Koch
GRÜNBERG
of the University of
Royal Academy, 8.
Royal Academy, 8.
Athenaeum - London - 1912a
Surgical carbon electrodes are inserted into a carbon tube groove suitable to receive doorposts.
fever,” as it was called, killed one patient resistance furnace at high temperatures, and are
after another. Lister set himself to study connected externally through a suitable
current-
this phenomenon, and, applying Pasteur's
If one of the electrodes is suddenly
MATHEMATICAL. --Feb. 8. -Dr. H. F. Baker,
far-reaching discoveries in bacteriology,
displaced to a colder or hotter part of the furnace; President, in the chair. --Messrs. H. J. Priestley
a reversible transient current is produced in the
devised a series of germicides and the
and C. J. T. Sewell were elected Members.
circuit without the application of any external
The President alluded to the loss the world, and
treatment with carbolic acid now universally potential. By such
currents up to
especially the Cambridge mathematical world,
familiar. His first public announcement 2. ampères have been obtained. The produc-
had sustained by the death of Mr. W. M. Coates.
came in 1865, but it was some years before
tion of an alternating current is thus rendered
-Mr. Hardy read a paper on 'Some Results con-
possible by the use of a suitable periodic device.
he fully established against hostile criticism • The so-called Thermoid Effect and the Ques-
cerning Diophantine Approximations, which led
the validity of his antiseptic methods, which
to much discussion. --Papers by Profs. W. Burn-
tion of Superheating of a Platinum-Silver Re-
side and H. C. Dixon were communicated from
he steadily improved,
sistance used in Continuous-Flow Calorimetry,' by
the chair.
Prof. H. T. Barneg.
His results spoke for themselves ; not "An Optical Determination of the Variation
only were operations of all kinds hitherto of Stress in a Thin Rectangular Plate subjected HELLENIC. -Feb. 13. -Mr. Guy Dickins read
regarded as impossible performed with to Shear,' by Dr. E. G. Coker.
& paper on 'Chilon and the Growth of Spartan
Spectroscopic Observations : Lithium and Policy. '
safety, but also amputations, which were
Mr. Dickins said the early history of
Sparta differed very little from that of other
previously hurried on to escape putrefaction, cesium,' by Dr. P. V. Bevan.
"A Metrical Analysis of Chromosome Com- Greek states. During the eighth century B. C. the
were avoided. It is difficult to believe now plexes, showing Correlation between Evolutionary old monarchical system in Greece was generally
66
measurer.
means
6
## p. 199 (#163) ############################################
No. 4399, FEB. 17, 1912
199
THE ATHENÆUM
are
numerous
as
more
>
or
or
superseded by aristocracies or permitted to survive
is now on his way to explore the upper
only in a mutilated form. In the middle of the
seventh century a further reaction set in, and
course of the Uraricuèra and the sources of
Science Gossip.
democratic movements led to de widespread
the Orinoco, a neighbourhood in which there
adoption of tyranny, which itself gave way, about
Indian tribes who have
DR. ALLEN HARKER'S Royal Institution
a century later, to a revival of constitutional
forms in the shape of democracies or moderate
lecture on very high temperatures went
never yet come in contact with white men.
oligarchies. Sparta offered no exception to this off very well yesterday week, although he
The astronomical sensation suggested at
rule. We might put the synecism of the five altered his intention of producing.
the beginning of January by a telegram
Dorian settlements about 800 B. C. , rather earlier
an illustration the boiling-point of 'iron. from America seeming to imply the breaking
than the general emergence of Greek states from
chaos; the struggle between the principles of
Instead, he showed in an electric furnace up of Saturn's ring was apparently based on
the boiling-point of tin, at about 2,300° C. , a mistranslation.
monarchy and aristocracy about 720, when the
Prof. Todd of Amherst
Rhetra of Lycurgus marked a satisfactory settle- and he made clear the practical difficulty College, New York, for some reason not very
ment; and the rise of democratic principles under of estimating temperatures higher than any obvious, sent his message in Latin, and the
Asteropus about 620.
Chilon the ephor lived about 550, and was the scale which he exhibited the highest point esse interpretatus sum.
that can be produced on the earth. In the words quam oculorum dissipationem anuli
contained in it
creator of historic Sparta. Hitherto the social,
artistic, and constitutional development of Sparta
marked was the 5,000° C. supposed to
were taken to imply planetary catastrophe,
had been normal, but we now find a revolution exist in the sun; and he mentioned that For some years past Prof. Todd has observed
in all departments of Spartan life. Socially Prof. Kamerlingh Onnes had informed him Saturn in the hope of optically resolving the
Sparta ceased to be an art-producing community.
Luxury and wealth declined, warfare became
that, by the use of a very large quantity of ring, or, in other words, of visualizing the
professional, and strangers like Timotheus or
helium, he had succeeded in producing a separate particles of which it is composed,
Theodorus no longer found a welcome. In con- temperature of little
than 1° and he considered that the words “ oculorum
stitutional history there was a rapid rise of the absolute, or – 273° C. Coupled with this, dissipatio” gave the correct equivalent in
ephorate to power, and the relations of Ariston one should consider Sir James Dewar's Latin of optical resolution," and should
and Anaxandrides with the ephors show that the remark earlier in the session-i. e. , that not have been taken to mean an actual
kings could now be deposed or threatened with
deposition. We may therefore attribute to this Prof. Nernst's and Prof. Onnes's latest dissipation of the ring.
period the origin of the Ino-Pasiphae cult at experiments all went to show that, as the
Thalamas, a Cretan ritual probably due to the absolute zero of temperature is approached,
THE rather mysterious appearance called
the zodiacal light,' sometimes seen
influence of Epimenides and Chilon, and intended the specific heats and the electrical resist- extending upwards from the western horizon,
as a counterblast to the royal influence at Delphi.
