The better to prepare himself for his
approaching
end, which he knew to be near, he sent for Maenach or Minachus,33 to whom he gave certain directions.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v9
83.
9 Martin Haverty writes of this war : " Others assert that it was only intended to protect the abbey of Monasterevan, founded by Evinus, a Munster saint, on the confines of Leinster, and which the King of Leinster
venerated
by
his
subjects
,0 In
English,
The Battle of
Ballagh Z
Annals of the
had now seized for his own people. "—
"
History of Ireland," chap, xiii. , p. 128.
354 LIVESOFTHEIRISHSAINTS. [September14.
Dr. Keating," that towards the close of Cormac's prosperous reign of seven
some Munster chiefs— whom was — Flath- years, among especially distinguished
bhertach Mac Jonmuinein, Abbot of Ini6cathy urged him to demand a
tribute from the Leinstermen, as an acknowledgment of Munster sovereignty. These counsels appeared adverse to the pacific disposition and calm judg- ment of the prince-prelate ; yet, he seems to have been unduly influenced to a course of action, which unavoidably compromised his unresisting and unenergetic character. At first, he refused to adopt the line of policy proposed but, at length, he agreed to submit this matter to a grand convocation of provincial chiefs. When the magnates invited to this council had assembled at the place appointed, Cormac entered into a statement of that object, for which they had been convoked. He promised at the same time, that he would submit to their decision on the question. The opinion of those Munster chiefs was embodied in a hasty resolution, that the tribute, which the people of Leinster had so long neglected to pay, should be demanded. In case of refusal, the matter, it was decided, should be submitted to an arbitrament of the sword. At the same time, those Munster chiefs pledged themselves to stake their lives and fortunes on the prosecution of what they conceived to be identical with their sovereign rights and the honour oftheir pro- vince. The Abbot of Iniscathy more especially insisted, that the King of Southern Munster had a just claim upon tribute from the Leinster province, as it formed part of that division of Ireland, known as Leath Modha, and in virtue of a compact, said to have been formerly contracted, between Modha Nuadhat and Conn of the Hundred Battles. 12 This convention of the Munster
chiefs was assembled at now known as Mungairide,
county of Limerick, where a celebrated religious establishment then existed. *
Cormac felt secretly grieved, that such a resolution should have been
taken ; but, he was unwilling to oppose the expedition resolved on, lest he might appear to violate the promise he had made. Filled with a prophetic spirit, it is stated, lie had an intimation from Heaven, that he must perish in thiswar,andthatitshouldbeattendedwithanunfortunateissue. Wherefore, the king resolved to prepare for his approaching fate, by religiously bequeathing various items of property, in favour of different renowned churches and religious houses throughout Ireland. Among other bequests of his will, he left an ounce of gold, an ounce of silver, vestments,15 and a
in his writings an exact account of the con- vention of Mungairide ; as appears expressly in that part of his poetical c—omposition which begins with these words A ceangaill ar loin, where he expressly mentions the number of monks that were members of the six churches that stood in that place. There were five hundred, who were men of approved learning, and were appointed to attend to the office of preaching, six hundred presbyters served in the choir, and four hundred ancient men of exemplary piety spent their whole time in prayers
Moon. Dr. O'Donovan tells us that this tract, translated into Latin by Dr. John Lynch, is no longer accessible. However, there is a long extract therefrom, in his "Annals of the Four Masters," vol. ii. , n. (b), pp. 564 to 569. The substance of this account is to be found in the text. It sents us with some amplification of details, not found in Keating's history.
ghille,
Dermod O'Connor's
" He gives us an account, respecting this last war in which Cormac was involved, and it was derived from that historical Tract, taken from the Annals of Cluain
—or the Book of
Aidnech, Clonenagh,
and
Keating's "History pp. 442, 443.
in Laeighis now one of the lost and valuable
contemplation. "
historic Books of Eirenn. See O'Mahony's Keating's History of Ireland," chap. vii. , p. 531.
" See Ferdinando Warner's ** Ireland," vol. i. , book ix. , p. 366.
of
I4 We have reasons for doubting the cor-
rectness of the following account, which
seems to abound in exaggerations. greatly
,s For vestments, as we read in note (6) to the " Annals of the Four Masters," vol.
History
t3 f This Cormac, King of Munster, gives
"
pre-
John
Mungret,
of
Ireland,"
book
il,
1 * in the
1
September 14. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 355
horse to Druimabhradh, now known by the name of Ardfinnan ; he bequeathed a gold and a silver chalice, with a vestment of silk, to Lismore. He gave three ounces of gold and a Missal to Imleach Jubhair, now called Emly. He bestowed upon Cashel, a gold and a silver chalice, four ounces of gold, and one hundred ounces of silver. 16 He left an ounce of gold and another of silver to the religious establishments at Glendalough. He demised a horse and a silk vestment to the church of Kildare. He left to Armagh twenty-four ounces of gold and as many of silver ; to Iniscathy he gave three ounces of gold ; and to Mungared1 ? he presented three ounces of gold and a silk vestment, with his benediction. Having made these, with other charitable bequests, and prepared himself by exercises of devotion, a march towards the province of Leinster was nevertheless delayed for some time.
At last, overcome by the importunity of his counsellors, he prepared to set
18
out upon his ill-fated expedition.
dreadful consequences both to himself and to his supporters, leave us in astonishment at the course adopted by a holy bishop and a wise monarch : yet, we must infer, that a sense of duty, however misconceived, urged him to the doubtful issued Before setting out on his expedition, Cormac deemedit necessary,notonlytomakecertainprovisionsinhiswill,andto settle his private affairs, but also to regulate the point of succession to his
kingdom, as a duty owing to his subjects. ii. , p. 565, Dermod O'Connor has arms in
"
his translation of Keating's
Ireland," book ii. , p. 442. The foregoing is the correct reading.
16 Dermod O'Connor's translation of
Keating's "History of Ireland," book ii. , p. 442, has only five ounces of silver, as left to Cashel.
*t Dermod O'Connor's translation or
" of book Keating's History Ireland," ii. ,
p. 442, states, that the "three ounces of
gold and a silk vestment, with his royal
benediction he bestowed upon the successor
of Mungairid. " Afterwards, we read :
"
inclined, composed his last will and testa-
History of
Sad forebodings as to the result, and its
With this intent, he sent a mes-
Well suited to a state of majesty,
I do bequeath to Roscre to be kept
By Cornane with the strictest care. My
armour
And coat of mail of bright and polished
steel,
Will well become the martial King of
Ulster,
To whom I give it ; and my golden
chain
Shall the most pious Machuda enjoy,
As a reward for all his worthy labours. My royal wardrobe I resolve to give
To Mac Gleinin at Cluain by Colman. My Psalter, which preserves the ancient
records
And monuments of this, my native country, Which are transcribed with great fidelity, I leave to Royal Cashel, to be preserv'd To after times, and ages yet to come.
My soul for mercy I commit to heaven, My body leave to dust and rottenness. May God his choicest store of blessings
send
Upon the poor, and propagate the faith Of Christ throughout the world. "
18 See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of the
Four Masters," vol. ii. , n. (b. ), pp. 564, 565,
and Dermod O'Connor's " Keating's History
ofIreland,"bookii. , p. 442.
»9 The v. vol. , p. 38, and the xiv. vol. of
And sparkling with the rays of costly jewels,
This excellent prince, being poetically
ment in verse, which may not improperly be thus translated :
" Summoned away by death, which perceive
I
Approaches (for by my prophetic skill
I find that short will be my life and reign)
I solemnly appoint, that my affairs
Shall thus be settled after I am dead And this I constitute my latest will.
