No More Learning

Max. viii. 14. $ 2. ) The last time we hear
of Brutus is in B. c. 129, when he served under
• Nos. 13, 14, 19, 20, being reckoned jurists, C. Sempronius Tuditanus against the Japydes, and
are written by J. T. G.
by his military skill gained a victory for the consil,


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510
BRUTUS.
BRUTUS.
and thereby repaired the losses which the latter and so highly was he esteemed by Cresar, that on
had sustained at the commencement of the cam- his return from Spain through Italy, in 45, Caesar
paign. (Liv. Epit. 59. )
conferred upon him the honour of riding in his
Brutus was a patron of the poet L. Accius, and carriage along with Antony and his nephew, the
for the times was well versed in Greek and Roman young Octavius. (Plut. Ant. 11. ) Caesar gave
literature; he was also not deficient in oratorical him still more substantial marks of his favour, by
talent. (Cic. Brut. 28. ) We learn from Cicero promising him the government of Cisalpine Gaul,
(de Am. 2), that he was augur. The Clodia men- with the praetorship for 44 and the consulship for
tioned by Cicero in a letter to Atticus (xii. 22), 42. In Caesar's will, read after his death, it was
whom Orelli supposes to be the mother of this found that D. Brutus had been made one of his
Brutus, was in all probability his wife, and the heirs in the second degrec; and so entirely did
mother of the consul of B. c. 77. (No. 16. ) (Dru- he possess the confidence of Cacsar, that the other
mann, l. c. )
murderers sent him to conduct their victim to the
16. 1). JUNIUS D. P. M. n. BrutUs, son of the senate house on the day of the assassination. The
preceding, distinguished himself by his opposition motives which induced D. Brutus to take part in
to Saturninus in B. C. 100. (Cic. pro Rabir. perd. the conspiracy against his friend and benefactor
7. ) He belonged to the aristocratical party, and are not stated; but he could have no excuse for
is alluded to as one of the aristocrats in the oration his crime; and among the instances of base ingra-
which Sallust puts into the mouth of Lepidus titude shewn on the ides of March, none was so
against Sulla. (Sall. Hist. i. p. 937, ed. Cortius. ) foul and black as that of D. Brutus. (Liv. Epit.
He was consul in B. C. 77, with Mamercus Le 114, 116; Dion Cass. xliv. 14, 18, 35; Appian,
pidus (Cic. Brut. 47), and in 74 became security B. C. ii. 48, 111, 113, 143, ii. 98; Suet. Caes. 81,
for P. Junius before Verres, the praetor urbanus. 83; Vell. Pat. ii. 56. )
(Cic. Verr. i. 55, 57. ) He was well acquainted After Caesar's death (44), D. Brutus went into
with Greek and Roman literature. (Cic. Brut. l. c. ) | his province of Cisalpine Gaul, and when Antony
His wife Sempronia was a well-educated, but li- obtained from the people a grant of this province,
centious woman, who carried on an intrigue with Brutus refused to surrender it to him. His con-
Catiline ; she received the ambassadors of the duct was warmly praised by Cicero and the sena-
Allobroges in her husband's house in 63, when he torial party; but so little was he prepared to re-
was absent from Rome. (Sall. Cut. 40. ) We sist Antony, that when the latter crossed the
have no doubt that the preceding D. Brutus is the Rubicon towards the close of the year, D. Brutus
person meant in this passage of Sallust, and not dared not meet him in the field, but threw him-
D. Brutus Albinus, one of Caesar's assassins [No. self into Mutina, which was forth with besieged
17], as some modern writers suppose, since the by Antony. In this town he continued till
latter is called an adolescens by Caesar (B. G. iii. April in the following year (43), when the siege
1l) in 56, and therefore not likely to have had was raised by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, who
Seinpronia as his wife in 63 ; and because we were accompanied by Octavianus. Antony was
know that Paulla Valeria was to marry Brutus defeated, and fled across the Alps; and as Hirtius
Albinus in 50. (Caelius, ad Fam. viii. 7. )
and Pansa bad fallen in the battle, the command
17. D. JUNIUS BRUTUS ALBINUS, one of Cae devolved upon D. Brutus, since the senate was un-
sar's assassins, who must not be confounded with willing to entrust Octavianus with any further
the more celebrated M. Junius Brutus, was in all power. He was not, however, in a condition to
probability the son of No. 16 and of Sempronia, follow up his victory against Antony, who mean-
as we know that they had children (Sall. Cat. 25), time bad collected a large army north of the Alps,
and the praenomen is the same. This D. Brutus and was preparing to march again into Italy.
was adopted by A. Postumius Albinus, who was Octavianus also had obtained the consulship, not-
consul B. c. 99 [ALBINUS, No. 22), whence he is withstanding the ill-will of the senate, and had
called Brutus Albinus; and this adoption is com- procured the enactment of the lex Pedia, by which
memorated on a coin of D. Brutus figured on p. 93. | the murderers of Caesar were outlawed, and the
(Plut. Caes. 64, &c. , Ant. 11; Dion Cass. xliv. 14. ) execution of the sentence entrusted to himself.
