)
enacting and repealing laws, and of deciding TULLUS, A'TTIUS.
enacting and repealing laws, and of deciding TULLUS, A'TTIUS.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
C.
504, when the gens (Liv.
iv.
24, v.
30, 32), he supposed that they were
Claudia migrated to Rome. (Liv. ii. 16. ) It would admitted into them by the legislation of the de-
appear that an entirely new distribution of the cemvirs. But probable as this might appear, all
tribes became necessary, and this was probably the evidence we possess goes the other way, and
carried into effect in B. C. 495, soon after the battle tends to show that the tribes were a local division
of the lake of Regillus. In fact the words of Livy of the whole Roman people. In the first place, if
(ii. 21) already referred to state as much, for he Servius had created thirty local tribes for the plebs
does not say that before this year there were alone, from which the patricians were excluded, it
twenty tribes, or that the twenty-first was then is not easy to see why the three ancient tribes of
added for the first time, but simply that twenty- the Ramnes, Tities, and Luceres, should not have
one tribes were then formed (Romae tribus una et continued in existence. This we know was not the
viginti factae). The subsequent increase in the num- case ; for it is certain, that the three ancient tribes
ber of the tribes, till they reached that of thirty-five, disappear from the time of the Servian constitution,
is related in the Dictionary of Antiquities (s. v. and that their names alone were retained by the
Tribus). But to return from this digression to the Equites, and that henceforward we read only of
Servian constitution. Each tribe was an organised the division of the patricians into thirty curiae :
body, with a magistrate at its head, called $u- indeed it is expressly said that the pural yerikal
Adpxos by Dionysius (iv. 14), and Curator Tribus were abolished by Servius, and that the Qural TO#-
by Varro (L. L. vi. 86), whose principal duty ap- xal were established in their place. (Dionys. iv.
pears to have consisted in keeping a register of the 14. ) Secondly, it is certain that all the tribes of the
4 6 2
## p. 1188 (#1204) ##########################################
1188
TULLIUS.
TULLIUS.
+
1
year B. C. 495, with the exception of the Crustu- 1 100,000 asses: the second class those who had at
mina, take their names from patrician gentes. least 75,000 asses : the third those who had at
Thirdly, the establishment of the Claudian tribe, least 50,000 asses: the fourth those who had at
consisting as it did mainly of the patrician Claudia least 25,000 asses: and the fifth those who had
geng, is almost of itself sufficient to prove that at least 10,000 asses, according to Böckh's pro-
patricians were included in the Servian tribes. bable conjecture, for Dionysius makes the sum
Niebuhr lays great stress upon the fact that in no necessary for admission to this class 12,500 asses
instance do we find the patricians voting in the (127 minae) and Livy 11,000 asses. It must be
Comitia Tributa before the time of the decemvirs ; recollected, however, that these numbers are not
but as Becker very justly remarks, this does not the ancient onee, when the as was a pound weight
prove any thing, as we have no reason for supposing of copper, but those of the sixth century of the
that the Comitia Tributa were established by city. The original numbers were probably 20,000,
Servius along with the tribes. Such an assembly 15,000, 10,000, 5000, and 2000 asses respectively,
would have had no meaning in the Servian consti- which were increased fivefold, when the as was
tution, and would have been opposed to its first coined so much lighter. (Böckh, Metrologische
principles. The Comitia Tributa were called into Untersuchungen, c. xxix. ) Further, for military
existence, when the plebs began to struggle after purposes each of the five classes was divided into
independence, and had tribunes of their own at elder (Seniores) and younger (Juniores) men : the
their head ; and it is certainly improbable that former consisting of men from the age of 46 to 60,
patricians should have been allowed to vote in the latter of men from the age of 17 to 45. It
assemblies summoned by plebeian magistrates to was from the Juniores that the armies of the state
promote the interests of the plebs. The Comitia were levied: the Seniores were not obliged to serve
Tributa must not therefore be regarded as assem- in the field, and could only be called upon to
blies of the tribes, as Becker has justly remarked, defend the city. Moreover, all the soldiers had to
but as assemblies of the plebeians, who voted find their own arms and armour ; but it was so
according to tribes, as their natural divisions. arranged that the expense of the equipment should
Hence as the same writer observes, we see the be in proportion to the wealth of each class.
