No More Learning



## p. 295 (#421) ############################################

SEVENTH DIVISION.
WIFE AND CHILD.
377-
The Perfect Woman. —The perfect woman is
a higher type of humanity than the perfect man,
and also something much rarer. The natural
history of animals furnishes grounds in support of
this theory.
378.
FRIENDSHIP AND MARRIAGE. —The best friend
will probably get the best wife, because a good
marriage is based on talent for friendship.
379-
The Survival of the Parents. —The un-
dissolved dissonances in the relation of the
character and sentiments of the parents survive
in the nature of the child and make up the
history of its inner sufferings.
380.
Inherited from the Mother. —Every one 1 -
bears within him an image of woman, inherited
from his mother: it determines his attitude to-


## p. 296 (#422) ############################################


296
HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
wards women as a whole, whether to honour,
despise, or remain generally indifferent to them.
38i.
Correcting Nature. —Whoever has not got
a good father should procure one.
382.
Fathers and Sons. —Fathers have much to
do to make amends for having sons.
383-
The Error of Gentlewomen. — Gentle-
women think that a thing does not really exist
when it is not possible to talk of it in society.
384.
A Male Disease. —The surest remedy for the
male disease of self-contempt is to be loved by
\a sensible woman.
385-
A Species of Jealousy. —Mothers are readily
jealous of the friends of sons who are particularly
1 successful. As a rule a mother loves herself in
her son more than the son.
-!
386.
Rational Irrationality. —In the maturity
of life and intelligence the feeling comes over a
man that his father did wrong in begetting him.
\


## p. 297 (#423) ############################################

WIFE AND CHILD. 297
387-
Maternal Excellence. — Some mothers
need happy and honoured children, some need
unhappy ones,-—otherwise they cannot exhibit
their maternal excellence.
388.
Different Sighs. —Some husbands have
sighed over the elopement of their wives, the
greater number, however, have sighed because
nobody would elope with theirs.
389.
Love MATCHES. —Marriages which are con-
tracted for love (so-called love-matches) have error
for their father and need (necessity) for their mother.
390.
Women's Friendships. —Women can enter
into friendship with a man perfectly well; but
in order to maintain it the aid of a little physical
antipathy is perhaps required.
391-
Ennui. —Many people, especially women, never
feel ennui because they have never learnt to work
properly.
392.
An Element of Love. —In all feminine love
something of maternal love also comes to light.


## p. 298 (#424) ############################################


298
HUMAN, ALL-TOO HUMAN.
393-
Unity of Place and Drama. —If married
couples did not live together, happy marriages
would be more frequent.
394-
The Usual Consequences of Marriage. —
All intercourse which does not elevate a person,
debases him, and vice versa; hence men usually
sink a little when they marry, while women are
somewhat elevated. Over-intellectual men require
marriage in proportion as they are opposed to it
as to a repugnant medicine.
395-
Learning to Command. —Children oi unpre-
tentious families must be taught to command, just
as much as other children must be taught to obey.
396.
Wanting to be in Love. —Betrothed couples
who have been matched by convenience often
exert themselves to fall in love, to avoid the
reproach of cold, calculating expediency. In the
same manner those who become converts to
Christianity for their advantage exert themselves
to become genuinely pious; because the religious
cast of countenance then becomes easier to them.
397-
No Standing Still in Love. —A musician
who loves the slow tempo will play the same pieces
"S.


## p. 299 (#425) ############################################

WIFE AND CHILD. 299
ever more slowly. There is thus no standing
still in any love.
398.
Modesty. —Women's modesty usually increases
with their beauty. *
399-
Marriage on a Good Basis. —A marriage
in which each wishes to realise an individual aim
by means of the other will stand well; for instance,
when the woman wishes to become famous through
the man and the man beloved through the woman.
( 400.
Proteus-Nature. — Through love women
actually become what they appear to be in the
imagination of their lovers.
401.
To Love and to Possess. —As a rule women
love a distinguished man to the extent that they
wish to possess him exclusively. They would
gladly keep him under lock and key, if their
vanity did not forbid, but vanity demands that
he should also appear distinguished before others.
402.
The Test of a Good Marriage. —The good-
ness of a marriage is proved by the fact that it
can stand an "exception. "
* The opposite of this aphorism also holds good. —J. M. K.


