabinet of political monstrosities, "neither Holy nor
Roman, nor an empire. ")
3. Military and financial system. Condition of the people.
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? C. THE NAPOLEONIC WARS.
1. Steps toward union (Stein, Ropes, Von Sybel, etc. )
a. 1803. Empire secularized free cities and ecclesiastical
states absorbed by larger neighbors (overthrow of
Austrian influence). "Indemnity. " Hereditary rights
respected.
b. 1805-6. Alliance of secondary states with France.
(Confederation of the Rhine. ) Germany now virtually
under three governments. The middle states bribed by
the booty of the small principalities and the govern-
ments of the knights, which they now absorb (media-
tization).
c. 1806. (Austerlitz. ) Fall of Holy Roman Empire.
d. 1806-11. Plundering of Austria and Prussia. Creation
of the sense of German nationality.
2. Internal Reform.
a. French social and legal S3^stems introduced in central
Germany.
b. Stein's reforms in Prussia after Jena ("possible to re-
build the foundations now that the walls are down").
Annals American Academy, 73.
D. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA, 1814-15.
Seeley's "Life of Stein;" Fyffe, vol. II, ch. l; Larnard; Von
Sybel; Britannica; Annual Register, 1814 and 1815; Poole's
Index.
1. Preliminary.
Predecessor in Congress of Westphalia, 1648.
Necessity of a diplomatic congress to re-arrange Europe.
Suggested by Pitt, 1804, and by Stein, 1813.
2. Composition (assembles early in October, 1814. )
a. The four great powers (Metternich, Alexander, Harden-
burg, Castlereagh. ) Stein without official position.
France (Talleyrand) admitted later. These the real Con-
gress.
b. All the smaller princes of Europe in person or by repre-
sentativesentertained by round of masques and
revels while the great powers did the work.
3. The program.
a. Of minor importance for the most part already deter-
mined at the treaty of Paris.
1) Terms of peace with France (modified after the
Hundred Days. )
2) Restorations in Germany, Italy, and Spain. (Re-
actionary absurdities. )
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? 3) New arrangements to strengthen frontier against
French aggression.
a) Belgium joined to Holland.
b) Swiss neutrality guaranteed and new constitution
approved.
c) Sardinia gets Genoa, etc.
d) Prussia and the Rhine frontier.
b. Real problems.
1) Reconstruction of Germany.
Plans and motives.
a) Stein: United Germany division of small states
between Austria and Prussia ; or the Empire as a
genuine confederation.
b) The old Rhine-bund : Complete independence of
each state.
c) Metternich : A loose confederacy for foreign de-
fense and internal intrigue.
2) Territorial indemnities. (Agreement of Toplitz
that Austria and Prussia should be restored as
nearly as possible to their extent before Jena. )
a) Russia ("Kingdom of Poland. ")
b) Prussia (Saxony. )
(Austria by common consent indemnified in Italy,
Venice, etc. Sweden and Norway. )
4. Progress.
a. The German Committee (A. , P. , H. , B. , W. )
Oct. 14 to Nov. 16 no progress; meetings broken up by
b. Bitterness of the territorial question.
1) Tsar's plan for Poland opposed by all until Nov.
6. King of Prussia personally won over, and the
Poland question settled.
2) Prussian indemnity in Saxony resisted by Austria.
a) Talleyrand's opportunity; doctrine of "Legiti-
macy;" Talleyrand's brilliant victory.
b) Secret league of France, Austria and England
against Prussia and Russia.
c) Continuance of the disagreement, No v. -Feb. ; com-
promise attempted; agreement hastened by
c. Napoleon's return.
The Hundred Days.
d. The close of the work of the Congress.
Compromises as to remaining matters in dispute.
1) Prussian territory.
2) German Confederation.
5. General result.
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? 23
a. Narrow and reactionary purposes attempts to tramole
upon the new ideas of nationality, etc. But
b. Seeds of progress. Austria a non-German power, while
Prussia is made the champion of Germany against
Slav and Gaul.
E. THE GERMANIC CONFEDERATION (1814-66) to the Revolu-
lutions of 1848-50.
[Introductory: Prussia to 1806 (Wilson, 242-249, and
Bibliography); Prussian and Austrian territory in 1815,
and results of the changes; Stein's reforms. ]
Composition, powers, character. Grant Duff, 258-59; Von
Sybel; Wilson; Fyffe. Text in I, 3, Contemporary Sources.
1. The Periodi8i5=30. Fyffe. II, 121-54, 405-12, 496,
502; Mueller, 1-23, 123-27, 159-62; European History
from Contemporary Sources, I, 3.
a. The promised constitutions
1) In the north (Weimar).
2) In the south.
3) In Prussia, (Prussia's opportunity). Thesettingin
of re-action, 1815-17 (Schmalz pamphlet).
b. The Burschenshaft, and liberal demonstrations. Mur-
der of Kotzebue by Sand.
c. Repression.
1) Metternich and his congresses. (The Holy Alli-
ance. ) The Carlsbad Resolutions and the May-
ence Commission "did not find conspirators,
but it made them; "gag laws; imprisonments, etc.
2) In Prussia the Provincial Estates, 1823.