We first read of him as serving under Caesar in D. Brutus was now in a dangerous position. An-
Gaul when he was still a young man. Caesar tony was marching against him from the north,
gave him the command of the fieet which was sent Octavianus from the south ; his own troops could
to attack the Veneti in B. c. 56. (Caes. B. G. iii. not be depended upon, and L. Plancus had already
11; Dion Cass. xxxix. 40-42. ) He seems to have deserted him and gone over to Antony with three
continued in Gaul till almost the close of the war, but legions. He therefore determined to cross over to
his name does not occur frequently, as he did not M. Brutus in Macedonia ; but his soldiers deserted
hold the rank of legatus. He served against him on the march, and he was betrayed by Camil-
Vercingetorix in 52 (Caes. B. G. vii. 9), and ap lus, a Gaulish chief, upon whom he had formerly
pears to have returned to Rome in 50, when he conferred some favours, and put to death, by order
married Paulla Valeria. (Cael. ad Fam. viii. 7. ) of Antony, by one Capenus, a Sequanan, B. C. 43.
On the breaking out of the civil war in the follow- (Cicero's Letters and Philippics ; Liv. Epit
. 117–
ing year (49), he was recalled to active service, 120; Dion Cass. xlv. 9, 14, xlvi. 35, &c. , 53 ;
and was placed by Caesar over the fleet which Appian, B. C. iii. 74, 81, 97, 98; Vell. Pat. ii. 64. )
was to besiege Massilia. D. Brutus, though in- 18. M. JUNIUS Brutus, praetor in B. C. 88,
ferior in the number of his ships, gained a vic- was sent with his colleague Servilius by the se
tory over the enemy, and at length obtained pos nate, at the request of Marius, to command Sulln,
session of Massilia. (Caes. B. C. i. 36, 56, &c. , who was then at Nola, not to advance nearer
ii. 3–22 ; Dion Cass. xli
. 19–22. ) After this, he Rome. (Plut. Sull. 9. ) On Sulla's arrival at Rome,
had the conimand of Further Gaul entrusted to Brutus was proscribed with ten other senatora.
him where he gained a victory over the Bellovaci ; l (Appian, B. C. i. 60. ) He subsequently served


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BRUTUS.
511
BRUTUS.
:
under Cn Papirius Carbo, the consul, B. c. 82, and I who afterwards adopted her son, was her brother.
was sent by him in a fishing boat to Lilybaeum ; She traced her descent from Servilius Ahala, the
but finding himself surrounded by Pompey's fleet, assassin of Sp. Maelius. (Plut. Brut. 1. ) This
he put an end to his own life, that he might not asserted descent explains the pronoun rester in the
fall into the hands of his enemics. (Liv. Epit
. 89. ) masculine gender in a passage of Cicero's Orator
Cicero, in a letter to Atticus (ix. 14), mentions á (c. 45), which was addressed to the younger Brutus:
report, that Caesar intended to revenge the death Quomodo enim vester axilla ala factus est, nisi
of M. Brutus and Carbo, and of all those who had fuga literae vastioris. ” It is in reference to this
been put to death by Sulla with the assistance descent that we find the head of Servilius Ahala
of Pompey. This M. Junius Brutus is not to be on the coins of the so-called tyrannicide : one is
confounded, as he often is, with L. Junius Brutus figured on p. 83. Servilia was a woman of great
Damasippus, praetor in 82 (No. 19], whose sur ability, and had much influence with Cato, who
name we know from Livy (Epit. 86) to have been became the father-in-law of her son.
Lucius; nor with M. Junius Brutus [No. 20), the Brutus, besides his well-known son, had two
father of the so-called tyrannicide.
daughters by Servilia, one of whom was married
19. L. JUNIUS BRUTUS DAMASIPPUS, an active to M. Lepidus, the triumvir (Vell. Pat. ii. 88 ;
and unprincipled partizan of Marius. The younger compare Cic. ad Fam. xii. 2), and the other to C.