## p. 300 (#426) ############################################

300
HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
403.
Bringing Anyone Round to Anything. —
One may make any person so weak and weary by
disquietude, anxiety, and excess of work or thought
that he no longer resists anything that appears
complicated, but gives way to it,—diplomatists
and women know this.
404.
Propriety and Honesty. —Those girls who
mean to trust exclusively to their youthful charms
for their provision in life, and whose cunning is
further prompted by worldly mothers, have just
the same aims as courtesans, only they are wiser
and less honest.
405.
MASKS. —There are women who, wherever one
examines them, have no inside, but are mere
masks. A man is to be pitied who has connec-
tion with such almost spectre-like and necessarily
unsatisfactory creatures, but it is precisely such
women who know how to excite a man's desire
most strongly; he seeks for their soul, and seeks
evermore.
406.
Marriage as a Long Talk. —In entering
on a marriage one should ask one's self the
question, "Do you think you will pass your
time well with this woman till your old age? "
All else in marriage is transitory; talk, however,
occupies most of the time of the association.
>


## p. 301 (#427) ############################################

WIFE AND CHILD. 301
407.
Girlish Dreams. —Inexperienced girls flatter
themselves with the notion that it is in their
power to make a man happy; later on they learn
that it is equivalent to underrating a man to
suppose that he needs only a girl to make him
happy. Women's vanity requires a man to be
something more than merely a happy husband.
408.
The Dying-out of Faust and Marguerite.
—According to the very intelligent remark of a
scholar, the educated men of modern Germany
resemble somewhat a mixture of Mephistopheles
and Wagner, but are not at all like Faust, whom
our grandfathers (in their youth at least) felt
agitating within them. To them, therefore,—to
continue the remark,—Marguerites are not suited,
for two reasons. And because the latter are no
longer desired they seem to be dying out.
409.
Classical Education for Girls. —For
goodness' sake let us not give our classical educa-
tion to girls! An education which, out of in-
genious, inquisitive, ardent youths, so frequently
makes—copies of their teacher!
410.
Without Rivals. —Women readily perceive
in a man whether his soul has already been taken


## p. 302 (#428) ############################################

302 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.

possession of; they wish to be loved without
rivals, and find fault with the objects of his am-
bition, his political tasks, his sciences and arts, if he
have a passion for such things. Unless he be
distinguished thereby,—then, in the case of a love-
relationship between them, women look at the
same time for an increase of their own distinction;
under such circumstances, they favour the lover.
411.
The Feminine Intellect. —The intellect of
women manifests itself as perfect mastery, presence
of mind, and utilisation of all advantages. They
transmit it as a fundamental quality to their
children, and the father adds thereto the darker
background of the will. His influence determines
as it were the rhythm and harmony with which the
new life is to be performed; but its melody is
derived from the mother. For those who know
how to put a thing properly: women have in-
telligence, men have character and passion. This
does not contradict the fact that men actually
achieve so much more with their intelligence:
they have deeper and more powerful impulses;
and it is these which carry their understanding
(in itself something passive) to such an extent.
Women are often silently surprised at the great
respect men pay to their character. When, there-
fore, in the choice of a partner men seek specially
for a being of deep and strong character, and
women for a being of intelligence, brilliancy, and
presence of mind, it is plain that at bottom men


## p. 303 (#429) ############################################

WIFE AND CHILD. 303
seek for the ideal man, and women for the ideal
woman, — consequently not for the complement
but for the completion of their own excellence.
412.
Hesiod's Opinion Confirmed. —It is a sign
of women's wisdom that they have almost always
known how to get themselves supported, like
drones in a bee-hive. Let us just consider what
this meant originally, and why men do not de-
pend upon women for their support. Of a truth
it is because masculine vanity and reverence are
greater than feminine wisdom; for women have
known how to secure for themselves by their sub-
ordination the greatest advantage, in fact, the
upper hand. Even the care of children may
originally have been used by the wisdom of women
as an excuse for withdrawing themselves as much
as possible from work. And at present they still
understand when they are really active (as house-
keepers, for instance) how to make a bewildering
fuss about it, so that the merit of their activity is
usually ten times over-estimated by men.
413-
Lovers as Short-sighted People. —A pair
of powerful spectacles has sometimes sufficed to
cure a person in love; and whoever has had suffi-
cient imagination to represent a face or form
twenty years older, has probably gone through
life not much disturbed.