The most startling changes were in foreign policy and matter becomes, so to speak, undiffer-
ance of all the chemical elements disappear, like the beam of a faint searchlight, on spring
since Sparta suddenly abandoned the policy of
evenings, from the eastern horizon
conquest for that of confederation. This change entiated.
before dawn in the autumn, has been
was due not to inability to conquer Tegea, nor to On the biological side, Prof. Bateson's supposed to
fears fabout the helot population, but to the
be the effect of cosmical
policy of Chilon, which was wholly devoted to
course at the same Institution on 'The Study dust,
which
small meteoric bodies
the principle of lessening the powers of the kings
of Genetics ’ is drawing to a close, the con- surround the sun, as Saturn's ring sur-
and increasing those of the epbors. Foreign cluding lecture being fixed for Tuesday, the rounds that planet, and it is thought that
conquest was abandoned because it would redound 20th inst. Prof. Bateson, who has taken these are what we see.
to the advantage of the kings as generals and
A correspondent
colonizers. The reintroduction at this time of the
occasion more than once during the course of a contemporary makes the suggestion
áywyn, or rules for life, attributed to Lycurgus,
to correct the reports of his remarks appear that the existence of such a swarm of small
and really derived from immemorial Dorian tra-
ing in the daily press, has insisted throughout cosmical bodies may be the cause of the
dition, was due to the samo principle of establish- on the difficulties which await what he calls isothermal layer of the earth's atmosphere,
ing a completely democratic or socialistic state the "systematists” when they attempt to or thr stratum of air about 7 miles above
in which neither tyranny nor aristocracy could clasisfy or
find a footing. Sparta was thus led by her ex.
even to state the principles the earth's surface, where the temperature
clusiveness to champion particularism against
governing variation in animals and plants. does not decrease with height, lately de-
Panhellenism, and to renounce empire in favour In one of his lectures Prof. Bateson drew tected by meteorologists. The idea is
of a vague hegemony. At first the Chilonian attention to the division of the cell which that the heat received from the sun by
scheme was accepted, but after the lapse of a
generation Cleomenes instituted a struggle with
can be observed with the microscope, with these small bodies, which are a good deal
the ephorate which ended in the practical anni-
the remark that we have no notion what beyond the earth's atmosphere, is reflected
bilation of the royal power.
it is that is actually happening. It is likely, into our atmosphere and penetrates its
A discussion followed, in which Sir Arthur however, that this uncertainty may before layers as far as the outer limits of the cloud
Evans, Dr. Waldstein, Mr. E. Norman Gardiner, long be removed. In a lecture at the layer.
and Mr. P. N. Ure took part.
Lister Institute published in the current
number
of the Proceedings of the Royal of forty years ago Mr. G. B. Longstaff, in
AFTER some entomological reminiscences
Society of Medicine, Sir Ronald Ross de-
Yox. Victoria and Albert Museum, 5. -'Famous Elizabethan Man.
scribed a process elaborated by his brother,
Butterfly Hunting in Many Lands,' gives
Institute of British Architecta, S. -'Collegiate Architecture,' Mr. H. C. Ross, and himself, by which cell.
a detailed account of his experiences in
Royal Academy. 8. — Pigments Old and New, and their Value division in the case of leucocytes, or the and South Africa, the West Indies, and
recent years in India, Ceylon, Japan, North
Society of Arts, $. - The Meat Industry. Lecture I[I. , 'The white corpuscles of the blood in man and
Pig and its Products,' Mr. L. M. Douglas. (Cantor Lecture. )
TUES. Royal Institution, 3. - The study of Genetics,' Lecture VI. ,
other animals, could not only be observed, but
New Zealand, a winter ascent of the Peak
British Museum, 4. 30. - 'Roman Tombs, Aqueducts, and
also forced, as it were, to take place at will.
of Tenerife and the Jamaican earthquake
Statistical, 8. - The Rate of Discount and the Price of Console. "
This is the result of the addition of certain being described at some length. Butterflies
chemicals belonging to the amidine grouping, bees and wasps. come in for a share of atten-
Mr. T. T. Williams; 'The Rate of Interest since 1884,' Mr.
the first place, but moths and beetles,
Illuminating Engineering, 8. -Shoplighting. ' Messrs. N. W.
to which the discoverers have given the
Prangnell and A. E. Broadberry.
Institution of Civil Engineers, 8. -'Some Features of the West
names of auxetics and augmentors.
tion. Isolated entries in notebooks are strung
The
Anthropological
Institute, 8. 15. --Farther Cave Explorations
first-named include extracts of different together into a continuous narrative, especial
in Gibraltar in September, 1911,' Dr. W. L. H. Duckworth; organs, such as creatine and xanthine, and last chapter numerous observations
attention being given to habits. In the
On some Prehistoric Monumonts in the Departments Gard
and Bouches du Rhône,' Mr. A. L. Lewis.
vegetable alkaloids, among which are theo
Zoological, 8. 30. - Notes on Age-determination in Scales of
Salmonoide, with special reference to Wye Salmon,' Dr. A. T. bromine and caffeine ; while the augmentors brought together under various headings,
Masterman Studies on Pearl-Oysters,' Dr. H. L'Jameson; comprise atropine, choline, cadaverine, and
such as the scents of butterflies, peculiarities
in their flight or in their attitudes at rest,
Meteorological, 7. 30. - The Thunderstorms of May 31, 1911, the like. As Sir Ronald Ross points out, mimicry, &c. Several new species of various
Mr. J. Fairgrieve; 'The Thunderstorms of July 29, 1911,
Mr. R. G. K. Lempfert ; 'The Drosometer, or Measurer of
this is of great importance in regard to
orders are
figured.