Marius, reduced to despair by the blockade of Cassius. The name, other than Junia, of the for-
Praeneste (B. C. 82), came to the resolution that mer, is not known. Asconius, in his commentary
his greatest enemies should not survive him. Ac- on the speech pro Milone, mentions Cornelia, cujus
cordingly he managed to despatch a letter to L. castitas pro exemplo habita est, as the wife of Lepi-
Brutus, who was then praetor urbanus at Rome, dus; but perhaps Lepidus was married twice, as a
desiring him to summon the senate upon some daughter of Brutus could not have borne the
false etext, and to procure the assassination of family-name Comelia. The wife of Cassius was
P. Antistius, of C. Papirius Carbo, L. Domitius, named Tertia, or, by way of endearment, Tertulli
and Scaevola, the pontifex maximus. The cruel Some have supposed, without reason, that Brutus
and treacherous order was too well obeyed, and had but one daughter, Tertia Junia, who was mar-
the dead bodies of the murdered senators were ried successively to Lepidus and Cassius ; and
throun unburied into the Tiber. (Appian, B. C. Lipsius (cited Orelli, Onomast. Cic. s. v. Tertia)
i. 88; Vell. Pat. ii. 26. )
erroneously (see ad Att. xiv. 20) makes Tertia the
In the same year L. Brutus made an ineffectual daughter of Servilia by her second husband.
attempt to relieve Praeneste: the consul of Cn. Pa- There is much reason to suspect that Serrilia
pirius Carbo, despairing of success, fled to Africa; intrigued with Caesar (Plut. Brut. 5), who is said
but L. Brutus, with others of his party, advanced to have believed his assassin to have been his
towards Rome, and were defeated by Sulla. L own son; but this cannot have been, for Caesar was
Brutus was taken prisoner in the battle, and was only fifteen years older than the younger Brutus.
put to death by Sulla. (Appian, B. C. i. 92, 93 ; Scandal went so far as to assert, that Tertia, like
Sall
. Cat. 51 ; Dion Cass. Frag. 135, p. 54, ed. her mother, was one of Caesar's mistresses; and
Reimar. )
Suetonius (Caes. 30) has preserved a double entendre
Some confusion has arisen from the circumstance of Cicero in allusion to Servilia's supposed conni-
that the subject of this article is sometimes spoken vance at her daughter's shame. This anecdote re-
of with the cognomen Damasippus, and sometimes fers to a time subsequent to the death of the elder
with that of Brutus. (Duker, ad Flor. iii. 21. Brutus. The death of Tertia, A. D. 22, when she
p. 685. ). He appears now as L. Damasippus, and must have been very old, is recorded by Tacitus
now as Junius Brutus. Perhaps he was adopted by (Ann. iii. 76), who states that the images of twenty
one of the Licinii, for the cognomen Damasippus of the noblest families graced her funeral; “ sed
belonged to the Licinian gens (Cic. ad Fam. vii. praefulgebant Cassius atque Brutus, eo ipso, quod
23); and an adoptive name, in reference to the effigies eorum non visebantur. ”
original name, was often alternative, not cumula- The knowledge of these family connexions gives
tive. The same person may have been L. Junius additional interest to the history of the times.
Brutus and L. Licinius Damasippus.
Though the reputed dishonour of his wife did not
20. M. Junius BRUTUS, the father of the so- prevent the father from actively espousing the poli-
called tyrannicide (No. 21) is described by Cicero tical party to which Caesar belonged, yet it is pos-
as well skilled in public and private law; but he sible, but not very probable, that the rumour of
will not allow him to be numbered in the rank of Caesar's amours with a mother and a sister may
orators. (Cic. Brut. 36. ) He was tribune B. c. 83 afterwards have deepened the hostility of the son.
(Cic. pro Quint. 20); and the M. Brutus who is When Lepidus, B. c. 77, endeavoured to succeed
spoken of with some asperity by Cicero for hav. to the leadership which had become vacant by the
ing made an impious attempt to colonize Capua death of Sulla Brutus was placed in command of
(de Leg. Agr. ii. 33, 34, 36), in opposition to omens the forces in Cisalpine Gaul; and, at Mutina, he
and auspices, and who is said, like all who shared for some time withstood the attack of Pompey's
in that enterprise, to have perished miserably, is hitherto victorious army; but, at length, either
supposed by Emesti (Clav. Cic. ) after Mazochius finding himself in danger of being betrayed, or
(Amphitheat. Camp. p. 9; Poleni, Thes. Supp. v. voluntarily determining to change sides, he put
217) to have been the pater interfectoris. He no
himself and his troops in the power of Pompey, on
doubt made this attempt in his tribunate. the understanding that their lives should be spared,
M. Brutus married Servilia, who was the daugh- and, sending a few horsemen before him, retired to
ter of Q. Servilius and of Livia, the sister of Dru- the small town of Rhegium near the Padus. There,
sus, and thus was half-sister of Cato of Utica by on the next day, he was slain by one Geminius,
the mother's side. Another Servilia, her sister, who was sent by Pompey for that purpose. Pom-
was the wife of Lucullus. The Q. Servilius Caepio, Ipey (who had forwarded despatches on successive


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512
BRUTUS.
