No More Learning

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? GusTAvus Adolphus. 57
was a reio^n of short duration. Throuo^h
a few missteps, Frederick gave offense to
the Hussites and Lutherans, and he soon
found himself abandoned by all the Prot-
estant princes, of whose support he was in
so much need. He found himself alone
with his subjects, against the united troops
of Austria and of the Catholic league.
The Bohemians, overwhelmed and dis-
couraged by the number of the enemy,
were defeated in a battle near Prague,
Nov. 8, 1621. The next day the city was
taken, and the unfortunate Frederick, with
the chief leaders, fled. All the other cities
soon surrendered, and the chiefs of the
states gave oath of fidelity to the emperor.
Master of the situation, Ferdinand fei^rned
for three months to have forgotten his ran-
cors against the Bohemians, but as soon as
the chiefs of the revolt, deceived by an ap-
parent amnesty, returned to Prague, he
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? 58 GusTAvus Adolphus.
cast aside Ms mask. In one day, forty-
eight of the principal ones in the rebellion
were arrested and taken before a court-
martial. Twenty-seven of them fell under
the executioner's ax, and a great many of
the citizens were condemned to the same
fate. Confiscation of property and exile
were also the portion of many. All Prot-
estant churches were closed, and at a
solemn sitting of the Council, Ferdinand
II. tore the Letter of Majesty and burned
the pieces. Then, in order more complete-
ly to crown his vengeance, he put the
Elector Frederick under the ban of the
empire and deprived him of his hereditary
estates, which latter he bestowed on Maxi-
milian, as recompense for his services.
In vain did several Protestant princes
who were indignant at this example, which
was a threat to all their crowns, wish to
oppose this despotism. The commander
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? GusTAYus Adolphus. 59
of tlie Bavarian army, General Tilly, con-
quered them, and Ferdinand knew no
other limit to his power than his own will.
He ruled over Protestant Germany with a
scepter of iron, and treated it as a con-
quered country. Tilly swept over the
land, pillaging and ravaging every-where.
This standing army to support, and the
ever-increasing unjust deeds of the Court
of Vienna, urged on the Protestants to
take a last stand. They knew that these
violent acts were but the prelude to their
near extermination. Ferdinand had vowed
that he would defend his religion, at the
peril even of his life, every-where that his
arms and power could go.
Under this state of things, weary of the
yoke which weighed upon them, irritated
by persecution, anxious for the future, the
states of Lower Saxony finally joined in a
treaty to defend themselves against unjust
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? 60 GrusTAvus Adolphus.
aggressions, and to repel force by force.
Too weak to do this alone, they sought,
before engaging in the struggle, allies
outside of Germany, and turned toward
the powers of the North that professed
the same faith. Gustavus Adolphus, still
retained in Poland by the troops of
Sigismond, whom ever-increasing reverses
seemed only to make more obstinate, nev-
ertheless would have accepted the com-
mand of the Protestant league, which none
merited more than he. He offered also a
large army accustomed to war. But the
king of Denmark, Christian IV. , brother-in-
law of the Elector Palatine, was preferred
to him.
Jealous of the glory of Gustavus Adol-
phus, and happy to have an opportunity
of winning an equal renown. Christian
opened the campaign in March, 1625,
with sixty thousand men. His incapacity,
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? GusTAvus Adolphus. 61
shown in several indecisive eogagements,
was fast compromising the cause which he
wished to serve. He lost the battle of
Hutter, and was driven back by Tilly,
even to his own dominions. To complete
his misfortunes, at the moment when he
essayed to repair his defeat by re-enforce-
ments from England and Scotland, Ferdi-
nand opposed him with an adversary more
formidable even than Tilly. Wallen stein
appeared, to second the efforts of the Cath-
olic League, and to take the first rank as
commander.