Messrs. Longmans
the genesis of certain tumours and the phy expect to issue the book at the end of the
-
British Numismatic, 8.
Microscopical, 8. -' Fourth List of New Species of Rotifera siological process of healing.
since 1889. Mr. C. F. Rousselet ; . On the Colouring of
month.
Dr.
Koch GRÜNBERG of the University of
Royal Academy, 8. - The Chemistry of Pigments,' Lecture I. ,
Freiburg i/Br. , who has been travelling in
THE LIFE OF THE PLANT,' by C. A.
Society of Arts. 8. -' The British Silk Industry and its De.
velopment since 1903,' Mr. F. Warner.
South America since last summer, has sent Timiriazeff, embodies a course of lectures
Tuors, Royal Institution. 3. -The Portraits of Shakespeare, Autho-
ritative and Otherwise, Lecture II. , Yr. M. H. Spielmann.
home a report of his expedition.
delivered by the author in Moscow to a
Royal, 4. 30. -'The Variation of the Specific Heat of Water
investigated by the Contianous Mixture Method,' Prof. H. L.
plored the districts between Brazil, Vene. general audience. Since their first publica-
Callendar (Bakerian Lecture); Index to Reports of zuela, and British Guiana, crossing extensive tion they have passed through seven edi.
Physical Observations - Electric, Magnetic, Meteorological,
Boismological-made at Kow Observatory. ' Dr. C. Ohree; and savannahs and mountain ranges. On Octo- tions, though now translated into English
Institution of Electrical Engineers, 8. -'The Supply and
ber 7th he ascended the sandstone moun.
for the first time.
Transmission of Power in self-contained Road Vehicles and tains of Guiana (2,600 m. ). In addition A study of the principles of flight is
Locomotives,' Messrs. J. O. Macfarlane and 8. Burge.
Society of Antiquaries, 8. 30.
to drawing, maps of the whole route he contained in The Mechanics of the Aero-
Institution of Civil Eagineers, 8. -Works for the Prevention
of Coast . Krosion, Lecture II. , Mr. W. T. Douglass. traversed, he has studied the habits and plane,' by Capt. Duchêne. The first part
(Students' Meeting. )
Royal Academy, 8. –The Chemistry of Pigments,' Lecture II. ,
languages of the tribes with whom he came of the work deals with the support of the
Royal Institution, 9. -'The Gyrostatic Compass and Practical
in contact, and has, by means of phonograph aeroplane in still air, and the various factors
Applications of Gyrostats,' Mr. G. K. B. Elphinstone. and cinematograph, obtained many valuable of speed, weight, thrust, motive power,
Sat. Royal Lastitution, 3. -'Molecular Physics," Lecture I. , Prof.
records for ethnographical purposes. He lifting efficiency, wing area, gliding flight,
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
sions,' Mr. B. Fletcher.
Mr. E. Warren.
in detecting Forgeries, Dr. A. P. Laurie.
Prof. W. Bateson.
Bridges,' Mr. B. Fletcher.
R. A. Macdonald.
African Governinent Railways,' Mr. F. Shelford.
-
are
-
WED.
Dew,' Mr. S. Skinner.
Lantern-8lides,' Mr. E, J. Spitta.
6
Dr. A. P. Laurie.
-
He ex-
other Papers.
PRI.
Dr. A. P. Laurie.
Bir J. J. Thomson.
## p. 200 (#164) ############################################
200
THE ATHENÆUM
No. 4399, FEB. 17, 1912
>
and starting and alighting. The second sound and brilliant technician. " His esti-
portion is devoted to a careful considera- mate of Moreau and Whistler is discriminat- THE MODERN SOCIETY OF PORTRAIT
tion of the several problems of stability and ing :-
PAINTERS, AND OTHER
turning; and the third to the effect of wind.
A concluding section treats of the theory, of the other a lack of training; of both the absence
“The weakness of the one was a lack of balance,
EXHIBITIONS.
design, and application of propellers. This of any normal and right relation to their public. ”.
and the preceding book will also be issued
THE dull average which depressed visitors
by Messrs. Longmans.
This lack of relation between the artist and to the Royal Society of Portrait Painters is
the public is, in the author's opinion, the root maintained by the junior society at the
of all evil, begetting a competitive system, Institute, although the latter possess the
in its turn responsible for the eccentricity advantage of having most of their work in
of Neo-Impressionists and Post-Impres. an enormous gallery, where a few relatively
sionists. Of these he says :-
interesting pictures, artfully placed, make
FINE ARTS
a good first impression. Mr. G. F. Kelly in
“The scientific spirit, the contempt of tradition, No. 24, Ma-Thein-Kin in her Best Clothes,
the lack of discipline, and the exaltation of the shows most definitely the desire to revive
individual have very nearly made an end of Art. ”
the complex modelling of flesh which has
Writing on the necessity of a mastery of latterly been somewhat discarded for the
OUR LIBRARY TABLE.
facts, he points out how easy it is, with a sake of keeping it in relation to the picture.
good eye and some practice, to learn to The smoothly painted head is a good example
The Classic Point of View : a Critical
copy a head or an arm :-
of Victorian style.