My golden vestment for most sacred use Ordain'd and for the service of my God, I give to the religious St. Shanon
;
man.
My clock, which gave me notice of the time, And wam'd me when to offer my devotion,
Of Inis Catha, a most
holy
I leave, nor in my will to be revok'd,
To Cenuil of Feargus, a true friend,
And follower of my fortune, good or bad. Cuillianan's poem, said to have been My royal robe, embroider'd o'er with gold,
O'Longan MSS. , p. 1S1, in the Royal Irish Academy contains copies of Cormac Mac-
composed on the occasion of his setting out on his fatal march to Leinster. The number of verses in it is forty-four
356 LIVESOFTHEIRISHSAINTS. [September14.
senger to Lorcan, son to Lacthan, King of Thomond, to desire the favour of his visit to Cashel. 20 The Dalcassian King obeyed this summons, and he was received by Cormac, with much honour and attention. A council of Munster chiefs was also convened. Leading his royal guest by the hand, and into the midst of this assembly, Cormac told them that, apprehending the expedition he had undertaken should prove fatal to himself, he thought it advisable to settle the succession before his decease.
prevent the conflicts of adverse parties or future tumults.
sceptre of Munster. The Eoganacht family hath enjoyed more than its
due share of power, in administration of the Munster government, and hence
you will not consider it unreasonable, that the Dalcassian rights be now
vindicated. Be it, therefore, agreed, that Lorcan shall be my successor on
the throne, when I am removed from among you by death ; for besides a
just claim of alternate succession, according to ancient decree, I also add
the weight of well-matured opinion. " The chiefs of Munster received this
counsel in silence, not wishing to counteract their sovereign's wishes, at least
in his presence j but, the event proved, that this advice had been vainly
given, for it was not carried into execution. It is said, however, although
the King did not exact an oath of affirmation from that convention, in the
sustainment of Lorcan's claims, yet, his nomination was ratified by those
21
Meantime, his forces being assembled from all parts of Munster, King
Cormac Mac Cullinan marched towards the borders of Leinster, at the head of
his numerous 22 attended the Abbot, Flathbhertach army, being by Iniscathy
Mac Jonmuinein, who was a chief instigator of this war. Before passing the boundaries of the province, Cormac sent a herald to the Leinster King to demand a yearly tribute, as a proof of subjection. This he insisted was his right, as Leinster formed a part of Leath Modha. If the King of Leinster was not prepared to pay this tribute in ready money, Cormac's messenger was instructed to require hostages, for the security of such payment ; and, in
the event of an absolute refusal, he was directed to declare war. The King of Munster halted in expectation of his herald's return ; but, in the meantime, an accident occurred, which, however trivial in appearance, was attended with evil consequences to the army of Munster. One account states, that while his army was there encamped, wishing to review his forces, King Cormac mounted his horse for the purpose of riding through his lines, when the animal, on which he rode, accidentally fell into a deep trench. 23 A great number of the soldiers, interpreting this as an unlucky omen, afterwards deserted their king's standard ; for they said, that this fall, which took place at the outset of their expedition, portended its unfortunate issue, with their own destruction in its prosecution. Another statement has it, that accident
Thus he hoped to We are informed
it is known to you, that Oilioll Olum, from whom the two illustrious tribes of Eoganacht and of the Dalcassians descend, hath long ago established, how the offspring of Fiachadh Muilleathan and of Cormac Cas should alternately sway the
he further addressed them in these words " Well-beloved ;
chiefs,
assembled chiefs.
occurred not to Cormac, but to Flathbhertach Mac 8
Jonmuinein,
2* the
courageous, but indiscreet Abbot of Iniscathy. *
"
20 See John O'Mahony's Keating's History of Ireland," chap, vii. , p. 523.
21 See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of The
** See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of the
Four Masters," vol. ii. , n. (b), p. 566.
24 While " the street of riding through
Four Masters," vol. ii. , n. (b),
Also Dermod O'Connor's
History of Ireland," book ii. , pp. 443, 444.
encampment, "according to John O'Mahony's
566. "
32 See Ferdinando Warner's " Ireland," vol. i. , book ix. , p. 368.
chap,
vii. ,
pp. 565,
Keating's Keating's History
History
of
"
Keating's
" of Ireland,"
2S See Dermod O'Connor's
History of Ireland," book ii. , pp. 444, 445.
p. 524.
September 14. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 357
The Irish historians greatly celebrate Corraac MacCullenan, as king and
bishop of Cashel, not alone for his piety and charity, but also for his learning, valour, and magnanimity of character. Still the dictates of sound policy, and
the natural pacific dispositions characterizing this good potentate, should have been found united with a sufficient firmness and resolution to resist
intemperate representations, and the counsel of miscalculating friends and advisers. Even keeping out of view the justice of his demand, which is said to have furnished the immediate pretext for engaging in his last unfortunate expedition ; Cormac ought to have considered well that powerful coalition, which might and most probably should have been formed against him. His own resources could hardly have enabled him successfully to overcome such a weight of opposition. An intention of marching upon an enemy's country, with inferior forces, and against his own matured judgment, exhibits a want of that military strategy and confidence on the part of a leader, which
are almost essential for the fortunate issue of any warlike enterprise. As an ecclesiastic, he should well have pondered on the words of Christ to St. Peter, when he cut off the right ear of Malchus, u All who take the sword
26
shall perish with the sword :"
a result which was fatally accomplished in his
particular case.
While the forces of Munster were thus arrested on their march, the herald
of Cormac returned with the ambassadors of Kearball, son to Murigen, and
king of Leinster. In his own name, and in that of the nobility of his
3 province, they were commissioned to propose a cessation of hostilities. ?
Also, a truce, which should last to the following month of May, was suggested. Meantime, they besought the disbandment of the Munster forces, and declared, that if a valid treaty of peace were not concluded at the period named, the people of Leinster would not hold those of Munster accountable for a further prosecution of the war. Moreover, to prove his sincere desire for a reconciliation, the King of Leinster instructed his am-
bassadors to declare, that hostages and ample pecuniary pledges should be placed in the hands of Meinach, Abbot of Castledermot, a man of great
learning and piety, and of approved integrity. To induce Cormac's accept- ance of these conditions the more readily, a large sum of money, a quantity of choice jewels and other valuable presents were sent by the King of Leinster through his ambassadors. Aware of the influence Flathbhertach possessed over the King of Munster's decision, Kearball sent also a noble present to the Abbot, so that he might secure his good offices. When Cormac heard of these offers, his countenance beamed with joy. He doubted not, but those negotiations would be favourably received by his subordinate chiefs, not even excepting Flathbhertach. The latter he thus addressed ambassadors, sent to me by the King of Leinster, earnestly request, that I would enter into a truce with them, until the month of May ensuing, and that I would disband my army, allowing the soldiers to return to their homes with all their effects. Nor has he hesitated, not only to give a solemn promise, but even to offer hostages for an exact fulfilment of conditions favourable to us. For this truce the Leinster men would not alone feel grateful, but they assure me, they have been instructed to deliver valuable presents to both of us. I am in doubt as to the reply I shall make ; but, I leave for you to decide, whether peace shall be made with or denied to these messengers. " Yet the Abbot, who by virtue of his profession should have been a minister of peace, proved himself rather a violent incendiary, and an
36 See St. Matt, xviii. , 10.
xxvi. , 52,
and St.
