No More Learning

]
sought to diminish the number of the disaffected by
the barbarous expedient of putting to denth the
children of all those whom he had previously sa-
crificed to his vengeance or suspicions (Liv. xxxix.
53, xl. 3–5). But while he was thus rendering
himself the object of universal hatred at home, he
was unremitting in his preparations for the renewal
of the war with Rome. By way of disguising the
real object of his levies and armaments, which was,
however, no secret for the Romans, he undertook
an expedition against the barbarian tribes of Pae-
onia and Maedica, and advanced as far as the COIN OF PHILIPPUS V. KING OF MACEDONIA.
highest ridge of Mount Haemus. It was during
this expedition that Perseus succeeded in effecting
PHILIPPUS, MA’RCIUS. 1. Q. MARCIUS
the object for which he had been so long intriguing, Q. F. Q. N. PHILIPPUS, consul B. c. 281, with
and having by means of forged letters convinced L. Aemilius Barbula, had to carry on war with
the king of the guilt of Demetrius, induced him to the Etruscans, and had a triumph on the Ist of
consent to the execution of the unhappy prince. April on account of his victory over them. In
But Philip was unable to stifle the feelings of grief B. c. 263 he was magister equitum to the dictator
and remorse occasioned by this deed, and these Cn. Fulvius Maximus Centumalus (Fasti Capit. ).
passions broke forth with renewed violence when
2. L. MARCIUS Q. F. PHILIPPUS, the father of
he afterwards discovered the deceit that had been No. 3, formed a hospitable connection with Philip
practised upon him, and learnt that his son had V. , king of Macedonia (Liv. xlii. 38), though on
been unjustly sacrificed to the jealousy of his elder what occasion is not mentioned. This fact is alluded
brother. He believed himself to be haunted by to in the annexed coin of the Marcia gens, which
the avenging spirit of Demetrius, and was medi- bears on the obverse the head of the Macedonian
tating the punishment of Perseus for his perfidy, monarch, and on the reverse L. PHILIPPVS, with a
by excluding him from the throne in favour of his horseman galloping, probably in reference to the
cousin Antigonus, the son of Echecrates, when he name.
himself fell sick at Amphipolis, more from the
effects of grief and remorse than any bodily ailment,
and died shortly after, imprecating curses in his
last moments upon the head of Perseus. His
death took place before the end of B. c. 179, in the
59th year of his age, after a reign of nearly 42
EPHILIPS
years (Liv. xl. 6, 16, 21-24, 54–56 ; Polyb.
xxiv. 7, 8; Euseb Arm. p. 158; Dexippus ap.
Syncell
. p. 508 ; Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. p. 243). One is disposed to think that this L. Marcius
The character of Philip may be summed up in was the first person of the gens who obtained the
the remark of the impartial Polybius (z. 26) that surname of Philippus in consequence of his con-
there are few monarchs of whom more good or nection with the king of Macedonia, and that the
more evil could justly be said. His naturally good Fasti erroneously give this cognomen to the consul
qualities were gradually eclipsed and overgrown by of B. c. 281.
evil tendencies, and he is a striking, though by no 3. Q. Marcius L. F. Q. N. PHILIPPUS, son of
means a solitary, example of a youth full of hopeful No. 2, was praetor B. c. 186, and obtained Sicily
promise degenerating by degrees into a gloomy and as his province. Two years afterwards, B. c. 186,
suspicious tyrant. Of his military and political he was consul with Sp. Postumius Albinus. These
abilities the history of his reign affords sufficient consuls were commanded by the senate to conduct
proof, notwithstanding occasional intervals of ap- the celebrated inquiry into the worship of Bac-
parent apathy and inaction for which it is difficult chus, which had been secretly introduced into Italy
to account. He was also a fluent and ready and been the occasion of much immorality and
speaker, and possessed a power of repartee which profanity. We accordingly find the name of Phi-
he loved to indulge in a manner not always con- lippus in the senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus,
sistent with kingly dignity (Polyb. xvii. 4 ; Liv. which has come down to vs. After Philippus had
xxxii. 34, xxxvi. 14). In addition to the darker finished his share in these investigations, he set
stains of perfidy and cruelty, his private character out for Liguria, where he and his colleague had to
was disgraced by the most unbridled licentiousness, carry on war. Here, however, he was unsuccess-
as well as by habitual excesses in drinking. (Polyb. ful. ' In the country of the Apuani, he was sur-
2. 26, xxvi. 5; Liv. xxvii. 30. )
prised by the enemy in a narrow pass, and lost

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236
PHILIPPUS.