full force of the expression in the Leges Valeria Servius however did not make this arrangement
Horatia, Publilia and Hortensia : “ quod tributim of the people for military purposes alone. He had
plebes jussisset. ”
another and more important object in view, namely,
The tribes therefore were an organisation of the the creation of a new national assembly, which was
whole Roman people, patricians as well as plebeians, to possess the powers formerly exercised by the
according to their local divisions ; but they were Comitia curiata, and thus become the sovereign
instituted, as we have already remarked, for the assembly in the state. For this purpose he divided
benefit of the plebeians, who had not, like the each classis into a certain number of centuriae, each
patricians, possessed previously any political organi- of which counted as one vote. But in accordance
sation. At the same time, though the institution with the great principle of his constitution, which,
of the tribes gave the plebeians a political organi- as has been several times remarked, was to give
sation, it conferred upon them no political power, the preponderance of power to wealth, a century
no right to take any part in the management of was not made of a fixed number of men ; but the
public affairs or in the elections. These rights, first or richest class contained a far greater number
however, were bestowed upon them by another of centuries than any of the other classes, although
institution of Servius Tullius, which was entirely they must at the same time have contained a much
distinct from and had no connection with the smaller number of men, Thus the first class con-
thirty tribes. He made a new division of the tained 80 centuries, the second 20, the third 20,
whole Roman people into Classes according to the the fourth 20, and the fifth 30, in all 170. One
amount of their property, and he so arranged these half of the centuries consisted of Seniores, and the
classes that the wealthiest persons, whether patri- other half of Juniores ; by which an advantage was
cians or plebeians, should possess the chief power given to age and experience over youth and rash-
and influence. In order to ascertain the property ness, for the Seniores, though possessing an equal
of each citizen, he instituted the Census, which was number of votes, must of course have been very
a register of Roman citizens and their property, | inferior in number to the Juniores. Besides these
and enacted that it should be taken anew from 170 centuries of the classes, Servius formed five
time to time. Under the republic it was taken other centuries, admission into which did not
afresh, as is well known, every five years, Lists depend upon the census. Of these the smiths and
of the citizens were made out by the curator tribus carpenters (fabri) formed two centuries, and the
or magistrate of each tribe, and each citizen had to horn-blowers and trumpeters (cornicines and tubi-
state upon oath the amount and value of his pro- cines) two other centuries : these four centures
perty. According to the returns thus obtained a voted with the classes, but Livy and Dionysius
division of the citizens was made, which determined give a different statement as to which of the classes
the tax (tributum), which each citizen was to pay, they voted with. The other century not belonging
the kind of military service he was to perform, to the classes, and erroneously called the sixth
and the position he was to occupy in the popular class by Dionysius, comprised all those persons
assembly. The whole arrangenient was of a mili- whose property did not amount to that of the fifth
tary character. The people assembled in the Campus class. This century, however, consisted of three
as an army (exercitus, or, according to the more subdivisions according to the amount of their pro-
ancient expression, classis), and was therefore perty, called respectively the accensi velati, the
divided into two parts, the cavalry (equites), and proletarii and capite censi : the accensi velati were
infantry (pedites). The infantry was divided into those whose property was at least 1500 asses, or
five classes. The first class contained all those originally 300 asses, and they served as supernu-
persons whose property amounted at least to meraries in the army without arms, but ready to
## p. 1189 (#1205) ##########################################
TULLIUS.
1189
TULLIUS.
TULLIUS.
De second class those who had at
1: the third those who has a
s: the fourth those who bad
1; and the bath those who had
Lsses, according to Bockel mit
for Dionyuas makes the sun
ission to this ciass 12,5W 140
Livy 11,000 asset. Il est be
rer, that these pubbers are st
when the as ras a perdre
of the suruh century of the
nunc bers were probably St.
000, and 2000 asses resperetet
,
zsed frefald, ybes the a tu
Lighter. (Bockh, Metraatide
zin) furber, for at
le sive classes was dinded
take the arms and places of such as might fall in equites ; but as we know that the equestrian census
battle: the proletarii were those who had at least in the later times of the republic was four times
375 asses, or originally 75 asses, and they were the amount of that of the first class, it is probable
sometimes armed in pressing danger at the public that the same census was established by Servius
expense : while the cupite censi were all those whose Tullius. Niebuhr indeed supposed that the sex
property was less than the sum last mentioned, and suffragia comprised all the patricians, independent
they were never called upon to serve till the time of the property they possessed ; but this supposition
of Marius. Thus the infantry or Pedites contained is, independent of other considerations, disproved
in all 175 centuries.
by the fact that we have express mention of a
The cavalry or Equitos were divided by Servius patrician, L. Tarquitius, who was compelled on
Tullius into 18 centuries, which did not comprise account of his poverty to serve on foot.
Seniores or Juniores, but consisted only of men The 175 centuries of pedites and the 18 of
below the age of forty-six. The early history and equites thus made a total of 193 centuries. Of
arrangement of the Equites have given rise to these, 97 formed a majority of votes in the as-
much discussion among modern scholars, into which sembly. Although all the Roman citizens had a
we cannot enter here, (See Dict. of Antiq. 8. v. vote in this assembly, which was called the Co
Equites. ) It is sufficient for our present purpose mitia Centuriata, from the voting by centuries,
to state that Tarquinius Priscus had divided each it will be seen at once that the poorer classes had
of the three ancient centuries of equites into two not much influence in the assembly ; for the 18
troops, called respectively the first (priores) and centuries of the equites and the 80 centuries of
second (posteriores) Ramnes, Tities, and Luceres. the first class, voted first ; and if they could come
These three double centuries Servius Tullius formed to an agreement upon any measure, they possessed
into six new centuries, usually called the sex at once a majority, and there was no occasion to
suffragia : and as they were merely a new organi- call upon the centuries of the other classes to vote
sation of the old body, they must have consisted at all. This was the great object of the institution,
exclusively of patricians. Besides these six cen- which was to give the power to wealth, and not
turies, Servius formed twelve others, taken from either to birth or to numbers.
the richest and most distinguished families in the The preceding account of the centuries has been
state, plebeian as well as patrician. There can be taken from Livy (i. 43) and Dionysius (iv. 16,
little question that a certain amount of property foll. ), wbo agree in all the main points. The
was necessary for admission to all the equestrian account of Cicero (de Re Publ. ii. 22) cannot be re-
centuries, as well in consequence of the timocratic conciled with that of Livy and Dionysius, and
principle of this part of the Servian constitution, as owing to the corruptions of the text it is hopeless
on account of the express statement of Dionysius to make the attempt. The few discrepancies be-
(iv. 18) that the equites were chosen by Servius tween Livy and Dionysius will be seen by the
out of the richest and most illustrious families, and following table, taken from Becker, by which the
of Cicero (de Rep. ii. 22) that they were of the reader will also perceive more clearly the census
highest census (censu maximo). Neither of these of each class, the number of centuries or votes
writers nor Livy mentions the property which was which each contained, and the order in which they
necessary to entitle a person to a place among the voted.
id younger Jasiores, sea : 5
f men from the age of 45 234
from the age of 17 13 43 k
res that the arties of the main
"Djores were not oblid !
could only be caled spet
(oreover, a! ! the soldiers init
s and armor ; but is 13
pense of the equipment should
the wea'th of each c28.
did not make this aspect
itary purposes alone Hebel
portant object in T, name
r national asseza bis, which was
rs formeris exercised by
thus become the green
6. For this purpose be crted
tain number of cat
3
LIVY.
