An
Austrian
historian;
born May 29, 1843.
born May 29, 1843.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
His immense knowledge, sagacious judg-
ment, and cool temper (he said to an excitable
colleague, “I am a vegetable and you are an
animal »), made him very influential both in
public life and in the world of critical scholar-
ship. His most enduring work is the "Enquiry
into the Credibility of Early Roman History)
## p. 341 (#357) ############################################
LEWIS- LIDNER
341
(2 vols. , 1855); mainly a criticism of Niebuhr's
assumption that there can be reliable intuitive
perceptions of historic fact without a sufficiently
tangible basis of evidence to support the test
of argument. It is also an excellent analysis
of early Roman records and legends. His books
on Grecian subjects, on the Romance languages,
on early astronomy, etc, are mines of research
and good criticism; on Egyptian subjects his
over-skepticism led him to the absurd conten-
tion that the hieroglyphics could not be de-
ciphered at all. His political writings, as On
the Use and Abuse of Political Terms) (1835),
On the Influence of Authority in Matters of
Opinion) (1849), (On the Methods of Observa-
tion and Reasoning in Politics) (2 vols. , 1852),
are clarifying but too prolix.
Lewis, Maria Theresa, Lady. An English
biographer, a descendant of the great historian
Lord Clarendon and wife of Sir George C.
Lewis; born March 8, 1803; died Nov. 9, 1865.
She wrote (Lives of the Friends and Contem-
poraries of Lord Chancellor Clarendon) (3
vols. , 1852).
Lewis, Matthew Gregory. ["Monk» Lewis. ]
An English poet; born at London, July 9, 1775;
died May 14, 1818. His first poem, Ambrosio,
or the Monk) (1795), became instantly very pop-
ular; a court decree stopped its sale for a time;
when its sale was resumed many objectionable
passages had been expunged. He next wrote a
musical drama, (The Castle Spectre (1796),
long a favorite piece on the stage. He wrote
also Journal of a West-Indian Proprietor, pub-
lished after his death.
Lewis, Tayler. An American scholar and au-
thor; born in Northumberland, N. Y. , in 1802 ;
died in Schenectady, N. Y. , May 11, 1877. Was
professor of Greek in the University of New
York in 1838, and later of Oriental literature in
Union College. He published many volumes.
Among these are: ! The Six Days of Creation
(1855); “Heroic Periods in a Nation's History)
(1866); (The Light by which We See Light)
(1875); and many addresses and reviews.
Lewis, Thomas Hayter. An English archi-
tect and author; born in London, July 9, 1818.
He was professor of architecture at University
College (1865-81), and is the author of (The
Holy Places of Jerusalem) (1888), the most
important work on the subject issued in recent
years. Besides papers relating to architecture
and antiquities in the transactions of various
societies, he has written also the articles on
architecture in the Encyclopædia Britannica.
Leybourn, William. An English mathema-
tician, a pioneer in popularizing arithmetic and
astronomy; born 1626; died about 1700. His
(Urania Practica) (1648) was the first English
treatise on astronomy; his (Panarithmologia)
(1693) the first English ready-reckoner.
Leyden John (li'den). A Scotch Oriental-
ist, poet, and author; born in Denholm, Sept.
8, 1775; died at Batavia, Java, Aug. 28, 1811.
Soon after obtaining his medical degree he
went to India, where his proficiency in Ori-
ental and especially Indo-Chinese languages
led to an appointment as professor of Hindus-
tani at Fort William College, Calcutta. He
is the author of (An Historical Account of
Discoveries in Northern and Western Africa)
(1789), an accurate and useful work for that
time; an essay on Indo-Chinese literature in
(Asiatic Researches); "Scenes of Infancy, a
poem; and a number of Scotch ballads, much
admired by Sir Walter Scott and others.
L'Hôpital, Michel de (lõ-pe-täl). A French
statesman; born at Aigueperse, 1505; died March
13, 1573. He left some elegant Latin poems,
also memoirs, discourses, and papers on juris-
prudence and political affairs; they were pub-
lished in five volumes under the title (Works
of Michel de l'Hôpital) (1824).
Libanius (li-bā'ni-us). A Greek sophist of
the fourth century; native of Antioch in Syria.
Though a heathen, he was beloved by St. Basil
and St. John Chrysostom, once his pupils. He
was a voluminous writer, and very successfully
imitated in his orations the style of Demos-
thenes; he got the nickname of the little De-
mosthenes. Of his orations 68 are extant: they
are of value for the history of his time; the
same is to be said of his (Epistles, of which
1,607 remain.
Libelt, Karol (lē'belt). A Polish miscellane-
ous writer; born at Posen, April 8, 1807; died
near Gollancz, June 9, 1875. His principal work
is Philosophy and Criticism) (5 vols. , 1845-
50). He wrote also : (Mathematical Handbook)
(2 vols. , 1844); a drama, (The Maid of Orleans)
(1847); Humor and Truth) (1848), a volume
of brief essays.
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (licht'en-
berg). A distinguished German satirical writer
and physicist; born near Darmstadt, July
1742; died at Göttingen, Feb. 24, 1799. He
gained great celebrity as a lecturer on physical
science, chiefly through the ingenious apparatus,
contrived by himself, with which he illustrated
his lectures. His being a hunchback probably
embittered his satiric disposition. The best of
his satires are those on the notorious literary
pirate Tobias Gobhard; the essay on (The
German Novel); (Timorus,' ridiculing Lava-
ter's zeal for proselytizing; and “Pronunciation
of the Wethers of Ancient Greece, aimed at
Voss's system of pronouncing Greek. His brill-
iant sayings have been collected and published
in a separate volume, Lichtenberg's Thoughts
and Maxims: Light Rays from his Works) (1871).
Lichtenstein, Ulrich von. See Ulrich von L.
Lichtwer, Magnus Gottfried (licht'văr). A
German poet; born at Wurzen, Jan. 30, 1719;
died at Halberstadt, July 6, 1783. His principal
work is Four Books of Æsopic Fables) (1748).
His didactic poem “The Right of Reason)
(1758), founded on the philosophy of Wolf, is
of little value.
Lidner, Bengt (lid'ner). A Swedish poet;
born at Göteborg (Gothenburg), March 16,
а
## p. 342 (#358) ############################################
342
LIE- LILLIE
1757; died at Stockholm, Jan. 4, 1793. He pub-
lished a volume of Fables) after the manner
of Lafontaine (1799). In 1781 he was secretary
to the Swedish envoy at Paris, and there wrote
the tragedy (Erik the Fjortonde. He lost his
secretaryship through his dissipations. He was
a highly gifted poet; but his poems were, like
his life, irregular, lacking sobriety and dignity.
The best of them are: 'Spastaras Dod (1783);
(Aret,' (1783); (Ythersta Domen'; and the op-
era Medea.
Lie, Jonas Laurits Idemil (lē). A Nor-
wegian poet; born at Eker, near Drammen,
June 11, 1833. He published a collection of his
(Poems) (1866); (The Ghost-Seer, a novel
(1870); (Pictures from Norway) (3d ed. 1880);
(Lotse and his Wife) (1874); (Fanfulla, an
Italian tale (1875); Faustina Strozzi, a lyrico-
dramatic poem (1875). Thereafter he wrote a
series of novels; among which were : ( Thomas
Ross) (1878); (Adam Schrader) (1879); (The
Commander's Daughter) (1886); (Evil Powers)
(1890). He also issued the comedies, Garbow's
Cat) (1880); and (Merry Wives) (1894). *
Lieber, Franz (lē'ber). An eminent Ameri-
can publicist; born at Berlin, Germany, March
18, 1800; died in New York, Oct. 2, 1872. He
volunteered as a soldier at 15, and was in
the battles of Ligny, Waterloo, and Namur. He
served also in the Greek war of independence,
recording his experiences in Journal in Greece)
(1823). He settled in the United States in
1827, and during the next five years was occu-
pied with the compilation of the "Encyclopædia
Americana) (13 vols. ). While professor of
history and political economy in South Caro-
lina College, he wrote the three great works
on which his fame mainly rests: (Manual of
Political Ethics) (1838); Legal and Political
Hermeneutics (1839); (Civil Liberty and Self-
Government (1853). In the beginning of the
Civil War he drew up by order of President
Lincoln the (Code of War for the Govern-
ment of the Armies of the United States in the
Field.