PIILIPPUS.
4000 of his men. The recollection of his defeat his censorship he set up in the city a new sun dial
was preserved by the name of the saltus Marcius, (Liv. xxxvii. 35, xxxix. 6, 14, 20, 48, xl. 2, 3
which was given to the spot from this time. In 42, xlii. 37–47, xliii. 13, xliv. 1-16; Polyb.
B. c. 183, Philippus was sent as ambassador into xxiv, 4, 6, 10, xxvii. 1, xxviii
. 10, &c ; Plin.
Macedonia, with orders to watch likewise the H. V. vii. 60 ; Cic. Brut. 20. )
Roman interests in Southern Greece; and although 4. Q. Marcius PhilippUS, the son of No. 3,
he compelled Philippus to withdraw his garrisons served under his father in Macedonia, Bc 169.
from various places, yet the report which he pre-|(Liv. xliv, 3. ) This is the only time he is men-
sented to the senate was unfavourable to the Ma- tioned, unless, perchance, he is the same as the Q.
cedonian monarch. In B. c. 180, Philippus was Philippus, of whom Cicero says (pro Baib. 1)) that
chosen a decemvir sacrorum. Some years after he had been condemned, and lived as an exile at
wards, B. c. 171, Philippus was again sent with Nuceria, of which state he was made a citizen.
several others as ambassador into Greece to conn- 3. L. MARCILS Q. P. Q. N. Philippus, failed in
teract the designs and influence of Perseus. He obtaining the military tribuneship, but nevertheless
and Atilius were ordered first to visit Epeirus, acquired afterwards all the high offices of state
Aetolia, and Thessaly, next to proceed to Boeotia (Cic. pro P’lanc. 21). He was tribune of the plebs,
and Euboea, and from thence to cross over to B. C. 104, in which year he brought forward an
Peloponnesus, where they were to join their other agrarian law, of the details of which we are not
colleagues. In Thessaly Philippus received an em- informed, but which is chiefly memorable for the
bassy from Perseus, praying for a conference, and statement he made in recommending the measure,
grounding his plea on the hospitable connection that there were not two thousand men in the state
which had been established between his father and who possessed property (Cic. de Off. ii. 21). He
the father of the Roman ambassador. With this seems to have brought forward this measure chiefly
request Philippus complied, and the conference with the view of acquiring popularity, and he
took place on the banks of the river Peneus. The quietly dropped it when he found there was no
Roman ambassador persuaded the king to send hope of carrying it. In B. c. 100, he was one
ambassadors to Rome, and for this purpose a sus of the distinguished men in the state who took up
pension of hostilities was agreed upon; and thus arms against Saturninus and his crew (Cic. pro
Philippus completely accomplished the object be C. Rabir, 7). He was a candidate for the consul-
had in view, as the Romans were not yet prepared ship B c. 93, but was defeated in the comitia by
to carry on the war. Philippus next went to Herennius ; but two years afterwards he carried
Boeotia, where he was also successful in carrying his election, and was consul in B. c. 91, with Sex.
out the Roman views, and he then returned to Julius Caesar. This was a very important year in
Rome. In the report of the embassy which he the internal history of Rome, though the events of
gave to the senate, he dwelt with pride upon the i: are very difficuli clearly to understand. It was
way in which he had deceived Perseus ; and al- the year in which M. Livius Drusus, who was then
though the senators of the old school denounced tribune of the plebs, brought forward the various
such conduct as unworthy of their ancestors, the important laws, the object and tendency of which
majority of the body viewed it with so much ap- have been discussed else where (Drusus, No. 6).
probation as to send Philippus again into Greece, It is sufficient to state here that Drusus at first
with unlimited power to do whatever he might enjoyed the full confidence of the senate, and en-
think most for the interest of the state.
dearoured by his measures to reconcile the people
These services did not go unrewarded, and in to the senatorial party. Philippus was a personal
B. C. 169 Philippus was a second time chosen con- enemy of Drusus, and as he belonged to the
sul, and had as his colleague Cn. Servilius Caepio. popular party, he offered a vigorous opposition to
The conduct of the Macedonian war fell to Phi- the tribune, and thus came into open conflict with
lippus. This war had already lasted two cam- the senate. The exasperation of parties rose to
paigns, during which Perseus had maintained his the greatest height, and even the senate itself was
ground against two consular armies. Philippus disgraced by scenes of turbulence and indecorum.
