The wife of
Claudius
Asellus
LICHAS or LICHES (Aixas, aixos).
LICHAS or LICHES (Aixas, aixos).
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
12, viii.
11, b; Caes.
B.
C.
i.
26.
) was consul in A.
D.
16, with T.
Statilius Sisenna
Libo accompanied Pompey to Greece, and was Taurus. (Dion Cass. lvii. 15; Tac. Ann. ii. 1. )
actively engaged in the war that ensued. He and
LIBO, CN. STATI’LIUS, known only from
M. Octavius were placed over the Liburnian and coins, a specimen of which is given below. On the
Achaean fleets, serving as legates to Bibulus, who obverse is a head with cn. STATI. LIBO, and on
had the supreme command of the Pompeian fleet the reverse a patera or discus, and a vessel used
They were very successful against Caesar's generals apparently in sacrifices, with Sacerdos. On some
in Dalmatia ; Dolabella they drove out of the specimens we find praef. (i. e. Praefectus). The
country, and C. Antonius they not only defeated coin was certainly not struck in Italy; and it has
but made prisoner. (Caes. B. C. iii. 5 ; Dion Cass. been conjectured that it was struck in Spain, and
xli. 40; Florus, iv. 2. $ 31 ; Oros. vi. 15. ) Libo that the head on the obverse represents that of M.
subsequently joined Bibulus ; and, on the death of Agrippa. (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 316. )
the latter shortly afterwards, the chief authority in
the fleet appears to have devolved upon him, al-
though no one was expressly appointed to the
supreme command. With fifty ships he appeared
before Brundisium, in order to blockade the
place strictly, as M. Antony was still there with
part of Caesar's troops, waiting for an opportunity
to cross over to Greece. But having suffered a
repulse from Antony, and being prevented by the
cavalry of the latter from obtaining any water, Libo
was obliged to retire from the place, and Antony
زیاد كرا
COIN OP CN, STATILIUS LIBO.
## p. 781 (#797) ############################################
LICHAS.
781
LICINIA.
LIBON (116wv), an Eleian, was the architect 2. A Spartan, son of Arcesilaus, was proxenus
of the great temple of Zeus in the Altis at Olympia, of Argos and one of the ambassadors who proposed
which was built by the Eleians out of the spoils of to the Argives, without success, in B. C. 422, a
Pisa and other neighbouring cities, which had re renewal of the truce, then expiring, between Argos
volted from them, and had been again subdued. and Sparta. (Thuc. v. 14, 22. ) In B. C. 4:20, when
(Paus. v. 10. § 2 or 3. ) This event is believed to the Spartans had been excluded by the Eleians
have occurred about (l. 50, B. C. 580 (16. vi. 22, from the Olympic games because of their alleged
§ 2 or 4); but there is no reason to suppose breach of the sacred truce in the seizure of Lepreun,
that the temple was commenced immediately, or Lichas sent a chariot into the lists in the name of
even soon, after this date. It seems more probable the Boeotian commonwealth ; but, his horses having
that the temple had not been very long completed won the victory, he came forward and crowned the
when Phidias began to make in it his gold and charioteer, by way of showing that he was himself
ivory statue of Zeus (Ol. 85. 4, B. C. 43? ). Allow the real conqueror. For this he was publicly beaten
ing for the time which so magnificent a work as by the Eleian pabbouxoi, and Sparta did not forget
this temple would occupy, we may safely place the the insult, though no notice was taken of it at ihe
architect's date somewhat before the middle of the time. (Thuc. v. 49, 50 ; Xen. Hell. iii. 2. & 21 ;
fifth century B. C. The temple itself is described Paus. vi. 2. ) In B. c. 418, he succeeded in in-
by Pausanias (v. 10). A few ruins of it remain. ducing the Argives to make peace with Lacedae-
(Stanhope, Olympia, p. 9 ; Cockerell, Bill. Ital. mon after the battle of Mantineia. (Thuc. v. 76. )
1831, No. 191, p. 205; Blonet, Expéilition Scient. In B. C. 412, he was one of the eleven commis-
de la Morie, livr. 11, pl
. 62, foll. ) [P. S. ] sioners sent out to inquire into the conduct of
LI'BYA (11bún). 1. A daughter of Epaphus Astyochus, the Spartan admiral, and was foremost
and Memphis, from whom Libya (Africa) is said in protesting against the treaties which had been
to have derived its name. By Poseidon she is said made with Persia by Chalcideus and Theramenes
to have been the mother of Agenor, Belus, and Lelex. (the Lacedaemonian) respectively, - especially