Liebig, Justus, Baron von (lē'big). A Ger-
man chemist; born at Darmstadt, May 12, 1803;
died at Munich, April 18, 1873. In 1826 he
was appointed professor of chemistry in the Uni-
versity of Giessen, and there set up the first
chemical laboratory for experimental instruction.
He was a very successful lecturer, and attracted
students from all over the world. His treatises
and memoirs on theoretical and practical chem-
istry are very numerous, and are of exceptional
value; and the term “Liebig's Extract is cer-
tainly a “household word. ” No other chemist
of great rank has so sedulously striven to make
the science a tender to practical utilities. Among
his writings on the chemistry of agriculture are :
(Principles of Agricultural Chemistry) (1855);
(Theory and Practice of Farming) (1856);(Sci-
entific Letters on Modern Farming' (1859).
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (lēb'necht). A Ger-
man socialist agitator; born at Giessen, Ma
29, 1826. He is editor-in-chief of the organ of
the Social Democratic party, Vorwärts; au-
thor of "The Fundamental Question) (1876);
(A Glance at the New World (1887), recount-
ing his observations during a visit to the United
States; (Robert Blum' (1890); (History of the
French Revolution) (1890); Robert Owen)
(1892). His work on “Woman' is widely
known.
Lieblein, Jens Daniel Carolus (lebʻlin). A
Norwegian Egyptologist; born at Christiania,
Dec. 23, 1827. He has written works on Egyp-
tology in French, German, Swedish, and Nor-
wegian; among them : Egyptian Chronology)
(1863); Dictionary of Hieroglyphic Names)
(1871-92); (Trade and Shipping in the Red
Sea in Ancient Times) (1887).
Liebrecht, Felix (lēb'recht). A noted Ger-
man mythologist; born at Namslau, Silesia,
March 13, 1812; died at St. Hubert, France,
Aug. 3, 1890. He made a study of the sagas
and legends of various countries. Among his
writings are : translations, with critical annota.
tions, of Giambattista Basile's (Pentamerone,
or the Story of Stories) (1846); of the (Baarlam
and Josaphat) of John of Damascus (1847);
and of Dunlop's History of Prose Poems.
Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de (lēn). A
Belgian soldier and miscellaneous writer; born
at Brussels, May 12, 1735; died Dec. 13, 1814.
He wrote : Military, Literary, and Sentimental
Miscellanies) (3 vols. , 1795-1811); Life of
Prince Eugene of Savoy' (2 vols. , 1809). From
his correspondence, journals, etc. , Mme. de Staël
compiled two volumes of "Letters and Thoughts)
(1809).
Liguori, Alfonso Maria de (lē-gwö'rē). An
Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church;
born at Naples, 1696; died Aug. I, 1787. While
bishop of Sant' Agata de' Goti, he founded the
religious congregation of Redemptorists. He
was beatified” in 1816; canonized in 1839;
proclaimed “Doctor of the Universal Church »
in 1871. He wrote Moral Theology) (ed. of
1881, 8 vols. ), and many books of devotion.
Liliencron, Detlev, Baron von (lēl'yen-
kron"). A German novelist and poet; born
at Kiel, June 3, 1844. He wrote: “The Adju-
tant's Rides, and Other Poems) (1883); (A
Summer Battle) (1886), a collection of stories;
“Work Ennobles) (1886); «The Merovingians,
a Tragedy) (1888); the novels (Under Flutter-
ing Banners) (1888), and Mæcenas) (1889);
and several volumes of collected poems.
Liliencron, Rochus, Baron von. A Ger-
man philologist ; born at Plön in Holstein, Dec.
8, 1820. He is author of (Runic Writing)
(1852); (Songs and Sayings from the Latest
Period of the Minnesingers) (1855); (Historic
Popular Ballads of Germany from the 13th to
the 16th Century) (4 vols. , 1864-69); (German
Life in the Folk-Song of the 16th Century. ?
Lillie, Mrs. Lucy Cecil (White). An Amer.
ican writer of juvenile literature; born in New
State in 1855. Among her most popular
works are : (Prudence) (1882); (Rolf House)
## p. 343 (#359) ############################################
LILLO - LINGG
343
(1886); (The Colonel's Money) (1888); (The
Squire's Daughter) (1891); (Alison's Advent-
ures) (1895).
Lillo, George. An eminent English drama-
tist; born at Moorfields, Feb. 4, 1693; died in
London, Sept. 3, 1739. The son of a Dutch
jeweler, he was brought up to his father's
trade, and was for several years in partnership
with him. "Silvia, or the Country Burial)
(1730), a ballad opera, was his first piece; and
was followed (1731) by the famous (London
Merchant, or the History of George Barnwell,
nowadays better known by its sub-title, which
made its author famous, and held the stage for
nearly a century. It had a marked influence
in its day, and may be regarded as a precursor
of the domestic drama. ” His other dramatic
productions include: Britannia, or the Royal
Lovers) (1734); ( Fatal Curiosity) (1736); (Arden
of Feversham,' an adaptation of an Elizabethan
play, revised or completed by John Hoadly
after Lillo's death.
Lilly, William Samuel. An English con-
troversial writer ; born at Fifehead, Dorsetshire,
1840. He is a champion of the Catholic point
of view in such works as (Ancient Religion
and Modern Thought) (1884), and (The Claims
of Christianity' (1894).
Limburg-Brouwer, Petrus van (lēm'börg-
brou'er). A Dutch scholar; born at Dordrecht,
Sept. 30, 1795; died at Groningen, June 21, 1847.
He wrote History of the Moral and Religious
Civilization of the Greeks) (3 vols. , 1833-42),
still highly valued; two fine historical novels
with the scene laid in ancient Greece,-(Chari-
cles and Euphorion (1831), and “Diophanes)
(1838); and a novel relating to his own time,
(The Reading Society) (1847).
Limburg-Brouwer, Petrus Abraham Sam-
uel van. A Dutch novelist, son of Petrus;
born at Liège, Nov. 15, 1829; died at The
Hague, Feb. 13, 1873. He wrote the Oriental
romance (Akbar) (1872), the work of a man of
poetic sensibility and most intimate knowledge
of Indian literature.
Lincoln, Abraham. Sixteenth President of
the United States, the great “War President);
born in Hardin County, Ky. , Feb. 12, 1809;
died at Washington, April 15, 1865. His (Ad-
dress on the occasion of the dedication of the
National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pa. , Nov. 19,
1863, is justly esteemed one of the most memo-
rable utterances of human eloquence; classic
also is his "Second Inaugural Address) of
March 4, 1865. *
Lindau, Paul (lin'dou). A German novelist
and literary critic; born at Magdeburg, June 3,
1839. He has written books of travel, including
(From Venice) (1864); (From Paris); works
of literary criticism, as (Harmless Letters of
a Provincial German) (2 vols. , 1870); Literary
Trivialities) (1871); Molière (1872); (Alfred
de Musset) (1877); (From Literary France)
(1880); and novels, -(Mr. and Mrs. Brewer)
(1882); (Berlin. )
Lindau, Rudolf. A German diplomat and
novelist; born at Gardelegen, Oct. 10, 1830.
He was for many years engaged in the consu-
lar and diplomatic service of Switzerland and
Germany. His principal novels are: (Robert
Ashton) (1877); Liquidated) (1877); (Good
Company' (1880); (The Flirt' (1894); (Silence)
(1895). Some of his stories are perfect works
of art; all of them mirror with rare fidelity
life in the four quarters of the globe, as seen
and studied by a man of very extensive travel.