DIONYSIUS.
EQUITES. Centuriae
18 EQUITES. --Centuriae
18
one rote. But in and
ole of his constituat, vide
aimes remarked, was to me
power to sealth, a ceny
ed number of men ; les the
in tained a far greater rente
of the other cases, 2 aan
time hare contained a to
1. Thus the first cas or
be second 90, the thin 1
! fith 30, in ali iva in
nsisted of Spides and the
br which ap adaran na
ence over youth an 34
bough possessing 21
of course bare beret
e Junior Besides these
I. CLASSIS-Census 100 minae.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
40
40
2
I. Classis. -Census 100,000 asses.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
Centuriae Fabrum
II. CLASSIS. -Census 75,000 asses.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
40
40
O
10
10
10
10
2
III. Classis. -Census 50,000 asses.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
IV. CLASSIS. –Census 25,000 asses.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
10
10
II. CLASSIS. --Census 75 minae.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
Centuriae Fabrum
III. CLASSIS. –Census 50 minae.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
IV. CLASSIS. –Census 25 minae.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
Centuriae cornic. et tubic.
V. CLASSIS. --Census 124 minae.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
.
V. CLASSIS. –Census 11,000 asses.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
Centuriae accensorum,
cornicinum, tubicinum
Centuria capite censorum
15
15
3
1
VI. Classis.
Centuria capite censorum
asees, Serring tur je
sion into which had DX
Of these the saith oi
ed two centures and the
Plers (CRITERIOS 200 m
les: these fear coape
bat Lirt and Dixos
as to which of the day
les century a belung
zeously called the stih
rised all those see
jount so cizi di te
erer, consisted of time
he amount of their ar
the Gras'
:-
Sum total of the Centuriae
194
Sum total of the Centuriae
193
the arreste
pf leas: 15m ses
zer smed ss at
12t arus, bet ir*
4 63
## p. 1190 (#1206) ##########################################
1190
TULLIUS.
TULLUS.
1
.
1
There can be little doubt that the number in the laws ascribed to him ; since the original laws,
Dionysius is the correct one. According to Livy's if they were ever committed to writing, must long
number cases might have arisen in which it was since have perished. (Niebuhr, Hisl. of Rome,
impossible to obtain a majority, as ninety-seven vol. i. p. 249. )
might have voted for a measure and ninety-seven The principal modern writers who have treated
against it. Moreover, Cicero (de Rep. ii. 22) de of the Servian constitution are: Niebuhr, Hist. of
scribes ninety-six as the minority. The other Romne, vol
. i. p. 398, foll. ; Göttling, Geschichte der
discrepancies between Livy and Dionysius are of Römischen Staatsverfassung, p. 230, foll
. ; Gerlach,
no great importance, and need not be discussed Die Verfassung d. Servius in ihrer Entwickelung,
further in this place.
Basel, 1837 ; Huschke, Die Verfassung d. Kön.
The Assembly of the Centuries, or Comilia Cen-Serv. Tull. , Heidelberg, 1838 ; Peter, Epochen d.
turiata, was made by Servius, as we have already Verfassungsgesch. der Römisch. Republ. , Leigzig,
remarked, the sovereign assembly of the nation, 1841; Walter, Gesch. d. Römisch. Rechts, p. 31,
and it accordingly stept into the place formerly foll. , 2nd ed. ; Becker, Handbuch d. Römisch. Alter-
occupied by the Comitia Curiata. Servius trans- thümer, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 164, foll.
ferred to it from the latter assembly the right of TU'LLIUS TIRO. [Tiro. ]
electing kings and the higher magistrates, of TU'LLIUS VALENTI'NUS. (VALENTINUS.
)
enacting and repealing laws, and of deciding TULLUS, A'TTIUS. [TULLIUS, ATTJUS. )
upon war, and jurisdiction in cases of appeal from TULLUS, CALVI'SIUS. 1. C. , consul with
the sentence of a judge. He did not, however, A. Cornelius Palma in A. D. 109 (Fasti).
abolish the Comitia Curiatn, but on the contrary 2. P. , consul suffectus in a. D. 110.
he allowed them very great power and influence TULLUS, CLOEʼLIUS or CLUI'LIUS.
in the state. He not only permitted them to [CLOELIUS Tullus. ]
retain the exercise of such rights as affected their TULLUS HOSTI'LIUS. (HOSTILIUS. ]
own corporations, but he enacted that no vote of TULLUS, M. MAECI'LIUS, a triumvir of
the Comitia Centuriata should be valid till it had the mint under Augustus, known only from coins,
received the sanction of the Comitia Curiata. This a specimen of whtch is annexed. On the obverse
sanction of the Curiae is often expressed by the is the head of Augustus with CAESAR AVGVST.