2. The echoes of the July RevoIution==i83O.
a. Popular successes at first, and constitutional gains in
various states (Austria busied in Italy, and Russia in
Poland).
b. Poland's fall arouses further revolutionary movements
in Germany; Harnbach festival and the Frankfort con-
spiracy (idealists and demagogues) resulting in a sad
re-action. Carlsbad Resolutions intensified.
"Promises on the part of the princes; unrestrained devotion
and satisfaction on the part of the people; a call for constitutional
freedom ; open and secret re-action, revolution in the south ; inter-
vention of the areopagus of princes ("the crowned conspirators
of Verona"); abrogation of popular rights; this is in brief the
history of the years 1815-30. " MUELLER.
See Papers American Historical Association, IV, for A Cate-
chism of the Re-action, by Andrew D. White.
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? 3. 1830=1848. System of Metternich declining. Growth of
public opinion. Prussia moving toward leadership.
a. Zollverein.
b. Landtag, '47 (preliminary movements;) the temporary
failure, because of king's absolutism, prepares for the
Revolution of 1848, when France gives the signal.
F. 1848-50. THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.
From the February Revolution of Parte to the Humiliation of
Olmutz. Mueller, 212-53 ; or Fyffe, III. , 19-33, 74-81, 114-56.
1. The March Days.
f Italy.
Austria < Hungary.
( Vienna.
The smaller states.
Berlin.
Constitutional governments based upon practically universal
suifrage, with overthrow of old feudal privileges, over all
Germany, secured by universal demand of the people.
2. The movement for German unit} 7 .
a. The Ante Parliament.
Secession and revolt of the Republicans.
b. The Frankfort National Assembly, May 18, 1848
(elected by universal suffrage;) disappearance of the
old Diet.
1) Composition ; loss of time debating a Bill of Rights
until the re-action begins', (conservative ministries
in most of the states. )
2) The Frankfort constitution an empire.
a) Kleindeutsch and Grossdeutsch parties.
b) Hereditary headship.
3) The imperial crown offered to Frederick William IV.
and declined March 28, 1849.
a) Hostile attitude of Austria and the south.
b) The king's distrust of a revolutionary assembly,
and a torso-like Germany.
4) Revolt of radicals disruption and close of the
Assembly.
c. The Prussian attempt at union.
1) Frederick William's offer to assume the headship of
a voluntary league of princes.
2) The league of the three kings joined by all states
except A. , B. , S. , W.
3) Austria restores the old Diet (her hand free now in
Hungary. )
4) The troubles in Hesse, and Prussian surrender at
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? Olmuetz. Dissolution of the Union, and restora-
tion of the Confederacy.
Close of the Revolutionary period
in France, December, 1851,
in Italy, Novarra, March, 1849,
in Germany, Olmutz, December, 1850.
The results of the two years.
Prussia a constitutional state and, despite her errors, the
leader of the movement for German unity.
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? 26-
VI. THE NEW EMPIRE.
A. PRUSSIA AND GERMAN UNITY, 1850-71.
From Olmiitz to Versailles.
1. 1850-57 No progress except to maintain the exclusion
of Austria from the Zollverein.
2. William I (regent, 1857--61; king, 1861-88; emperor,
1871-88) and Bismarck.
a. Military reforms ; constitutional conflict ; rule without a
budget.
b. "Blood and iron. "
1) Schleswig-Holstein War (history of the duchies),
1864, leading to
2) The Six Weeks' War, 1866 ; parties and alliances ;
Koniggratz, and the Peace of Prague ; Austria ex-
cluded from German} 7 .
a) North German Confederation, 1867-71.
i) Position of South German States. (Napoleon. )
ii) The Customs Parliament of 1868.
3. The Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71, and The Empire.
B. THE CONSTITUTION.
Wilson and Burgess.
1. The central government.
2. The States.
3. Local government.
a. In Prussia.
b. Free cities.
c. Elsaas, Lotheringen.
4. Questions since 1871,
a. Financial policy silver, tariff, the Russian commercial
treaty of 1894, railways.
b. Colonies,
c. The Culturkampf.
d. The socialists.
(The Internationale. )
1) Repressive legislation.
2) State socialism, and labor legislation. (Brooks on
Compulsory Insurance, Special Report of Commis-
sion of Labor, No. 4, for 1893. )
3) Growth of the party.
4) The program of the Social Democrats.
f. Political parties and tendencies.
g. The Army Bill and the 1893 elections.
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? 27
h. The attempted return to a policy of repression in 1895 ;
the Force Bill ; the attempt to punish members who
refused to cheer the Emperor ; the vote refusing to con-
gratulate Bismarck, etc. Later politics.
Germany area, 208,738 sq. mi. ; population, 49,428,470.
Dependencies area, about 996,150 sq. mi. ; population, abovit
6,500,000.
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? VII. ITALY.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
General Histories as before. (Murdoch and Maurice espec-
ially valuable.
Gallenga: Italy, Present and Future.
Gallenga : Italy and the Pope.
* Dicey: Victor Emmanuel.
Godkin: Victor Emmanuel.
Forbes: Garibaldi's Campaign.
Mariotte: Italy in '48.
Oliphant: Makers of Modern Italy.
Bent: Garibaldi.