John
'7 See Ferdinando Warner's " of History
Ireland," vol. i. , book ix. , p. 369.
:
" Those
358 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [September 14.
implacable zealot, in urging matters to a crisis. 28 With a countenance inflamed by anger, he forgot all respect for the position and character of the monarch to whom he owed allegiance. He absolutely refused to hear the least mention of pacific overtures. 29 Even he had the insolence, it is stated, toaccuseKingCormacofcowardiceandindecision. Tothislatteraccusation, the monarch was probably obnoxious, however indecorously his favourite acted, in preferring such charges. But, it is to be regretted, that he had not exercised a more sound discretion, both in rejecting such intemperate counsels and in administering a deserved reproof to the author of his misfortunes. On the contrary, acting upon those suggestions of the Abbot of Iniscathy, the ambassadors were dismissed without the object of their negotiations being favourably entertained; and feeling the reproaches of Flathbhertach, the king is said to have replied, that as he was determined to urge forward this expedition against Leinster, the monarch himself would not be found absent from the warlike abbot, nor the battle in which he might be engaged. Cormacadded,thathefeltcertain,atthesametime,hisownlife should pay the forfeit, while it might be possible the abbot himself should not escape the consequences of his rashness and precipitancy. 3°
After these remarks, and overwhelmed with sorrow, King Cormac sought
the society of some favourites, when a basket of apples having been presented to him as a gift, he distributed these among the persons who were present. Cormac remarked, at the same time, that he would never afterwards divide anything among them. 31 The company was surprised and dejected at this announcement of the King, and remarked that they felt sorrowful, because contrary to his usual custom, he predicted something ominous of evil. Cormac endeavoured to cheer them by dissembling, so far as he possibly could,hisrealmeaning. Hethensaid,hehadnothithertobeeninthehabit of making such distributions among his friends, and most probably he would never again recur to such an act of complaisance. This effort, however, scarcely disguised his internal sorrow ; all his friends were impressed with the belief, that Cormac was imbued with a prophetic spirit, especially in all matters pertaining to himself. It was remarked, also, that no unhappy accident ever befell him during the course of his life, but that he foretold its occurrence previously, although he had not power to prevent the result. 3* Cormac then ordered his servants to place a guard of soldiers around his tent. Having desired to be left alone, he resolved to spend any time he could spare from public affairs, in exercises of penitence and devotion.
The better to prepare himself for his approaching end, which he knew to be near, he sent for Maenach or Minachus,33 to whom he gave certain directions.
28 See John O'Mahony's Keating's Dermod O'Connor's Keating's History of
" History of Ireland," chap, vii. , p. 124.
Ireland," book ii. , p. 446.
33 The name of Comhgoll, as confessor,
29 See Ferdinando Warner's "
History
of
is found in the account, according to 30•' "
Ireland," vol. i. , book ix. , p. 370.
See Dr. O'Donovan's Annals of the Dermod O'Connor's Keating's History of
Four Masters," vol. ii. , n. (b), p. 566, and Ireland," book ii. , p. 446. But, in Dr.
Dermod O'Connor's " of Keating's History
Ireland," book ii. , pp. 445, 446.
31 See a full account of these incidents in
the " Three Fragments of Irish Annals," praesidio munire, et Minachum Mystam
copied from ancient sources by Dubhaltach
MacFirbisigh, and edited with an Introduc-
tion and Notes by Dr. John O'Donovan, pp. 200 to 221.
Religiosissimum accersere. Huic omnibus ante actae vitae criminibus patefactis, edi- scientiaj sordes per confessionem eluerat, et ab eodem continuo sacrosancto synaxeos
33 See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of the pabulo refectus est, exploratum habens Four Masters, vol. ii. , n. (b), p. 566. Also, tantum sibi duntaxat spatium ad vivendum
O'Donovan's "Annals of the Four Masters,"
"
dedit in mandatis diversorium suum militum
we read :
nee plura affatus, cum famulis
September 14. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 359
He was a person of great prudence and sanctity, as also his Confessor, to whom he desired to make a confession of his sins,34 that thus he might receive the appropriate sacraments of the Church. Although conscious of his impending fate, he wished the matter to be concealed as much as possible from his soldiers, lest they should be discouraged ; for the king had resolved on selling his life. at a dear rate, and of making every sacrifice to procure a hopeless victory. He likewise made some alterations in his will, by adding a codicil, relating to his funeral and place of interment. If his body could be recovered from the enemy, he ordered it to be brought for interment to a place called Cluanuamia35 of Mac Lenin ; or otherwise, that it should be buried in the cemetery of Dermicius,36 son to Aidus Ron. This place is
now known as Castledermot, and formerly it was called Diseart Diarmuda.
For this locality, he had always entertained most grateful and pleasing reminiscences, as there he had received his early pious training and
instruction. Although Cormac preferred his sepulture to take place at Cluanuamia ; yet Minachus, a pious and learned man, desired his burial to be at Castledermot. Following the rule of St. Comgall, he had there a monastery of holy men, over whom he presided. This same Minachus had made great efforts to bring matters to a peaceful solution, between the Kings of Leinster and Munster. 37
The Munster army had not moved forward on the borders of Leinster, before word was brought, that Flann Sionna, monarch of Ireland, had joined the Leinster forces, with a great number of horse and foot soldiers. This report spread such consternation among the Munster men, that without knowledge of the leaders, many deserted their standards. 38 On hearing this, and supposing that the rest might be the more easily induced to declare for peace, Minachus undertook to harangue them in the following manner: " Most brave soldiers, there is no reason why you should expose yourselves and your country to almost certain destruction. For do you not perceive, that those men, who have deserted you, are as so many arms, lopped away from the body of your forces ? Wherefore, I do not consider you so void of reason, as that when weakened and maimed, you would endeavour to contend with forces so entirely superior to yours, even when your army was entire and united. Why should you not rather accept as hostages those noble youths, long since proposed to be surrendered to you, namely, the sons of Kearball, King of Leinster, and of the Ossorian prince? Or, why should you not retire from these warlike labours and perils, securely reserving yourselves for better opportunities, by entering into a truce, at least until the ensuing month of May? " These remarks were favourably received by Cormac and the great majority of his soldiers, who expressed their discontent in a mutinous manner against the Abbot of Iniscathy. They accused him with being the
cause of those differences, between the people of both provinces, and chief author of all calamities, likely to ensue, in the prosecution of this war. 39 But
superesse, quanta foret a pugnando mora cujus tamen rei suos conscios esse noluit. "
Vol. ii. , n. (b), pp. 566, 567. The substi-
tution of the name Comhgoll, for that of
Minachus, is evidently a blunder on the
part of Dermod O'Connor, the English translator.
" His-
36 His festival is observed on the 2ist of
At this see an account of him June. date,
34 See
in the Sixth Volume of this work, Art. ii.
3? See Dermod O'Connor's Keating's " History of Ireland," book ii. , pp. 446, 447. Also Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of the Four Masters," vol. ii. , n. (b), pp. 566, 567. 38 See Ferdinando Warner's " of
John O'Mahony's Keating's tory of Ireland," chap, vii. , p. 525.
History Ireland," vol. i. , book ix. . p. 371.
35 This place seems intended for Cluain- uamha, the former name for Cloyne, in Munster, and of which St. Colman Mac Lenin was patron.