Jost no time in crossing over into Greece, where he On one occasion Philippus declared in the senate
arrived early in the spring of B. c. 169, and re that he could no longer carry on the government
ceived in Thessaly the army of the consul of the with such a body, and that there was need of a
preceding year, A. Hostilius Mancinus. Here he new senate. This roused the great orator L. Lici-
did not remain long, but resolved to cross over the nius Crassus, who asserted in the course of his
mountain ridge of Olympus and thus descend into speech, in which he is said to have surpassed his
Macedonia near Heracleium. Perseus was sta- usual eloquence, that that man could not be his
tioned with the main body of his forces near Dium, consul who refused to recognise bim as senator
and had taken possession of the mour tain passes (Cic. de Orat. iii. 1 ; Quintil. viii. 3. $ 89; Val.
which led into the plain. If Perseus had remained Max. vi. 2. $ 2). In the forum scenes of still
firm, he might have cut off the Roman army, or greater violence occurred. There Philippus strained
compelled it to retrace its steps across the moun- every nerve to prevent Drusus from carrying his
tains with great loss ; but, at the approach of the laws.
On one occasion he interrupted the tribune
consul, he lost courage, forfeited the advantages of while he was haranguing the people ; whereupon
his position, and retreated to Pydna Philippus Drusus ordered one of his clients to drag Philippus
followed him, but was unable to accomplish any to prison: and the order was executed with such
thing worthy of mention, and in the following rear violence that the blood started from the nostrils of
handed over the army to his successor L. Aemilius the consul, as he was dragked away by the throat
Paulus, who brought the war to a close. We (Val. Max. ix. 5. & 2; Florus, iii. 17; Aur. Vict.
learn froin Livy that Philippus was at this time de l'ir. II. 66). The opposition of the consul was,
more than sixty years of age. I1 B. c. 164, Phi- however, in vain ; and the laws of the tribune
lippus was censor with L. Aemiliu: Paulus, and . n were carried. But a reaction followed almost im-
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PUILIPPUS.
287
PHILIPPUS.
mediately: all parties in the state who had just begin (Cic. de Or. ii. 78): hence in his old age
before united in favour of Drusus, now began to it was with both contempt and anger that he used
look upon hini with mistrust and suspicion. In to listen to the studied periods of Hortensius (Cic.
this state of affairs, Philippus became reconciled to Brut. 95). Philippus was a man of luxurious
the senate, and to the leading members of that habits, which his wealth enabled him to gratify:
body, with whom he had hitherto been at deadly his fish-ponds were particularly celebrated for their
fend ; and accordingly, on the proposition of the magnificence and extent, and are mentioned by
consul, who was also an augur, a senatus consul- the ancients along with those of Lucullus and
tum was passed, declaring all the laws of Drusus Hortensius (Varr. R. R. iii. 3. & 10; Colum. viii
be null and void, as having been carried against 16 ; Plin. II. N. ix. 54. . 80). Besides his son,
the auspices (Cic. de Prov. Cons. 9, de Leg. ii. L. Philippus, who is spoken of below (No. 6), le
12. Fragm, vol. iv. p. 449, ed. Orelli ; Ascon. in had a step-son Gellius Publicola [PULICOLA).
Corncl. p. 68). Nothing else is recorded of the (Our knowledge respecting Philippus is chiefly
consulship of Philippus, except that he recom- derived from Cicero, the various passages in whose
mended the senate to lay claim to Egypt, in con- writings relating to him are collected in Orelli,
sequence of its having been left to them by the will Onom. Tull. vol. ii. p. 380, &c. ; comp Meyer,
of Alexander. (Cic. de leg. Agr. ii. 16. )
Orator. Roman. Fragm. p. 323, &c. , 2d ed. ; Wes-
In B. C. 86, Philippus was censor with M. Per termann, Gesch. der Röm. Bereltsamkeit, $ 43. )
perna, and it is recorded of him that he expelled 6. L. MARCIUS L. F. Q. N. PHILIPPUS, the son
his own uncle App. Claudius from the senate. (Cic. of the preceding, seems to have been praetor in
pro Dom. 32. )
B. C. 60, since we find him propractor in Syria in
In the civil wars between Marius and Sulla, B. C. 59 (Appian, Syr. 51). He wiis consul in B. C.