words patrum auctoritas or patres auctores facti, in PONT. MAX. TRIBVNIC. Pot. , and on the reverse
which phrase patres mean the patricii. In course of M. MAECILIVS Tillvs HIVIR A. A. A. F. F.
time the sanction of the Curiae was abolished, or (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 240. )
at least became a mere matter of form ; but the
successive steps by which this was accomplished
do not belong to the present inquiry, and are re-
lated elsewhere. (Dict. of Antiq. 8. vu. Auctor,
Comitia, p. 333, a, Plebs, 2d ed. )
Although Servius gave the plebeians political
rights and recognised them as the second order of
the Roman people, it must not be supposed that he
placed them on a footing of equality with the pa-
tricians. From the time of Servius they were cives,
they had the jus civitatis, but not in its full extent.
The jus civitatis included both the jus publicum
and the jus privatum ; but of each of these rights
they possessed only a portion. Of the jus publicum
COIN OF M. MAECILIUS TULLUS.
Servius gave to them only the jus suffragi, or right
of voting in the comitia centuriata, but not the jus TULLUS, VOLCA'TIUS. 1. L. VOLCATIUS
honorum, or eligibility to the public offices of the Tullus, consul B. c. 66 with M. Aemilius Lepi-
state. Of the jus privatum Servius conferred upon dus. He is mentioned by Cicero in his oration for
them only the commercium, by virtue of which Plancius (c. 21) as one of those distinguished men
they could become owners of land and could ap- who had failed when a candidate for the aedile
pear before the courts without the mediation of a ship, but who afterwards obtained the highest
patronus, but he did not grant to them the connu- honours of the state. Volcatius did not take a
bium, or right of marriage with the patricians. prominent part in public affairs, and appears to
Moreover, they had no claim to the use of the have been a man of moderate opinions, and fond of
public land, the possessio of which continued to be quiet. He approved of Cicero's proceedings in his
confined to the patricians, although the conquered consulship, and spoke in the debate in the senate
lands were won by the blood of the second order on the punishment of the Catilinarian conspirators:
as well as of the first ; but, as some compensation in the discussion in B. c. 56, respecting the resto-
for this injustice, Servius is said to have given to ration of Ptolemy Auletes to his kingdom, he was
the poor plebeians small portions of the public land in favour of intrusting this important commission
in full ownership. (Dionys. iv. 9, 10, 13; Liv. i. 46; to Pompey, who had lately retumed from the
Zonar, vii. 9. )
East. In B. c. 54 he was one of the consulars
The laws of Servius Tullius are said to have who supported M. Scaurus, when he was brought
been committed to writing, and were known under to trial in this year. On the breaking out of the
the name of the Commentarii Servii Tulli. Diony- civil war, in B. C. 49, he resolved to take no part
sius says (iv. 13) that he regulated the com- in the struggle, but remained quietly in Italy all
mercium between the two orders by about fifty the time. He is spoken of by Cicero in B. C. 46
laws; but the commentaries of Servius Tullius, as an enemy of M. Marcellus, when the latter was
which are cited by later writers, such as Verrius pardoned by Caesar. (Cic. in Cat. i. 6, ad Att. xii.
Flaccus, can only have contained the substance of | 21, Philipp. ii. 5, ad Fam. i. 1, 2, 4, ad Q. Fr. ij.
BONITORAS
TRIE
CAESAS
IND
## p. 1191 (#1207) ##########################################
TURIBIUS.
1191
TURNUS.
1; Ascon. in Scaur. p. 28, ed. Orelli; Cic. ad Atl. $ 51 ; Baehr, Geschichte der Röm. Litterat. Suppl
vii. 3, 8, 9, viii. 15, ix. 10, 19, x. 3, ad Fam. iv. Band. 2te Abtheil. § 167. )
[W. R. )
4. § 4. )
TU'RIUS. 1. L. Turius, was accused by
2. C. Volcatius Tullus, probably a son of Cn. Gellius and defended by Cato the Censor.
No. 1, since Cicero says that L. Tullus and Serv. (Gell. xiv. 2. ) As nothing is known respecting
Sulpicius had sent their sons to fight against Pom- either this L. Turius or Cn. Gellius, a wide field is
pey. (Cic. ad Att. x. 3. ) C. Tullus fought under opened for learned trifling. The different con-
Caesar in the Gallic war, and likewise distin- jectures started are given by Meyer. (Orator.
guished himself at the siege of Dyrrhachium in Roman. Frugm. p. 140, ſoll. , 2nd ed. )
B. C. 48. (Caes. B. G. vi. 29, B. C. iii. 52. )
2. L. Turius, characterized by Cicero as an orntor
3. L. VOLCATIUS TULLUS, son of No. 1, was of sınall talent but great diligence, failed in ob
praetor urbanus in B. c. 46, and consul with Octa- taining the consulship only by a few centuries.
vian in B. C. 33. (Cic. ad Fam. xiii. 41 ; Dion (Cic. Brut. 67. ) This Turius can hardly be the
Cass. xlix. 43; Appian, Illyr. 27. )
same person as the preceding, as he is mentioned
TURA'NIUS. [TURRANIUS. )
by Cicero with M. Piso, P. Murena, C. Censorinus,
TURBO, a gladiator of small stature but great C. Macer, C. Piso, and L. Torquatus, all of whom
courage. (Hor. Sat. ii. 3. 310, with the Schol. ) were the contemporaries of Cicero.
