No More Learning

? vonarates . . . is this a botanical term or error for venerates
speady? ? steady or speedy
To save time I am sending the manuscript to Globe, and correcting the words to
venerates and steady
Nakamura/ glisling? ? I am correcting to glistening
this is pronounced glisning or glissening it means shining and shimmering.
KOIKE// 1 wonder whether he means Aiding or adding or aided. I am putting Aiding (last line Glassy hour).
Your own Second poem/ line 2. seorn =? scorn
Her head (the parrot's) replaced by a leaden one? ? ? (I don't see how
for will do here. )
The sailors put a lead head in place of the
parrot's own? ?
or what do you mean?
English is very ambiguous, the typewriter can mean either the machine d ^crire or the dactylo; the young lady who types.
packed, makes one think you mean the machine, but is much nicer verb if you mean the
"female secretary and typist. "
I am leaving typewriter, but if you want the reader to understand that you indicate the female, please write Dunn to change it to typist. Then the she in next line, makes it sure.
These are very nice poems. I am delighted with the lot of them. (At first
? 42 SECTIONII: 1936-66
reading they seem better written than anyone's except some oj Cummings. )
I don't know whether (in your own poems) your inverting the order, verb before noun so often, indicates a difference in your English, or a stylistic difference between you and the others in Japanese.
That was why I wanted the Ideograms of the poems (if they are in ideo- gram, and not in kana. Kana I can do nothing with yet. ] Ideogram I can puzzle out IF I have a crib, as I have Morrison's dictionary.
I sympathize with yr/ reticence in not sending the personal notes. I al- ways hate 'em myself. I mean nothing is worse than having to write and rewrite one's own biography.
BUT as your editor, etc/etc/etc/
Can't you write brief notes about each
other. . . ?
This is "in order to establish means of communication. "
Cocteau and I have both refused to write autobiographies, and as Jean
said, "Mais, oui, those books are my autobiography. "
That is all very well for poets. But the Globe is interested in humanity
at low and large.
There is a natural curiosity. . . . It is satisfied in some degree by the An- alects. Should we be more aloof than Kung. I admit Kung did not write the Analects. We should wait for disciples to write our Analects. . . .
After 2500 years the Analects still serve the Ta Hio.
46: Ezra Pound to Katue Kitasono
ALS-1 Siena. 14 August 1937 (address RapaJJo)
Dearest K. K.
ever E.
Duncan delighted with the poems. They will be in first issue of Townsman if it ever gets published.
I amspending4or5hoursadayonKung&canreada good deal of ideogram, (say as much as a five year old infant in Japan or China. ) If you can't find a copy of the Odes with a translation, please let me know the price of a good (not fancy) text in the original--& 1 will send the money for it. (registered post to Rapallo. )
? SECTIONII: 1936-66 43
Sorry to bother but the labour is in a good cause. Cordial greetings to VOU & 8.
47: Katue Kitasono to Ezra Pound TLS-2 Magomemachi. 6 September 1937.
Dear Mr. Ezra POUND,
I wish you will be generous to oversee my long abscondence from you for six months.
I have been constantly thinking of you, but I couldn't write.
I received your letters of March 11, August 14, and two pleasant books. I compared your kung fu tseu with the original, and admired your
sensible and relevant translation.
I cannot find out the Odes with a translation, therefore I have sent the
originals in the accompanying package. They were presented to me before by my Chinese friend, a young poet and they are very excellent books made in China of to-day. I am making them a present to you.
If they aren't the books you need, please let me know the title of the book you want in Chinese ideograms. It will be more convenient to me, because we differ remarkably from the Chinese in pronouncing of the very same ideograms.
Japanese poetry to Chinese can be said just the same with English poetry to Latin or Greek. We are now far apart from Chinese poetry.
I express my sincere gratitude for that you are kindly thinking about our poems.
They send me the Globe every number from June. I am going to send you my poetical works La Lettre d'ete.
I intend to publish another book The Cactus Irland within this year.