(Paus. i. 44. $ 3; Apollod. ii. 1. § 4, iii. 1. § 1. ) against that clause in them which acknowledged
2. A daughter of Palamedes, and by Hermes the king's right to all the territories that had been
the mother of Libys. (Hygin. Fab. 160. ) under the rule of his ancestors. We find him,
3. A sister of Asia. (Tzetz. ud Lycoph. however, in the following year, disapproving of the
1277. )
(L. S. ) violence of the Milesians in rising on the Persian
LIBYS, the name of two mythical personages, garrison in their town, as he thought it prudent to
one a son of Libya (Hygin. Fab. 160), and the keep on good terms with the king as long as the
other one of the Tyrrhenian pirates whom Bacchus war with Athens lasted ; and his remonstrances
changed into dolphins. (Ov. Met. iii. 617. ) (L. S. ) so exasperated the Milesians, that, after his death
LIBYSTI'NUS, that is, the Libyan, a sur- (which was a natural one) in their country, they
name under which Apollo was worshipped by the would not allow the Lacedaemonians there to bury
Sicilians, because he was believed to have destroyed him where they wished. (Thuc. viii. 18, 37, 39,
by a pestilence a Libyan fleet which sailed against 43, 52, 84. ) We learn from Xenophon and Plu-
Sicily. (Macrob. Sat. i. 17. )
[L. S. ] tarch that he was famous throughout Greece for his
LICHAS (Alxas), an attendant of Heracles. hospitality, especially in his entertainment of
He brought to his master the deadly garment, and strangers at the Gymnopaedia (see Dict. of Ant. s.
as a punishment, was thrown by him into the sea, v. ); for there is no reason to suppose this Lichas
where the Lichadian islands, between Euboea and a different person, unless, indeed, we press closely
the coast of Locris, were believed to have derived what Plutarch says, - - that he was renowned
their name from him. (Ov. Met. ix. 155, 211, among the Greeks for nothing but his hospitality.
&c. ; Hygin. Fab. 36 ; Strab. ix. p. 426, x. p. (Xen. Mem. i. 2. § 61; Plut. Cim. 10; comp.
447. ) A Latin of the same name occurs in Virgil. Müller, Dor. iv. 9. $ 5. )
(E. E. )
(Aen. x. 315. )
[L. S. ) LICI'NIA. ].
The wife of Claudius Asellus
LICHAS or LICHES (Aixas, aixos). 1. One (Asellus, No. 3], lived about the middle of the
of the Spartan Agathoergi (see Dict. of Ant. second century B. C. When she and Publicia were
s. v. ), who, according to the story, enabled his accused of murdering their husbands, they gave
couutrymen to fulfil the oracle, which had made bail to the praetor for their appearance, but were
their conquest of Tegea conditional on their ob- put to death by order of their relatives, consequently
taining thence the bones of Orestes. Lichas, having by a judicium domesticum. (Liv. Epit. 48 ; Val.
gone to Tegea in the course of his mission, disco- Max. vi. 3. § 8 ; Rein, Criminalrecht der Römer,
vered the existence of a gigantic coffin under a p. 407. )
blacksmith's shop, - a place answering remarkably 2. A vestal virgin, and the daughter of C.
to the enigmatical description of the oracle. He Licinius Crassus, tribune of the plebs, B. C. 145
reported this at home, and, his countrymen having (Crassus, No. 3]. She dedicated in B. c. 123 a
pretended to banish him, he came again to Tegea, chapel in a public place; but the college of pon-
persuaded the smith to let him his house, and tiffs declared, when the matter was laid before
having dug up the bones, returned with them to them by order of the senate, that the dedication
Sparta. From this time the Spartans were always was invalid, as it had been made in a public place,
victorions over the Tegeans. The date of the without the command of the people : the chapel
everts, with which the above tale is connected, we was therefore removed. (Cic. pro Dom. 53. ) The
do not know with accuracy ; but they occurred preceding Licinia appears to be the same vestal
early in the reign of Anaxandrides and Ariston, virgin who was accused of incest, together with
which began probably about B. c. 560. (Herod. i. two of her companions, in B. c. 114. It appears
67, 68 ; Larcher, ad loc. ; Paus. iji. 3, 1l, viii. that a Roman knight of the name of L. Veturius
5 ; comp. Clinton, F. II. vol. i. pp. 92, 102, 339, had seduced Aemilia, one of the vestals, and that,
vol. ii. p. 207. )
anxious to have companions in her guilt, she had
## p. 782 (#798) ############################################
782
LICINIA.