39 See Dermod O'Connor's Keating's
; —
"
Dr. O'Donovan's "Annals of the Four Masters," vol. ii. , n. (b), p. 567,
History of Ireland," book
ii. , p. 447, and
360 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [September 14.
the Abbot of Iniscathy possessed such influence that he would not allow King Cormac to waver in his purpose. The army was ordered at length to advance/ Their course was directed towards Slieve marigue, which moun-
tainous tract of country they passed. They advanced towards Leighlin 1
bridge/ on the river Barrow.
In the meantime, Tibrud, Ailbe's religious successor, accompanied by a greatnumberofecclesiastics,enteredLeighlin,wheretheyhalted; andhere, also, the camp followers, beasts of burthen, and the baggage, were collected. But the greater part of the army was encamped near the wood of Magh Ailbe. *2 Here under shelter of night, and secured by entrenchments, this force prepared for the arrival of their enemies. *3 Some writers place the scene of this battle, at a place called Moyalbe, or the White Plain 4 *
Dr. Lanigan adds, that this does not imply any difference of situation, for Moyalbe was near Beallach-Mugna, being in the vicinity of Old Leighlin. He makes
Beallach-Mughna, also, the same as Ballymoon, in Idrone, and situated within the County of Carlow. «5 However, this statement is incorrect ; as
6
the true site for Beallach-Mughna* battlefield lies nearly half-way between
the towns of Carlow and Castledermot, in the southern part of Kildare
County. The site was shown by the old local inhabitants, who had vivid
traditions in reference to it. The scene of the battle of Ballaghmoon*? may
8
bevisited* abouttwo-and-a-halfmilesnorthfromthetownofCarlow,ona
stream called the Lear, that continues its course from Castledermot, until it there joins the River Barrow. The borders on either side slope upwards rather steeply, and from a tolerably wide glen beneath. With the Barrow on their left marching flank, the forces of Cormac seem to have been there arrested on their northern line of movement, by the army of Flann Sinna and of the King of Leinster, who had there formed a junction. So far as we can judge from the accounts coming to us, the Irish Monarch's army either had their right flank on the Barrow ; or possibly, its front formed more inland, and facing the west, so as to bear down on Cormac's forces, and cause them to fight at a disadvantage with the Barrow on their rear/ The battle
40 Their route was possibly on the Bal-
laghmore-road, the chief travelled way between Leinster and Munster.
41 Called Droiched Leithglinn in John
Baronies of Kilkea and Moone in Kildare
"
County. See Letters containing Infor-
mation relative to the Antiquities of the County of Kildare collected during the
Progress of the Ordnance Survey in 1837,"
vol. ii. Letter of John O'Donovan, dated
Athy, November 26th, 1837, p. 10. "
O'Mahony's Keating's chap, vii. , p. 526.
"
History of Ireland,"
43 This great plain extended from the RiverBarrowandSlieveMairgetothefoot of the Wicklow Mountains, embracing the northern part of Idrone Barony in Carlow County, as also the Baronies of Kilkea and Moone, in the County of Kildare. See John O'Donovan's leAbViAr* na 5-Ceapc, or the Book of Rights, n. (u) pp. 16, 17.
« Warner says : "When they came to
the plains of Magh Albhe, which the King intended for the field of battle, a camp was marked out and fortified by the side of a
wood, in—which he staid to receive the "
enemy. " History of Ireland," vol. i. , book ix. , p. 372.
44 The plain of Magh Ailbhe or Campus Albus extends between Sliabh Mairgeach in the Queen's County, and the Wicklow Mountains, comprising the northern part of Idrone Barony in Carlow County, and the
45See EcclesiasticalHistoryofIreland,'' vol. iii. , chap, xxii. , sect, v. , pp. 351, 352.
"
46RenderedMughain'sRoadorPass. See Circuit of Muircheartach McNeill," p. 38. 4? This is the name still given to a small
parish, in the barony of Kilkea and Moone.
It was a rectory, and a component part of the benefice of Castledermot, in the diocese
"
of Dublin. See the Parliamentary
Gazetteer of Ireland," vol. i. , p. 122.
48 The high-road from Athy to Carlow passes right through the townland, and over
a bridge on the Lear rivulet,
*9 The small parish of Ballaghmoon, in the barony of Kilkea and Moone, is shown on the " Ordnance Survey Townland Maps for the County of Kildare," Sheets 39, 40.
The townland, so called, is marked on Sheet 39, not far removed from the east
; but,
September 14. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 361
of Bealach Mughnas° was fought, as generally admitted, on the 16th of August. However, the Irish histories differ as to the year : while the Annals
of ClonmacnoiseS1 have it at the those of the Four Masters year 900,
place it atA. D. 903, but according to the best accounts, the year 907 or 908 is the
one usually recorded by our ancient and modern writers. sa
The Munster army was formed into three distinct bodies. 53 Flathbertach
Mac Jonmuinein, Abbot of Inniscathy, and Keallach, son to Karbull, King of Ossory, commanded the first battalion j Cormac Mac Cuillinan, King of Munster, assumed command over the second ; and Cormac, son to Mothlai, and chief of the Decies, was placed over the third division. s« According to a calculation of some authors, the forces of Munster were opposed to an army, more than fourfold their number ; and, a knowledge of this circum- stance alone, greatly tended to dispirit the southern provincials. Notwith- standing this fearful odds against them, under their respective leaders, when the trumpets began to sound, the Momonians advanced boldly to the charge. The forces of Leinster, confiding in their irresistible number and bravery, bore down on their opponents, and with a shock of battle it was impossible to repel.
Two untoward circumstances, also, had concurred in the very first onset, which threw the affairs of the Munster army into irretrievable confusion. The first of these was the cowardly or treacherous action of Kelliochar, a relative of Kinchengan, formerly a Munster King. Mounted on horseback, Kelliochar called out with a loud voice to a band of soldiers collected around him, to fly immediately from the battle field. He charged the clergy, and especially the Abbot of Inniscathy, with being chief promoters of the war. Hence, he advised the soldiers to secure their own safety by flight, leaving the authors of those dissensions to fight the battle, on their own account. After this harangue, putting spurs to his horse, he galloped out of the field. Urged by his invectives and action, numbers of the soldiers imitated his example. Another cause of misfortune arose from the circumstance of Keallach,55 son to Karbull, having given orders, which were misconceived. Witnessing a great slaughter of his forces on the side where his cavalry was posted, this chief ordered his men to mount their horses. His object appears to have been, that some effort should be made to stem the hostile attack ; but his soldiers, conceiving that he had ordered them to fly, at once gave way. The issue was no longer doubtful. This was the beginning of a general rout. The soldiers of Munster, utterly discouraged, began to fly in all directions. Each man consulted for his own safety, as best he might, by seeking the most retired hiding-places and retreats that afforded the best chance of escape. No fewer than six thousand of the Munstermen are said to have fallen in this battle. *6 A
bank of the River Barrow, and on it was the battle fought.
Edited by the Rev. Denis Murphy, S. J. ,
LL. D. , M. R. I. A. , p. 144.
s* See Archdeacon Henry Cotton's " Fasti
great
number most retreated probably
50 The parish of Ballaghmoon is de-
scribed by John O'Donovan in "Letters Ecclesiae Hibernicse," vol. i. , Province of
containing Information relative to the Antiquities of the County of Kildare, col- lected during the Progress of the Ordnance Survey in 1837," vol. ii. Letter dated Athy, November 26th, 1837, pp. 9 to II.
Munster, p. 4.
S3 See John O'Mahony's Keating's " His-
tory of Ireland," chap, vii. , p. 526.
"
51 See "The Annals of
being Annals of Ireland from the Earliest
Period to A. D. 1208," translated into Eng-
lish a. d. 1627 by Conell Mageoghegan.