It might have been done
Study of Paintings, by Kenyon Cox
(Werner Laurie), is made out of the “ To learn that head or that arm, so that you shall by Mr. J. W. Waterhouse or, but for a slightly
Scammon Lectures of 1911, delivered by Dental, so that you shall know what is important Alma Tadema. Had Mr. Kelly chosen to com;
be able to distinguish the essential from the acci- greater severity of draughtsmanship, by Sir
the author before the Art Institute of in it, and to your purpose, and what is not; to plete his portrait in the same vein, he would
Chicago. They are interesting for their master it in a word--that is a man's work and takes doubtless have found, as these artists did,
author's views, which are set out with admir- the whole of the man. ”
the extreme difficulty of making the rest
able clearness, and sometimes with eloquence,
also for the picture they afford of the ideals alike in its architecture, sculpture, and paint? fuller the representation of so highly organized
It is noteworthy that America should, of the canvas other than extraneous. The
and practice of American art. In a preface
ing, be steeped in the Classic Spirit, more a thing as a human face, the greater is the
Mr. Cox seeks to justify a somewhat arbitrary conservative than Europe, and less influenced tendency for the painting of the dress and
tone, characteristic perhaps of a young and by fads and fashions than any other country. accessories to become a matter of imitative
these lectures as an opportunity to draw up artists and public are serious people and up into fragments of actuality. Yet it is
“a detailed and explicit confession of artistic faith love the sane and the sound thing. The no improvement to daub in these accessories
na statement of what one painter believes and public in America demands sanity and carelessly in the manner of a weak imitation
are of Mr. Sargent, and on the whole we prefer a
takes to be the malady, of modern art, and of where striving, by discipline and self-control and good unalloyed Tadema, such as the well-
hard work, to produce, without compromising known portrait of his daughter.
Of the six lectures, the most interesting, their artistic ideal, what the public wants. Mr. G. Philpot's Sculptor and Model (8) and
also the most controversial, is "The We cannot here discuss many good Mr. G. Lambert's Eve Balfour are, perhaps,
Classic Spirit. ' Those on Technique, on things in the remaining lectures. Mr. Cox, still worse examples of mixed intentions. In
Drawing, or on Light and Shade may be when he is master of his text, writes with each case the general aspect of the picture
fruitful of discussion amongst painters ; the white heat of conviction ; his statements seems an imitation of work conceived in
educational authorities will fix on the first, have reference mostly to pictures illustrated some mood of abstraction; but each painter
and, whatever their views, welcome the by photographs throughout the book : an has remembered that realistic execution is his
sincere and stimulating appeal to students instance, surely, of photography as a useful principal accomplishment, and seems bent on
to work out their own salvation, avoiding handmaid of Art! "Whether his views are displaying it. The broad architectonic
the short cuts and by-path alleys leading those of our professors of art or not, it handling of masses by which the plastic
no whither-it is an appeal to study the is an eminently safe volume to put in the details of the painter's subject seem the
Classic Spirit—to love clearness and reason. hands of English students : it will make natural outcome of the process of dividing
ableness and self-control. That spirit the them think for themselves, and perhaps up the square space at his disposal—this,
author defines as
open their eyes to the folly of attempting the art adumbrated by Velasquez, is the
above all the love of permanence and continuity. short cuts in the pursuit of their ideal. souvenir evoked by the look of Mr. Philpot's
It seeks not merely to express individuality or
picture. Its actual structure does not bear
emotion, but to express disciplined emotion and MR. BATSFORD, the publisher, is to be con. out the pretension. The central figure is
individuality, restrained by lawle It strives for the gratulated upon the beautiful reproductions weakly drawn, without the firm hold on
rather than the momentary. . it loves to steep itself The mural decorations at Pompeii have principal elements which in a truly plastic
immutable or set rigid bound to invention. But it been the subject of two previous works space-composition takes the place of the
desires that each new presentation of truth and illustrated by lithography. The three- more material hold on the surface modelling
beauty shall shew us the old truth and the old colour process enables Mr. Briggs's careful of the body. Without such geometric cer-
beauty, seen only from a different angle and coloured drawings to be faithfully reproduced. Some tainty of draughtsmanship the design be;
by a different medium. "
of these drawings were made several years
a mere vignette, and the central
Mr. Cox will have nothing to say to the ago, and since then the original decorations morceau is marred from a realistic point of
so-called “ Classic School founded by at Pompeii have undergone a change for the view by sudden flatnesses arbitrarily intro-
Jacques Louis David and his followers. The painting was fresco__that is, duced to give the figure an appearance of
To him the confusion of cross-currents, of executed in water colours upon the moist co - ordination with the great mass of
opposing theories and practice, which is stucco of a freshly plastered surface. Expo black in the centre of the picture, which
the history of modern art, is without tradi. sure to the weather must in the long run itself seems rather a device for suggesting
tion, or authoritative guide. The Classic destroy not only the brilliancy of the colours, conventional treatment than the result of
Spirit, as he understands
it, inspired but also the material itself. The destruc- a sound use of convention. The picture
the revolutionary Millet, Corot, Constable, tion of newly excavated work at Crete is has not that unity which gives us the illusion
and the great upholder of the Official very rapid ; one writer suggests that in of apprehending natural physical develop-
School, Ingres. The rank and file, without 100 years no trace of the excavated build- ment, as produced by infinitely subtle
the fundamental knowledge engendered by ings will be left.
combinations of the same laws as lie at the
long apprenticeship to master painters, gone In an admirable little Introduction de root of architectural stability.
like their system, are a ship without a rudder, scribing the city and its history, the author Judged simply as “ morceau painting,
turning this way and that. Of the destruc- adopts the classification of periods suggested Mr. Lambert's
portrait has
passages
tive and disintegrating forces of the day, by Prof. Mau. The drawings are shown on which are superior to anything in Mr.
Mr. Cox singles out photography as the twenty-five plates. They represent frag. Philpot's picture. We cannot refrain from
most disastrous, one only of the encroachments of decoration on columns and walls, a craftsman's relish at the sight of a hand
ments of science on the realm of art. To pavements and ceilings, fountains and furni. and arm painted so frankly and deftly as
him the Pre-Raphaelites stand for an ture. A few are from treasures now the left hand and arm of Miss Eve Balfour.