TUʻRCIUS RUFUS APRONIANUS AS- 3. Q. Turius, a negotiator or money-lender in
TE'RIUS.
Claudia migrated to Rome. (Liv. ii. 16. ) It would admitted into them by the legislation of the de-
appear that an entirely new distribution of the cemvirs. But probable as this might appear, all
tribes became necessary, and this was probably the evidence we possess goes the other way, and
carried into effect in B. C. 495, soon after the battle tends to show that the tribes were a local division
of the lake of Regillus. In fact the words of Livy of the whole Roman people. In the first place, if
(ii. 21) already referred to state as much, for he Servius had created thirty local tribes for the plebs
does not say that before this year there were alone, from which the patricians were excluded, it
twenty tribes, or that the twenty-first was then is not easy to see why the three ancient tribes of
added for the first time, but simply that twenty- the Ramnes, Tities, and Luceres, should not have
one tribes were then formed (Romae tribus una et continued in existence. This we know was not the
viginti factae). The subsequent increase in the num- case ; for it is certain, that the three ancient tribes
ber of the tribes, till they reached that of thirty-five, disappear from the time of the Servian constitution,
is related in the Dictionary of Antiquities (s. v. and that their names alone were retained by the
Tribus). But to return from this digression to the Equites, and that henceforward we read only of
Servian constitution. Each tribe was an organised the division of the patricians into thirty curiae :
body, with a magistrate at its head, called $u- indeed it is expressly said that the pural yerikal
Adpxos by Dionysius (iv. 14), and Curator Tribus were abolished by Servius, and that the Qural TO#-
by Varro (L. L. vi. 86), whose principal duty ap- xal were established in their place. (Dionys. iv.
pears to have consisted in keeping a register of the 14. ) Secondly, it is certain that all the tribes of the
4 6 2
## p. 1188 (#1204) ##########################################
1188
TULLIUS.
TULLIUS.
+
1
year B. C. 495, with the exception of the Crustu- 1 100,000 asses: the second class those who had at
mina, take their names from patrician gentes. least 75,000 asses : the third those who had at
Thirdly, the establishment of the Claudian tribe, least 50,000 asses: the fourth those who had at
consisting as it did mainly of the patrician Claudia least 25,000 asses: and the fifth those who had
geng, is almost of itself sufficient to prove that at least 10,000 asses, according to Böckh's pro-
patricians were included in the Servian tribes. bable conjecture, for Dionysius makes the sum
Niebuhr lays great stress upon the fact that in no necessary for admission to this class 12,500 asses
instance do we find the patricians voting in the (127 minae) and Livy 11,000 asses. It must be
Comitia Tributa before the time of the decemvirs ; recollected, however, that these numbers are not
but as Becker very justly remarks, this does not the ancient onee, when the as was a pound weight
prove any thing, as we have no reason for supposing of copper, but those of the sixth century of the
that the Comitia Tributa were established by city. The original numbers were probably 20,000,
Servius along with the tribes. Such an assembly 15,000, 10,000, 5000, and 2000 asses respectively,
would have had no meaning in the Servian consti- which were increased fivefold, when the as was
tution, and would have been opposed to its first coined so much lighter. (Böckh, Metrologische
principles. The Comitia Tributa were called into Untersuchungen, c. xxix. ) Further, for military
existence, when the plebs began to struggle after purposes each of the five classes was divided into
independence, and had tribunes of their own at elder (Seniores) and younger (Juniores) men : the
their head ; and it is certainly improbable that former consisting of men from the age of 46 to 60,
patricians should have been allowed to vote in the latter of men from the age of 17 to 45. It
assemblies summoned by plebeian magistrates to was from the Juniores that the armies of the state
promote the interests of the plebs. The Comitia were levied: the Seniores were not obliged to serve
Tributa must not therefore be regarded as assem- in the field, and could only be called upon to
blies of the tribes, as Becker has justly remarked, defend the city. Moreover, all the soldiers had to
but as assemblies of the plebeians, who voted find their own arms and armour ; but it was so
according to tribes, as their natural divisions. arranged that the expense of the equipment should
Hence as the same writer observes, we see the be in proportion to the wealth of each class.