Lindner, Albert (lind'ner). A German dram-
atist; born at Sulza in Saxe-Weimar, April 24,
1831 ; died at Berlin, Feb. 4, 1888. His tragedy
(Brutus and Collatinus) won him the Schiller
prize. (The Bloody Nuptials, or St. Bartholo.
mew's Eve) (1871) had extraordinary success
upon the stage He wrote several other trage-
dies: (Marino Faliero' (1875); “Don John of
Austria) (1875)); “The Reformer) (1883). He
wrote also (The Swan of Avon) (1881), and
(The Riddle of Woman's Soul (1881).
Lindner, Theodor.
An Austrian historian;
born May 29, 1843. Among his numerous works
are: “The Vehm' (1887); German History un-
der the Hapsburgs and Luxemburgs) (1889-93);
and History of the German People) (1894).
Lindsay, Sir David of the Mount. A Scotch
poet; born about 1490; died before May 1555.
His satires in rhyme were noted for their ridi-
cule of the clergy. His works include : (The
Dreme) (1528); (Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis)
(1539); and ( Historie of Squier Meldrun (1548).
Lindsey, William. An American poet and
prose-writer ; born in Massachusetts in 1858.
His works are : (Apples of Istakhar) (1895), a
volume of poems; and (Cinder-Path Tales)
(1896), stories of athletic sports.
Linen, James. A Scottish poet; born 1808 ;
died in New York City, 1873. His dialect
poems appeared in the Knickerbocker Mag-
azine and the Scottish - American Journal; a
collection, (Songs of the Seasons, and Other
Poems,' was published in 1852; (The Golden
Gate) appeared in 1869.
Ling, Peter Henrik. A Swedish poet; born
at Ljunga, Nov. 15, 1776; died at Stockholm,
May 3, 1839. He founded Swedish gymnas-
tics, and wrote “The General Principles of
Gymnastics) (1840). He also produced sev-
eral spirited lyric poems, tragedies, and epics,
to inspire his countrymen to emulate the ex-
ploits of the ancient heroes of Scandinavia.
Ling8, Hermann (ling). A German poet ;
born at Lindau, Jan. 22, 1820. He published
(1853) a volume of (Poems of great originality,
and remarkable for wealth of imagery and
deep elegiac tone. (The Migration of Peoples)
(3 books, 1866-68) showed grandeur and epic
power. His dramas are less admirable; among
them are : (The Doge Candiano) (1873); “The
Sicilian Vespers); and (Catiline. Besides
(Patriotic Ballads) (1868), “Dark Powers,' and
several volumes of collected poems, he has
written Byzantine Tales) (1881); (From Forest
>
## p. 344 (#360) ############################################
344
LINGUET-LISTA Y ARAGON
and Lake,' five stories (1883); (Clytia, a Scene 1839. He wrote: (Animism in its Relations to
from Pompeii) (1883).
the Ancient Hebrew Religion (1880); Re-
ligions of the European Culture-Peoples) (1881);
Linguet, Simon Nicolas Henri (lan-gā'). A
(Christianism, Popular Beliefs, and Popular
French writer of history; born at Rheims, July
Usages) (1882); History of the Family) (1885);
14, 1736; died June 27, 1794. He won great
(History of Civilization in its Leading Feat-
fame by his (History of the Age of Alexander)
(1762), and his (Judiciary Memoirs) (7 vols. ).
ures' (1886); History of German Manners and
Morals) (1889).
Of his numerous works on laws, politics, science,
etc. , these may be mentioned : History of the
Lippincott, Sarah Jane (Clarke). (“Grace
Revolutions of the Roman Empire) (2 vols. );
Greenwood. ”] An American writer of prose
(Theory of the Civil Law) (1767); (Impartial and verse ; born in Pompey, N. Y. , Sept. 23, 1823.
History of the Jesuits) (1768); Memoirs on She was favorably known as an editor and con-
the Bastille) (1783).
tributor. (Ariadne) is one of her best poems.
She published: (Greenwood Leaves) (1850);
Linnæus, Carolus (lin-nē'us) – (Karl von
(Poems) (1851 ); Merrie England) (1855 );
Linné). A celebrated Swedish naturalist; born
(Records of Five Years) (1868); and New
at Råshult in Småland, May 13, 1707; died at
Life in New Lands) (1873).
Upsala, Jan. 10, 1778. Among his writings
are: "The System of Nature, or the Three Lippmann, Julie Mathilde. An American
Kingdoms of Nature Systematically Arranged' writer of verse and juvenile literature ; born in
(7 vols. , 1735); Foundations of Botany) (1736); Brooklyn, N. Y. , in 1864. She is the author of
Library of Botany) (1736); (Genera of Plants) (Through Slumbertown and Wakeland); Jock
(1737); “Classes of Plants) (1738); Philosophy
(
o' Dreams, a collection of short stories; and
of Botany) (1751); “System of Plants) (1779). * Miss Wildfire,' a novel for girls.
Linton, Eliza Lynn. An English novelist, Lipsius, Justus (lip'sē-us). [Properly Joest
wife of William J. ; born in Keswick, 1822.
Lips. ) A celebrated Dutch humanist; born at
Her first novel, (Azeth the Egyptian,' appeared Overyssche, Belgium, Oct. 18, 1547; died at Lou-
1846; since which she has published: (Witch
vain, March 23, 1606. His strength lay chiefly in
Stories) (1861); (The Lake Country) (1864);
the Latin historians and in Roman antiquities;
Patricia Kemble) (1874); (The World Well
his editions of Tacitus and of Seneca, with
Lost' (1877); (My Love) (1881); (The One commentaries, were prepared with extreme care,
Too Many) (1894); and other works.
and (especially Tacitus) finally determined the
genuine text in all essential particulars. In
Linton, William James. An English wood-
addition he wrote 48 separate treatises and es-
engraver, poet, and miscellaneous writer; born
says, among them: “The Amphitheatre) (1584);
in London, 1812; died Dec. 29, 1897. A
(On Politics (1589); “The Cross) (1593); (The
draughtsman of repute, and for a period an
Military System of the Romans) (1595); "Vesta
illustrator on the Illustrated London News, he
and the Vestal Virgins) (1603); "Introduction
removed to the United States in 1867 and
to the Stoic Philosophy) (1004); Natural Phi-
opened an engraving establishment at New
losophy of the Stoics) (1604).
Haven, Conn. Besides works on engraving he
wrote a Life of Thomas Watson (the Chart-
Lipsius, Marie. See La Mara.
ist leader), giving a history of the Chartist Lipsius, Richard Adelbert. A German the-
movement, in which he shared ardently; a ologian; born at Gera, Feb. 14, 1830; died at
Life of Thomas Paine); (Claribel and Other Jena, Aug. 19, 1892. Among his writings are :
Poems) (1865); (The Flower and the Star) (The Pauline Doctrine of Justification (1853);
( 1869 ); stories for children; edited (Rare (Gnosticism' (1860);"Chronology of the Bishops
Poems of the 16th and 17th Centuries) (1883); of Rome) (1869); (Sources of the Roman Fable
and was co-editor with R. H. Stoddard of of Peter) (1872); (Text-Book of Protestant
(English Verse) (1883).
Dogmatic Theology) (1876); Philosophy and
Lippard, George. An American story-writer;
Religion (1885); (Chief Heads of Christian
born at Yellow Springs, Pa. , April 10, 1822; died
Doctrine) (1889); Brief Commentary on the
New Testament' (2 vols. , 1891); (Luther's Doc-
at Philadelphia, Feb. 9, 1854. His most notori.
trine of Penance) (1892).
ous work was (The Quaker City) (1845), mod-
eled on Sue's Mysteries of Paris,' and imply- List, Friedrich (list). A German political
ing that Philadelphia was a modern Sodom, economist; born at Reutlingen, Aug. 6, 1789;
though he disclaimed the inference when threat- died at Kufstein, Nov. 30, 1846. He emigrated
ened with legal consequences. (Mysteries and to the United States in 1825, and settled at
Miseries of Philadelphia) and (The Empire Harrisburg, Pa. There he wrote (Outlines of a
City: New York — Its Upper Ten and Lower New System of Political Economy) (1827). He
Million) were companion pieces. He wrote went to Leipsic (1833) as American consul, and
also (Paul Ardenheim,' a Rosicrucian romance; did not return to America. He published (1841)
(Legends of Mexico) and (Legends of the Vol. i. of (The National System of Political
Revolution) (1847); “Washington and his Gen- Economy) (7th ed. 1884).
erals); and others.