9 Martin Haverty writes of this war : " Others assert that it was only intended to protect the abbey of Monasterevan, founded by Evinus, a Munster saint, on the confines of Leinster, and which the King of Leinster
venerated
by
his
subjects
,0 In
English,
The Battle of
Ballagh Z
Annals of the
had now seized for his own people. "—
"
History of Ireland," chap, xiii. , p. 128.
354 LIVESOFTHEIRISHSAINTS. [September14.
Dr. Keating," that towards the close of Cormac's prosperous reign of seven
some Munster chiefs— whom was — Flath- years, among especially distinguished
bhertach Mac Jonmuinein, Abbot of Ini6cathy urged him to demand a
tribute from the Leinstermen, as an acknowledgment of Munster sovereignty. These counsels appeared adverse to the pacific disposition and calm judg- ment of the prince-prelate ; yet, he seems to have been unduly influenced to a course of action, which unavoidably compromised his unresisting and unenergetic character. At first, he refused to adopt the line of policy proposed but, at length, he agreed to submit this matter to a grand convocation of provincial chiefs. When the magnates invited to this council had assembled at the place appointed, Cormac entered into a statement of that object, for which they had been convoked. He promised at the same time, that he would submit to their decision on the question. The opinion of those Munster chiefs was embodied in a hasty resolution, that the tribute, which the people of Leinster had so long neglected to pay, should be demanded. In case of refusal, the matter, it was decided, should be submitted to an arbitrament of the sword. At the same time, those Munster chiefs pledged themselves to stake their lives and fortunes on the prosecution of what they conceived to be identical with their sovereign rights and the honour oftheir pro- vince. The Abbot of Iniscathy more especially insisted, that the King of Southern Munster had a just claim upon tribute from the Leinster province, as it formed part of that division of Ireland, known as Leath Modha, and in virtue of a compact, said to have been formerly contracted, between Modha Nuadhat and Conn of the Hundred Battles. 12 This convention of the Munster
chiefs was assembled at now known as Mungairide,
county of Limerick, where a celebrated religious establishment then existed. *
Cormac felt secretly grieved, that such a resolution should have been
taken ; but, he was unwilling to oppose the expedition resolved on, lest he might appear to violate the promise he had made. Filled with a prophetic spirit, it is stated, lie had an intimation from Heaven, that he must perish in thiswar,andthatitshouldbeattendedwithanunfortunateissue. Wherefore, the king resolved to prepare for his approaching fate, by religiously bequeathing various items of property, in favour of different renowned churches and religious houses throughout Ireland. Among other bequests of his will, he left an ounce of gold, an ounce of silver, vestments,15 and a
in his writings an exact account of the con- vention of Mungairide ; as appears expressly in that part of his poetical c—omposition which begins with these words A ceangaill ar loin, where he expressly mentions the number of monks that were members of the six churches that stood in that place. There were five hundred, who were men of approved learning, and were appointed to attend to the office of preaching, six hundred presbyters served in the choir, and four hundred ancient men of exemplary piety spent their whole time in prayers
Moon. Dr. O'Donovan tells us that this tract, translated into Latin by Dr. John Lynch, is no longer accessible. However, there is a long extract therefrom, in his "Annals of the Four Masters," vol. ii. , n. (b), pp. 564 to 569. The substance of this account is to be found in the text. It sents us with some amplification of details, not found in Keating's history.
ghille,
Dermod O'Connor's
" He gives us an account, respecting this last war in which Cormac was involved, and it was derived from that historical Tract, taken from the Annals of Cluain
—or the Book of
Aidnech, Clonenagh,
and
Keating's "History pp. 442, 443.
in Laeighis now one of the lost and valuable
contemplation. "
historic Books of Eirenn. See O'Mahony's Keating's History of Ireland," chap. vii. , p. 531.
" See Ferdinando Warner's ** Ireland," vol. i. , book ix. , p. 366.
of
I4 We have reasons for doubting the cor-
rectness of the following account, which
seems to abound in exaggerations. greatly
,s For vestments, as we read in note (6) to the " Annals of the Four Masters," vol.
History
t3 f This Cormac, King of Munster, gives
"
pre-
John
Mungret,
of
Ireland,"
book
il,
1 * in the
1
September 14. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 355
horse to Druimabhradh, now known by the name of Ardfinnan ; he bequeathed a gold and a silver chalice, with a vestment of silk, to Lismore. He gave three ounces of gold and a Missal to Imleach Jubhair, now called Emly. He bestowed upon Cashel, a gold and a silver chalice, four ounces of gold, and one hundred ounces of silver. 16 He left an ounce of gold and another of silver to the religious establishments at Glendalough. He demised a horse and a silk vestment to the church of Kildare. He left to Armagh twenty-four ounces of gold and as many of silver ; to Iniscathy he gave three ounces of gold ; and to Mungared1 ? he presented three ounces of gold and a silk vestment, with his benediction. Having made these, with other charitable bequests, and prepared himself by exercises of devotion, a march towards the province of Leinster was nevertheless delayed for some time.
At last, overcome by the importunity of his counsellors, he prepared to set
18
out upon his ill-fated expedition.
dreadful consequences both to himself and to his supporters, leave us in astonishment at the course adopted by a holy bishop and a wise monarch : yet, we must infer, that a sense of duty, however misconceived, urged him to the doubtful issued Before setting out on his expedition, Cormac deemedit necessary,notonlytomakecertainprovisionsinhiswill,andto settle his private affairs, but also to regulate the point of succession to his
kingdom, as a duty owing to his subjects. ii. , p. 565, Dermod O'Connor has arms in
"
his translation of Keating's
Ireland," book ii. , p. 442. The foregoing is the correct reading.
16 Dermod O'Connor's translation of
Keating's "History of Ireland," book ii. , p. 442, has only five ounces of silver, as left to Cashel.
*t Dermod O'Connor's translation or
" of book Keating's History Ireland," ii. ,
p. 442, states, that the "three ounces of
gold and a silk vestment, with his royal
benediction he bestowed upon the successor
of Mungairid. " Afterwards, we read :
"
inclined, composed his last will and testa-
History of
Sad forebodings as to the result, and its
With this intent, he sent a mes-
Well suited to a state of majesty,
I do bequeath to Roscre to be kept
By Cornane with the strictest care. My
armour
And coat of mail of bright and polished
steel,
Will well become the martial King of
Ulster,
To whom I give it ; and my golden
chain
Shall the most pious Machuda enjoy,
As a reward for all his worthy labours. My royal wardrobe I resolve to give
To Mac Gleinin at Cluain by Colman. My Psalter, which preserves the ancient
records
And monuments of this, my native country, Which are transcribed with great fidelity, I leave to Royal Cashel, to be preserv'd To after times, and ages yet to come.
My soul for mercy I commit to heaven, My body leave to dust and rottenness. May God his choicest store of blessings
send
Upon the poor, and propagate the faith Of Christ throughout the world. "
18 See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of the
Four Masters," vol. ii. , n. (b. ), pp. 564, 565,
and Dermod O'Connor's " Keating's History
ofIreland,"bookii. , p. 442.
»9 The v. vol. , p. 38, and the xiv. vol. of
And sparkling with the rays of costly jewels,
This excellent prince, being poetically
ment in verse, which may not improperly be thus translated :
" Summoned away by death, which perceive
I
Approaches (for by my prophetic skill
I find that short will be my life and reign)
I solemnly appoint, that my affairs
Shall thus be settled after I am dead And this I constitute my latest will.