Wallenstein was celebrated for his riches
and for his military genius. In several
campaigns he had given proofs of his
power and of his devotion to the house
of Austria. He had been rapidly promot-
ed, had justified his promotion by driving
the Hungarians out of Moravia, and had
received for this brilliant success a part
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? 62 GusTAvus Adolphus.
of the spoils of his -anfortunate fellow-
countrymen. He proposed to the emperor
to furnish an army which should be his
own, and free from the League. Ferdinand
agreed to his desires, and W alien stein
" soon had united under his banner, in the
hope of rapid promotion and rich booty, a
multitude of warlike men, gathered from
all parts of Germany. "
This army, fifty thousand strong, after
having conquered and dispersed the troops
of Mansfeld, the most valuable auxiliary
of the King of Denmark, soon brought
under subjection Silesia, Lower Saxony,
,and Holstein. Trembling for his own
kingdom, which the emperor had openly
promised to Wallenstein, Christian has-
tened to take advantage of the check of
the Imperials before Stralsund, in order to
retake Jutland, Schleswig, and Holstein,
and to obtain peace. A treaty was con-
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? GusTAvus Adolphus. 63
eluded at Liibeck, May 22, 1629. Austria
restored to the King of Denmark his pos-
sessions, but forbade him all intervention in
the affairs of Germany. Christian basely
sacrificed for his own safety, not only his
allies, but the principles in the name of
which he had taken up arms. He allowed
to be insulted, even in his presence, the
Swedish embassadors, who, before the
treaty was finished, interceded in behalf
of the Dukes of Mecklenburg, who had
been set aside to make place for Wallen-
stein, already made Duke of Friedland.
Ferdinand wished to make of entire Ger-
many another Bohemia, and even before
being freed from the Danes he published,
March 6, 1629, the Edict of Restitution,
which enjoined on all Protestants the giv-
ing back of all bishoprics and benefices
which the peace of Augsburg had put into
their hands. This was to decree the ruin
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? 64 GusTAYus Adolphus.
of the Reformation by depriving it of all
means of living. It was, as says Schiller,
to deprive the Lutherans of a fortune which
descended to them from their ancestors as
much as it did to the Catholics from
theirs. It v^^as, in a word, to replace under
the domination of the Romish clergy the
countries which had overthrown it.
The Catholic sovereigns had the right,
besides, to banish those of their Protestant
subjects, who refused compliance with these
demands.
Wallen stein was charged with execut-
ing this edict. "Impatient of all depend-
ence, he levied enormous contributions,
and encouraged horrible depredations of
the soldiery every- where. " The Jesuits tri-
umphed, and provoked persecution by dis-
courses in which was plainly depicted, in
cynical language, the implacable hate which
they had of Protestantism.
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? GusTAvus Adolphus. 65
History has preserved the nanie of one
of them, Lorenzo Forer, who said to the
troops that came to Dillingen, with the
commissaries appointed to take the Prot-
estant possessions, in the name of the em-
peror : " Be active, my friends, and if any
resist you, kill them and throw them into
a fire hot enough to melt the stars, and
oblige the angels to draw back their feet. "
A prolonged cry of terror was heard
from all parts of Germany. The Catholics
even, having suffered by Wallenstein and
his soldiers, also gave in complaints to the
emperor. His own brother wrote to him :
"Your Majesty can have no idea of the
conduct of the troops. I, myself, have been
a warrior, and I know well that an army
seldom advances without leaving some
traces of violence in its path. But when,
for mere amusement, windows are broken,
walls thrown down, noses and ears cut off;
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? 66 GusTAvus Adolphus.
when persons are tortured, violated, assas-
sinated, these are certainly irregularities
which superior officers should and can pre-
vent. I know that many efforts are made
to persuade your majesty that these reports
are without foundation, but I hope you will
place as much confidence in me, in regard
to this, as in those others who fill their
purses with the blood and sweat of the
poor people. I could name to you many
officers who, a short time ago, had not
wherewith to clothe themselves, but who,
to-day, have three or four thousand florins.
Discontent is every- where increasing at an
alarming rate, and my conscience permits
me no longer to conceal from you the true
state of affairs. "
Thanks to the Duke Maximilian of Ba-
varia and several Catholic princes, this
able but notorious general was deposed
and his terrible troops disbanded. But
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? GusTAvus Adolphus. 67
the violent measures against the Protest-
ants were not suspended. This frightful
oppression lasted a whole year.