Lista y Aragon, Alberto (lēs'tä ē ä-rä-gon').
Lippert, Julius (lip'ert). A German his- A distinguished Spanish poet; born at Triana,
torian ; born at Braunau in Bohemia, April 12, near Seville, Oct. 15, 1775; died there, Oct. 5,
>
## p. 345 (#361) ############################################
LISTER-LIVINGSTONE
345
1848. He was one of the best lyric poets of
his time in Spain, with a rich fancy, deep
sensibility, and a philosophic mind. His
(Poems) were published in 2 vols. (2d ed.
1837). He wrote a (Course of Universal His-
tory,' an adaptation of Ségur's work; and
(Literary and Critical Essays) (2 vols. , 1884).
Lister, Sir Joseph. An eminent English
surgeon; born April 5, 1827. He first sug-
gested the antiseptic mode of treating surgical
cases. Among his writings are : 'Early Stages
of Inflammation (1859); "Ligature of Arteries
and the Antiseptic System (1869); (The Germ
Theory of Fermentative Changes) (1875); (Lac-
tic Fermentation and its Bearings on Pathol-
ogy) (1878).
Liszt, Franz (list). A great Hungarian
pianist and composer; born at Raiding, near
Odenburg, Oct. 22, 1811; died at Bayreuth, July
31, 1886. At 13 he composed the operetta (Don
Sancho,' which was successfully produced at
the Paris Grand Opera in 1825. His chief
contributions to the literature of music are :
(Wagner's Lohengrin) and (Tannhäuser))
(1851); (The Gipsies and their Music in Hun-
gary) (1859); (Robert Franz) (1872). There is
a collection of his "Letters) (3 vols. , 1892-93);
also of his correspondence with Richard Wag-
ner (2 vols. , 1887).
Litchfield, Grace Denio. An American
novelist; born in New York city, 1849. She has
lived in Europe for a number of years, and now
resides in Washington, D. C. Among her works
are : (Only an Incident) (1883); «The Knight
of the Black Forest) (1885); Criss Cross )
(1885); A Hard-Won Victory) (1888); “In the
Crucible.
Litta, Pompeo, Count (lēt'ä). An Italian
writer of history ; born at Milan, Sept. 27, 1781;
died Aug. 17, 1852. After his death, was pub-
lished in 183 parts his great work (Celebrated
Italian Families) (1819-82), containing memoirs
of 75 noble families.
Littledale, Richard Frederick. An Eng-
lish clergyman and religious writer ; born in
Dublin in 1833 ; died in 1890. He was curate
of St. Mary Virgin, London, from 1857 to 1861,
when he resigned on account of ill-health and
devoted himself to the study of religious sub-
jects, particularly the Anglican ritual. Among
a number of polemical, historical, exegetic, and
other publications, are: (The Catholic Ritual
in the Church of England) (1865); (Pharisaic
Proselytism' (1870); Plain Reasons against
Joining the Church of Rome) (1880); (A Short
History of the Council of Trent) (1888).
Littleton, Sir Thomas. An English jurist;
born in Frankley, Worcestershire, 1402 ; died
there, Aug. 23, 1481. He wrote a treatise on
tenures, known through Coke's Commentaries.
"Coke on Littleton) is a secondary course in
the bringing up of young lawyers.
Littré, Maximilien Paul Émile (lē-trā'). A
celebrated French philologist, philosopher, lexi-
cographer, and author; born at Paris, Feb. 1,
1801; died there, June 2, 1881. He was one of
the greatest linguists and scientists of the cen-
tury, best known for his celebrated Diction-
ary of the French Language) (1863-72). In
addition to his labors as a philologist he con-
tributed to various scientific and philosophical
journals, was active in politics, translated the
works of Hippocrates (10 vols. , 1839-61), which
admitted him to the Academy of Inscriptions,
and Pliny's (Natural History) (1848), and wrote
a "History of the French Language) (1862);
(Studies of the Barbarians and the Middle
Ages) (1867); Medicine and Physicians) (1872);
Literature and History) (1875); (The Estab-
lishment of the Third Republic) (1880); and
several treatises on Auguste Comte's positive
philosophy, of which he was an ardent advo-
cate. In 1871 he was elected to the French
Academy.
Littrow, Heinrich von (lit'trou). An Aus-
trian naval officer and writer on maritime af-
fairs; born at Vienna, Jan. 26, 1820; died April
25, 1895. He is author of a Maritime Dic-
tionary) (1851); (Manual of Seamanship’ (1859);
(From the Sea, a volume of verse (4th ed.
1876); (Karl Weyprecht, Austrian Polar Ex-
plorer) (1881); Pictures of Travel (4th ed.
1883).
Littrow, Josef Johann von. An Austrian
astronomer; born at Bischofsteinitz in Bohemia,
March 13, 1781; died Nov. 30, 1840. By his
writings and public lectures he contributed
largely to the diffusion of astronomical knowl.
edge in Austria. His chief works are :( Theoretic,
and Practical Astronomy) (2 vols. , 1821); 'Won.
ders of the Heavens) (1834; 8th ed. 1894);
(Atlas of the Starry Heavens) (1838; 3d ed.
1870).
Livermore, Mary Ashton (Rice). An Amer.
ican reformer and lecturer; born in Boston,
Dec. 19, 1821. In 1862 she was appointed agent
of the Northwestern branch of the United States
Sanitary Commission. Since the War she has
been conspicuous in her efforts to promote the
woman-suffrage and temperance movements.
Among her popular lectures are: (What Shall
We Do with Our Daughters? ) (Women of the
War); (The Moral Heroism of the Temper-
ance Reform. She is the author of (Pen Pict-
ures) (1865), (Thirty Years Too Late) (1878),
and a work setting forth her experiences dur-
ing the War.
Livingstone, David. A celebrated Scotch
traveler; born at Blantyre, March 19, 1813; died
in Central Africa, May 1, 1873. He first went
out to Africa in the service of the London Mis-
sionary Society, 1840. He discovered the Vic-
toria Falls of the Zambezi in 1855, and soon
afterward returned to England. He went back
to Africa in 1858, and continued his labors as
missionary and explorer till 1864; but after a
few months he was in the field again, and
there remained, without any communication
with Europe, till he was found by Stanley.
He continued his work in Africa till his death.
His works are: Missionary Travels and Re.
)
## p. 346 (#362) ############################################
346
LIVIUS-LOCKHART
searches in South Africa) (2 vols. , 1857); (Nar-
rative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and its
Tributaries) (1865); (Last Journals of David
Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to his
Death' (1874).
Livius Andronicus. See Andronicus.