## p. 304 (#430) ############################################


304 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
414.
Women in Hatred. —In a state of hatred
women are more dangerous than men; for one
thing, because they are hampered by no regard
for fairness when their hostile feelings have been
aroused; but let their hatred develop unchecked
to its utmost consequences; then also, because
they are expert in finding sore spots (which every
man and every party possess), and pouncing upon
them: for which purpose their dagger-pointed in-
telligence is of good service (whilst men, hesitat-
ing at the sight of wounds, are often generously
and conciliatorily inclined).
415.
Love. —The love idolatry which women practise
is fundamentally and originally an intelligent de-
vice, inasmuch as they increase their power by all
the idealisings of love and exhibit themselves as so
much the more desirable in the eyes of men. But
by being accustomed for centuries to this exagger-
ated appreciation of love, it has come to pass that
they have been caught in their own net and have
forgotten the origin of the device. They them-
selves are now still more deceived than the men,
and on that account also suffer more from the dis-
illusionment which, almost necessarily, enters into
the life of every woman—so far, at any rate, as she
has sufficient imagination and intelligence to be
able to be deceived and undeceived.


## p. 305 (#431) ############################################

WIFE AND CHILD. 305
416.
The Emancipation of Women. —Can women
be at all just, when they are so accustomed to love
and to be immediately biased for or against?
For that reason they are also less interested in
things and more in individuals: but when they are
interested in things they immediately become their
partisans, and thereby spoil their pure, innocent
effect. Thus there arises a danger, by no means
small, in entrusting politics and certain portions of
science to them (history, for instance). For what
is rarer than a woman who really knows what
science is? Indeed the best of them cherish in
their breasts a secret scorn for science, as if they
were somehow superior to it. Perhaps all this
can be changed in time; but meanwhile it is so.
417.
The Inspiration in Women's Judgments.
—The sudden decisions, for or against, which
women are in the habit of making, the flashing
illumination of personal relations caused by their
spasmodic inclinations and aversions,—in short, the
proofs of feminine injustice have been invested
with a lustre by men who are in love, as if all
women had inspirations of wisdom, even without
the Delphic cauldron and the laurel wreaths; and
their utterances are interpreted and duly set forth
as Sibylline oracles for long afterwards. When
one considers, however, that for every person and
for every cause something can be said in favour
vol. 1. U


## p. 306 (#432) ############################################

306 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
of it but equally also something against it, that
things are not only two-sided, but also three and
four-sided, it is almost difficult to be entirely at
fault in such sudden decisions; indeed, it might be
said that the nature of things has been so arranged
that women should always carry their point. *
418.
BEING LOVED. —As one of every two persons
in love is usually the one who loves, the other
the one who is loved, the belief has arisen that
in every love-affair there is a constant amount
of love; and that the more of it the one person
monopolises the less is left for the other. Ex-
ceptionally it happens that the vanity of each of the
parties persuades him or her that it is he or she
who must be loved; so that both of them wish to
be loved: from which cause many half funny, half
absurd scenes take place, especially in married life.
419.
Contradictions in Feminine Minds. —
Owing to the fact that women are so much more
personal than objective, there are tendencies
included in the range of their ideas which are
logically in contradiction to one another; they
are accustomed in turn to become enthusiastically
fond just of the representatives of these tendencies
* It may be remarked that Nietzsche changed his view
on this subject later on, and ascribed more importance to
woman's intuition. Cf. also Disraeli's reference to the
"High Priestesses of predestination. "—J. M. K.


## p. 307 (#433) ############################################

WIFE AND CHILD. 307
and accept their systems in the lump; but in
such wise that a dead place originates wherever
a new personality afterwards gets the ascendancy.
It may happen that the whole philosophy in the
mind of an old lady consists of nothing but such
dead places.
420.
Who Suffers the More ? —After a personal
dissension and quarrel between a woman and a
man the latter party suffers chiefly from the idea
of having wounded the other, whilst the former
suffers chiefly from the idea of not having wounded
the other sufficiently; so she subsequently en-
deavours by tears, sobs, and discomposed mien,
* to make his heart heavier.
421.
An Opportunity for Feminine Magnan-
► , IMITY. — If we could disregard the claims of
custom in our thinking we might consider whether
nature and reason do not suggest several marriages
"\ for men, one after another: perhaps that, at the
age of twenty-two, he should first marry an older
girl who is mentally and morally his superior, and
* can be his leader through all the dangers of the
twenties (ambition, hatred, self-contempt, and
passions of all kinds). This woman's affection
'would subsequently change entirely into maternal
love, and she would not only submit to it but
would encourage the man in the most salutary
* manner, if in his thirties he contracted an alliance
with quite a young girl whose education he