LICINIANUS.
induced Marcia and Licinia to submit to the em- the younger Marius. Hence we find the elder
braces of the friends of her seducer. Marcia con- Marius spoken of as the affinis of the orator
fined her favours to her original lover ; but Licinia Crassus (Cic. pro Balb. 21, de Orat. i. 15. § 66, i.
and Aemilia had intercourse with numerous other 2. $ 8). An impostor of the name of Amatius op
persons ; their guilt notwithstanding remained a Herophilus, pretended to have sprung from this
secret for some time, till at length a slave, called marriage. (AMATIUS. )
Manius, who had assisted them in all their intrigues, LICI'NIA GENS, a celebrated plebeian gens,
disappointed in receiving neither his freedom nor the to which belonged C. Licinius Calvus Stolo, whose
rewards which had been promised him, informed exertions threw open the consulship to the plebeians,
against them. All three were brought to trial ; but and which became one of the most illustrious
as the college of pontiffs, of which the president at gentes in the latter days of the ublic, by the
the time was L. Metellus, condemned (in December, Crassi and Luculli, who were likewise members of
see Macrob. Saturn. i. 10) only Aemilia, but ac- it. The origin of the gens is uncertain. A bilingual
quitted Licinia and Marcia, the subject was brought inscription, published by Lanzi (Suggio di Linna
before the people by Sex. Peducaeus, the tribune Etrusc. vol. ii. p. 342, Rom. 1789), shows that the
of the plebs.
The people adopted the unusual name of Lecne, which frequently occurs in Etrus-
course of taking the matter out of the hands can sepulchral monuments, corresponds to that of
of the pontiffs, by appointing L. Cassius Longinus Licinius, and hence it would appear that the family
(LONGINUS, No. 4) to investigate the matter ; and was of Etruscan origin. This opinion is thought
he condemned not only Licinia who was defended to be supported by the fact, that in the consulship
by L. Crassus, the orator, and Marcia, but also of C. Licinius Calvus Stolo, B. C. 364, Etruscan
many others. The severity with which he acted players took part in the public games at Rome ; but
on this occasion was generally reprobated by public as it is recorded by Livy that scenic games were
opinion. The orator M. Antonius was accused of established in this year to avert the anger of the
being one of the paramours of these virgins, but gods, and that Etruscan players were accordingly
was acquitted. [ANTONIUS, No. 8. )
sent for (Liv, vii. 2), it is not necessary to imagine
Various measures were adopted to purify the that this was done simply because Licinius kept up
state from the pollution which had been brought his connection with Etruria. We moreover find
upon it by these crimes. A temple was built to the name in the cities of Latium, both in the form
the honour of Venus Verticordia, and four men of a cognomen (Licinus), and of the gentile name
were buried alive in the forum boarium, two Greeks (Licinius). Thus we meet in Tusculum with the
and two Gauls, in accordance with the commands Porcii Licini (LICINUS), and in Lanuvium with the
of the Sibylline books. This history of Licinia's Licinii Murenae (Murena). The name would
crimes is of some importance, since it shows us therefore seem to have been originally spread both
that, even as early as this time, the Roman ladies through Etruria and Latium.