Livy - Titus Livius. A great Roman his-
torian; born at Patavium (Padua), 59 B. C. ;
died there, 17 A. D. He wrote the History of
Rome from the Founding of the City) in 142
(books, of which only 35 have come down to
us - books 1-10, reaching to the year 293 B. C. ,
and books 21-45, covering the years 218-167
B. C. ; of the lost books some fragments remain. *
Ljunggren, Gustaf Hakon Jordan (lyöng'-
gren). A Swedish writer on ästhetics; born
at Lund, March 6, 1823. He wrote: (Winckel-
mann and Ehrensvärd Compared as Philoso-
phers of Art) (1856); (The Leading Systems
of Æsthetics) (2 vols. , 1856); (The Swedish
Drama' (1864); (Swedish Literature since Gus-
tavus III. (5 vols. , 1873-95); History of the
Swedish Academy) (2 vols.
ment, and cool temper (he said to an excitable
colleague, “I am a vegetable and you are an
animal »), made him very influential both in
public life and in the world of critical scholar-
ship. His most enduring work is the "Enquiry
into the Credibility of Early Roman History)
## p. 341 (#357) ############################################
LEWIS- LIDNER
341
(2 vols. , 1855); mainly a criticism of Niebuhr's
assumption that there can be reliable intuitive
perceptions of historic fact without a sufficiently
tangible basis of evidence to support the test
of argument. It is also an excellent analysis
of early Roman records and legends. His books
on Grecian subjects, on the Romance languages,
on early astronomy, etc, are mines of research
and good criticism; on Egyptian subjects his
over-skepticism led him to the absurd conten-
tion that the hieroglyphics could not be de-
ciphered at all. His political writings, as On
the Use and Abuse of Political Terms) (1835),
On the Influence of Authority in Matters of
Opinion) (1849), (On the Methods of Observa-
tion and Reasoning in Politics) (2 vols. , 1852),
are clarifying but too prolix.
Lewis, Maria Theresa, Lady. An English
biographer, a descendant of the great historian
Lord Clarendon and wife of Sir George C.
Lewis; born March 8, 1803; died Nov. 9, 1865.
She wrote (Lives of the Friends and Contem-
poraries of Lord Chancellor Clarendon) (3
vols. , 1852).
Lewis, Matthew Gregory. ["Monk» Lewis. ]
An English poet; born at London, July 9, 1775;
died May 14, 1818. His first poem, Ambrosio,
or the Monk) (1795), became instantly very pop-
ular; a court decree stopped its sale for a time;
when its sale was resumed many objectionable
passages had been expunged. He next wrote a
musical drama, (The Castle Spectre (1796),
long a favorite piece on the stage. He wrote
also Journal of a West-Indian Proprietor, pub-
lished after his death.
Lewis, Tayler. An American scholar and au-
thor; born in Northumberland, N. Y. , in 1802 ;
died in Schenectady, N. Y. , May 11, 1877. Was
professor of Greek in the University of New
York in 1838, and later of Oriental literature in
Union College. He published many volumes.
Among these are: ! The Six Days of Creation
(1855); “Heroic Periods in a Nation's History)
(1866); (The Light by which We See Light)
(1875); and many addresses and reviews.
Lewis, Thomas Hayter. An English archi-
tect and author; born in London, July 9, 1818.
He was professor of architecture at University
College (1865-81), and is the author of (The
Holy Places of Jerusalem) (1888), the most
important work on the subject issued in recent
years. Besides papers relating to architecture
and antiquities in the transactions of various
societies, he has written also the articles on
architecture in the Encyclopædia Britannica.
Leybourn, William. An English mathema-
tician, a pioneer in popularizing arithmetic and
astronomy; born 1626; died about 1700. His
(Urania Practica) (1648) was the first English
treatise on astronomy; his (Panarithmologia)
(1693) the first English ready-reckoner.
Leyden John (li'den). A Scotch Oriental-
ist, poet, and author; born in Denholm, Sept.
8, 1775; died at Batavia, Java, Aug. 28, 1811.
Soon after obtaining his medical degree he
went to India, where his proficiency in Ori-
ental and especially Indo-Chinese languages
led to an appointment as professor of Hindus-
tani at Fort William College, Calcutta. He
is the author of (An Historical Account of
Discoveries in Northern and Western Africa)
(1789), an accurate and useful work for that
time; an essay on Indo-Chinese literature in
(Asiatic Researches); "Scenes of Infancy, a
poem; and a number of Scotch ballads, much
admired by Sir Walter Scott and others.
L'Hôpital, Michel de (lõ-pe-täl). A French
statesman; born at Aigueperse, 1505; died March
13, 1573. He left some elegant Latin poems,
also memoirs, discourses, and papers on juris-
prudence and political affairs; they were pub-
lished in five volumes under the title (Works
of Michel de l'Hôpital) (1824).
Libanius (li-bā'ni-us). A Greek sophist of
the fourth century; native of Antioch in Syria.
Though a heathen, he was beloved by St. Basil
and St. John Chrysostom, once his pupils. He
was a voluminous writer, and very successfully
imitated in his orations the style of Demos-
thenes; he got the nickname of the little De-
mosthenes. Of his orations 68 are extant: they
are of value for the history of his time; the
same is to be said of his (Epistles, of which
1,607 remain.
Libelt, Karol (lē'belt). A Polish miscellane-
ous writer; born at Posen, April 8, 1807; died
near Gollancz, June 9, 1875. His principal work
is Philosophy and Criticism) (5 vols. , 1845-
50). He wrote also : (Mathematical Handbook)
(2 vols. , 1844); a drama, (The Maid of Orleans)
(1847); Humor and Truth) (1848), a volume
of brief essays.
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (licht'en-
berg). A distinguished German satirical writer
and physicist; born near Darmstadt, July
1742; died at Göttingen, Feb. 24, 1799. He
gained great celebrity as a lecturer on physical
science, chiefly through the ingenious apparatus,
contrived by himself, with which he illustrated
his lectures. His being a hunchback probably
embittered his satiric disposition. The best of
his satires are those on the notorious literary
pirate Tobias Gobhard; the essay on (The
German Novel); (Timorus,' ridiculing Lava-
ter's zeal for proselytizing; and “Pronunciation
of the Wethers of Ancient Greece, aimed at
Voss's system of pronouncing Greek. His brill-
iant sayings have been collected and published
in a separate volume, Lichtenberg's Thoughts
and Maxims: Light Rays from his Works) (1871).
Lichtenstein, Ulrich von. See Ulrich von L.
Lichtwer, Magnus Gottfried (licht'văr). A
German poet; born at Wurzen, Jan. 30, 1719;
died at Halberstadt, July 6, 1783. His principal
work is Four Books of Æsopic Fables) (1748).
His didactic poem “The Right of Reason)
(1758), founded on the philosophy of Wolf, is
of little value.
Lidner, Bengt (lid'ner). A Swedish poet;
born at Göteborg (Gothenburg), March 16,
а
## p. 342 (#358) ############################################
342
LIE- LILLIE
1757; died at Stockholm, Jan. 4, 1793. He pub-
lished a volume of Fables) after the manner
of Lafontaine (1799). In 1781 he was secretary
to the Swedish envoy at Paris, and there wrote
the tragedy (Erik the Fjortonde. He lost his
secretaryship through his dissipations. He was
a highly gifted poet; but his poems were, like
his life, irregular, lacking sobriety and dignity.
The best of them are: 'Spastaras Dod (1783);
(Aret,' (1783); (Ythersta Domen'; and the op-
era Medea.
Lie, Jonas Laurits Idemil (lē). A Nor-
wegian poet; born at Eker, near Drammen,
June 11, 1833. He published a collection of his
(Poems) (1866); (The Ghost-Seer, a novel
(1870); (Pictures from Norway) (3d ed. 1880);
(Lotse and his Wife) (1874); (Fanfulla, an
Italian tale (1875); Faustina Strozzi, a lyrico-
dramatic poem (1875). Thereafter he wrote a
series of novels; among which were : ( Thomas
Ross) (1878); (Adam Schrader) (1879); (The
Commander's Daughter) (1886); (Evil Powers)
(1890). He also issued the comedies, Garbow's
Cat) (1880); and (Merry Wives) (1894). *
Lieber, Franz (lē'ber). An eminent Ameri-
can publicist; born at Berlin, Germany, March
18, 1800; died in New York, Oct. 2, 1872. He
volunteered as a soldier at 15, and was in
the battles of Ligny, Waterloo, and Namur. He
served also in the Greek war of independence,
recording his experiences in Journal in Greece)
(1823). He settled in the United States in
1827, and during the next five years was occu-
pied with the compilation of the "Encyclopædia
Americana) (13 vols. ). While professor of
history and political economy in South Caro-
lina College, he wrote the three great works
on which his fame mainly rests: (Manual of
Political Ethics) (1838); Legal and Political
Hermeneutics (1839); (Civil Liberty and Self-
Government (1853). In the beginning of the
Civil War he drew up by order of President
Lincoln the (Code of War for the Govern-
ment of the Armies of the United States in the
Field.