My golden vestment for most sacred use Ordain'd and for the service of my God, I give to the religious St. Shanon
;
man.
My clock, which gave me notice of the time, And wam'd me when to offer my devotion,
Of Inis Catha, a most
holy
I leave, nor in my will to be revok'd,
To Cenuil of Feargus, a true friend,
And follower of my fortune, good or bad. Cuillianan's poem, said to have been My royal robe, embroider'd o'er with gold,
O'Longan MSS. , p. 1S1, in the Royal Irish Academy contains copies of Cormac Mac-
composed on the occasion of his setting out on his fatal march to Leinster. The number of verses in it is forty-four
356 LIVESOFTHEIRISHSAINTS. [September14.
senger to Lorcan, son to Lacthan, King of Thomond, to desire the favour of his visit to Cashel. 20 The Dalcassian King obeyed this summons, and he was received by Cormac, with much honour and attention. A council of Munster chiefs was also convened. Leading his royal guest by the hand, and into the midst of this assembly, Cormac told them that, apprehending the expedition he had undertaken should prove fatal to himself, he thought it advisable to settle the succession before his decease.
prevent the conflicts of adverse parties or future tumults.
sceptre of Munster. The Eoganacht family hath enjoyed more than its
due share of power, in administration of the Munster government, and hence
you will not consider it unreasonable, that the Dalcassian rights be now
vindicated. Be it, therefore, agreed, that Lorcan shall be my successor on
the throne, when I am removed from among you by death ; for besides a
just claim of alternate succession, according to ancient decree, I also add
the weight of well-matured opinion. " The chiefs of Munster received this
counsel in silence, not wishing to counteract their sovereign's wishes, at least
in his presence j but, the event proved, that this advice had been vainly
given, for it was not carried into execution. It is said, however, although
the King did not exact an oath of affirmation from that convention, in the
sustainment of Lorcan's claims, yet, his nomination was ratified by those
21
Meantime, his forces being assembled from all parts of Munster, King
Cormac Mac Cullinan marched towards the borders of Leinster, at the head of
his numerous 22 attended the Abbot, Flathbhertach army, being by Iniscathy
Mac Jonmuinein, who was a chief instigator of this war. Before passing the boundaries of the province, Cormac sent a herald to the Leinster King to demand a yearly tribute, as a proof of subjection. This he insisted was his right, as Leinster formed a part of Leath Modha. If the King of Leinster was not prepared to pay this tribute in ready money, Cormac's messenger was instructed to require hostages, for the security of such payment ; and, in
the event of an absolute refusal, he was directed to declare war. The King of Munster halted in expectation of his herald's return ; but, in the meantime, an accident occurred, which, however trivial in appearance, was attended with evil consequences to the army of Munster. One account states, that while his army was there encamped, wishing to review his forces, King Cormac mounted his horse for the purpose of riding through his lines, when the animal, on which he rode, accidentally fell into a deep trench. 23 A great number of the soldiers, interpreting this as an unlucky omen, afterwards deserted their king's standard ; for they said, that this fall, which took place at the outset of their expedition, portended its unfortunate issue, with their own destruction in its prosecution. Another statement has it, that accident
Thus he hoped to We are informed
it is known to you, that Oilioll Olum, from whom the two illustrious tribes of Eoganacht and of the Dalcassians descend, hath long ago established, how the offspring of Fiachadh Muilleathan and of Cormac Cas should alternately sway the
he further addressed them in these words " Well-beloved ;
chiefs,
assembled chiefs.
occurred not to Cormac, but to Flathbhertach Mac 8
Jonmuinein,
2* the
courageous, but indiscreet Abbot of Iniscathy. *
"
20 See John O'Mahony's Keating's History of Ireland," chap, vii. , p. 523.
21 See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of The
** See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of the
Four Masters," vol. ii. , n. (b), p. 566.
24 While " the street of riding through
Four Masters," vol. ii. , n. (b),
Also Dermod O'Connor's
History of Ireland," book ii. , pp. 443, 444.
encampment, "according to John O'Mahony's
566. "
32 See Ferdinando Warner's " Ireland," vol. i. , book ix. , p. 368.
chap,
vii. ,
pp. 565,
Keating's Keating's History
History
of
"
Keating's
" of Ireland,"
2S See Dermod O'Connor's
History of Ireland," book ii. , pp. 444, 445.
p. 524.
September 14. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 357
The Irish historians greatly celebrate Corraac MacCullenan, as king and
bishop of Cashel, not alone for his piety and charity, but also for his learning, valour, and magnanimity of character. Still the dictates of sound policy, and
the natural pacific dispositions characterizing this good potentate, should have been found united with a sufficient firmness and resolution to resist
intemperate representations, and the counsel of miscalculating friends and advisers. Even keeping out of view the justice of his demand, which is said to have furnished the immediate pretext for engaging in his last unfortunate expedition ; Cormac ought to have considered well that powerful coalition, which might and most probably should have been formed against him. His own resources could hardly have enabled him successfully to overcome such a weight of opposition. An intention of marching upon an enemy's country, with inferior forces, and against his own matured judgment, exhibits a want of that military strategy and confidence on the part of a leader, which
are almost essential for the fortunate issue of any warlike enterprise. As an ecclesiastic, he should well have pondered on the words of Christ to St. Peter, when he cut off the right ear of Malchus, u All who take the sword
26
shall perish with the sword :"
a result which was fatally accomplished in his
particular case.
While the forces of Munster were thus arrested on their march, the herald
of Cormac returned with the ambassadors of Kearball, son to Murigen, and
king of Leinster. In his own name, and in that of the nobility of his
3 province, they were commissioned to propose a cessation of hostilities. ?
Also, a truce, which should last to the following month of May, was suggested. Meantime, they besought the disbandment of the Munster forces, and declared, that if a valid treaty of peace were not concluded at the period named, the people of Leinster would not hold those of Munster accountable for a further prosecution of the war. Moreover, to prove his sincere desire for a reconciliation, the King of Leinster instructed his am-
bassadors to declare, that hostages and ample pecuniary pledges should be placed in the hands of Meinach, Abbot of Castledermot, a man of great
learning and piety, and of approved integrity. To induce Cormac's accept- ance of these conditions the more readily, a large sum of money, a quantity of choice jewels and other valuable presents were sent by the King of Leinster through his ambassadors. Aware of the influence Flathbhertach possessed over the King of Munster's decision, Kearball sent also a noble present to the Abbot, so that he might secure his good offices. When Cormac heard of these offers, his countenance beamed with joy. He doubted not, but those negotiations would be favourably received by his subordinate chiefs, not even excepting Flathbhertach. The latter he thus addressed ambassadors, sent to me by the King of Leinster, earnestly request, that I would enter into a truce with them, until the month of May ensuing, and that I would disband my army, allowing the soldiers to return to their homes with all their effects. Nor has he hesitated, not only to give a solemn promise, but even to offer hostages for an exact fulfilment of conditions favourable to us. For this truce the Leinster men would not alone feel grateful, but they assure me, they have been instructed to deliver valuable presents to both of us. I am in doubt as to the reply I shall make ; but, I leave for you to decide, whether peace shall be made with or denied to these messengers. " Yet the Abbot, who by virtue of his profession should have been a minister of peace, proved himself rather a violent incendiary, and an
36 See St. Matt, xviii. , 10.
xxvi. , 52,
and St.
John
'7 See Ferdinando Warner's " of History
Ireland," vol. i. , book ix. , p. 369.