"All the princes of Germany," says
Richelieu, in his Memoirs, "injured and
ravaged, looked toward the King of Swe-
den in their misery, as navigators look to-
ward the port of safety. The truce that
Gustavus Adolphus concluded the same
year which sent forth the Edict of Restitu-
tion, permitted him to answer their hopes,
which, for so long a time, had been his
own.
Sweden was the asylum of all the vic-
tims of Austrian fanaticism, and so she was
not astonished to see her king prepare to
combat the emperor. Gustavus called the
senate together at Upsal, and depicted to
them the ever-increasing oppressions which
the Protestants of Germany were under-
going, also the imminent danger which
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? 68 GusTAvus Adolphus.
threatened Sweden if she awaited the op-
pressors at home, instead of forestalling
them by making the first attack.
His friend and chancellor, Oxenstiern,
did not approve of this war; not that it
did not appear to him just, but because,
with the careful prudence of a statesman,
he did not like to engage his king and
country in a ruinous or uncertain enter-
prise. Gustavus laid his hopes and his
plans before him, and ended with these
words: "That which can or cannot be
done, God only knows. He alone can
change desires into projects, carry into
execution what is willed, and give a happy
end to a good beginning. "
The language in which he replied to the
senators who wished to retain him, and
who advised him to repose after so many
combats, was, at once, so fall of elevation
and humility that no one could longer
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? GusTAVus Adolphus. 69
doubt that he was moved by a divine im-
pulsion. Said he, " There is no other repose
to be expected than that of eternity. "
From that time Gustavus Adolphus met
with no more opposition to his designs.
Richelieu, who then had great power in
France, favored them, and sent an embas-
sador to invite him to enter on the cam-
paign as soon as possible, assuring him
that all Germany would receive him as a
Messiah. To these flatterers the Swedish
hero replied with noble frankness, that he
had received from Germany messages very
different from that; that the Elector of
Saxony, although Protestant, was allied to
the emperor, and that Bavaria and the
whole Catholic League would take up
arms against him, and that he counted
more on the people than on the princes,
and upon God and his sword more than
on all besides.
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? 70 GusTAvus Adolphus.
Then, animated by a praiseworthy senti-
ment of independence, he refused the aid
offered him. He wrote to his chancellor,
"I have not found it advisable to unite
with the King of France.
"
He did not like to unite the sacred cause
of the Keformation to the cunning politics
of Richelieu, who had no other aim than
that of humbling Austria, whose immense
power excited his fears and wounded his
pride. Above all, he disliked to join with
the cardinal who had taken Eochelle and
conquered the French Protestants.
With his own resources Gustavus Adol-
phus did not fear to enter the struggle
against a sovereign feared by all Europe,
and who thought himself invincible. He
demanded of him the re-establishment of
Germany in all her ancient rights, and
promised him peace on no other condition.
The imperial emissary who received this
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? GusTAvus Adolphus. 71
bold message said, "The Kiug of Sweden
would not speak otherwise if he were al-
ready in the heart of Germany with a vic-
torious army. *"
In the meantime, Gustavus Adolphus
made all preparations for the expedition.
Hearing of this, Ferdinand said, with dis-
dain, " We have now one more little enemy
to fight. " And Wallenstein boasted that
he would chase this impudent aggressor
with a few strokes of his whip. He even
proposed to give to any one who would
spare him this trouble, by assassinating
the Swede, thirty thousand thalers.
Without halting for these disdainful
boastings, the King of Sweden assembled
thirty vessels of war and two hundred ves-
sels of transport in the port of Elfsuaben,
with fifteen thousand picked soldiers, com-
manded by intelligent and intrejDid gen-
erals. He did not forget, however, to look
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? 72 GusTAYus Adolphus.
to tlae well-being and safety of his people
during liis absence. He confided the gov-
ernment into the hands of ^ve senators,
and sent Oxenstiern, as skillful as a gen-
eral as he was able as an administrator,
with ten thousand men to oversee all move-
ments in Poland. A reserve corps was
charged with the care of the kingdom, and
with furnishing the necessary recruits.