æsthetic movement established at the cost safely housed in the Naples Museum. Each There is a certain magic in the way in which
of the destruction of the older English plate is faced by some words of explanation the impasto gives the very substance of the
School, of which Etty is cited as or comment.
fever,” as it was called, killed one patient resistance furnace at high temperatures, and are
after another. Lister set himself to study connected externally through a suitable
current-
this phenomenon, and, applying Pasteur's
If one of the electrodes is suddenly
MATHEMATICAL. --Feb. 8. -Dr. H. F. Baker,
far-reaching discoveries in bacteriology,
displaced to a colder or hotter part of the furnace; President, in the chair. --Messrs. H. J. Priestley
a reversible transient current is produced in the
devised a series of germicides and the
and C. J. T. Sewell were elected Members.
circuit without the application of any external
The President alluded to the loss the world, and
treatment with carbolic acid now universally potential. By such
currents up to
especially the Cambridge mathematical world,
familiar. His first public announcement 2. ampères have been obtained. The produc-
had sustained by the death of Mr. W. M. Coates.
came in 1865, but it was some years before
tion of an alternating current is thus rendered
-Mr. Hardy read a paper on 'Some Results con-
possible by the use of a suitable periodic device.
he fully established against hostile criticism • The so-called Thermoid Effect and the Ques-
cerning Diophantine Approximations, which led
the validity of his antiseptic methods, which
to much discussion. --Papers by Profs. W. Burn-
tion of Superheating of a Platinum-Silver Re-
side and H. C. Dixon were communicated from
he steadily improved,
sistance used in Continuous-Flow Calorimetry,' by
the chair.
Prof. H. T. Barneg.
His results spoke for themselves ; not "An Optical Determination of the Variation
only were operations of all kinds hitherto of Stress in a Thin Rectangular Plate subjected HELLENIC. -Feb. 13. -Mr. Guy Dickins read
regarded as impossible performed with to Shear,' by Dr. E. G. Coker.
& paper on 'Chilon and the Growth of Spartan
Spectroscopic Observations : Lithium and Policy. '
safety, but also amputations, which were
Mr. Dickins said the early history of
Sparta differed very little from that of other
previously hurried on to escape putrefaction, cesium,' by Dr. P. V. Bevan.
"A Metrical Analysis of Chromosome Com- Greek states. During the eighth century B. C. the
were avoided. It is difficult to believe now plexes, showing Correlation between Evolutionary old monarchical system in Greece was generally
66
measurer.
means
6
## p. 199 (#163) ############################################
No. 4399, FEB. 17, 1912
199
THE ATHENÆUM
are
numerous
as
more
>
or
or
superseded by aristocracies or permitted to survive
is now on his way to explore the upper
only in a mutilated form. In the middle of the
seventh century a further reaction set in, and
course of the Uraricuèra and the sources of
Science Gossip.
democratic movements led to de widespread
the Orinoco, a neighbourhood in which there
adoption of tyranny, which itself gave way, about
Indian tribes who have
DR. ALLEN HARKER'S Royal Institution
a century later, to a revival of constitutional
forms in the shape of democracies or moderate
lecture on very high temperatures went
never yet come in contact with white men.
oligarchies. Sparta offered no exception to this off very well yesterday week, although he
The astronomical sensation suggested at
rule. We might put the synecism of the five altered his intention of producing.
the beginning of January by a telegram
Dorian settlements about 800 B. C. , rather earlier
an illustration the boiling-point of 'iron. from America seeming to imply the breaking
than the general emergence of Greek states from
chaos; the struggle between the principles of
Instead, he showed in an electric furnace up of Saturn's ring was apparently based on
the boiling-point of tin, at about 2,300° C. , a mistranslation.
monarchy and aristocracy about 720, when the
Prof. Todd of Amherst
Rhetra of Lycurgus marked a satisfactory settle- and he made clear the practical difficulty College, New York, for some reason not very
ment; and the rise of democratic principles under of estimating temperatures higher than any obvious, sent his message in Latin, and the
Asteropus about 620.
Chilon the ephor lived about 550, and was the scale which he exhibited the highest point esse interpretatus sum.
that can be produced on the earth. In the words quam oculorum dissipationem anuli
contained in it
creator of historic Sparta. Hitherto the social,
artistic, and constitutional development of Sparta
marked was the 5,000° C. supposed to
were taken to imply planetary catastrophe,
had been normal, but we now find a revolution exist in the sun; and he mentioned that For some years past Prof. Todd has observed
in all departments of Spartan life. Socially Prof. Kamerlingh Onnes had informed him Saturn in the hope of optically resolving the
Sparta ceased to be an art-producing community.
Luxury and wealth declined, warfare became
that, by the use of a very large quantity of ring, or, in other words, of visualizing the
professional, and strangers like Timotheus or
helium, he had succeeded in producing a separate particles of which it is composed,
Theodorus no longer found a welcome. In con- temperature of little
than 1° and he considered that the words “ oculorum
stitutional history there was a rapid rise of the absolute, or – 273° C. Coupled with this, dissipatio” gave the correct equivalent in
ephorate to power, and the relations of Ariston one should consider Sir James Dewar's Latin of optical resolution," and should
and Anaxandrides with the ephors show that the remark earlier in the session-i. e. , that not have been taken to mean an actual
kings could now be deposed or threatened with
deposition. We may therefore attribute to this Prof. Nernst's and Prof. Onnes's latest dissipation of the ring.
period the origin of the Ino-Pasiphae cult at experiments all went to show that, as the
Thalamas, a Cretan ritual probably due to the absolute zero of temperature is approached,
THE rather mysterious appearance called
the zodiacal light,' sometimes seen
influence of Epimenides and Chilon, and intended the specific heats and the electrical resist- extending upwards from the western horizon,
as a counterblast to the royal influence at Delphi.