## p. 308 (#434) ############################################

308 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
i
himself should take in hand.
Marriage is a
necessary institution for the twenties; a useful,
but not necessary, institution for the thirties; for
later life it is often harmful, and promotes the
mental deterioration of the man.
422.
The Tragedy of Childhood. —Perhaps it
not infrequently happens that noble men with lofty
aims have to fight their hardest battle in child-
hood; by having perchance to carry out their
principles in opposition to a base-minded father
addicted to feigning and falsehood, or living, like
Lord Byron, in constant warfare with a childish
and passionate mother. He who has had such
an experience will never be able to forget all his
life who has been his greatest and most dangerous
enemy.
423-
Parental Folly. —The grossest mistakes in
judging a man are made by his parents,—this is
a fact, but how is it to be explained? Have the
parents too much experience of the child and
cannot any longer arrange this experience into a
unity? It has been noticed that it is only in
the earlier period of their sojourn in foreign
countries that travellers rightly grasp the general
distinguishing features of a people; the better
they come to know it, they are the less able to
see what is typical and distinguishing in a people.
As soon as they grow short-sighted their eyes
cease to be long-sighted. Do parents, therefore,


## p. 309 (#435) ############################################

WIFE AND CHILD. 309
judge their children falsely because they have
never stood far enough away from them? The
following is quite another explanation: people
are no longer accustomed to reflect on what is
close at hand and surrounds them, but just accept
it. Perhaps the usual thoughtlessness of parents
is the reason why they judge so wrongly when
once they are compelled to judge their children.
424.
The Future of Marriage. —The noble
and liberal-minded women who take as their
mission the education and elevation of the female
sex, should not overlook one point of view:
Marriage regarded in its highest aspect, as the
spiritual friendship of two persons of opposite \ -
~sexes, and accordingly such as is hoped for in '~~,-*c
future, contracted for the purpose of producing
and educating a new generation,—such marriage,
which only makes use of the sensual, so to speak,
as a rare and occasional means to a higher
purpose, will, it is to be feared, probably need a
natural auxiliary, namely, concubinage. For if,
on the grounds of his health, the wife is also
to serve for the sole satisfaction of the man's
sexual needs, a wrong perspective, opposed to the
aims indicated, will have most influence in the
choice of a wife. The aims referred to: the
production of descendants, will be accidental, and
their successful education highly improbable. A
good wife, who has to be friend, helper, child-bearer,
mother, family-head and manager, and has even


## p. 310 (#436) ############################################

3IO HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
perhaps to conduct her own business and affairs
separately from those of the husband, cannot at
the same time be a concubine; it would, in general,
be asking too much of her. In the future, there-
fore, a state of things might take place the
opposite of what existed at Athens in the time
of Pericles; the men, whose wives were then little
more to them than concubines, turned besides to
the Aspasias, because they longed for the charms
of a companionship gratifying both to head and
heart, such as the grace and intellectual suppleness
of women could alone provide. All human in-
stitutions, just like marriage, allow only a moderate
amount of practical idealising, failing which coarse
remedies immediately become necessary.
425.
The "Storm and Stress" Period of
Women. —In the three or four civilised countries
of Europe, it is possible, by several centuries of
education, to make out of women anything we
like,—even men, not in a sexual sense, of course,
but in every other. Under such influences they
will acquire all the masculine virtues and forces,
at the same time, of course, they must also have
taken all the masculine weaknesses and vices into
the bargain: so much, as has been said, we can
command. But how shall we endure the inter-
mediate state thereby induced, which may even
last two or three centuries, during which feminine
follies and injustices, woman's original birthday
endowment, will still maintain the ascendancy


## p. 311 (#437) ############################################

WIFE AND CHILD. 311
over all that has been otherwise gained and
acquired? This will be the time when indigna-
tion will be the peculiar masculine passion;
indignation, because all arts and sciences have
been overflowed and choked by an unprecedented
dilettanteism, philosophy talked to death by brain-
bewildering chatter, politics more fantastic and
partisan than ever, and society in complete dis-
organisation, because the conservatrices of ancient
customs have become ridiculous to themselves,
and have endeavoured in every way to place
themselves outside the pale of custom. If indeed
women had their greatest power in custom, where
will they have to look in order to reacquire a
similar plenitude of power after having renounced
custom?
426.
Free-Spirit and Marriage. — Will free-
thinkers live with women? In general, I think
that, like the prophesying birds of old, like the
truth-thinkers and truth-speakers of the present,
they must prefer to fly alone.
427.
The Happiness of Marriage. —Everything
to which we are accustomed draws an ever-
tightening cobweb-net around us; and presently
we notice that the threads have become cords,
and that we ourselves sit in the middle like
a spider that has here got itself caught and
must feed on its own blood. Hence the free
spirit hates all rules and customs, all that is