of the higher orders had already begun to be in- The first member of this gens who obtained the
fected with that licentious profligacy which was consulship, was the celebrated C. Licinius Calvus
afterwards exhibited with such shamelessness by Stolo, in B. c. 364 ; and from this period down to
the Messallinas and Faustinas of the empire. (Dion the later times of the empire, the Licinii constantly
Cass. Fr. 92 ; Oros. v. 15; Plut. Quaest. Rom. p. held some of the higher offices of the state, until
284, b. ; Ascon. ad Cic. Mil. 12, p. 46, ed. Orelli; eventually they obtained the imperial dignity,
Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. 30, Brut. 43 ; Obsequ. 97 ; [See below, p. 783. )
Liv. Epit. 63. )
The family-names of this gens are, Calvos (with
The vestal virgin Licinia, with whom the trium- the agnomens Esquilinus and Stolo), CRASSUS
vir M. Crassus was accused of having had inter-(with the agnomen Dives ), Geta, LUCULLUS,
course (Plut. Crass. 1), must have been a different MACER, MURENA, Nerva, SACERDOS, VARUS
person from the preceding, as M. Crassus was not | The other cognomens of this gens are personal sur-
born before B. c. 114. She may perhaps have names rather than family-names: they are ARCHIAS,
been the same as the vestal virgin Licinia, the re- CAECINA (CaecINA, No. 10), DAMASIPPUS, Im•
lation of L. Murena, who was of assistance to the BREX, Lartius, LENTICULUS, Nepos, PROCULUS,
latter in his canvass for the consulship, in B. C. 63. REGULUS, RUFINUS, SQUILLUS, Tegula. The
(Cic. pro Mur. 35. § 73. )
only cognomens which occur on coins are Crassus,
3. A daughter of P. Licinius Crassus, consul Macer, Murena, Nerva, Stolo. A few Licinii
B. c. 131, married C. Sulpicius Galba, who was occur without a surname: they are, with one or
condemned in B. c. 110, for having been bribed by two exceptions, freedmen, and are given under
Jugurtha (Galba, No. 8]. (Cic. Brut. 26, 33, LICINIUS.
de Orat. i. 56 ; comp. Tac. Hist. i. 15. )
LICINIA'NUS, an agnomen of M. Calpurnius
4. The sister of No. 3, was married to C. Sem- Piso Frugi, whom Galba associated in the empire,
pronius Gracchus, the celebrated tribune of the A. D. 69. (Piso. )
plebs. (Plut. C. Gracch. 17 ; Dig. 24. tit. 3. s. LICINIANUS, GRA'NIUS, a Latin writer,
66. )
who appears to have written a work entitled
5. The daughter of L. Licinius Crassus the · Fasti," of which the second book is quoted by
orator, consul B. c. 95, married P. Scipio Nasican Macrobius (Saturn. i. 16). As Licinianus in his
praetor B. C.
Libo accompanied Pompey to Greece, and was Taurus. (Dion Cass. lvii. 15; Tac. Ann. ii. 1. )
actively engaged in the war that ensued. He and
LIBO, CN. STATI’LIUS, known only from
M. Octavius were placed over the Liburnian and coins, a specimen of which is given below. On the
Achaean fleets, serving as legates to Bibulus, who obverse is a head with cn. STATI. LIBO, and on
had the supreme command of the Pompeian fleet the reverse a patera or discus, and a vessel used
They were very successful against Caesar's generals apparently in sacrifices, with Sacerdos. On some
in Dalmatia ; Dolabella they drove out of the specimens we find praef. (i. e. Praefectus). The
country, and C. Antonius they not only defeated coin was certainly not struck in Italy; and it has
but made prisoner. (Caes. B. C. iii. 5 ; Dion Cass. been conjectured that it was struck in Spain, and
xli. 40; Florus, iv. 2. $ 31 ; Oros. vi. 15. ) Libo that the head on the obverse represents that of M.
subsequently joined Bibulus ; and, on the death of Agrippa. (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 316. )
the latter shortly afterwards, the chief authority in
the fleet appears to have devolved upon him, al-
though no one was expressly appointed to the
supreme command. With fifty ships he appeared
before Brundisium, in order to blockade the
place strictly, as M. Antony was still there with
part of Caesar's troops, waiting for an opportunity
to cross over to Greece. But having suffered a
repulse from Antony, and being prevented by the
cavalry of the latter from obtaining any water, Libo
was obliged to retire from the place, and Antony
زیاد كرا
COIN OP CN, STATILIUS LIBO.
## p. 781 (#797) ############################################
LICHAS.
781
LICINIA.