The most startling changes were in foreign policy and matter becomes, so to speak, undiffer-
ance of all the chemical elements disappear, like the beam of a faint searchlight, on spring
since Sparta suddenly abandoned the policy of
evenings, from the eastern horizon
conquest for that of confederation. This change entiated.
before dawn in the autumn, has been
was due not to inability to conquer Tegea, nor to On the biological side, Prof. Bateson's supposed to
fears fabout the helot population, but to the
be the effect of cosmical
policy of Chilon, which was wholly devoted to
course at the same Institution on 'The Study dust,
which
small meteoric bodies
the principle of lessening the powers of the kings
of Genetics ’ is drawing to a close, the con- surround the sun, as Saturn's ring sur-
and increasing those of the epbors. Foreign cluding lecture being fixed for Tuesday, the rounds that planet, and it is thought that
conquest was abandoned because it would redound 20th inst. Prof. Bateson, who has taken these are what we see.
to the advantage of the kings as generals and
A correspondent
colonizers. The reintroduction at this time of the
occasion more than once during the course of a contemporary makes the suggestion
áywyn, or rules for life, attributed to Lycurgus,
to correct the reports of his remarks appear that the existence of such a swarm of small
and really derived from immemorial Dorian tra-
ing in the daily press, has insisted throughout cosmical bodies may be the cause of the
dition, was due to the samo principle of establish- on the difficulties which await what he calls isothermal layer of the earth's atmosphere,
ing a completely democratic or socialistic state the "systematists” when they attempt to or thr stratum of air about 7 miles above
in which neither tyranny nor aristocracy could clasisfy or
find a footing. Sparta was thus led by her ex.
even to state the principles the earth's surface, where the temperature
clusiveness to champion particularism against
governing variation in animals and plants. does not decrease with height, lately de-
Panhellenism, and to renounce empire in favour In one of his lectures Prof. Bateson drew tected by meteorologists. The idea is
of a vague hegemony. At first the Chilonian attention to the division of the cell which that the heat received from the sun by
scheme was accepted, but after the lapse of a
generation Cleomenes instituted a struggle with
can be observed with the microscope, with these small bodies, which are a good deal
the ephorate which ended in the practical anni-
the remark that we have no notion what beyond the earth's atmosphere, is reflected
bilation of the royal power.
it is that is actually happening. It is likely, into our atmosphere and penetrates its
A discussion followed, in which Sir Arthur however, that this uncertainty may before layers as far as the outer limits of the cloud
Evans, Dr. Waldstein, Mr. E. Norman Gardiner, long be removed. In a lecture at the layer.
and Mr. P. N. Ure took part.
Lister Institute published in the current
number
of the Proceedings of the Royal of forty years ago Mr. G. B. Longstaff, in
AFTER some entomological reminiscences
Society of Medicine, Sir Ronald Ross de-
Yox. Victoria and Albert Museum, 5. -'Famous Elizabethan Man.
scribed a process elaborated by his brother,
Butterfly Hunting in Many Lands,' gives
Institute of British Architecta, S. -'Collegiate Architecture,' Mr. H. C. Ross, and himself, by which cell.
a detailed account of his experiences in
Royal Academy. 8. — Pigments Old and New, and their Value division in the case of leucocytes, or the and South Africa, the West Indies, and
recent years in India, Ceylon, Japan, North
Society of Arts, $. - The Meat Industry. Lecture I[I. , 'The white corpuscles of the blood in man and
Pig and its Products,' Mr. L. M. Douglas. (Cantor Lecture. )
TUES. Royal Institution, 3. - The study of Genetics,' Lecture VI. ,
other animals, could not only be observed, but
New Zealand, a winter ascent of the Peak
British Museum, 4. 30. - 'Roman Tombs, Aqueducts, and
also forced, as it were, to take place at will.
of Tenerife and the Jamaican earthquake
Statistical, 8. - The Rate of Discount and the Price of Console. "
This is the result of the addition of certain being described at some length. Butterflies
chemicals belonging to the amidine grouping, bees and wasps. come in for a share of atten-
Mr. T. T. Williams; 'The Rate of Interest since 1884,' Mr.
the first place, but moths and beetles,
Illuminating Engineering, 8. -Shoplighting. ' Messrs. N. W.
to which the discoverers have given the
Prangnell and A. E. Broadberry.
Institution of Civil Engineers, 8. -'Some Features of the West
names of auxetics and augmentors.
tion. Isolated entries in notebooks are strung
The
Anthropological
Institute, 8. 15. --Farther Cave Explorations
first-named include extracts of different together into a continuous narrative, especial
in Gibraltar in September, 1911,' Dr. W. L. H. Duckworth; organs, such as creatine and xanthine, and last chapter numerous observations
attention being given to habits. In the
On some Prehistoric Monumonts in the Departments Gard
and Bouches du Rhône,' Mr. A. L. Lewis.
vegetable alkaloids, among which are theo
Zoological, 8. 30. - Notes on Age-determination in Scales of
Salmonoide, with special reference to Wye Salmon,' Dr. A. T. bromine and caffeine ; while the augmentors brought together under various headings,
Masterman Studies on Pearl-Oysters,' Dr. H. L'Jameson; comprise atropine, choline, cadaverine, and
such as the scents of butterflies, peculiarities
in their flight or in their attitudes at rest,
Meteorological, 7. 30. - The Thunderstorms of May 31, 1911, the like. As Sir Ronald Ross points out, mimicry, &c. Several new species of various
Mr. J. Fairgrieve; 'The Thunderstorms of July 29, 1911,
Mr. R. G. K. Lempfert ; 'The Drosometer, or Measurer of
this is of great importance in regard to
orders are
figured.
Messrs. Longmans
the genesis of certain tumours and the phy expect to issue the book at the end of the
-
British Numismatic, 8.