BRUTUS
90. )
war.
OGO
days to the senate to announce first the surrender ther, and followed the example of Cato, who de-
and then the death of Brutus) was much and justly clared for Pompey. Brutus, however, did not
blamed for this cruel and perfidious act. (Plut. accompany Cato, but went with P. Sextius to
Pomp. 16; Appian, B. C. ii. 111; Liv. Epit. Cilicia, probably to arrange matters with liis
debtors in Asia, and to make preparations for the
21. M. JUNIUS BRUrus, the son of No. 20, by In 48, he distinguished himself in the en-
Servilia, was born in the autumn of B. C. 85. He gagements in the neighbourhood of Dyrrhachium,
was subsequently adopted by his uncle Q. Servilius and Pompey treated him with great distinction
Caepio, which must have happened before B. C. In the battle of Pharsalia, Caesar gave orders not
59, and hence he is sometimes called Caepio or Q. to kill Brutus, probably for the sake of Servilia,
Caepio Brutus, especially in public documents, on who implored Cacsar to spare him. (Plut. Brut. 5. )
coins, and inscriptions. (On the coin annexed the After the battle, Brutus escaped to Larissa, but did
not follow Pompey any further. Here he wrote
a letter to Caesar soliciting his pardon, which was
generously granted by the conqueror, who even
invited Brutus to come to him. Brutus obeyed,
and, if we may believe Plutarch (Brut. 6), he in-
formed Caesar of Pompey's flight to Egypt. As
Caesar did not require Brutus to fight against his
former friends, he withdrew from the war, and
spent his time either in Greece or at Rome in his
inscription on the reverse is CAEPIO BRUTUS PRO- favourite literary pursuits, lle did not join Cae-
cos. ) He lost his father at the early age of eight sar again till the autumn of 47 at Nicaea in Bithy-
years, but his mother, Servilia, assisted by her two nia, on which occasion he endeavoured to interfere
brothers, continued to conduct his education with with the conqueror on behalf of a friend of king Deio-
the utmost care, and he acquired an extraordinary tarus, but Caesar refused to comply with the request.
love for learning, which he never lost in after-life. In the year following Brutus was made governor
M. Porcius Cato became his great political model, of Cisalpine Gaul, though he had been neither
though in his moral conduct he did not follow his praetor nor consul ; and he continued to serve the
example. In 59, when J. Caesar was consul and dictator Caesar, although the latter was making war
had to silence some young and vehement republi- against Brutus's own relatives in Africa.
The
cans, L. Vettius on the instigation of the tribune, provincials in Cisalpine Gaul were delighted with
P. Vatinius, denounced Brutus as an accomplice in the mild treatment and justice of Brutus, whom
a conspiracy against Pompey's life ; but as it they honoured with public monuments : Caesar
was well known that Brutus was perfectly in-
too afterwards testified bis satisfaction with his
nocent, Caesar put a stop to the prosecution. When administration. As his province was far from the
it was thought necessary in 58 to remove from scene of war, Brutus as usual devoted his time to
Rome some of the leading republicans, Cato was study. At this time, Cicero made him one of the
sent to Cyprus, and Brutus accompanied him. speakers in the treatise which bears the name
After his return to Rome, Brutus seems for some of Brutus, and in 46 he dedicated to him his
years to have taken no part in public proceedings, Orator. In 45, Brutus was succeeded in his pro-
and not to have attached himself to any party. In vince by C. Vibius Pansa, but did not go to Rome
53 he followed Appius Claudius, whose daughter immediately. Before his return, he published his
Claudia he bad married, to Cilicia, where he did eulogy on Cato, in which Cicero found sentiments
not indeed, like his father-in-law, plunder the pro- that hurt his vanity, as his suppression of the con-
vincials, but could not resist the temptation to spiracy of Catiline was not spoken of in the terms
lend out money at an exorbitant rate of interest.