Yours very sincerely Katue Kitasono
Yours
Ezra Pound
? 44
SECTIONII: 1936-66
/^ y^
KeCXXAft )<l>C^<JV4. xr>U)
y^
^
? SECTIONII: 1936-66 45
48: Ezra Pound to Katue Kitasono
TL-2 On stationery imprinted: Via Marsala 12-5, Rapallo, with Gaudier-Brzeska profile head. 21 October 1937
K. Kit
Dear Friend at too great a distance
I have at last got back to Rapallo and find four beautiful volumes; which don't seem to correspond to the latin version of the Chi King (sometimes spelled Shi King)
MAO
SHE CH-HfNG? ?
tseen
Jt-,"z,
f
(eyebrow, or kind of bamboo)
Odes
An ancient province as near as Morrison comes to it; with top left hand corner slightly
different.
To note or write down memoranda.
-^S ^? ^
4tTc
The Shi or Chi King I (might) read with the cribs (translations) I have. The four books you have so kindly sent; I may be able to read in time, at the rate of three lines a day.
they seem to be
[Crossout: Whether this is a collection sometimes called bamboo grove; the Lord alone knows. ]
Is it a commentary on the Odes of ch hing which are Book VII of the First part of the Chi King?
on the other hand I see something that looks like wind; foo //
At any rate it is all very good for my ignorance and will keep me occupied, and I am very grateful to you for sending it.
I thought I was asking for a book that wd/ be as easy to get in Tokio as the bible in New York.
Kung fu Tseu refers to it in the Ta Hio, and it is continually mentioned in the Analects and in Mencius as the book of poetry.
Confucius (Kung fu Tseu) anthology that he had selected.
f -^
? 46 SECTIONII: 1936-66
At any rate I seem to discern some kind of preface, then a line of verse in black type.
Kwan
Kwan
Tsheu etc// KEW, congregate
passing the pass; [or possibly a pun)
water bird or difficult yellow river's course
49: Ezra Pound to Katue Kitasono
TLS-(fragment; probably a continuation of previous letter)
as superior man (or girJ) loves (or good)
"right left"
Well, heaven knows may be that idiot Jennings and the good old latin bloke were working on this poem, calling it song of Chou; the south/ Tcheou Nan.
In which case their translations! ! ! add to my confusion.
Nothing to do but keep at it.
I see VOU has Hemingway's "They all made peace" printed at an opportune moment.
I am glad that my country seems at the moment to be having a little more sense than it had ten days ago. In any
case . . . understanding must come/ but when.
I can't get to Japan unless I get a job presumably as professor there
OR unless 1 make a great deal of money soon; that is a great deal more than I ever have made yet.
Butchart and Duncan keep saying they are going to print Townsman and that it is in the press, and that your poems will be in it.
PATIENCE . . .
said to be an oriental virtue. 1 have used up so large a % of my own already that I can't speak with authority. Thanks once more. I will write again as soon as my head is clearer.
yours ever Ezra Pound
? SECTIONII: 1936-66 47
50: Ezra Pound to Katue Kitasono
TLS-1 Rapallo. Sometime in October |22? 1. 1937
Dear K/K
I seem to be finding a clue/ and I think the Odes you sent are the ones I wanted.
At least they seem to be arranged thus? ? ? ? ? ?
Introduction:
Long sentence saying what the poem means. ONE LINE OF POEM and then a commentary ANOTHER LINE OF POEM then an explanation AND so FORTH.
at any rate something seems to fit Jennings' appalling translation. I haven't got much further than identifying a refrain or two.
Townsman announcement very tangled. Duncan trying to condense and merely attaining density.
envelope as a specimen document/ 1 have sent them your address AGAIN.
51: Ezra Pound to Katue Kitasono
TLS-1 On stationery imprinted: Via Marsala 12-5. Rapallo, with Gaudier-Brzeska profile head. 23 October 1937
Dear K/Kit
Your very beautiful book has just come, and I have started TRYING to read it, though some of the type forms are not as in Morrison.
I have also subscribed to the Tokyo Times. In the hope of getting a little English and French news. I wonder if it is Brinkley's old paper? I also wonder if they wd. print my news or interpretations of Eu- rope. Might be a first step toward getting to Tokyo. I think the paper is unlikely to be delivered "in all parts of China" for the next few w -ks, but the rest of their statements seem plausible.
//
ever EP
? 48 SECTIONII: 1936-66
The poems look as if you were going in for some extreme form of sim- plification, at greatest possible remove from Chinese elaboration, not that I have been able to read even a single sentence at sight.
I take it no one has tried to make poems containing quite so many simple radicals.
BUT my ignorance is appalling and my memory beneath contempt.