Liebig, Justus, Baron von (lē'big). A Ger-
man chemist; born at Darmstadt, May 12, 1803;
died at Munich, April 18, 1873. In 1826 he
was appointed professor of chemistry in the Uni-
versity of Giessen, and there set up the first
chemical laboratory for experimental instruction.
He was a very successful lecturer, and attracted
students from all over the world. His treatises
and memoirs on theoretical and practical chem-
istry are very numerous, and are of exceptional
value; and the term “Liebig's Extract is cer-
tainly a “household word. ” No other chemist
of great rank has so sedulously striven to make
the science a tender to practical utilities. Among
his writings on the chemistry of agriculture are :
(Principles of Agricultural Chemistry) (1855);
(Theory and Practice of Farming) (1856);(Sci-
entific Letters on Modern Farming' (1859).
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (lēb'necht). A Ger-
man socialist agitator; born at Giessen, Ma
29, 1826. He is editor-in-chief of the organ of
the Social Democratic party, Vorwärts; au-
thor of "The Fundamental Question) (1876);
(A Glance at the New World (1887), recount-
ing his observations during a visit to the United
States; (Robert Blum' (1890); (History of the
French Revolution) (1890); Robert Owen)
(1892). His work on “Woman' is widely
known.
Lieblein, Jens Daniel Carolus (lebʻlin). A
Norwegian Egyptologist; born at Christiania,
Dec. 23, 1827. He has written works on Egyp-
tology in French, German, Swedish, and Nor-
wegian; among them : Egyptian Chronology)
(1863); Dictionary of Hieroglyphic Names)
(1871-92); (Trade and Shipping in the Red
Sea in Ancient Times) (1887).
Liebrecht, Felix (lēb'recht). A noted Ger-
man mythologist; born at Namslau, Silesia,
March 13, 1812; died at St. Hubert, France,
Aug. 3, 1890. He made a study of the sagas
and legends of various countries. Among his
writings are : translations, with critical annota.
tions, of Giambattista Basile's (Pentamerone,
or the Story of Stories) (1846); of the (Baarlam
and Josaphat) of John of Damascus (1847);
and of Dunlop's History of Prose Poems.
Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de (lēn). A
Belgian soldier and miscellaneous writer; born
at Brussels, May 12, 1735; died Dec. 13, 1814.
He wrote : Military, Literary, and Sentimental
Miscellanies) (3 vols. , 1795-1811); Life of
Prince Eugene of Savoy' (2 vols. , 1809). From
his correspondence, journals, etc. , Mme. de Staël
compiled two volumes of "Letters and Thoughts)
(1809).
Liguori, Alfonso Maria de (lē-gwö'rē). An
Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church;
born at Naples, 1696; died Aug. I, 1787. While
bishop of Sant' Agata de' Goti, he founded the
religious congregation of Redemptorists. He
was beatified” in 1816; canonized in 1839;
proclaimed “Doctor of the Universal Church »
in 1871. He wrote Moral Theology) (ed. of
1881, 8 vols. ), and many books of devotion.
Liliencron, Detlev, Baron von (lēl'yen-
kron"). A German novelist and poet; born
at Kiel, June 3, 1844. He wrote: “The Adju-
tant's Rides, and Other Poems) (1883); (A
Summer Battle) (1886), a collection of stories;
“Work Ennobles) (1886); «The Merovingians,
a Tragedy) (1888); the novels (Under Flutter-
ing Banners) (1888), and Mæcenas) (1889);
and several volumes of collected poems.
Liliencron, Rochus, Baron von. A Ger-
man philologist ; born at Plön in Holstein, Dec.
8, 1820. He is author of (Runic Writing)
(1852); (Songs and Sayings from the Latest
Period of the Minnesingers) (1855); (Historic
Popular Ballads of Germany from the 13th to
the 16th Century) (4 vols. , 1864-69); (German
Life in the Folk-Song of the 16th Century. ?
Lillie, Mrs. Lucy Cecil (White). An Amer.
ican writer of juvenile literature; born in New
State in 1855. Among her most popular
works are : (Prudence) (1882); (Rolf House)
## p. 343 (#359) ############################################
LILLO - LINGG
343
(1886); (The Colonel's Money) (1888); (The
Squire's Daughter) (1891); (Alison's Advent-
ures) (1895).
Lillo, George. An eminent English drama-
tist; born at Moorfields, Feb. 4, 1693; died in
London, Sept. 3, 1739. The son of a Dutch
jeweler, he was brought up to his father's
trade, and was for several years in partnership
with him. "Silvia, or the Country Burial)
(1730), a ballad opera, was his first piece; and
was followed (1731) by the famous (London
Merchant, or the History of George Barnwell,
nowadays better known by its sub-title, which
made its author famous, and held the stage for
nearly a century. It had a marked influence
in its day, and may be regarded as a precursor
of the domestic drama. ” His other dramatic
productions include: Britannia, or the Royal
Lovers) (1734); ( Fatal Curiosity) (1736); (Arden
of Feversham,' an adaptation of an Elizabethan
play, revised or completed by John Hoadly
after Lillo's death.
Lilly, William Samuel. An English con-
troversial writer ; born at Fifehead, Dorsetshire,
1840. He is a champion of the Catholic point
of view in such works as (Ancient Religion
and Modern Thought) (1884), and (The Claims
of Christianity' (1894).
Limburg-Brouwer, Petrus van (lēm'börg-
brou'er). A Dutch scholar; born at Dordrecht,
Sept. 30, 1795; died at Groningen, June 21, 1847.
He wrote History of the Moral and Religious
Civilization of the Greeks) (3 vols. , 1833-42),
still highly valued; two fine historical novels
with the scene laid in ancient Greece,-(Chari-
cles and Euphorion (1831), and “Diophanes)
(1838); and a novel relating to his own time,
(The Reading Society) (1847).
Limburg-Brouwer, Petrus Abraham Sam-
uel van. A Dutch novelist, son of Petrus;
born at Liège, Nov. 15, 1829; died at The
Hague, Feb. 13, 1873. He wrote the Oriental
romance (Akbar) (1872), the work of a man of
poetic sensibility and most intimate knowledge
of Indian literature.
Lincoln, Abraham. Sixteenth President of
the United States, the great “War President);
born in Hardin County, Ky. , Feb. 12, 1809;
died at Washington, April 15, 1865. His (Ad-
dress on the occasion of the dedication of the
National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pa. , Nov. 19,
1863, is justly esteemed one of the most memo-
rable utterances of human eloquence; classic
also is his "Second Inaugural Address) of
March 4, 1865. *
Lindau, Paul (lin'dou). A German novelist
and literary critic; born at Magdeburg, June 3,
1839. He has written books of travel, including
(From Venice) (1864); (From Paris); works
of literary criticism, as (Harmless Letters of
a Provincial German) (2 vols. , 1870); Literary
Trivialities) (1871); Molière (1872); (Alfred
de Musset) (1877); (From Literary France)
(1880); and novels, -(Mr. and Mrs. Brewer)
(1882); (Berlin. )
Lindau, Rudolf. A German diplomat and
novelist; born at Gardelegen, Oct. 10, 1830.
He was for many years engaged in the consu-
lar and diplomatic service of Switzerland and
Germany. His principal novels are: (Robert
Ashton) (1877); Liquidated) (1877); (Good
Company' (1880); (The Flirt' (1894); (Silence)
(1895). Some of his stories are perfect works
of art; all of them mirror with rare fidelity
life in the four quarters of the globe, as seen
and studied by a man of very extensive travel.