Microscopical, 8. -' Fourth List of New Species of Rotifera siological process of healing.
since 1889. Mr. C. F. Rousselet ; . On the Colouring of
month.
Dr.
Koch GRÜNBERG of the University of
Royal Academy, 8. - The Chemistry of Pigments,' Lecture I. ,
Freiburg i/Br. , who has been travelling in
THE LIFE OF THE PLANT,' by C. A.
Society of Arts. 8. -' The British Silk Industry and its De.
velopment since 1903,' Mr. F. Warner.
South America since last summer, has sent Timiriazeff, embodies a course of lectures
Tuors, Royal Institution. 3. -The Portraits of Shakespeare, Autho-
ritative and Otherwise, Lecture II. , Yr. M. H. Spielmann.
home a report of his expedition.
delivered by the author in Moscow to a
Royal, 4. 30. -'The Variation of the Specific Heat of Water
investigated by the Contianous Mixture Method,' Prof. H. L.
plored the districts between Brazil, Vene. general audience. Since their first publica-
Callendar (Bakerian Lecture); Index to Reports of zuela, and British Guiana, crossing extensive tion they have passed through seven edi.
Physical Observations - Electric, Magnetic, Meteorological,
Boismological-made at Kow Observatory. ' Dr. C. Ohree; and savannahs and mountain ranges. On Octo- tions, though now translated into English
Institution of Electrical Engineers, 8. -'The Supply and
ber 7th he ascended the sandstone moun.
for the first time.
Transmission of Power in self-contained Road Vehicles and tains of Guiana (2,600 m. ). In addition A study of the principles of flight is
Locomotives,' Messrs. J. O. Macfarlane and 8. Burge.
Society of Antiquaries, 8. 30.
to drawing, maps of the whole route he contained in The Mechanics of the Aero-
Institution of Civil Eagineers, 8. -Works for the Prevention
of Coast . Krosion, Lecture II. , Mr. W. T. Douglass. traversed, he has studied the habits and plane,' by Capt. Duchêne. The first part
(Students' Meeting. )
Royal Academy, 8. –The Chemistry of Pigments,' Lecture II. ,
languages of the tribes with whom he came of the work deals with the support of the
Royal Institution, 9. -'The Gyrostatic Compass and Practical
in contact, and has, by means of phonograph aeroplane in still air, and the various factors
Applications of Gyrostats,' Mr. G. K. B. Elphinstone. and cinematograph, obtained many valuable of speed, weight, thrust, motive power,
Sat. Royal Lastitution, 3. -'Molecular Physics," Lecture I. , Prof.
records for ethnographical purposes. He lifting efficiency, wing area, gliding flight,
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
sions,' Mr. B. Fletcher.
Mr. E. Warren.
in detecting Forgeries, Dr. A. P. Laurie.
Prof. W. Bateson.
Bridges,' Mr. B. Fletcher.
R. A. Macdonald.
African Governinent Railways,' Mr. F. Shelford.
-
are
-
WED.
Dew,' Mr. S. Skinner.
Lantern-8lides,' Mr. E, J. Spitta.
6
Dr. A. P. Laurie.
-
He ex-
other Papers.
PRI.
Dr. A. P. Laurie.
Bir J. J. Thomson.
## p. 200 (#164) ############################################
200
THE ATHENÆUM
No. 4399, FEB. 17, 1912
>
and starting and alighting. The second sound and brilliant technician. " His esti-
portion is devoted to a careful considera- mate of Moreau and Whistler is discriminat- THE MODERN SOCIETY OF PORTRAIT
tion of the several problems of stability and ing :-
PAINTERS, AND OTHER
turning; and the third to the effect of wind.
A concluding section treats of the theory, of the other a lack of training; of both the absence
“The weakness of the one was a lack of balance,
EXHIBITIONS.
design, and application of propellers. This of any normal and right relation to their public. ”.
and the preceding book will also be issued
THE dull average which depressed visitors
by Messrs. Longmans.
This lack of relation between the artist and to the Royal Society of Portrait Painters is
the public is, in the author's opinion, the root maintained by the junior society at the
of all evil, begetting a competitive system, Institute, although the latter possess the
in its turn responsible for the eccentricity advantage of having most of their work in
of Neo-Impressionists and Post-Impres. an enormous gallery, where a few relatively
sionists. Of these he says :-
interesting pictures, artfully placed, make
FINE ARTS
a good first impression. Mr. G. F. Kelly in
“The scientific spirit, the contempt of tradition, No. 24, Ma-Thein-Kin in her Best Clothes,
the lack of discipline, and the exaltation of the shows most definitely the desire to revive
individual have very nearly made an end of Art. ”
the complex modelling of flesh which has
Writing on the necessity of a mastery of latterly been somewhat discarded for the
OUR LIBRARY TABLE.
facts, he points out how easy it is, with a sake of keeping it in relation to the picture.
good eye and some practice, to learn to The smoothly painted head is a good example
The Classic Point of View : a Critical
copy a head or an arm :-
of Victorian style.