52: Ezra Pound to Katue Kitasono TCS-1 Via Marsala 12-5. 28 October 1937
28 Oct. getting on nicely.
nowt (oldformfornothing,butscans
ever yours E. P.
red
not
fox
nowt Now that I have found out what is black which,andhowcarefully
not they count up all the lines in crow strophes/ Am going to try
seriously to understand your book, once I have rushed thru the Odes
53: Ezra Pound to Katue Kitasono
TLS-2 On stationery imprinted: Via Marsala 12-5, Rapallo, with Gaudier-Brzeska profile head. 2 November 1937
Dear K/K
better here. )
strikes me as v^ay poetry can be very nicely written.
Here is an article or letter, either (for) Tokio Times or for VOU. Not necessary to translate more than the meaning. And that only if you think there is some use in doing it.
I have said "an occidental language" to avoid argument at the start, but English is indicated for all translation from ideogram
ever EP
? SECTIONII: 1936-66 49
1. because it is richest in monosyllables
2. because it is least cluttered with syntax, and does not therefore put IN such a lot which isn't in ideogram
AND because a literal translation without inflection shocks us less than it wd/ french and Italians
A very skillful translator might get Japanese sound into an Italian translation but I know of no one capable of doing it.
The question to Japan is: instead of dumping cheap products which we already have too much of, in the Occident, why not send us some cheap books which we need
at least a few of us need them very badly and if they were on the market more of us would wake up to the fact that we need them.
the rest of the subject is I hope clear in the enclosed notes.
ever EP
If you translate the article, change anything you feel needs im- proving.
(vide P. S. EP)
nowt
? 50 SECTIONII: 1936-66
54: Katue Kitasono to Ezra Pound TLS-2 [n. p. ] 15 November 1937
Dear Mr. Ezra POUND,
How anxiously I was waiting your letter at this too great distance, and your two kindly letters have just arrived at me. I ought to shorten the distance between us which was made by my too long silence.
^ |^ )
[Mao Shih] are identical with ^
means odes, but in this case ( -^ ) was a family name of a person who lived in
province ( ~^ ) [Lu] of China in old time. His full name was [ ^ 'j' [Mao Heng], and it was by him that the anthology selected by Confucius, that is, ( %^ ^^ ), was handed down to posterity. Therefore ( *^ ^^ ) isalsocalled{ ^%^)-
It might be economy of time for you that I would translate ( t^ %X~ ) in English, but I fear if I should deprive of you the pleasure of exploration.
You are not an archaeologist, but a great poet, and I will remain an indifferent Japanese.
I am waiting the Townsman's appearance with the oriental virtue. My "patience" has not been yet worn out so badly as yours.
I don't know Tokio Times. I wonder if it may be a mistake for the Japan Times or the Japan Advertiser.
I always gape at my too simple letters to you. It is not because that I am "going in for some extreme form of simplification, at greatest possible remove from Chinese elaboration," but because of my poor broken English.
This must be improved as soon as possible.
Your very beautiful stamps entertain me exceedingly.
Yours very sincerely, Katue Kiiasono
55: Katue Kitasono to Ezra Pound TLS-2 [n. p. ] 11 December 1937
Dear Mr. Ezra Pound
I have received your article for Tokio Times.
1 translated it at once in
(
il- vf. l
( :^ ) means eyebrow or hair as you wrote and ( p-g" )
The four volumes I sent (
[Shih ching]. )
]
? SECTIONII: 1936-66 51
JapaneseanditwillsoonappearinVOUno. 21. I wasstrucktoknowhow earnestly those highly educated persons as you are wishing to make a special study of the orient. Your method of reading ideograph is very effective, I think.
I can not find out Tokio times even in the largest book seller's in Tokio.
Therefore I asked of my friend Mr. Y. Onishi who is on the editorial staff of the Japan Advertiser, one of the leading paper in English, to negotiate with the publisher to put up your news in their paper.
He says that the kind of news is not quite clear, and so it is desirable that you will write about that and your wish for payment (because they cannot receive any copy without payment), and, if possible, some sample pages.
It is more convenient that you will send them directly to the acting publisher and editor, Mr. Wilfrid Fleisher, The Japan Advertiser, 1-chome, Uchi-Yamashita-Cho, Kohjimachi-Ku, Tokio.
And then my friend is going to negotiate well.