Philippus took no part. His original predilections 56, with Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus. Phi-
might have led him to join Marius ; but the ex- lippus was closely connected with Caesar's family.
perience he had had of the Roman mob in his con- Upon the death of C. Octavius, the father of the
sulship, together with his reconciliation to the emperor Augustus, Philippus married his widow
senate, led him probably to desire the success of Alia, who was the daughter of Julia, the sister of
Sulla Cicero speaks of him as belonging to the the dictator, and he thus became the step-father of
party of the latter ; but as he continued at Rome | Augustus (Suet. Octuv. 8; Vell. Pat. ii. 59, 60;
during Cinna's usurpation, and was suffered to re- Cic. Phil. iii. 6; Appian, B. C. ii. 10, 13; Plut.
main unmolested, he must have been regarded as Cic. 41). Orid, indeed, says (Fast. vi. 809), that
neutral in the strife (Cic. ad Att. viii. 3). On he married the sister of the mother (matertera)
Sulla's death, he deprecated any immediate change, of Augustus, and hence it has been conjectured
and accordingly resisted the attempts of Lepidus, that Philippus may have married both sisters in
B. C. 78, to alter the constitution that had been succession, for that he was the step-father of Au-
recently established (Sall. Hist. i. 18, 19). But gustus cannot admit of dispute. (The question is
Philippus was no friend to the aristocracy in heart, discussed by Orelli, Onom. Tull
, vol. ii. p. 382. )
and accordingly gave his support to Pompey, by Notwithstanding his close connection with
whose means the people eventually regained most Caesar's family, Philippus remained neutral in
of their former political power. Thus he was one
the civil wars. He was at Rome when the senate
of those who advocated sending Pompey to con- took open measures against Caesar at the begin-
duct the war in Spain against Sertorius, and is re- ning of B. C. 49; and in the division of the pro-
ported on that occasion to have said “Non se vinces among the leading members of the senate,
Pompeium sua sententia pro consule, sed pro con- he was purposely passed over (Caes. B. C. i. 6).
sulibus mittere. " (Cic. pro Leg. Man. 21, Phil. He subsequently obtained permission from Caesar
xi. 8; Plut. Pomp. 17. ) He appears, likewise, to to take no part in the struggle, and remained
have been a personal friend of Pompey, for he had quietly in Italy during the whole of the war.
defended him previously in B. C. 86, when he was Caesar, however, with his usual magnanimity, did
accused of having appropriated to his own use the not resent this lukewarmness in his cause, but
booty taken at Asculum in the Marsic war, B. c. 89. continued to show him marks of friendship and
(Cic. Brut. 64 ; Val. Max. vi. 2. & 8; Plut. Pomp. esteem. Philippus was also on good terms with
4. ) It would seem that Philippus did not live to Cicero, who mentions him not unfrequently, and
see the return of Pompey from Spain.
calls him in joke Amyntae filius, in allusion to his
Philippus was one of the most distinguished name Philippus (Cic. ad Att. ix. 12, 15, 16, 18,
orators of his time. His reputation continued even zii. 52).
to the Augustan age, whence we read in Horace Philippus was a timid man. After the assassi.
(Epist. i. 7. 46):-
nation of Caesar, he endeavoured to dissuade his
“Strenuus et fortis causisque Philippus agendis
step-son, the young Octavius, from accepting the
inheritance which the dictator had left him (Vell.
Clarus. "
Pat ii. 60; Suet. Aug. 8; Appian, B. C. ii. 10,
Cicero says that Philippns was decidedly in- 13; comp. Cic. ad Alt. xiv. 12). When Antony
ferior as an orator to his two great contemporaries and the senate came to an open rupture, Philippus
Crassus and Antonius, but was without question was one of the ambassadors sent to the former at
next to them. In speaking he possessed much Mutina by the senate, and was much blamed by
freedom and wit; he was fertile in invention, and Cicero, because, being the ambassador of the senate,
clear in the development of his ideas ; and in alter- he brought back to that body the shameless de-
cation he was witty and sarcastic. He was also mands of•Antony. (Cic.