## p. 312 (#438) ############################################

312 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
"
permanent and definitive, hence he painfully
tears asunder again and again the net around
him, though in consequence thereof he will suffer
from numerous wounds, slight and severe; for he
must break off every thread from himself, from
his body and soul. He must learn to love where
he has hitherto hated, and vice versa. Indeed, it
must not be a thing impossible for him to sow
dragon's teeth in the same field in which he
formerly scattered the abundance of his bounty.
From this it can be inferred whether he is suited
for the happiness of marriage.
428.
Too Intimate. — When we live on too
intimate terms with a person it is as if we were
again and again handling a good engraving with
our fingers; the time comes when we have soiled
and damaged paper in our hands, and nothing
more. A man's soul also gets worn out by
constant handling; at least, it eventually appears
so to us—never again do we see its original design
and beauty. We always lose through too familiar
association with women and friends; and some-
times we lose the pearl of our life thereby.
429.
^ The Golden Cradle. —The free spirit will
always feel relieved when he has finally resolved
to shake off the motherly care and guardianship
with which women' surround him. What harm
will a rough wind, from which he has been so


## p. 313 (#439) ############################################

WIFE AND CHILD. 313
anxiously protected, do him? Of what consequence
is a genuine disadvantage, loss, misfortune, sick-
ness, illness, fault, or folly more or less in his life,
compared with the bondage of the golden cradle,
the peacock's-feather fan, and the oppressive feel-
ing that he must, in addition, be grateful because
he is waited on and spoiled like a baby? Hence
it is that the milk which is offered him by the
motherly disposition of the women about him can
so readily turn into gall.
430.
A Voluntary Victim. —There is nothing
by which able women can so alleviate the lives of
their husbands, should these be great and famous,
as by becoming, so to speak, the receptacle for the
general disfavour and occasional ill-humour of the
rest of mankind. Contemporaries are usually ac-
customed to overlook many mistakes, follies, and
even flagrant injustices in their great men if only
they can find some one to maltreat and kill, as a
proper victim for the relief of their feelings. A
wife not infrequently has the ambition to present
herself for this sacrifice, and then the husband
may indeed feel satisfied,—he being enough of an
egoist to have such a voluntary storm, rain, and
lightning-conductor beside him.
431-
Agreeable Adversaries. —The natural in-
clination of women towards quiet, regular, happily


## p. 314 (#440) ############################################

314 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
tuned existences and intercourse, the oil-like and
calming effect of their influence upon the sea of
life, operates unconsciously against the heroic
inner impulse of the free spirit. Without know-
ing it, women act as if they were taking away the
stones from the path of the wandering mineral-
ogist in order that he might not strike his foot
against them—when he has gone out for the
very purpose of striking against them.
432.
The Discord of Two Concords. —Woman
wants to serve, and finds her happiness therein;
the free spirit does not want to be served, and
therein finds his happiness.
433-
XANTIPPE. —Socrates found a wife such as he
required,—but he would not have sought her had
he known her sufficiently well; even the heroism
of his free spirit would not have gone so far. As
a matter of fact, Xantippe forced him more and
more into his peculiar profession, inasmuch as she
made house and home doleful and dismal to him;
she taught him to live in the streets and wher-
ever gossiping and idling went on, and thereby
made him the greatest Athenian street-dia-
lectician, who had, at last, to compare himself
to a gad-fly which a god had set on the neck of
the beautiful horse Athens to prevent it from
resting.


## p. 315 (#441) ############################################

WIFE AND CHILD. 315
434-
Blind to the Future. —Just as mothers have
senses and eye only for those pains of their children
that are evident to the senses and eye, so the
wives of men of high aspirations cannot accustom
themselves to see their husbands suffering, starv-
ing, or slighted,—although all this is, perhaps, not
only the proof that they havei rightly chosen their
attitude in life, but even the guarantee that their
great aims must be achieved some time. Wome:
always intrigue privately against the higher soul^
of their husbands; they want to cheat them out
of their future for the sake of a painless and
comfortable present.
435-
Authority and Freedom. —However highly
women may honour their husbands, they honour
still more the powers and ideas recognised by
society; they have been accustomed for mil-
lennia to go along with their hands folded on
their breasts, and their heads bent before every-
thing dominant, disapproving of all resistance to
public authority. They therefore unintentionally,
and as if from instinct, hang themselves as a drag
on the wheels of free-spirited, independent en-
deavour, and in certain circumstances make their
husbands highly impatient, especially when the
latter persuade themselves that it is really love
which prompts the action of their wives. To
disapprove of women's methods and generously
to honour the motives that prompt them—that is
man's nature and often enough his despair.