:
" Those
358 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [September 14.
implacable zealot, in urging matters to a crisis. 28 With a countenance inflamed by anger, he forgot all respect for the position and character of the monarch to whom he owed allegiance. He absolutely refused to hear the least mention of pacific overtures. 29 Even he had the insolence, it is stated, toaccuseKingCormacofcowardiceandindecision. Tothislatteraccusation, the monarch was probably obnoxious, however indecorously his favourite acted, in preferring such charges. But, it is to be regretted, that he had not exercised a more sound discretion, both in rejecting such intemperate counsels and in administering a deserved reproof to the author of his misfortunes. On the contrary, acting upon those suggestions of the Abbot of Iniscathy, the ambassadors were dismissed without the object of their negotiations being favourably entertained; and feeling the reproaches of Flathbhertach, the king is said to have replied, that as he was determined to urge forward this expedition against Leinster, the monarch himself would not be found absent from the warlike abbot, nor the battle in which he might be engaged. Cormacadded,thathefeltcertain,atthesametime,hisownlife should pay the forfeit, while it might be possible the abbot himself should not escape the consequences of his rashness and precipitancy. 3°
After these remarks, and overwhelmed with sorrow, King Cormac sought
the society of some favourites, when a basket of apples having been presented to him as a gift, he distributed these among the persons who were present. Cormac remarked, at the same time, that he would never afterwards divide anything among them. 31 The company was surprised and dejected at this announcement of the King, and remarked that they felt sorrowful, because contrary to his usual custom, he predicted something ominous of evil. Cormac endeavoured to cheer them by dissembling, so far as he possibly could,hisrealmeaning. Hethensaid,hehadnothithertobeeninthehabit of making such distributions among his friends, and most probably he would never again recur to such an act of complaisance. This effort, however, scarcely disguised his internal sorrow ; all his friends were impressed with the belief, that Cormac was imbued with a prophetic spirit, especially in all matters pertaining to himself. It was remarked, also, that no unhappy accident ever befell him during the course of his life, but that he foretold its occurrence previously, although he had not power to prevent the result. 3* Cormac then ordered his servants to place a guard of soldiers around his tent. Having desired to be left alone, he resolved to spend any time he could spare from public affairs, in exercises of penitence and devotion.
The better to prepare himself for his approaching end, which he knew to be near, he sent for Maenach or Minachus,33 to whom he gave certain directions.
28 See John O'Mahony's Keating's Dermod O'Connor's Keating's History of
" History of Ireland," chap, vii. , p. 124.
Ireland," book ii. , p. 446.
33 The name of Comhgoll, as confessor,
29 See Ferdinando Warner's "
History
of
is found in the account, according to 30•' "
Ireland," vol. i. , book ix. , p. 370.
See Dr. O'Donovan's Annals of the Dermod O'Connor's Keating's History of
Four Masters," vol. ii. , n. (b), p. 566, and Ireland," book ii. , p. 446. But, in Dr.
Dermod O'Connor's " of Keating's History
Ireland," book ii. , pp. 445, 446.
31 See a full account of these incidents in
the " Three Fragments of Irish Annals," praesidio munire, et Minachum Mystam
copied from ancient sources by Dubhaltach
MacFirbisigh, and edited with an Introduc-
tion and Notes by Dr. John O'Donovan, pp. 200 to 221.
Religiosissimum accersere. Huic omnibus ante actae vitae criminibus patefactis, edi- scientiaj sordes per confessionem eluerat, et ab eodem continuo sacrosancto synaxeos
33 See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of the pabulo refectus est, exploratum habens Four Masters, vol. ii. , n. (b), p. 566. Also, tantum sibi duntaxat spatium ad vivendum
O'Donovan's "Annals of the Four Masters,"
"
dedit in mandatis diversorium suum militum
we read :
nee plura affatus, cum famulis
September 14. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 359
He was a person of great prudence and sanctity, as also his Confessor, to whom he desired to make a confession of his sins,34 that thus he might receive the appropriate sacraments of the Church. Although conscious of his impending fate, he wished the matter to be concealed as much as possible from his soldiers, lest they should be discouraged ; for the king had resolved on selling his life. at a dear rate, and of making every sacrifice to procure a hopeless victory. He likewise made some alterations in his will, by adding a codicil, relating to his funeral and place of interment. If his body could be recovered from the enemy, he ordered it to be brought for interment to a place called Cluanuamia35 of Mac Lenin ; or otherwise, that it should be buried in the cemetery of Dermicius,36 son to Aidus Ron. This place is
now known as Castledermot, and formerly it was called Diseart Diarmuda.
For this locality, he had always entertained most grateful and pleasing reminiscences, as there he had received his early pious training and
instruction. Although Cormac preferred his sepulture to take place at Cluanuamia ; yet Minachus, a pious and learned man, desired his burial to be at Castledermot. Following the rule of St. Comgall, he had there a monastery of holy men, over whom he presided. This same Minachus had made great efforts to bring matters to a peaceful solution, between the Kings of Leinster and Munster. 37
The Munster army had not moved forward on the borders of Leinster, before word was brought, that Flann Sionna, monarch of Ireland, had joined the Leinster forces, with a great number of horse and foot soldiers. This report spread such consternation among the Munster men, that without knowledge of the leaders, many deserted their standards. 38 On hearing this, and supposing that the rest might be the more easily induced to declare for peace, Minachus undertook to harangue them in the following manner: " Most brave soldiers, there is no reason why you should expose yourselves and your country to almost certain destruction. For do you not perceive, that those men, who have deserted you, are as so many arms, lopped away from the body of your forces ? Wherefore, I do not consider you so void of reason, as that when weakened and maimed, you would endeavour to contend with forces so entirely superior to yours, even when your army was entire and united. Why should you not rather accept as hostages those noble youths, long since proposed to be surrendered to you, namely, the sons of Kearball, King of Leinster, and of the Ossorian prince? Or, why should you not retire from these warlike labours and perils, securely reserving yourselves for better opportunities, by entering into a truce, at least until the ensuing month of May? " These remarks were favourably received by Cormac and the great majority of his soldiers, who expressed their discontent in a mutinous manner against the Abbot of Iniscathy. They accused him with being the
cause of those differences, between the people of both provinces, and chief author of all calamities, likely to ensue, in the prosecution of this war. 39 But
superesse, quanta foret a pugnando mora cujus tamen rei suos conscios esse noluit. "
Vol. ii. , n. (b), pp. 566, 567. The substi-
tution of the name Comhgoll, for that of
Minachus, is evidently a blunder on the
part of Dermod O'Connor, the English translator.
" His-
36 His festival is observed on the 2ist of
At this see an account of him June. date,
34 See
in the Sixth Volume of this work, Art. ii.
3? See Dermod O'Connor's Keating's " History of Ireland," book ii. , pp. 446, 447. Also Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of the Four Masters," vol. ii. , n. (b), pp. 566, 567. 38 See Ferdinando Warner's " of
John O'Mahony's Keating's tory of Ireland," chap, vii. , p. 525.
History Ireland," vol. i. , book ix. . p. 371.
35 This place seems intended for Cluain- uamha, the former name for Cloyne, in Munster, and of which St. Colman Mac Lenin was patron.
39 See Dermod O'Connor's Keating's
; —
"
Dr. O'Donovan's "Annals of the Four Masters," vol. ii. , n. (b), p. 567,
History of Ireland," book
ii. , p. 447, and
360 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [September 14.
the Abbot of Iniscathy possessed such influence that he would not allow King Cormac to waver in his purpose. The army was ordered at length to advance/ Their course was directed towards Slieve marigue, which moun-
tainous tract of country they passed. They advanced towards Leighlin 1
bridge/ on the river Barrow.