LIBON (116wv), an Eleian, was the architect 2. A Spartan, son of Arcesilaus, was proxenus
of the great temple of Zeus in the Altis at Olympia, of Argos and one of the ambassadors who proposed
which was built by the Eleians out of the spoils of to the Argives, without success, in B. C. 422, a
Pisa and other neighbouring cities, which had re renewal of the truce, then expiring, between Argos
volted from them, and had been again subdued. and Sparta. (Thuc. v. 14, 22. ) In B. C. 4:20, when
(Paus. v. 10. § 2 or 3. ) This event is believed to the Spartans had been excluded by the Eleians
have occurred about (l. 50, B. C. 580 (16. vi. 22, from the Olympic games because of their alleged
§ 2 or 4); but there is no reason to suppose breach of the sacred truce in the seizure of Lepreun,
that the temple was commenced immediately, or Lichas sent a chariot into the lists in the name of
even soon, after this date. It seems more probable the Boeotian commonwealth ; but, his horses having
that the temple had not been very long completed won the victory, he came forward and crowned the
when Phidias began to make in it his gold and charioteer, by way of showing that he was himself
ivory statue of Zeus (Ol. 85. 4, B. C. 43? ). Allow the real conqueror. For this he was publicly beaten
ing for the time which so magnificent a work as by the Eleian pabbouxoi, and Sparta did not forget
this temple would occupy, we may safely place the the insult, though no notice was taken of it at ihe
architect's date somewhat before the middle of the time. (Thuc. v. 49, 50 ; Xen. Hell. iii. 2. & 21 ;
fifth century B. C. The temple itself is described Paus. vi. 2. ) In B. c. 418, he succeeded in in-
by Pausanias (v. 10). A few ruins of it remain. ducing the Argives to make peace with Lacedae-
(Stanhope, Olympia, p. 9 ; Cockerell, Bill. Ital. mon after the battle of Mantineia. (Thuc. v. 76. )
1831, No. 191, p. 205; Blonet, Expéilition Scient. In B. C. 412, he was one of the eleven commis-
de la Morie, livr. 11, pl
. 62, foll. ) [P. S. ] sioners sent out to inquire into the conduct of
LI'BYA (11bún). 1. A daughter of Epaphus Astyochus, the Spartan admiral, and was foremost
and Memphis, from whom Libya (Africa) is said in protesting against the treaties which had been
to have derived its name. By Poseidon she is said made with Persia by Chalcideus and Theramenes
to have been the mother of Agenor, Belus, and Lelex. (the Lacedaemonian) respectively, - especially
(Paus. i. 44. $ 3; Apollod. ii. 1. § 4, iii. 1. § 1. ) against that clause in them which acknowledged
2. A daughter of Palamedes, and by Hermes the king's right to all the territories that had been
the mother of Libys. (Hygin. Fab. 160. ) under the rule of his ancestors. We find him,
3. A sister of Asia. (Tzetz. ud Lycoph. however, in the following year, disapproving of the
1277. )
(L. S. ) violence of the Milesians in rising on the Persian
LIBYS, the name of two mythical personages, garrison in their town, as he thought it prudent to
one a son of Libya (Hygin. Fab. 160), and the keep on good terms with the king as long as the
other one of the Tyrrhenian pirates whom Bacchus war with Athens lasted ; and his remonstrances
changed into dolphins. (Ov. Met. iii. 617. ) (L. S. ) so exasperated the Milesians, that, after his death
LIBYSTI'NUS, that is, the Libyan, a sur- (which was a natural one) in their country, they
name under which Apollo was worshipped by the would not allow the Lacedaemonians there to bury
Sicilians, because he was believed to have destroyed him where they wished. (Thuc. viii. 18, 37, 39,
by a pestilence a Libyan fleet which sailed against 43, 52, 84. ) We learn from Xenophon and Plu-
Sicily. (Macrob. Sat. i. 17. )
[L. S. ] tarch that he was famous throughout Greece for his
LICHAS (Alxas), an attendant of Heracles. hospitality, especially in his entertainment of
He brought to his master the deadly garment, and strangers at the Gymnopaedia (see Dict. of Ant. s.
as a punishment, was thrown by him into the sea, v. ); for there is no reason to suppose this Lichas
where the Lichadian islands, between Euboea and a different person, unless, indeed, we press closely
the coast of Locris, were believed to have derived what Plutarch says, - - that he was renowned
their name from him. (Ov. Met. ix. 155, 211, among the Greeks for nothing but his hospitality.