Finally, in the early part of May, 1630,
the fleet and the army were ready, and
awaited their king. Gustavus, after having
regulated his private affairs, as a good
servant of God who sets his house in order
before death, convoked the States to give
them his last instructions, and to bid
them a solemn farewell. He entered the
hall of assembly accompanied by his little
daughter, aged four years. He took her
in his arms and commended her, in the
most touching manner, to the Assembly
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? GusTAvus Adolphus. 73
and Senate, as their future sovereio^n, and
besought them to give her the same affec-
tion which they had ever shown toward
him. The Assembly, moved to tears, unan-
imously pledged fidelity to the only heir
of their beloved king.
After waiting a moment to regain his
composure, the king continued to speak:
^'I have not thoughtlessly engaged in this
perilous war which calls me far from you.
Heaven is my witness that it is neither for
my satisfaction nor personal interest that
I go into this conflict. The emperor has
ruthlessly insulted me in the person of my
embassadors ; he has sustained my enemies
and persecuted my friends, my brethren ;
and he has stretched out his arm to snatch
from me my crown. Ready to sink down
under the weight of oppression which
hangs over them, the German Protestants
stretch out suppliant hands to us. if it
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? 74 GusTAVUs Adolphus.
please God, we will give them aid and
protection. I am not ignorant of the dan-
gers that await me; I have already been
in many others, and by the grace of God
I have ever come happily out of them.
But I feel that I may lose my life there,
and this is why, before leaving you, I rec-
ommend you all to the protection of the
Omnipotent One. I pray him to bestow
upon you his divine benedictions, in order
that, after this terrestrial life which is so
transient, we may all meet each other in
eternity. "
Then turning toward the senators, he
besought God to accord unto them the
wisdom and light necessary to the wise
government of the kingdom. He next ex-
horted the Pastors to ever preach the pure
Gospel to their flocks, and to serve them-
selves, as models of Christian life. He
then addressed himself to the representa-
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? GusTAvus Adolphus. 75
tives of the citizens and peasantry, wishing
them prosperity in business and abundant
harvests. "Finally," said he, "I send up
to God most ardent prayers for all my
subjects, whether present or absent. I say
to you all farewell, from the depths of my
heart, and -- perhaps forever. "
This discourse was interrupted more
than once by the sobs of the people, and
the king himself wept. After a few mo-
ments of silence he pronounced these
words of the ninetieth psalm, which it was
his habit to repeat before entering upon
any important enterprise: "Turn thy face
toward us, O Lord ! . . . Let thy work
appear unto thy servants, and thy glory
unto their children. . . . Let the beauty
of the Lord our God be upon us, and
establish thou the work of our hands upon
us ; yea, the work of our hands establish
thou it. "
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? 76
GusTAvus Abolphtjs.
Nine or ten days after he embarked
witli his little army at Elfsnaben, bearing
the regrets and blessings of a multitude
collected there to salute him at his de-
parture.
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? CHAPTER IV.
GusTAvus Adolphus in Geemaist.
His Difficulties -- Siege of Magdeburg -- Battle of Leipsic.
ASSAILED by contrary winds, tlie
Swedish fleet was forced to seek ref-
uge in a port neighboring to the one it
had just left. And when it set forth
again the weather was but little more
favorable, and their voyage across was
so prolonged that their provisions nearly
failed. This double discouragement at the
very outset was of a nature to have troub-
led a soul less stable than that of Gustavus
Adolphus. Far from looking upon this as
a bad presage, as soon as he set foot on the
island of Riigen, a land under Austrian
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? 78 GusTAvus Adolphus.
rule, he threw Mmself upon Ms knees, and
in a transport of gratitude thanked God,
before Ms attentive and reverent army, in
these words :
"O Thou that rulest over the heavens
and the earth, over winds and over seas,
how can I worthily thank thee for the mar-
velous protection which thou hast shown
me during this perilous voyage. . . . My
heart is full of gratitude for thy favors.