In the meantime, Tibrud, Ailbe's religious successor, accompanied by a greatnumberofecclesiastics,enteredLeighlin,wheretheyhalted; andhere, also, the camp followers, beasts of burthen, and the baggage, were collected. But the greater part of the army was encamped near the wood of Magh Ailbe. *2 Here under shelter of night, and secured by entrenchments, this force prepared for the arrival of their enemies. *3 Some writers place the scene of this battle, at a place called Moyalbe, or the White Plain 4 *
Dr. Lanigan adds, that this does not imply any difference of situation, for Moyalbe was near Beallach-Mugna, being in the vicinity of Old Leighlin. He makes
Beallach-Mughna, also, the same as Ballymoon, in Idrone, and situated within the County of Carlow. «5 However, this statement is incorrect ; as
6
the true site for Beallach-Mughna* battlefield lies nearly half-way between
the towns of Carlow and Castledermot, in the southern part of Kildare
County. The site was shown by the old local inhabitants, who had vivid
traditions in reference to it. The scene of the battle of Ballaghmoon*? may
8
bevisited* abouttwo-and-a-halfmilesnorthfromthetownofCarlow,ona
stream called the Lear, that continues its course from Castledermot, until it there joins the River Barrow. The borders on either side slope upwards rather steeply, and from a tolerably wide glen beneath. With the Barrow on their left marching flank, the forces of Cormac seem to have been there arrested on their northern line of movement, by the army of Flann Sinna and of the King of Leinster, who had there formed a junction. So far as we can judge from the accounts coming to us, the Irish Monarch's army either had their right flank on the Barrow ; or possibly, its front formed more inland, and facing the west, so as to bear down on Cormac's forces, and cause them to fight at a disadvantage with the Barrow on their rear/ The battle
40 Their route was possibly on the Bal-
laghmore-road, the chief travelled way between Leinster and Munster.
41 Called Droiched Leithglinn in John
Baronies of Kilkea and Moone in Kildare
"
County. See Letters containing Infor-
mation relative to the Antiquities of the County of Kildare collected during the
Progress of the Ordnance Survey in 1837,"
vol. ii. Letter of John O'Donovan, dated
Athy, November 26th, 1837, p. 10. "
O'Mahony's Keating's chap, vii. , p. 526.
"
History of Ireland,"
43 This great plain extended from the RiverBarrowandSlieveMairgetothefoot of the Wicklow Mountains, embracing the northern part of Idrone Barony in Carlow County, as also the Baronies of Kilkea and Moone, in the County of Kildare. See John O'Donovan's leAbViAr* na 5-Ceapc, or the Book of Rights, n. (u) pp. 16, 17.
« Warner says : "When they came to
the plains of Magh Albhe, which the King intended for the field of battle, a camp was marked out and fortified by the side of a
wood, in—which he staid to receive the "
enemy. " History of Ireland," vol. i. , book ix. , p. 372.
44 The plain of Magh Ailbhe or Campus Albus extends between Sliabh Mairgeach in the Queen's County, and the Wicklow Mountains, comprising the northern part of Idrone Barony in Carlow County, and the
45See EcclesiasticalHistoryofIreland,'' vol. iii. , chap, xxii. , sect, v. , pp. 351, 352.
"
46RenderedMughain'sRoadorPass. See Circuit of Muircheartach McNeill," p. 38. 4? This is the name still given to a small
parish, in the barony of Kilkea and Moone.
It was a rectory, and a component part of the benefice of Castledermot, in the diocese
"
of Dublin. See the Parliamentary
Gazetteer of Ireland," vol. i. , p. 122.
48 The high-road from Athy to Carlow passes right through the townland, and over
a bridge on the Lear rivulet,
*9 The small parish of Ballaghmoon, in the barony of Kilkea and Moone, is shown on the " Ordnance Survey Townland Maps for the County of Kildare," Sheets 39, 40.
The townland, so called, is marked on Sheet 39, not far removed from the east
; but,
September 14. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 361
of Bealach Mughnas° was fought, as generally admitted, on the 16th of August. However, the Irish histories differ as to the year : while the Annals
of ClonmacnoiseS1 have it at the those of the Four Masters year 900,
place it atA. D. 903, but according to the best accounts, the year 907 or 908 is the
one usually recorded by our ancient and modern writers. sa
The Munster army was formed into three distinct bodies. 53 Flathbertach
Mac Jonmuinein, Abbot of Inniscathy, and Keallach, son to Karbull, King of Ossory, commanded the first battalion j Cormac Mac Cuillinan, King of Munster, assumed command over the second ; and Cormac, son to Mothlai, and chief of the Decies, was placed over the third division. s« According to a calculation of some authors, the forces of Munster were opposed to an army, more than fourfold their number ; and, a knowledge of this circum- stance alone, greatly tended to dispirit the southern provincials. Notwith- standing this fearful odds against them, under their respective leaders, when the trumpets began to sound, the Momonians advanced boldly to the charge. The forces of Leinster, confiding in their irresistible number and bravery, bore down on their opponents, and with a shock of battle it was impossible to repel.
Two untoward circumstances, also, had concurred in the very first onset, which threw the affairs of the Munster army into irretrievable confusion. The first of these was the cowardly or treacherous action of Kelliochar, a relative of Kinchengan, formerly a Munster King. Mounted on horseback, Kelliochar called out with a loud voice to a band of soldiers collected around him, to fly immediately from the battle field. He charged the clergy, and especially the Abbot of Inniscathy, with being chief promoters of the war. Hence, he advised the soldiers to secure their own safety by flight, leaving the authors of those dissensions to fight the battle, on their own account. After this harangue, putting spurs to his horse, he galloped out of the field. Urged by his invectives and action, numbers of the soldiers imitated his example. Another cause of misfortune arose from the circumstance of Keallach,55 son to Karbull, having given orders, which were misconceived. Witnessing a great slaughter of his forces on the side where his cavalry was posted, this chief ordered his men to mount their horses. His object appears to have been, that some effort should be made to stem the hostile attack ; but his soldiers, conceiving that he had ordered them to fly, at once gave way. The issue was no longer doubtful. This was the beginning of a general rout. The soldiers of Munster, utterly discouraged, began to fly in all directions. Each man consulted for his own safety, as best he might, by seeking the most retired hiding-places and retreats that afforded the best chance of escape. No fewer than six thousand of the Munstermen are said to have fallen in this battle. *6 A
bank of the River Barrow, and on it was the battle fought.
Edited by the Rev. Denis Murphy, S. J. ,
LL. D. , M. R. I. A. , p. 144.
s* See Archdeacon Henry Cotton's " Fasti
great
number most retreated probably
50 The parish of Ballaghmoon is de-
scribed by John O'Donovan in "Letters Ecclesiae Hibernicse," vol. i. , Province of
containing Information relative to the Antiquities of the County of Kildare, col- lected during the Progress of the Ordnance Survey in 1837," vol. ii. Letter dated Athy, November 26th, 1837, pp. 9 to II.
Munster, p. 4.
S3 See John O'Mahony's Keating's " His-
tory of Ireland," chap, vii. , p. 526.
"
51 See "The Annals of
being Annals of Ireland from the Earliest
Period to A. D. 1208," translated into Eng-
lish a. d. 1627 by Conell Mageoghegan.