full force of the expression in the Leges Valeria Servius however did not make this arrangement
Horatia, Publilia and Hortensia : “ quod tributim of the people for military purposes alone. He had
plebes jussisset. ”
another and more important object in view, namely,
The tribes therefore were an organisation of the the creation of a new national assembly, which was
whole Roman people, patricians as well as plebeians, to possess the powers formerly exercised by the
according to their local divisions ; but they were Comitia curiata, and thus become the sovereign
instituted, as we have already remarked, for the assembly in the state. For this purpose he divided
benefit of the plebeians, who had not, like the each classis into a certain number of centuriae, each
patricians, possessed previously any political organi- of which counted as one vote. But in accordance
sation. At the same time, though the institution with the great principle of his constitution, which,
of the tribes gave the plebeians a political organi- as has been several times remarked, was to give
sation, it conferred upon them no political power, the preponderance of power to wealth, a century
no right to take any part in the management of was not made of a fixed number of men ; but the
public affairs or in the elections. These rights, first or richest class contained a far greater number
however, were bestowed upon them by another of centuries than any of the other classes, although
institution of Servius Tullius, which was entirely they must at the same time have contained a much
distinct from and had no connection with the smaller number of men, Thus the first class con-
thirty tribes. He made a new division of the tained 80 centuries, the second 20, the third 20,
whole Roman people into Classes according to the the fourth 20, and the fifth 30, in all 170. One
amount of their property, and he so arranged these half of the centuries consisted of Seniores, and the
classes that the wealthiest persons, whether patri- other half of Juniores ; by which an advantage was
cians or plebeians, should possess the chief power given to age and experience over youth and rash-
and influence. In order to ascertain the property ness, for the Seniores, though possessing an equal
of each citizen, he instituted the Census, which was number of votes, must of course have been very
a register of Roman citizens and their property, | inferior in number to the Juniores. Besides these
and enacted that it should be taken anew from 170 centuries of the classes, Servius formed five
time to time. Under the republic it was taken other centuries, admission into which did not
afresh, as is well known, every five years, Lists depend upon the census. Of these the smiths and
of the citizens were made out by the curator tribus carpenters (fabri) formed two centuries, and the
or magistrate of each tribe, and each citizen had to horn-blowers and trumpeters (cornicines and tubi-
state upon oath the amount and value of his pro- cines) two other centuries : these four centures
perty. According to the returns thus obtained a voted with the classes, but Livy and Dionysius
division of the citizens was made, which determined give a different statement as to which of the classes
the tax (tributum), which each citizen was to pay, they voted with. The other century not belonging
the kind of military service he was to perform, to the classes, and erroneously called the sixth
and the position he was to occupy in the popular class by Dionysius, comprised all those persons
assembly. The whole arrangenient was of a mili- whose property did not amount to that of the fifth
tary character. The people assembled in the Campus class. This century, however, consisted of three
as an army (exercitus, or, according to the more subdivisions according to the amount of their pro-
ancient expression, classis), and was therefore perty, called respectively the accensi velati, the
divided into two parts, the cavalry (equites), and proletarii and capite censi : the accensi velati were
infantry (pedites). The infantry was divided into those whose property was at least 1500 asses, or
five classes. The first class contained all those originally 300 asses, and they served as supernu-
persons whose property amounted at least to meraries in the army without arms, but ready to
## p. 1189 (#1205) ##########################################
TULLIUS.
1189
TULLIUS.
TULLIUS.
De second class those who had at
1: the third those who has a
s: the fourth those who bad
1; and the bath those who had
Lsses, according to Bockel mit
for Dionyuas makes the sun
ission to this ciass 12,5W 140
Livy 11,000 asset. Il est be
rer, that these pubbers are st
when the as ras a perdre
of the suruh century of the
nunc bers were probably St.
000, and 2000 asses resperetet
,
zsed frefald, ybes the a tu
Lighter. (Bockh, Metraatide
zin) furber, for at
le sive classes was dinded
take the arms and places of such as might fall in equites ; but as we know that the equestrian census
battle: the proletarii were those who had at least in the later times of the republic was four times
375 asses, or originally 75 asses, and they were the amount of that of the first class, it is probable
sometimes armed in pressing danger at the public that the same census was established by Servius
expense : while the cupite censi were all those whose Tullius. Niebuhr indeed supposed that the sex
property was less than the sum last mentioned, and suffragia comprised all the patricians, independent
they were never called upon to serve till the time of the property they possessed ; but this supposition
of Marius. Thus the infantry or Pedites contained is, independent of other considerations, disproved
in all 175 centuries.
by the fact that we have express mention of a
The cavalry or Equitos were divided by Servius patrician, L. Tarquitius, who was compelled on
Tullius into 18 centuries, which did not comprise account of his poverty to serve on foot.
Seniores or Juniores, but consisted only of men The 175 centuries of pedites and the 18 of
below the age of forty-six. The early history and equites thus made a total of 193 centuries. Of
arrangement of the Equites have given rise to these, 97 formed a majority of votes in the as-
much discussion among modern scholars, into which sembly. Although all the Roman citizens had a
we cannot enter here, (See Dict. of Antiq. 8. v. vote in this assembly, which was called the Co
Equites. ) It is sufficient for our present purpose mitia Centuriata, from the voting by centuries,
to state that Tarquinius Priscus had divided each it will be seen at once that the poorer classes had
of the three ancient centuries of equites into two not much influence in the assembly ; for the 18
troops, called respectively the first (priores) and centuries of the equites and the 80 centuries of
second (posteriores) Ramnes, Tities, and Luceres. the first class, voted first ; and if they could come
These three double centuries Servius Tullius formed to an agreement upon any measure, they possessed
into six new centuries, usually called the sex at once a majority, and there was no occasion to
suffragia : and as they were merely a new organi- call upon the centuries of the other classes to vote
sation of the old body, they must have consisted at all. This was the great object of the institution,
exclusively of patricians. Besides these six cen- which was to give the power to wealth, and not
turies, Servius formed twelve others, taken from either to birth or to numbers.
the richest and most distinguished families in the The preceding account of the centuries has been
state, plebeian as well as patrician. There can be taken from Livy (i. 43) and Dionysius (iv. 16,
little question that a certain amount of property foll. ), wbo agree in all the main points. The
was necessary for admission to all the equestrian account of Cicero (de Re Publ. ii. 22) cannot be re-
centuries, as well in consequence of the timocratic conciled with that of Livy and Dionysius, and
principle of this part of the Servian constitution, as owing to the corruptions of the text it is hopeless
on account of the express statement of Dionysius to make the attempt. The few discrepancies be-
(iv. 18) that the equites were chosen by Servius tween Livy and Dionysius will be seen by the
out of the richest and most illustrious families, and following table, taken from Becker, by which the
of Cicero (de Rep. ii. 22) that they were of the reader will also perceive more clearly the census
highest census (censu maximo). Neither of these of each class, the number of centuries or votes
writers nor Livy mentions the property which was which each contained, and the order in which they
necessary to entitle a person to a place among the voted.
id younger Jasiores, sea : 5
f men from the age of 45 234
from the age of 17 13 43 k
res that the arties of the main
"Djores were not oblid !
could only be caled spet
(oreover, a! ! the soldiers init
s and armor ; but is 13
pense of the equipment should
the wea'th of each c28.
did not make this aspect
itary purposes alone Hebel
portant object in T, name
r national asseza bis, which was
rs formeris exercised by
thus become the green
6. For this purpose be crted
tain number of cat
3
LIVY.