X-Mas is at close hand. I have sent you X-Mas Card of "Ukiyoe. " This year's one is more beautiful than the last year's, I think.
I wished to send a card also to your daughter in America, but I don't know her address.
Will you please make me a present of your photograph? I remain
56: Katue Kitasono to Ezra Pound TLS-2 [n. p. ] 16 December 1937
Dear Mr. Ezra POUND,
This photo shows Fenollosa's grave, which my friend, a poet living in the neighbourhood of Miidera, took for me.
Fenollosa's grave situated on the hill in the grounds of Hohmyoin in Enjohji which belongs to the head temple Miidera.
There densely grow many old cypresses and maple-trees in the vicin- ity, and beautiful Lake Biwa can be looked down [on].
Fenollosa's gravestone is seen enclosed by the stone-balustrade.
There is seen, next to Fenollosa's, the grave of Mr. Bigelow who was a man of business and an intimate friend of Fenollosa.
yours very sincerely, Katue Kitasono
? 52
SECTIONII: 1936-66
It rather strikes me with sorrow to think of those honourable souls
resting on the foreign land.
Mr. and Mrs. Fenollosa had both become believers in Buddhism in
photo.
Fenollosa may be obliterated from the memories of those diplomats and
artists of flurried progress, but he still lives loved and honoured in the hearts of serious Japanese artists and people living near by his grave.
They never forget to visit it occasionally.
I think Japanese culture has much of silver-plated gold.
If it is your desire to publish Fenollosa's notes you have, I will tell it to
the Society for International Cultural Relations, though I am not sure that they will consent.
very sincerely YOURS,
Katue Kitasono
^^^
Japan.
Fenollosa's Buddhist name is o'j \^ (teishin).
Greatness of faith, sadness of faith, you will see, too, both sides in this
? SECTIONII: 1936-66 53
57: Ezra Pound to Katue Kitasono
TLS-1 Anno XVI, Via Marsala 12-5, Rapallo, with Gaudier-Brzeska profile head. 13 January 1938
Dear K/K/
The younger members of the family are more decorative. My daughter is not in America. In fact I am translating into English a little bookshehaswrittenformeinItalian. I thinkJapanesechildrenmight like it, I mean they could learn what a child of 12 sees in the Tyrol.
I shall send you a copy as soon as I get it clearly typed. and hope to have more to report in a day or so.
ever E. P.
58: Ezra Pound to Katue Kitasono
TLS-1 Anno XVI, Via Marsala 12-5, Rapallo, with Gaudier-Brzeska profile head. 18 January 1938
Dear Kitasono
If the day had 48 hours I might be civil "if not polite. " I was so happy to find the foto of
Fenollosa's tomb in yr/ letter.
Yesterday I saw proofs of Broletto
with "The Hand of Summer Writes" printed large and in the original four ideograms, with the Italian translation of
your manifesto from Townsman (aJso yr. signature).
I hope Townsman has reached you. I have finished typing my translation of Maria's booklet, and will send it to you as soon as I can sew up the pages.
THEN you will see that the occidental hand is rather like a Japanese foot. Neatness we have not.
Now we will have a little music {vide enclosure)/ and then I suppose I will have proofs of my Guide/ and then, may be, I will have time for decent letter writing.
or winter.
at any rate I will try to write again before summer autumn
ever EP
? 54 SECTIONII: 1936-66
59: Katue Kitasono to Ezra Pound TLS-2 [n. p. ] 25 January 1938
Dear Mr. Ezra POUND,
I have just received beautiful Townsman. Little did I think our patience should be repayed so brilliantly.
Your very sensible introductory sentences for VOU Club saved us from our deficiency.
Words fail to express my gratitude for your kindness.
VOU no. 21 just finished, a little delayed, will be soon sent to you. Tokio Poets Club which consists of several groups of poets living in
Tokio is to hold the second recitation party on the 29th inst.
On that day some volunteers, Englishman, Frenchman, German, and
American, are also to recite poems in each own's language.
Some poems composed by the members are to be sung too.
I am going to read a cheerful essay like a milk-Bottle.
I am trying to translate in English a collection of my brief poems
"Cactus Irland," the Japanese one of which is to be published soon. I shall be very happy if you will read them.
"M. Pom-Pom,"
Very lovely, like a shell-helicopter.