&c. ; Hygin. Fab. 36 ; Strab. ix. p. 426, x. p. (Xen. Mem. i. 2. § 61; Plut. Cim. 10; comp.
447. ) A Latin of the same name occurs in Virgil. Müller, Dor. iv. 9. $ 5. )
(E. E. )
(Aen. x. 315. )
[L. S. ) LICI'NIA. ].
The wife of Claudius Asellus
LICHAS or LICHES (Aixas, aixos). 1. One (Asellus, No. 3], lived about the middle of the
of the Spartan Agathoergi (see Dict. of Ant. second century B. C. When she and Publicia were
s. v. ), who, according to the story, enabled his accused of murdering their husbands, they gave
couutrymen to fulfil the oracle, which had made bail to the praetor for their appearance, but were
their conquest of Tegea conditional on their ob- put to death by order of their relatives, consequently
taining thence the bones of Orestes. Lichas, having by a judicium domesticum. (Liv. Epit. 48 ; Val.
gone to Tegea in the course of his mission, disco- Max. vi. 3. § 8 ; Rein, Criminalrecht der Römer,
vered the existence of a gigantic coffin under a p. 407. )
blacksmith's shop, - a place answering remarkably 2. A vestal virgin, and the daughter of C.
to the enigmatical description of the oracle. He Licinius Crassus, tribune of the plebs, B. C. 145
reported this at home, and, his countrymen having (Crassus, No. 3]. She dedicated in B. c. 123 a
pretended to banish him, he came again to Tegea, chapel in a public place; but the college of pon-
persuaded the smith to let him his house, and tiffs declared, when the matter was laid before
having dug up the bones, returned with them to them by order of the senate, that the dedication
Sparta. From this time the Spartans were always was invalid, as it had been made in a public place,
victorions over the Tegeans. The date of the without the command of the people : the chapel
everts, with which the above tale is connected, we was therefore removed. (Cic. pro Dom. 53. ) The
do not know with accuracy ; but they occurred preceding Licinia appears to be the same vestal
early in the reign of Anaxandrides and Ariston, virgin who was accused of incest, together with
which began probably about B. c. 560. (Herod. i. two of her companions, in B. c. 114. It appears
67, 68 ; Larcher, ad loc. ; Paus. iji. 3, 1l, viii. that a Roman knight of the name of L. Veturius
5 ; comp. Clinton, F. II. vol. i. pp. 92, 102, 339, had seduced Aemilia, one of the vestals, and that,
vol. ii. p. 207. )
anxious to have companions in her guilt, she had
## p. 782 (#798) ############################################
782
LICINIA.
LICINIANUS.
induced Marcia and Licinia to submit to the em- the younger Marius. Hence we find the elder
braces of the friends of her seducer. Marcia con- Marius spoken of as the affinis of the orator
fined her favours to her original lover ; but Licinia Crassus (Cic. pro Balb. 21, de Orat. i. 15. § 66, i.
and Aemilia had intercourse with numerous other 2. $ 8). An impostor of the name of Amatius op
persons ; their guilt notwithstanding remained a Herophilus, pretended to have sprung from this
secret for some time, till at length a slave, called marriage. (AMATIUS. )
Manius, who had assisted them in all their intrigues, LICI'NIA GENS, a celebrated plebeian gens,
disappointed in receiving neither his freedom nor the to which belonged C. Licinius Calvus Stolo, whose
rewards which had been promised him, informed exertions threw open the consulship to the plebeians,
against them. All three were brought to trial ; but and which became one of the most illustrious
as the college of pontiffs, of which the president at gentes in the latter days of the ublic, by the
the time was L. Metellus, condemned (in December, Crassi and Luculli, who were likewise members of
see Macrob. Saturn. i. 10) only Aemilia, but ac- it. The origin of the gens is uncertain. A bilingual
quitted Licinia and Marcia, the subject was brought inscription, published by Lanzi (Suggio di Linna
before the people by Sex. Peducaeus, the tribune Etrusc. vol. ii. p. 342, Rom. 1789), shows that the
of the plebs.