It might have been done
Study of Paintings, by Kenyon Cox
(Werner Laurie), is made out of the “ To learn that head or that arm, so that you shall by Mr. J. W. Waterhouse or, but for a slightly
Scammon Lectures of 1911, delivered by Dental, so that you shall know what is important Alma Tadema. Had Mr. Kelly chosen to com;
be able to distinguish the essential from the acci- greater severity of draughtsmanship, by Sir
the author before the Art Institute of in it, and to your purpose, and what is not; to plete his portrait in the same vein, he would
Chicago. They are interesting for their master it in a word--that is a man's work and takes doubtless have found, as these artists did,
author's views, which are set out with admir- the whole of the man. ”
the extreme difficulty of making the rest
able clearness, and sometimes with eloquence,
also for the picture they afford of the ideals alike in its architecture, sculpture, and paint? fuller the representation of so highly organized
It is noteworthy that America should, of the canvas other than extraneous. The
and practice of American art. In a preface
ing, be steeped in the Classic Spirit, more a thing as a human face, the greater is the
Mr. Cox seeks to justify a somewhat arbitrary conservative than Europe, and less influenced tendency for the painting of the dress and
tone, characteristic perhaps of a young and by fads and fashions than any other country. accessories to become a matter of imitative
these lectures as an opportunity to draw up artists and public are serious people and up into fragments of actuality. Yet it is
“a detailed and explicit confession of artistic faith love the sane and the sound thing. The no improvement to daub in these accessories
na statement of what one painter believes and public in America demands sanity and carelessly in the manner of a weak imitation
are of Mr. Sargent, and on the whole we prefer a
takes to be the malady, of modern art, and of where striving, by discipline and self-control and good unalloyed Tadema, such as the well-
hard work, to produce, without compromising known portrait of his daughter.
Of the six lectures, the most interesting, their artistic ideal, what the public wants. Mr. G. Philpot's Sculptor and Model (8) and
also the most controversial, is "The We cannot here discuss many good Mr. G. Lambert's Eve Balfour are, perhaps,
Classic Spirit. ' Those on Technique, on things in the remaining lectures. Mr. Cox, still worse examples of mixed intentions. In
Drawing, or on Light and Shade may be when he is master of his text, writes with each case the general aspect of the picture
fruitful of discussion amongst painters ; the white heat of conviction ; his statements seems an imitation of work conceived in
educational authorities will fix on the first, have reference mostly to pictures illustrated some mood of abstraction; but each painter
and, whatever their views, welcome the by photographs throughout the book : an has remembered that realistic execution is his
sincere and stimulating appeal to students instance, surely, of photography as a useful principal accomplishment, and seems bent on
to work out their own salvation, avoiding handmaid of Art! "Whether his views are displaying it. The broad architectonic
the short cuts and by-path alleys leading those of our professors of art or not, it handling of masses by which the plastic
no whither-it is an appeal to study the is an eminently safe volume to put in the details of the painter's subject seem the
Classic Spirit—to love clearness and reason. hands of English students : it will make natural outcome of the process of dividing
ableness and self-control. That spirit the them think for themselves, and perhaps up the square space at his disposal—this,
author defines as
open their eyes to the folly of attempting the art adumbrated by Velasquez, is the
above all the love of permanence and continuity. short cuts in the pursuit of their ideal. souvenir evoked by the look of Mr. Philpot's
It seeks not merely to express individuality or
picture. Its actual structure does not bear
emotion, but to express disciplined emotion and MR. BATSFORD, the publisher, is to be con. out the pretension. The central figure is
individuality, restrained by lawle It strives for the gratulated upon the beautiful reproductions weakly drawn, without the firm hold on
rather than the momentary. . it loves to steep itself The mural decorations at Pompeii have principal elements which in a truly plastic
immutable or set rigid bound to invention. But it been the subject of two previous works space-composition takes the place of the
desires that each new presentation of truth and illustrated by lithography. The three- more material hold on the surface modelling
beauty shall shew us the old truth and the old colour process enables Mr. Briggs's careful of the body. Without such geometric cer-
beauty, seen only from a different angle and coloured drawings to be faithfully reproduced. Some tainty of draughtsmanship the design be;
by a different medium. "
of these drawings were made several years
a mere vignette, and the central
Mr. Cox will have nothing to say to the ago, and since then the original decorations morceau is marred from a realistic point of
so-called “ Classic School founded by at Pompeii have undergone a change for the view by sudden flatnesses arbitrarily intro-
Jacques Louis David and his followers. The painting was fresco__that is, duced to give the figure an appearance of
To him the confusion of cross-currents, of executed in water colours upon the moist co - ordination with the great mass of
opposing theories and practice, which is stucco of a freshly plastered surface. Expo black in the centre of the picture, which
the history of modern art, is without tradi. sure to the weather must in the long run itself seems rather a device for suggesting
tion, or authoritative guide. The Classic destroy not only the brilliancy of the colours, conventional treatment than the result of
Spirit, as he understands
it, inspired but also the material itself. The destruc- a sound use of convention. The picture
the revolutionary Millet, Corot, Constable, tion of newly excavated work at Crete is has not that unity which gives us the illusion
and the great upholder of the Official very rapid ; one writer suggests that in of apprehending natural physical develop-
School, Ingres. The rank and file, without 100 years no trace of the excavated build- ment, as produced by infinitely subtle
the fundamental knowledge engendered by ings will be left.
combinations of the same laws as lie at the
long apprenticeship to master painters, gone In an admirable little Introduction de root of architectural stability.
like their system, are a ship without a rudder, scribing the city and its history, the author Judged simply as “ morceau painting,
turning this way and that. Of the destruc- adopts the classification of periods suggested Mr. Lambert's
portrait has
passages
tive and disintegrating forces of the day, by Prof. Mau. The drawings are shown on which are superior to anything in Mr.
Mr. Cox singles out photography as the twenty-five plates. They represent frag. Philpot's picture. We cannot refrain from
most disastrous, one only of the encroachments of decoration on columns and walls, a craftsman's relish at the sight of a hand
ments of science on the realm of art. To pavements and ceilings, fountains and furni. and arm painted so frankly and deftly as
him the Pre-Raphaelites stand for an ture. A few are from treasures now the left hand and arm of Miss Eve Balfour.
æsthetic movement established at the cost safely housed in the Naples Museum. Each There is a certain magic in the way in which
of the destruction of the older English plate is faced by some words of explanation the impasto gives the very substance of the
School, of which Etty is cited as or comment.
