him, Cicero had induced him to prove faithful to the
state; but he governed it with such extortion and vio-
lenoe, that he was tried, convicted, and sent into ban-
ishment.
state; but he governed it with such extortion and vio-
lenoe, that he was tried, convicted, and sent into ban-
ishment.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
of the age; unless we suppose, what may perhaps be
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? ANT
toy. and was here enabled to form his plans of ven-
pincc in conjunction -with the Volscian chief Tullus
AnMios. It was here, too, that, after his failure, he
tnel iiis death from the hands of his discontented al-
li<<. Antium was taken for the first time by the con-
ral T. Quintius Capitolinus, A. U. C. 286, and the year
following it received a Roman colony. This circum-
ifcince, however, did not prevent the Antiates from re-
rolting frequently, and joining in the Volscian and
Laiinwars (Lie. , 6, 6. Dion. Hal. , 10, 21), till they
were finally conquered in a battle near the river As-
lura, with many Latin confederates. In consequence
of this defeat, Antium fell into the hands of the victors,
when most of its ships were destroyed, and the rest re-
moved to Rome by Camillas. The beaks of the former
were reserved to ornament the elevated seat in the Fo-
rum of that city, from which orators addressed the peo-
ple, and which, from that circumstance, was thenceforth
designated by the term rostra. (Lie. , 8, 14. --flor. ,
1, 11--Plin. , 34, 5. ) Antium now received a fresh
supply of colonists, to whom the rights of Roman cit-
izens were granted. From that period it seems to
have enjoyed a state of quiet till the civil wars of Ma-
rius and Sylla, when it was nearly destroyed by the
(brmer. But it rose again from its ruins during the
empire, and attained to a high degree of prosperity
md spiendour; since Strabo reports, that in his time
it was the favourite resort of the emperors and their
court (Strai. , 232), and we know it was here that Au-
gustus received from the senate the title of Father of
his Country. (Suet. , Aug. , 50. ) Antium became suc-
cessively the residence of Tiberius and Caligula; it was
also the birthplace of Nero {Suet. , Ner. , 6), who, having
recolonized it, built a port there, and bestowed upon it
various other marks of his favour. Hadrian is also said
to have been particularly fond of this town. (Philostrat. ,
Vi( ApoU. Tyan , 8, 8. ) There were two temples of
eelebriw at Antium; one sacred to Fortune, the other
to . Esc'ulapius. (fforat. , Oil. , 1, 35, 1. -- Martial,
Ep , 5, 1. -- Vol. Max. , 1, 8. ) The famous Apollo
Btlvidere, the fighting gladiator, as it is termed, and
many other statues discovered at Antium, attest also
its former magnificence. The site of the ancient city
U sufficiently marked by the name of Porto d'Anzo
attached to its ruins. But the city must have reached
as far as the modern town of Nettuno, which derives
its name probably from some ancient temple dedicated
to Neptune. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 86,
? eqq. )
A^ToxiA LEX, I. was enacted by Marc Antony, when
consul, A. U. C. 708. It abrogated the lex Alia, and
renewed the lex Cornelia, by taking away from the
people the privilege of choosing priests, and restoring
it to the college of priests, to which it originally be-
longed. (Cic. , Phil. , 1,9. )--II. Another by the same,
A. L. C. 703. It ordained that a new decuria of judg-
es should be added to the two former, and that they
should be chosen from the centurions. --III. Another
by the came. It allowed an appeal to the people, to
those who were condemned de majeslate, or of per-
fidious measures against the state. Cicero calls this
the destruction of all laws. --TV. Another by the same,
during his triumvirate. It made it a capital offence to
propose, ever after, the election of a dictator, and for
any person to accept of the office. (Appian, de Bell,
Cir. , 3. )
Asroxfi, I. the name of two celebrated Roman
fimilies, (he one patrician, the other plebeian. They
? ? both pretended to be descendants of Hercules. --II. A
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? ANTONINUS.
ANTONINUS.
him great influence, even beyond the bounds of the
Roman empire; and neighbouring monafche sponta-
neously made him the arbiter of their differences.