I am swelling like a pine-apple, dreaming the sun and plants of Africa.
very sincerely yours, Katue Kitasono
60: Ezra Pound to Katue Kitasono
TLS-1 Anno XVI, Via Marsala 12-5, Rapallo, with Gaudier-Brzeska profile head. 7 February 1938
Dear K/K
I hope the rest of this will reach you in time, that is a whole copy of Broletto, too busy to explain why this torn page precedes.
printed.
at least you will see from this that something is at last getting
? SECTIONII: 1936-66 55
61: Katue Kitasono to Ezra Pound TLS-2 [n. p. ] 9 February 1938
Dear Mr. Ezra Pound,
Many thanks for your letter and the photos for which I have long been desirous.
I look at your impressive appearance, and find myself in such an atmosphere as floating about the heroes in the book of great Plutarch.
This feeling seems to come of some other reason beyond those realistic reasons that you live in Italy or I respect you.
The lovely girl on the snow makes me smile again and again.
I never imagined the snow in Tyrol should be so grey coloured.
I suppose that probably you pulled the shutter of kodak without taking
off your snow-glasses.
The largest one is very picturesque. I like such an antique house and
love such a natural garden.
The literary smile in the leaves is more charmante. I am looking forward to your daughter's booklet.
Very sincerely yours, Katue Kitasono
62: Ezra Pound to Katue Kitasono
TLS-2 Anno XVI, Via Marsala 12-5, Rapallo, with Gaudier-Brzeska profile head. 9 February 1938
DearK
Am still too busy to be civil, and politeness floats as a vision/ attainable possibly in April.
Editors of Broletto and Townsman both here yesterday.
I hope Broletto has reached you. Peroni wants more news of Japan. Yr/ photo of Fenollosa's grave came just in time for second issue and has gone to print shop.
//
IMPOSSIBLE to translate Japanese poetry into Italian,
send something in very simple english prose that you, the VOU club might like Italians to know.
? 56
SECTIONII: 1936-66
if you can.
Townsman wants to print one poem each issue (that is every three months, the best poem of the VOU club/ in the original either reproduc- ing the original writing, as your signature in Broletto or in the beautiful font of type used in "Summer's Hand Writes"). You can send translation, but in each case we will want each character explained. As in the poem in my edition of Fenollosa's Chinese written character, (moon Rays etc. )
also/ what does VOU stand for? telescope word?
fl
UTAi ? ? or what
^q tf
You can choose a Japanese poem; or have the whole club choose the poem of the season which they think would be most compre- hensible in the Occident.
from editorial view point, it wd/ be preferable that the poem be the sea- son's expression of the group of Tokio poets.
That wd/ be better for the bilingual publication/ and if we give a brief lesson in ideogram in every number of Townsman, perhaps a few read- ers will start learning to read.
English is middle ground/ impossible to translate ideogramic thought into a language inflected as the latin languages are. I will contin- ue this another day. Our Purcell music has had good press/ and I have sent back 180 sheets of galley proof to Faber/
so my brevity might be excused.
63: Katue Kitasono to Ezra Pound TLS-2 Tokio, Japan. 16 March 1938
Dear Mr. Ezra Pound,
I have received Miss Maria's Book at last.
ever E
Firstly its simple original design by a good papa perfectly attracted me. No Japanese papa would make such a pleasing booklet for his daughter, even though he would buy for her an expensive camera or a pretty dress etc. which could be found easily in any department store.
? SECTIONII: 1936-66 57
I havehadnoideaaboutTyrolexceptforestsandshepherds.
This very young lady writer eloquently tells me things in Tirol one by one. I hearherasattentivelyasshewouldhavebeenveryattentivewhen she listened to Peter's tales or observed the growth of hay.
She is, too, a very amusing teller.
Now I am translating it into Japanese that children of my country may read it. I fear lest I should fail to preserve the naivety of her literature, that you have done very well.
Broletto had arrived at me before your torn page. It is almost a surprise that I can see my "Letters of Summer" reproduced so gorgeously in that beautiful magazine.
Very grateful for you and Mr. Carlo Peroni.
Now I am writing some news for BroJetto.
I enclose a poem for Townsman. I shall be glad if you will correct the
translation suitably.
I don't know at all about the sonatas of Henry Purcell but I can guess the
publication of his music will be of deep significance.
Did you explain about music and microphotography at the concert? I have read "Music and Progress" by Olga Rudge in Townsman, and so
can get some idea of your lecture.