O deign to favor my undertaking here, so
that it may turn out, not to my, but to thy
glory. Grant, through me, to deliver thy
oppressed Church, and to be to thy faith-
ful servants a source of great consolation.
Thou who triest the hearts and reins of
men, thou knowest the purity of my inten-
tions. Grant unto me favorable weather
and a prosperous wind, which may en-
courage my brave army, assure our hearts
that thou art with us, and permit me to
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? GusTAvus Adolphus. 79
continue tlie sacred work that I have un-
dertaken. Amen. "
It was indeed sacred work, a war begun
with such sentiments and for such a noble
end. He was no ambitious one, greedy of
conquest and renown, this general, who
sanctified every act of his life by prayer,
and lived in constant communion with
God. So great a fervor is rarely met with,
especially among army officers -- more con-
fident in their own resources than in any
aid from on high. But Gustavus Adolphus
depended on aid from on high ; and this is
why he set out, without money and with a
mere handful of men, to combat with the
hosts of a great empire.
The debarkation of the Swedes took
place June 24, 1630. At Augsburg, just
one century before, to the month and da}^,
the Protestants had made that celebrated
Confession of Faith -- which now served
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? 80 GusTAvus Adolphus.
them as a sign for rallying -- in the presence
of the eroperor, Charles the Fifth, and the
princes, dukes, and Bishops of all Germany.
Now, it was at the moment, when the prin-
ciples which were proclaimed then, were
going to perish, that Gustavus Adolphus
hastened to their defense. This coinci-
dence doubtless struck him when he ren-
dered thanks to God for ha^dng preserved
him from the waves. The remembrance
of such an anniversary, in recalling to him
a past glory, was calculated to inflame his
zeal and to fill him with confidence in the
future. The faith of the founders of the
Reformation, the divine unction of the
author of the Confession of Faith, of Augs-
burg,^ lived again in the heart of the
Swedish hero, and so powerfully inspired
his prayers that his soldiers were moved
even to tears. "Weep not," said he to
* The gentle and devout Melanchtlion.
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? GusTAVus Adolphus. 81
them, "but pray without ceasing. The
more prayers the more victories. "
After having called down the benedic-
tion of Heaven upon himself and his army,
Gustavus Adolphus seized a sj)ade, and the
whole army, following his example, began
throwing up intrenchments to fortify their
camp against the enemy, stationed in great
numbers in their vicinity. As soon as
these works were finished, he addressed his
soldiers as follows: "Think not that I
undertake this war for myself or for my
kingdom. We go to succor our oppressed
brethren. By brilliant victories you can
accomplish this generous project, and ac-
quire for yourselves an immortal glory.
Fear not the enemy that we are going to
meet in battle ; they are the same that
you have already conquered in Kussia.
Your bravery has just compelled Poland
to conclude a truce of six years. If you
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? 82
GusTAvus Adolphus.
still show the same courage and persever-
ance, you will secure to the evangelical
Church and to our brethren in Germany
the peace and security for which they are
now suffering. "
This address was followed by a procla-
mation of the military rules and regula-
tions. According to their discipline, every
attempt against life or property was pun-
ished with death.
Without losing a moment, Gustavus
Adolphus brought under subjection the
island of Riigen, and then chased the im-
perial troops from the neighboring islands,
thus rendering communication with Swe-
den easy. He then advanced swiftly upon
Stettin, the capital of Pomerania, and
was ready to triumph, by force, over the
hesitations of the old Duke Bogisla, who
dared not choose between an alliance with
Sweden or Austria.
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? GusTAYus Adolphus. 88
Camped under the walls of the city,
which he had summoned to receive a
Swedish garrison, he received, while await-
ing a response from Bogisla, a visit from
a number of citizens devoted to the cause
of Protestantism, and desirous of seeing
the one who had volunteered to be its de-
fender. The king welcomed them with
great kindness. He conversed in friendly
words with them of their common faith, of
the misfortunes of their German brethren,
and of plans that he had formed for
their deliverance.