His private life was frugal and modest, and in his
mode of living and conversing he adopted that air of
equality and of popular manners which, in men of
high station, is at once so rare and attractive. Too
much indulgence to an unworthy wife (Faustina) is
the only weakness attributed to him, unless we include
a small share of ridicule thrown upon his minute ex-
actness by those who are ignorant of its value in com-
plicated business. He died A. D. 161, aged seventy-
three, having previously married Marcus Aurelius to
his daughter Faustina, and associated him with him-
self in the cares of government. His ashes were de-
posited in the tomb of Hadrian, and his death was la-
mented throughout the empire as a public calamity.
The sculptured pillar erected by Marcus Aurelius and
the senate to his memory, under the name of the An-
tonine column, is still one of the principal ornaments
of Home. (Gorton's Biogr. Diet. , vol. 4, p. 87, seqq. )
--II. Marcus Annius Aurelius, was born at Rome
A. D. 121. Upon the death of Ceionius Commodus,
the* Emperor Hadrian turned his attention towards
Marcus Aurelius; but he being then too young for an
early assumption of the cares of empire, Hadrian
adopted Antoninus Pius, on condition that he in his
turn should adopt Marcus Aurelius. His father dying
early, the care of his education devolved on his pater-
nal grandfather, Annius Verus, who caused him to re-
ceive a general education; but philosophy so early be-
came the object of his ambition, that he assumed the
philosophic mantle when only twelve years old. The
species of philosophy to which he attached himself
was the stoic, as being most connected with morals
and the conduct of life; and such was the natural
sweetness of his temper, that he exhibited none of the
pride which sometimes attended the artificial eleva-
tion of the stoic character. This was the more re-
markable, as all the honour and power that Antoninus
could bestow upon him became his own at an early
period, since he was practically associated with him
in the administration of the empire for many years.
On his formal accession to the sovereignty, his first
act was of a kind which at once proved his great dis-
interestedness, for he immediately took Lucius Verus
as his colleague, who had indeed been associated with
him by adoption, but who, owing to his defects and
vices, had been excluded by Antoninus from the suc-
cession, which, at his instigation, the senate had con-
fined to Marcus Aurelius alone. Notwithstanding
their dissimilarity of character, the two emperors reign-
ed conjointly without any disagreement. Verus took
the nominal guidance of the war against the Parthians,
which was successfully carried on by the lieutenants
under him, and, during the campaign, married Lucilla,
the daughter of his colleague. The reign of Marcus
Aurelius was more eventful than that of Antoninus.
Before the termination of the Parthian war, the Mar-
comanni and other German tribes began those disturb-
ances which more or less annoyed him for the rest of
his life. Against these foes, after the termination of
hostilities with Parthia, the two emperors marched;
but what was effected during three years' war and ne-
gotiation, until the death of Verus, is little known.
The sudden decease of that unsuitable colleague, by an
apoplexy, restored to Marcus Aurelius the sole domin-
? ? ion; and for the next five years he carried on the Pan-
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? ANT
listoo great consideration for his son is deemed one
of the most striking; for although he was unremit-
trajinhis endeavours to reclaim him, they were ac-
(ompanied by much erroneous indulgence, and espe-
cially by an early and ill-judged elevation to titles and
honours, which uniformly operate injuriously upon a
ba>> anJ dissolute character. The best edition of the
Meditations of Antoninus is that of Gataker, Cantab. ,
1653, 4to. (Gorton'* Biog-r. Diet. , vol. 1, p. 88. ) --
HI. Baswsnus CaracaHa. Vid. Caracalla. --IV. Two
works hare come down to us, styled Itincraria Anto-
luu, which may be compared to our modern books of
roatei. They give merely the distances between
placet, unaccompanied by any geographical remarks.
One gives the routes by land, the other those by sea.
The? have been supposed by gome to be the produc-
tions of the Kin peror Marcus Aurelius, while others
usip them to a geographical writer named Antoni-
nus, whose age is unknown. Both these opinions are
evidently incorrect. It is more than probable, that the
works in question were originally compiled in the cab-
inet of some one of the Roman emperors, perhaps that
of Augustus, and were enlarged by various additions
mile daring successive reigns, according as new
routes or stations were established. Some critics,
however, dissatisfied ? with this mode of solving the
question, have sought for an ancient writer, occupied
with pursuits of an analogous nature, to whom the au-
thorship of these -works might be assigned. They
Sad t>>o; and their suffrages, consequently, are divi-
ded between them. The first of these is Julius Hono-
ring, a contemporary of Julius Ccesar's, of whose pro-
ductions we have a few leaves remaining, entitled,
"EutrptsL, qua ad Cosmographiam pertinent. " The
other writer is a certain jEthicus, sumamed Ister, a
Christian of the fourth century, to whom is attributed
>> work, called "Casmographia," which still exists.