Yesterday I received New Directions 37.
Mr. James Laughlin iv wrote me that he wants to have our poems for his
review of 1938.
The word VOU has no meaning as the word DADA.
only a sign. One day I found myself arranging whimsically these three
characters on the table of a caf6. That's all.
On the 12th, March I went to see Youngmen's Noh Plays performed on the stage of Marquis Hosokawa. It was a demonstration of young pro- fessional Noh players under the support of leading Noh players. I enclose the program.
Please give my good wishes to Miss Maria.
Ever yours, Katue Kitasono
? 58
SECTIONII: 1936-66
64: Katue Kitasono to Ezra Pound TLS-6 [n. p. ] 26 March 1938
Explanatory Notes on the Photographs TACHi (long sword)
These four swords in the photographs are called Tachi, from 70cm. to 90cm. long, chiefly used for fighting.
(4) is also called Efudachi, special in shape, worn by Samurais in court. (1), (2), (3) are for the usual wear of the general Samurais, also used for fighting, in this case Samurais of high rank hung it level on their sides by the fixings of (4).
The names of these swordsmiths as follows:
1 IchimonjiYoshihira
2 Tairano Nagamori
3 NakajimaRai
4 Shikibunojyo Nobukuni
AiKUCHi (short sword)
These three short swords are called Aikuchi, Tanto, and Sasuga, used for
self-protection.
Samurai wore it on his side with a long sword, and woman put it in a brocade bag and held between her sashes.
There are many beautiful designs of Aikuchi.
Its length is between 25cm. and 30cm.
1 Insyu Kagenaga 2 Muramasa
3 Hojyu
These above measurements are only of the blade part, excepting that part in a hilt. They were all made during the years 1100-1400.
Katue Kitasono
? SECTIONII: 1936-66 59
? 60 SECTIONII: 1936-66
? SECTIONII: 1936-66 61
II r. -iiajai'iLW* -ftii; l]hli]\<iik^^:m
1^ {
sr-i-^=^
iio-MJttru^L^at^M > ? t A /JVifH</if. f]
ii^r>><>;:! ,-^ dus'* II tvfTt'>>n! V 7J). '. )f If^r. /'iV
? 62
SECTIONII: 1936-66
NIPPONTO (Japanese Sword)
A brilliant ceremony was held to make a present of Japanese armour and sword to Premier Mussolini, on the 20th March, at Hibiya-Park, Tokio.
At this memorable event, I want to give my views about Nipponto (Japanese sword).
This is at once to tell the Japanese ideas of swords, and at the same time to make clear why we Japanese have presented Nipponto to Premier Musso- lini.
Atmidnight,stillandsilent,1 drawanoldswordandfixmyeyesonthe crystalline blade in the faint light of a candle.
This is the moment I love most, and my head becomes cool and strained. It is in this moment that 1 feel directly the lives and morals of all the ages our ancestors passed through.
These feelings grow into a praise, adoration, and worship for our ancestors, and Japanese sword symbolizes all of them.
In old times our ancestors kept their faith with swords, which not only chastised one who broke it, but chastised even its owner when he broke it himself. The sword was the last sacred judge.
A Samurai used to say, "I will never do it in the presence of my sword," or "I will do it by my sword. " The former means that he will not do such a thing because it is disgrace to his sword (the honour of a Samurai), and the latter that if he fail, his sword will settle the matter (that is, he will die).
Before 1800 the social conditions were still unsafe owing to the in- complete political system. People had to, therefore, protect themselves and their families with weapons among which were swords of excellent quality which they especially longed for. This attachment was so strong that even when to fight a duel, every one took pride in telling the antagonist the name of the maker of his sword. He said, "I will fight you with this sword, Sekinomagoroku," or "This sword, Sekinomagoroku will not forgive you. "
Thus the sword was greatly respected, and excellent swords were handed down for generations as heirlooms of the family, and it was very disgraceful and undutiful to one's ancestors to lose them.
Many old Japanese tales consist of various troubles connected with a noted sword. Indeed, Japanese swords brought forth a great many legends and tragedies just as precious stones did in Europe.
It is, therefore, to express one's highest respect that he should make a present of a sword to some person.
At the Restoration of Meiji, the Samurai class was abolished and people
? SECTIONII: 1936-66 63
were forbidden to wear a sword, but their attachment for swords has never become weak.