The people adopted the unusual name of Lecne, which frequently occurs in Etrus-
course of taking the matter out of the hands can sepulchral monuments, corresponds to that of
of the pontiffs, by appointing L. Cassius Longinus Licinius, and hence it would appear that the family
(LONGINUS, No. 4) to investigate the matter ; and was of Etruscan origin. This opinion is thought
he condemned not only Licinia who was defended to be supported by the fact, that in the consulship
by L. Crassus, the orator, and Marcia, but also of C. Licinius Calvus Stolo, B. C. 364, Etruscan
many others. The severity with which he acted players took part in the public games at Rome ; but
on this occasion was generally reprobated by public as it is recorded by Livy that scenic games were
opinion. The orator M. Antonius was accused of established in this year to avert the anger of the
being one of the paramours of these virgins, but gods, and that Etruscan players were accordingly
was acquitted. [ANTONIUS, No. 8. )
sent for (Liv, vii. 2), it is not necessary to imagine
Various measures were adopted to purify the that this was done simply because Licinius kept up
state from the pollution which had been brought his connection with Etruria. We moreover find
upon it by these crimes. A temple was built to the name in the cities of Latium, both in the form
the honour of Venus Verticordia, and four men of a cognomen (Licinus), and of the gentile name
were buried alive in the forum boarium, two Greeks (Licinius). Thus we meet in Tusculum with the
and two Gauls, in accordance with the commands Porcii Licini (LICINUS), and in Lanuvium with the
of the Sibylline books. This history of Licinia's Licinii Murenae (Murena). The name would
crimes is of some importance, since it shows us therefore seem to have been originally spread both
that, even as early as this time, the Roman ladies through Etruria and Latium.
of the higher orders had already begun to be in- The first member of this gens who obtained the
fected with that licentious profligacy which was consulship, was the celebrated C. Licinius Calvus
afterwards exhibited with such shamelessness by Stolo, in B. c. 364 ; and from this period down to
the Messallinas and Faustinas of the empire. (Dion the later times of the empire, the Licinii constantly
Cass. Fr. 92 ; Oros. v. 15; Plut. Quaest. Rom. p. held some of the higher offices of the state, until
284, b. ; Ascon. ad Cic. Mil. 12, p. 46, ed. Orelli; eventually they obtained the imperial dignity,
Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. 30, Brut. 43 ; Obsequ. 97 ; [See below, p. 783. )
Liv. Epit. 63. )
The family-names of this gens are, Calvos (with
The vestal virgin Licinia, with whom the trium- the agnomens Esquilinus and Stolo), CRASSUS
vir M. Crassus was accused of having had inter-(with the agnomen Dives ), Geta, LUCULLUS,
course (Plut. Crass. 1), must have been a different MACER, MURENA, Nerva, SACERDOS, VARUS
person from the preceding, as M. Crassus was not | The other cognomens of this gens are personal sur-
born before B. c. 114. She may perhaps have names rather than family-names: they are ARCHIAS,
been the same as the vestal virgin Licinia, the re- CAECINA (CaecINA, No. 10), DAMASIPPUS, Im•
lation of L. Murena, who was of assistance to the BREX, Lartius, LENTICULUS, Nepos, PROCULUS,
latter in his canvass for the consulship, in B. C. 63. REGULUS, RUFINUS, SQUILLUS, Tegula. The
(Cic. pro Mur. 35. § 73. )
only cognomens which occur on coins are Crassus,
3. A daughter of P. Licinius Crassus, consul Macer, Murena, Nerva, Stolo. A few Licinii
B. c. 131, married C. Sulpicius Galba, who was occur without a surname: they are, with one or
condemned in B. c. 110, for having been bribed by two exceptions, freedmen, and are given under
Jugurtha (Galba, No. 8]. (Cic. Brut. 26, 33, LICINIUS.
de Orat. i. 56 ; comp. Tac. Hist. i. 15. )
LICINIA'NUS, an agnomen of M. Calpurnius
4. The sister of No. 3, was married to C. Sem- Piso Frugi, whom Galba associated in the empire,
pronius Gracchus, the celebrated tribune of the A. D. 69. (Piso. )
plebs. (Plut. C. Gracch. 17 ; Dig. 24. tit. 3. s. LICINIANUS, GRA'NIUS, a Latin writer,
66. )
who appears to have written a work entitled
5. The daughter of L. Licinius Crassus the · Fasti," of which the second book is quoted by
orator, consul B. c. 95, married P. Scipio Nasican Macrobius (Saturn. i. 16). As Licinianus in his
praetor B. C.