## p. 316 (#442) ############################################

316 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
436.
Ceterum Censeo—It is laughable when a com-
pany of paupers decree the abolition of the right
of inheritance, and it is not less laughable when
childless persons labour for the practical law-
giving of a country: they have not enough ballast
in their ship to sail safely over the ocean of the
future. But it seems equally senseless if a man
who has chosen for his mission the widest know-
ledge and estimation of universal existence, burdens
himself with personal considerations for a family,
with the support, protection, and care of wife and
child, and in front of his telescope hangs that
gloomy veil through which hardly a ray from the
distant firmament can penetrate. Thus I, too,
agree with the opinion that in matters of the
highest philosophy all married men are to be
suspected.
437-
FINALLY. —There are many kinds of hemlock,
and fate generally finds an opportunity to put a
cup of this poison to the lips of the free spirit,—
in order to "punish" him, as every one then says.
What do the women do about him then? They
cry and lament, and perhaps disturb the sunset-
calm of the thinker, as they did in the prison at
Athens. "Oh Crito, bid some one take those
women away! " said Socrates at last.


## p. 317 (#443) ############################################

EIGHTH DIVISION.
A GLANCE AT THE STATE.
438.
Asking to be Heard. —The demagogic dis-
position and the intention of working upon the
masses is at present common to all political
parties; on this account they are all obliged to
change their principles into great al fresco follies
and thus make a show of them. In this matter
there is no further alteration to be made: indeed,
it is superfluous even to raise a finger against it;
for here Voltaire's saying applies: "Quand la
populace se mile de raisonner, tout est perdu"
Since this has happened we have to accommodate
ourselves to the new conditions, as we have to
accommodate ourselves when an earthquake has
displaced the old boundaries and the contour of the
land and altered the value of property. More-
over, when it is once for all a question in the politics
of all parties to make life endurable to the great-
est possible majority, this majority may always
decide what they understand by an endurable life;
if they believe their intellect capable of finding the
right means to this end why should we doubt
about it? They want, once for all, to be the
architects of their own good or ill fortune; and


## p. 318 (#444) ############################################

318 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
their feeling of free choice and their pride in ti he
five or six ideas that their brain conceals an id
brings to light, really makes life so agreeable tVo
them that they gladly put up with the fatal conl-
sequences of their narrow-mindedness, there i:s
little to object to, provided that their narrow-
(mindedness does not go so far as to demand thai:
everything shall become politics in this sense, that
mil shall live and act according to this standard.
\For, in the first place, it must be more than ever
permissible for some people to keep aloof from
politics and to stand somewhat aside. To this
they are also impelled by the pleasure of free
choice, and connected with this there may even be
; some little pride in keeping silence when too many,
'and only the many, are speaking. Then this
small group must be excused if they do not attach
such great importance to the happiness of the
majority (nations or strata of population may be
understood thereby), and are occasionally guilty
of an ironical grimace; for their seriousness lies
elsewhere, their conception of happiness is quite
different, and their aim cannot be encompassed
by every clumsy hand that has just five fingers.
Finally, there comes from time to time—what is
certainly most difficult to concede to them, but
must also be conceded—a moment when they
emerge from their silent solitariness and try once
more the strength of their lungs; they then call
to each other like people lost in a wood, to make
themselves known and for mutual encouragement;
. whereby, to be sure, much becomes audible that
sounds evil to ears for which it is not intended.


## p. 319 (#445) ############################################

A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 319
Soon, however, silence again prevails in the wood,
such silence that the buzzing, humming, and
fluttering of the countless insects that live in,
above, and beneath it, are again plainly heard.
439-
Culture and Caste. —A higher culture can t
only originate where there are two distinct castes I
of society: that of the working class, and that of/
the leisured class who are capable of true leisure J y
or, more strongly expressed, the caste of com-
pulsory labour and the caste of free labour. The
point of view of the division of happiness is not
essential when it is a question of the production
of a higher culture; in any case, however, the
leisured caste is more susceptible to suffering and
suffer more, their pleasure in existence is less and
their task is greater. Now supposing there should
be quite an interchange between the two castes,
so that on the one hand the duller and less
intelligent families and individuals are lowered
from the higher caste into the lower, and, on the
other hand, the freer men of the lower caste obtain
access to the higher, a condition of things would
be attained beyond which one can only perceive
the open sea of vague wishes. Thus speaks to us
the vanishing voice of the olden time; but where
are there still ears to hear it?
440.
Of Good Blood. — That which men and
women of good blood possess much more than