DIONYSIUS.
EQUITES. Centuriae
18 EQUITES. --Centuriae
18
one rote. But in and
ole of his constituat, vide
aimes remarked, was to me
power to sealth, a ceny
ed number of men ; les the
in tained a far greater rente
of the other cases, 2 aan
time hare contained a to
1. Thus the first cas or
be second 90, the thin 1
! fith 30, in ali iva in
nsisted of Spides and the
br which ap adaran na
ence over youth an 34
bough possessing 21
of course bare beret
e Junior Besides these
I. CLASSIS-Census 100 minae.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
40
40
2
I. Classis. -Census 100,000 asses.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
Centuriae Fabrum
II. CLASSIS. -Census 75,000 asses.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
40
40
O
10
10
10
10
2
III. Classis. -Census 50,000 asses.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
IV. CLASSIS. –Census 25,000 asses.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
10
10
II. CLASSIS. --Census 75 minae.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
Centuriae Fabrum
III. CLASSIS. –Census 50 minae.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
IV. CLASSIS. –Census 25 minae.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
Centuriae cornic. et tubic.
V. CLASSIS. --Census 124 minae.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
.
V. CLASSIS. –Census 11,000 asses.
Centuriae Seniorum
Centuriae Juniorum
Centuriae accensorum,
cornicinum, tubicinum
Centuria capite censorum
15
15
3
1
VI. Classis.
Centuria capite censorum
asees, Serring tur je
sion into which had DX
Of these the saith oi
ed two centures and the
Plers (CRITERIOS 200 m
les: these fear coape
bat Lirt and Dixos
as to which of the day
les century a belung
zeously called the stih
rised all those see
jount so cizi di te
erer, consisted of time
he amount of their ar
the Gras'
:-
Sum total of the Centuriae
194
Sum total of the Centuriae
193
the arreste
pf leas: 15m ses
zer smed ss at
12t arus, bet ir*
4 63
## p. 1190 (#1206) ##########################################
1190
TULLIUS.
TULLUS.
1
.
1
There can be little doubt that the number in the laws ascribed to him ; since the original laws,
Dionysius is the correct one. According to Livy's if they were ever committed to writing, must long
number cases might have arisen in which it was since have perished. (Niebuhr, Hisl. of Rome,
impossible to obtain a majority, as ninety-seven vol. i. p. 249. )
might have voted for a measure and ninety-seven The principal modern writers who have treated
against it. Moreover, Cicero (de Rep. ii. 22) de of the Servian constitution are: Niebuhr, Hist. of
scribes ninety-six as the minority. The other Romne, vol
. i. p. 398, foll. ; Göttling, Geschichte der
discrepancies between Livy and Dionysius are of Römischen Staatsverfassung, p. 230, foll
. ; Gerlach,
no great importance, and need not be discussed Die Verfassung d. Servius in ihrer Entwickelung,
further in this place.
Basel, 1837 ; Huschke, Die Verfassung d. Kön.
The Assembly of the Centuries, or Comilia Cen-Serv. Tull. , Heidelberg, 1838 ; Peter, Epochen d.
turiata, was made by Servius, as we have already Verfassungsgesch. der Römisch. Republ. , Leigzig,
remarked, the sovereign assembly of the nation, 1841; Walter, Gesch. d. Römisch. Rechts, p. 31,
and it accordingly stept into the place formerly foll. , 2nd ed. ; Becker, Handbuch d. Römisch. Alter-
occupied by the Comitia Curiata. Servius trans- thümer, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 164, foll.
ferred to it from the latter assembly the right of TU'LLIUS TIRO. [Tiro. ]
electing kings and the higher magistrates, of TU'LLIUS VALENTI'NUS. (VALENTINUS.
)
enacting and repealing laws, and of deciding TULLUS, A'TTIUS. [TULLIUS, ATTJUS. )
upon war, and jurisdiction in cases of appeal from TULLUS, CALVI'SIUS. 1. C. , consul with
the sentence of a judge. He did not, however, A. Cornelius Palma in A. D. 109 (Fasti).
abolish the Comitia Curiatn, but on the contrary 2. P. , consul suffectus in a. D. 110.
he allowed them very great power and influence TULLUS, CLOEʼLIUS or CLUI'LIUS.
in the state. He not only permitted them to [CLOELIUS Tullus. ]
retain the exercise of such rights as affected their TULLUS HOSTI'LIUS. (HOSTILIUS. ]
own corporations, but he enacted that no vote of TULLUS, M. MAECI'LIUS, a triumvir of
the Comitia Centuriata should be valid till it had the mint under Augustus, known only from coins,
received the sanction of the Comitia Curiata. This a specimen of whtch is annexed. On the obverse
sanction of the Curiae is often expressed by the is the head of Augustus with CAESAR AVGVST.
words patrum auctoritas or patres auctores facti, in PONT. MAX. TRIBVNIC. Pot. , and on the reverse
which phrase patres mean the patricii. In course of M. MAECILIVS Tillvs HIVIR A. A. A. F. F.
time the sanction of the Curiae was abolished, or (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 240. )
at least became a mere matter of form ; but the
successive steps by which this was accomplished
do not belong to the present inquiry, and are re-
lated elsewhere. (Dict. of Antiq. 8. vu. Auctor,
Comitia, p. 333, a, Plebs, 2d ed. )
Although Servius gave the plebeians political
rights and recognised them as the second order of
the Roman people, it must not be supposed that he
placed them on a footing of equality with the pa-
tricians. From the time of Servius they were cives,
they had the jus civitatis, but not in its full extent.