Lindner, Albert (lind'ner). A German dram-
atist; born at Sulza in Saxe-Weimar, April 24,
1831 ; died at Berlin, Feb. 4, 1888. His tragedy
(Brutus and Collatinus) won him the Schiller
prize. (The Bloody Nuptials, or St. Bartholo.
mew's Eve) (1871) had extraordinary success
upon the stage He wrote several other trage-
dies: (Marino Faliero' (1875); “Don John of
Austria) (1875)); “The Reformer) (1883). He
wrote also (The Swan of Avon) (1881), and
(The Riddle of Woman's Soul (1881).
Lindner, Theodor.
An Austrian historian;
born May 29, 1843. Among his numerous works
are: “The Vehm' (1887); German History un-
der the Hapsburgs and Luxemburgs) (1889-93);
and History of the German People) (1894).
Lindsay, Sir David of the Mount. A Scotch
poet; born about 1490; died before May 1555.
His satires in rhyme were noted for their ridi-
cule of the clergy. His works include : (The
Dreme) (1528); (Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis)
(1539); and ( Historie of Squier Meldrun (1548).
Lindsey, William. An American poet and
prose-writer ; born in Massachusetts in 1858.
His works are : (Apples of Istakhar) (1895), a
volume of poems; and (Cinder-Path Tales)
(1896), stories of athletic sports.
Linen, James. A Scottish poet; born 1808 ;
died in New York City, 1873. His dialect
poems appeared in the Knickerbocker Mag-
azine and the Scottish - American Journal; a
collection, (Songs of the Seasons, and Other
Poems,' was published in 1852; (The Golden
Gate) appeared in 1869.
Ling, Peter Henrik. A Swedish poet; born
at Ljunga, Nov. 15, 1776; died at Stockholm,
May 3, 1839. He founded Swedish gymnas-
tics, and wrote “The General Principles of
Gymnastics) (1840). He also produced sev-
eral spirited lyric poems, tragedies, and epics,
to inspire his countrymen to emulate the ex-
ploits of the ancient heroes of Scandinavia.
Ling8, Hermann (ling). A German poet ;
born at Lindau, Jan. 22, 1820. He published
(1853) a volume of (Poems of great originality,
and remarkable for wealth of imagery and
deep elegiac tone. (The Migration of Peoples)
(3 books, 1866-68) showed grandeur and epic
power. His dramas are less admirable; among
them are : (The Doge Candiano) (1873); “The
Sicilian Vespers); and (Catiline. Besides
(Patriotic Ballads) (1868), “Dark Powers,' and
several volumes of collected poems, he has
written Byzantine Tales) (1881); (From Forest
>
## p. 344 (#360) ############################################
344
LINGUET-LISTA Y ARAGON
and Lake,' five stories (1883); (Clytia, a Scene 1839. He wrote: (Animism in its Relations to
from Pompeii) (1883).
the Ancient Hebrew Religion (1880); Re-
ligions of the European Culture-Peoples) (1881);
Linguet, Simon Nicolas Henri (lan-gā'). A
(Christianism, Popular Beliefs, and Popular
French writer of history; born at Rheims, July
Usages) (1882); History of the Family) (1885);
14, 1736; died June 27, 1794. He won great
(History of Civilization in its Leading Feat-
fame by his (History of the Age of Alexander)
(1762), and his (Judiciary Memoirs) (7 vols. ).
ures' (1886); History of German Manners and
Morals) (1889).
Of his numerous works on laws, politics, science,
etc. , these may be mentioned : History of the
Lippincott, Sarah Jane (Clarke). (“Grace
Revolutions of the Roman Empire) (2 vols. );
Greenwood. ”] An American writer of prose
(Theory of the Civil Law) (1767); (Impartial and verse ; born in Pompey, N. Y. , Sept. 23, 1823.
History of the Jesuits) (1768); Memoirs on She was favorably known as an editor and con-
the Bastille) (1783).
tributor. (Ariadne) is one of her best poems.
She published: (Greenwood Leaves) (1850);
Linnæus, Carolus (lin-nē'us) – (Karl von
(Poems) (1851 ); Merrie England) (1855 );
Linné). A celebrated Swedish naturalist; born
(Records of Five Years) (1868); and New
at Råshult in Småland, May 13, 1707; died at
Life in New Lands) (1873).
Upsala, Jan. 10, 1778. Among his writings
are: "The System of Nature, or the Three Lippmann, Julie Mathilde. An American
Kingdoms of Nature Systematically Arranged' writer of verse and juvenile literature ; born in
(7 vols. , 1735); Foundations of Botany) (1736); Brooklyn, N. Y. , in 1864. She is the author of
Library of Botany) (1736); (Genera of Plants) (Through Slumbertown and Wakeland); Jock
(1737); “Classes of Plants) (1738); Philosophy
(
o' Dreams, a collection of short stories; and
of Botany) (1751); “System of Plants) (1779). * Miss Wildfire,' a novel for girls.
Linton, Eliza Lynn. An English novelist, Lipsius, Justus (lip'sē-us). [Properly Joest
wife of William J. ; born in Keswick, 1822.
Lips. ) A celebrated Dutch humanist; born at
Her first novel, (Azeth the Egyptian,' appeared Overyssche, Belgium, Oct. 18, 1547; died at Lou-
1846; since which she has published: (Witch
vain, March 23, 1606. His strength lay chiefly in
Stories) (1861); (The Lake Country) (1864);
the Latin historians and in Roman antiquities;
Patricia Kemble) (1874); (The World Well
his editions of Tacitus and of Seneca, with
Lost' (1877); (My Love) (1881); (The One commentaries, were prepared with extreme care,
Too Many) (1894); and other works.
and (especially Tacitus) finally determined the
genuine text in all essential particulars. In
Linton, William James. An English wood-
addition he wrote 48 separate treatises and es-
engraver, poet, and miscellaneous writer; born
says, among them: “The Amphitheatre) (1584);
in London, 1812; died Dec. 29, 1897. A
(On Politics (1589); “The Cross) (1593); (The
draughtsman of repute, and for a period an
Military System of the Romans) (1595); "Vesta
illustrator on the Illustrated London News, he
and the Vestal Virgins) (1603); "Introduction
removed to the United States in 1867 and
to the Stoic Philosophy) (1004); Natural Phi-
opened an engraving establishment at New
losophy of the Stoics) (1604).
Haven, Conn. Besides works on engraving he
wrote a Life of Thomas Watson (the Chart-
Lipsius, Marie. See La Mara.
ist leader), giving a history of the Chartist Lipsius, Richard Adelbert. A German the-
movement, in which he shared ardently; a ologian; born at Gera, Feb. 14, 1830; died at
Life of Thomas Paine); (Claribel and Other Jena, Aug. 19, 1892. Among his writings are :
Poems) (1865); (The Flower and the Star) (The Pauline Doctrine of Justification (1853);
( 1869 ); stories for children; edited (Rare (Gnosticism' (1860);"Chronology of the Bishops
Poems of the 16th and 17th Centuries) (1883); of Rome) (1869); (Sources of the Roman Fable
and was co-editor with R. H. Stoddard of of Peter) (1872); (Text-Book of Protestant
(English Verse) (1883).
Dogmatic Theology) (1876); Philosophy and
Lippard, George. An American story-writer;
Religion (1885); (Chief Heads of Christian
born at Yellow Springs, Pa. , April 10, 1822; died
Doctrine) (1889); Brief Commentary on the
New Testament' (2 vols. , 1891); (Luther's Doc-
at Philadelphia, Feb. 9, 1854. His most notori.
trine of Penance) (1892).
ous work was (The Quaker City) (1845), mod-
eled on Sue's Mysteries of Paris,' and imply- List, Friedrich (list). A German political
ing that Philadelphia was a modern Sodom, economist; born at Reutlingen, Aug. 6, 1789;
though he disclaimed the inference when threat- died at Kufstein, Nov. 30, 1846. He emigrated
ened with legal consequences. (Mysteries and to the United States in 1825, and settled at
Miseries of Philadelphia) and (The Empire Harrisburg, Pa. There he wrote (Outlines of a
City: New York — Its Upper Ten and Lower New System of Political Economy) (1827). He
Million) were companion pieces. He wrote went to Leipsic (1833) as American consul, and
also (Paul Ardenheim,' a Rosicrucian romance; did not return to America. He published (1841)
(Legends of Mexico) and (Legends of the Vol. i. of (The National System of Political
Revolution) (1847); “Washington and his Gen- Economy) (7th ed. 1884).
erals); and others.