## p. 320 (#446) ############################################

320 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
others, and which gives them an undoubted right
to be more highly appreciated, are two arts which
are always increased by inheritance: the art of
being able to command, and the art of proud
obedience. Now wherever commanding is the
business of the day (as in the great world of
commerce and industry), there results something
similar to these families of good blood, only the
noble bearing in obedience is lacking which is an
inheritance from feudal conditions and hardly
grows any longer in the climate of our culture.
441.
SUBORDINATION. —The subordination which
is so highly valued in military and official ranks
will soon become as incredible to us as the secret
tactics of the Jesuits have already become; and
when this subordination is no longer possible a
(multitude of astonishing results will no longer be
/attained, and the world will be all the poorer,
lit must disappear, for its foundation is disappear-
ing, the belief in unconditional authority, in
ultimate truth; even in military ranks physical
compulsion is not sufficient to produce it, but only
the inherited adoration of the princely as of some-
thing superhuman. In freer circumstances people
(subordinate themselves only on conditions, in
compliance with a mutual contract, consequently
^fith all the provisos of self-interest.
442.
The National Army. —The greatest dis-
advantage of the national army, now so much


## p. 321 (#447) ############################################

A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 321
glorified, lies in the squandering of men of the
highest civilisation; it is only by the favourable-
ness of all circumstances that there are such men
at all; how carefully and anxiously should we deal
with them, since long periods are required to
create the chance conditions for the production of
such delicately organised brains! But as the
Greeks wallowed in the blood of Greeks, so do
Europeans now in the blood of Europeans: and
indeed, taken relatively, it is mostly the highly
cultivated who are sacrificed, those who promise
an abundant and excellent posterity; for such
stand in the front of the battle as commanders,
and also expose themselves to most danger, by
reason of their higher ambition. At present, when
quite other and higher tasks are assigned than
patria and honor, the rough Roman patriotism
is either something dishonourable or a sign of
being behind the times.
443-
Hope as Presumption. —Our social order will
slowly melt away, as all former orders have done,
as soon as the suns of new opinions have shone
upon mankind with a new glow. We can only
wish this melting away in the hope thereof, and
we are only reasonably entitled to hope when we
believe that we and our equals have more strength
in heart and head than the representatives of the
existing state of things. As a rule, therefore, this
hope will be a presumption, an over-estimation.
VOL. I. X


## p. 321 (#448) ############################################

320 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
others, and which gives them an undoubted right
to be more highly appreciated, are two arts which
are always increased by inheritance: the art of
being able to command, and the art of proud
obedience. Now wherever commanding is the
business of the day (as in the great world of
commerce and industry), there results something
similar to these families of good blood, only the
noble bearing in obedience is lacking which is an
inheritance from feudal conditions and hardly
grows any longer in the climate of our culture.
441.
Subordination. —The subordination which
is so highly valued in military and official ranks
will soon become as incredible to us as the secret
tactics of the Jesuits have already become; and
when this subordination is no longer possible a
■multitude of astonishing results will no longer be
/attained, and the world will be all the poorer.
lIt must disappear, for its foundation is disappear-
ling, the belief in unconditional authority, in
ultimate truth; even in military ranks physical
compulsion is not sufficient to produce it, but only
the inherited adoration of the princely as of some-
Shing superhuman. In freer circumstances people
ubordinate themselves only on conditions, in
ompliance with a mutual contract, consequently
nth all the provisos of self-interest.
442.
The National Army. —The greatest dis-
advantage of the national army, now so much
"
1


## p. 321 (#449) ############################################

A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 321
glorified, lies in the squandering of men of the
highest civilisation; it is only by the favourable-
ness of all circumstances that there are such men
at all; how carefully and anxiously should we deal
with them, since long periods are required to
create the chance conditions for the production of
such delicately organised brains! But as the
Greeks wallowed in the blood of Greeks, so do
Europeans now in the blood of Europeans: and
indeed, taken relatively, it is mostly the highly
cultivated who are sacrificed, those who promise
an abundant and excellent posterity; for such
stand in the front of the battle as commanders,
and also expose themselves to most danger, by
reason of their higher ambition. At present, when
quite other and higher tasks are assigned than
patria and honor, the rough Roman patriotism
is either something dishonourable or a sign of
being behind the times.
443-
Hope as Presumption. —Our social order will
slowly melt away, as all former orders have done,
as soon as the suns of new opinions have shone
upon mankind with a new glow. We can only
wish this melting away in the hope thereof, and
we are only reasonably entitled to hope when we
believe that we and our equals have more strength
in heart and head than the representatives of the
existing state of things. As a rule, therefore, this
hope will be a presumption, an over-estimation.
vOl. 1. X
I