The jus civitatis included both the jus publicum
and the jus privatum ; but of each of these rights
they possessed only a portion. Of the jus publicum
COIN OF M. MAECILIUS TULLUS.
Servius gave to them only the jus suffragi, or right
of voting in the comitia centuriata, but not the jus TULLUS, VOLCA'TIUS. 1. L. VOLCATIUS
honorum, or eligibility to the public offices of the Tullus, consul B. c. 66 with M. Aemilius Lepi-
state. Of the jus privatum Servius conferred upon dus. He is mentioned by Cicero in his oration for
them only the commercium, by virtue of which Plancius (c. 21) as one of those distinguished men
they could become owners of land and could ap- who had failed when a candidate for the aedile
pear before the courts without the mediation of a ship, but who afterwards obtained the highest
patronus, but he did not grant to them the connu- honours of the state. Volcatius did not take a
bium, or right of marriage with the patricians. prominent part in public affairs, and appears to
Moreover, they had no claim to the use of the have been a man of moderate opinions, and fond of
public land, the possessio of which continued to be quiet. He approved of Cicero's proceedings in his
confined to the patricians, although the conquered consulship, and spoke in the debate in the senate
lands were won by the blood of the second order on the punishment of the Catilinarian conspirators:
as well as of the first ; but, as some compensation in the discussion in B. c. 56, respecting the resto-
for this injustice, Servius is said to have given to ration of Ptolemy Auletes to his kingdom, he was
the poor plebeians small portions of the public land in favour of intrusting this important commission
in full ownership. (Dionys. iv. 9, 10, 13; Liv. i. 46; to Pompey, who had lately retumed from the
Zonar, vii. 9. )
East. In B. c. 54 he was one of the consulars
The laws of Servius Tullius are said to have who supported M. Scaurus, when he was brought
been committed to writing, and were known under to trial in this year. On the breaking out of the
the name of the Commentarii Servii Tulli. Diony- civil war, in B. C. 49, he resolved to take no part
sius says (iv. 13) that he regulated the com- in the struggle, but remained quietly in Italy all
mercium between the two orders by about fifty the time. He is spoken of by Cicero in B. C. 46
laws; but the commentaries of Servius Tullius, as an enemy of M. Marcellus, when the latter was
which are cited by later writers, such as Verrius pardoned by Caesar. (Cic. in Cat. i. 6, ad Att. xii.
Flaccus, can only have contained the substance of | 21, Philipp. ii. 5, ad Fam. i. 1, 2, 4, ad Q. Fr. ij.
BONITORAS
TRIE
CAESAS
IND
## p. 1191 (#1207) ##########################################
TURIBIUS.
1191
TURNUS.
1; Ascon. in Scaur. p. 28, ed. Orelli; Cic. ad Atl. $ 51 ; Baehr, Geschichte der Röm. Litterat. Suppl
vii. 3, 8, 9, viii. 15, ix. 10, 19, x. 3, ad Fam. iv. Band. 2te Abtheil. § 167. )
[W. R. )
4. § 4. )
TU'RIUS. 1. L. Turius, was accused by
2. C. Volcatius Tullus, probably a son of Cn. Gellius and defended by Cato the Censor.
No. 1, since Cicero says that L. Tullus and Serv. (Gell. xiv. 2. ) As nothing is known respecting
Sulpicius had sent their sons to fight against Pom- either this L. Turius or Cn. Gellius, a wide field is
pey. (Cic. ad Att. x. 3. ) C. Tullus fought under opened for learned trifling. The different con-
Caesar in the Gallic war, and likewise distin- jectures started are given by Meyer. (Orator.
guished himself at the siege of Dyrrhachium in Roman. Frugm. p. 140, ſoll. , 2nd ed. )
B. C. 48. (Caes. B. G. vi. 29, B. C. iii. 52. )
2. L. Turius, characterized by Cicero as an orntor
3. L. VOLCATIUS TULLUS, son of No. 1, was of sınall talent but great diligence, failed in ob
praetor urbanus in B. c. 46, and consul with Octa- taining the consulship only by a few centuries.
vian in B. C. 33. (Cic. ad Fam. xiii. 41 ; Dion (Cic. Brut. 67. ) This Turius can hardly be the
Cass. xlix. 43; Appian, Illyr. 27. )
same person as the preceding, as he is mentioned
TURA'NIUS. [TURRANIUS. )
by Cicero with M. Piso, P. Murena, C. Censorinus,
TURBO, a gladiator of small stature but great C. Macer, C. Piso, and L. Torquatus, all of whom
courage. (Hor. Sat. ii. 3. 310, with the Schol. ) were the contemporaries of Cicero.
TUʻRCIUS RUFUS APRONIANUS AS- 3. Q. Turius, a negotiator or money-lender in
TE'RIUS.