Lista y Aragon, Alberto (lēs'tä ē ä-rä-gon').
Lippert, Julius (lip'ert). A German his- A distinguished Spanish poet; born at Triana,
torian ; born at Braunau in Bohemia, April 12, near Seville, Oct. 15, 1775; died there, Oct. 5,
>
## p. 345 (#361) ############################################
LISTER-LIVINGSTONE
345
1848. He was one of the best lyric poets of
his time in Spain, with a rich fancy, deep
sensibility, and a philosophic mind. His
(Poems) were published in 2 vols. (2d ed.
1837). He wrote a (Course of Universal His-
tory,' an adaptation of Ségur's work; and
(Literary and Critical Essays) (2 vols. , 1884).
Lister, Sir Joseph. An eminent English
surgeon; born April 5, 1827. He first sug-
gested the antiseptic mode of treating surgical
cases. Among his writings are : 'Early Stages
of Inflammation (1859); "Ligature of Arteries
and the Antiseptic System (1869); (The Germ
Theory of Fermentative Changes) (1875); (Lac-
tic Fermentation and its Bearings on Pathol-
ogy) (1878).
Liszt, Franz (list). A great Hungarian
pianist and composer; born at Raiding, near
Odenburg, Oct. 22, 1811; died at Bayreuth, July
31, 1886. At 13 he composed the operetta (Don
Sancho,' which was successfully produced at
the Paris Grand Opera in 1825. His chief
contributions to the literature of music are :
(Wagner's Lohengrin) and (Tannhäuser))
(1851); (The Gipsies and their Music in Hun-
gary) (1859); (Robert Franz) (1872). There is
a collection of his "Letters) (3 vols. , 1892-93);
also of his correspondence with Richard Wag-
ner (2 vols. , 1887).
Litchfield, Grace Denio. An American
novelist; born in New York city, 1849. She has
lived in Europe for a number of years, and now
resides in Washington, D. C. Among her works
are : (Only an Incident) (1883); «The Knight
of the Black Forest) (1885); Criss Cross )
(1885); A Hard-Won Victory) (1888); “In the
Crucible.
Litta, Pompeo, Count (lēt'ä). An Italian
writer of history ; born at Milan, Sept. 27, 1781;
died Aug. 17, 1852. After his death, was pub-
lished in 183 parts his great work (Celebrated
Italian Families) (1819-82), containing memoirs
of 75 noble families.
Littledale, Richard Frederick. An Eng-
lish clergyman and religious writer ; born in
Dublin in 1833 ; died in 1890. He was curate
of St. Mary Virgin, London, from 1857 to 1861,
when he resigned on account of ill-health and
devoted himself to the study of religious sub-
jects, particularly the Anglican ritual. Among
a number of polemical, historical, exegetic, and
other publications, are: (The Catholic Ritual
in the Church of England) (1865); (Pharisaic
Proselytism' (1870); Plain Reasons against
Joining the Church of Rome) (1880); (A Short
History of the Council of Trent) (1888).
Littleton, Sir Thomas. An English jurist;
born in Frankley, Worcestershire, 1402 ; died
there, Aug. 23, 1481. He wrote a treatise on
tenures, known through Coke's Commentaries.
"Coke on Littleton) is a secondary course in
the bringing up of young lawyers.
Littré, Maximilien Paul Émile (lē-trā'). A
celebrated French philologist, philosopher, lexi-
cographer, and author; born at Paris, Feb. 1,
1801; died there, June 2, 1881. He was one of
the greatest linguists and scientists of the cen-
tury, best known for his celebrated Diction-
ary of the French Language) (1863-72). In
addition to his labors as a philologist he con-
tributed to various scientific and philosophical
journals, was active in politics, translated the
works of Hippocrates (10 vols. , 1839-61), which
admitted him to the Academy of Inscriptions,
and Pliny's (Natural History) (1848), and wrote
a "History of the French Language) (1862);
(Studies of the Barbarians and the Middle
Ages) (1867); Medicine and Physicians) (1872);
Literature and History) (1875); (The Estab-
lishment of the Third Republic) (1880); and
several treatises on Auguste Comte's positive
philosophy, of which he was an ardent advo-
cate. In 1871 he was elected to the French
Academy.
Littrow, Heinrich von (lit'trou). An Aus-
trian naval officer and writer on maritime af-
fairs; born at Vienna, Jan. 26, 1820; died April
25, 1895. He is author of a Maritime Dic-
tionary) (1851); (Manual of Seamanship’ (1859);
(From the Sea, a volume of verse (4th ed.
1876); (Karl Weyprecht, Austrian Polar Ex-
plorer) (1881); Pictures of Travel (4th ed.
1883).
Littrow, Josef Johann von. An Austrian
astronomer; born at Bischofsteinitz in Bohemia,
March 13, 1781; died Nov. 30, 1840. By his
writings and public lectures he contributed
largely to the diffusion of astronomical knowl.
edge in Austria. His chief works are :( Theoretic,
and Practical Astronomy) (2 vols. , 1821); 'Won.
ders of the Heavens) (1834; 8th ed. 1894);
(Atlas of the Starry Heavens) (1838; 3d ed.
1870).
Livermore, Mary Ashton (Rice). An Amer.
ican reformer and lecturer; born in Boston,
Dec. 19, 1821. In 1862 she was appointed agent
of the Northwestern branch of the United States
Sanitary Commission. Since the War she has
been conspicuous in her efforts to promote the
woman-suffrage and temperance movements.
Among her popular lectures are: (What Shall
We Do with Our Daughters? ) (Women of the
War); (The Moral Heroism of the Temper-
ance Reform. She is the author of (Pen Pict-
ures) (1865), (Thirty Years Too Late) (1878),
and a work setting forth her experiences dur-
ing the War.
Livingstone, David. A celebrated Scotch
traveler; born at Blantyre, March 19, 1813; died
in Central Africa, May 1, 1873. He first went
out to Africa in the service of the London Mis-
sionary Society, 1840. He discovered the Vic-
toria Falls of the Zambezi in 1855, and soon
afterward returned to England. He went back
to Africa in 1858, and continued his labors as
missionary and explorer till 1864; but after a
few months he was in the field again, and
there remained, without any communication
with Europe, till he was found by Stanley.
He continued his work in Africa till his death.
His works are: Missionary Travels and Re.
)
## p. 346 (#362) ############################################
346
LIVIUS-LOCKHART
searches in South Africa) (2 vols. , 1857); (Nar-
rative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and its
Tributaries) (1865); (Last Journals of David
Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to his
Death' (1874).
Livius Andronicus. See Andronicus.
Livy - Titus Livius. A great Roman his-
torian; born at Patavium (Padua), 59 B. C. ;
died there, 17 A. D. He wrote the History of
Rome from the Founding of the City) in 142
(books, of which only 35 have come down to
us - books 1-10, reaching to the year 293 B. C. ,
and books 21-45, covering the years 218-167
B. C. ; of the lost books some fragments remain. *
Ljunggren, Gustaf Hakon Jordan (lyöng'-
gren). A Swedish writer on ästhetics; born
at Lund, March 6, 1823. He wrote: (Winckel-
mann and Ehrensvärd Compared as Philoso-
phers of Art) (1856); (The Leading Systems
of Æsthetics) (2 vols. , 1856); (The Swedish
Drama' (1864); (Swedish Literature since Gus-
tavus III. (5 vols. , 1873-95); History of the
Swedish Academy) (2 vols.