## p. 321 (#450) ############################################

320 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
others, and which gives them an undoubted right
to be more highly appreciated, are two arts which
are always increased by inheritance: the art of
being able to command, and the art of proud
obedience. Now wherever commanding is the
business of the day (as in the great world of
commerce and industry), there results something
similar to these families of good blood, only the
noble bearing in obedience is lacking which is an
inheritance from feudal conditions and hardly
grows any longer in the climate of our culture.
441.
SUBORDINATION. —The subordination which
is so highly valued in military and official ranks
will soon become as incredible to us as the secret
tactics of the Jesuits have already become; and
when this subordination is no longer possible a
(multitude of astonishing results will no longer be
/attained, and the world will be all the poorer,
lIt must disappear, for its foundation is disappear-
ling, the belief in unconditional authority, in
Wtimate truth; even in military ranks physical
compulsion is not sufficient to produce it, but only
the inherited adoration of the princely as of some-
thing superhuman. In freer circumstances people
[subordinate themselves only on conditions, in
compliance with a mutual contract, consequently
yith all the provisos of self-interest.
442.
The National Army. —The greatest dis-
advantage of the national army, now so much
^
1


## p. 321 (#451) ############################################

A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 321
glorified, lies in the squandering of men of the
highest civilisation; it is only by the favourable-
ness of all circumstances that there are such men
at all; how carefully and anxiously should we deal
with them, since long periods are required to
create the chance conditions for the production of
such delicately organised brains! But as the
Greeks wallowed in the blood of Greeks, so do
Europeans now in the blood of Europeans: and
indeed, taken relatively, it is mostly the highly
cultivated who are sacrificed, those who promise
an abundant and excellent posterity; for such
stand in the front of the battle as commanders,
and also expose themselves to most danger, by
reason of their higher ambition. At present, when
quite other and higher tasks are assigned than
patria and honor, the rough Roman patriotism
is either something dishonourable or a sign of
being behind the times.
443-
Hope as Presumption. —Our social order will
slowly melt away, as all former orders have done,
as soon as the suns of new opinions have shone
upon mankind with a new glow. We can only
wish this melting away in the hope thereof, and
we are only reasonably entitled to hope when we
believe that we and our equals have more strength
in heart and head than the representatives of the
existing state of things. As a rule, therefore, this
hope will be a presumption, an over-estimation.
vol. 1. X


## p. 321 (#452) ############################################

320 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
others, and which gives them an undoubted right
to be more highly appreciated, are two arts which
are always increased by inheritance: the art of
being able to command, and the art of proud
obedience. Now wherever commanding is the
business of the day (as in the great world of
commerce and industry), there results something
similar to these families of good blood, only the
noble bearing in obedience is lacking which is an
inheritance from feudal conditions and hardly
grows any longer in the climate of our culture.
441.
Subordination. —The subordination which
is so highly valued in military and official ranks
will soon become as incredible to us as the secret
tactics of the Jesuits have already become; and
when this subordination is no longer possible a
■multitude of astonishing results will no longer be
(attained, and the world will be all the poorer,
lIt must disappear, for its foundation is disappear-
ling, the belief in unconditional authority, in
^ultimate truth; even in military ranks physical
compulsion is not sufficient to produce it, but only
the inherited adoration of the princely as of some-
thing superhuman. In freer circumstances people
(subordinate themselves only on conditions, in
compliance with a mutual contract, consequently
yith all the provisos of self-interest.
442.
The National Army. —The greatest dis-
advantage of the national army, now so much
^
1


## p. 321 (#453) ############################################

A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 321
glorified, lies in the squandering of men of the
highest civilisation; it is only by the favourable-
ness of all circumstances that there are such men
at all; how carefully and anxiously should we deal
with them, since long periods are required to
create the chance conditions for the production of
such delicately organised brains! But as the
Greeks wallowed in the blood of Greeks, so do
Europeans now in the blood of Europeans: and
indeed, taken relatively, it is mostly the highly
cultivated who are sacrificed, those who promise
an abundant and excellent posterity; for such
stand in the front of the battle as commanders,
and also expose themselves to most danger, by
reason of their higher ambition.