M i inert declares himself unconditionally in favour of
? thtciu. (Introd. ad Tab. Peut. , p. 8, stqq. ) Wes-
sriini is undecided. The best edition of the Itinera-
ries is that of Weaseling, Am>>t. , 1735, 4to. (SchiiU,
Hut. Lit. Bom. , vol. 3, p. 258, seqq. ) -- V. Liberalis,
a mythological writer, supposed to have lived in the
ije of the Antonines, and to have been a freedman of
one of them. He has left us a work entitled Mfra-
imaifcuacuv Euvayuyv, *' A Collection of Metamor-
phoses," in forty-one chapters; a production of con-
siderable interest, from the fragments of ancient poets
contained in it. An idea of the nature of the work
miy perhaps be formed from the following titles of
tome of the chapters: f'tcstflla, the Mcleagrides,
Cragnfew, Lamia, the Emathidet, and many others
drawn from the Heteracumcna of Nicander; Hierax,
. Esifftus. Antkitf, A'edan, &c. , from the Ornithoffo-
BW of Bans; Clini. t from Simmias; Battus from the
Etxez of Hesiod; Metiocha and Afenippa from Corin-
na, Ac. There exists but a single MS. of Antoninus
Lirwralis, which, after various migrations, has returned
to the library of Heidelberg. It has been decried by
Bast, in his Critical Epistle. The best edition of this
writer is that of Verheyk, Lugd. Bat. , 1774, 8vo. It
does not, however, supply all the wants of the scholar;
and some future editor, by ascending to the sources
whence Antonius drew his materials, and taking for
kja model the labour bestowed by Heyne and Clavier
on Apollodoras, may have it in his power to supply us
with an editio optima. (SehoU, Hitt. Lit. Gr. , vol. 5,
p. 44. )
? ? AwToyiKopOMS, a city of Mesopotamia, placed by
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? ANTONIUS
ANTONIUS.
him, Cicero had induced him to prove faithful to the
state; but he governed it with such extortion and vio-
lenoe, that he was tried, convicted, and sent into ban-
ishment. -- V. Marcus, son of Antonius Creticus,
grandson of the orator, and well known by the histori-
cal title of the Triumvir. Losing his father when
young, he led a very dissipated and extravagant life,
and wasted his whole patrimony before he had assu-
med the manly gown. He afterward went abroad to
learn the art of war under Gabinius, who gave him the
command of his cavalry in Syria, where he signalized
his courage and ability in the restoration of Ptolemy,
king of Egypt. He also distinguished himself on oth-
er occasions, and obtained high reputation as a com-
mander. From Egypt he proceeded to Gaul, where
he remained some tune with Cesar, and the latter hav-
ing furnished him with money and credit, he returned
upon this to Home, and succeeded in obtaining first
the questorship, and afterward the office of tribune.
In this latter office he was very active for Csesar, but
finding the senate exasperated against this commander,
he pretended to be alarmed for his own safety, and
fled in disguise to Cesar's camp. Cesar, upon this,
marched immediately into Italy, the flight of the trib-
unes giving him a plausible pretext for commencing
operations. Cesar, having made himself master of
Rome, gave Antony the government of Italy. During
the civil contest, the latter proved himself on several
occasions a most valuable auxiliary, and, after the bat-
tle of Pharsalia, was appointed by Cesar his master of
the horse. After the death of Cesar Antony deliv-
ered a very powerful address over his corpse in the
forum, and inflamed to such a degree the soldiers and
populace, that Brutus and Cassius were compelled to
depart from the city. Antony now soon became pow-
erful, and began to tread in Cesar's footsteps, and
govern with absolute sway. The arrival of Octavius
at Rome thwarted, however, his ambitious views.
The latter soon raised a formidable party in the sen-
ate, and was strengthened by the accession of Cicero
to his cause. Violent quarrels then ensued between
Octavius and Antony. Endeavours were made to rec-
oncile them, but in vain. Antony, in order to have
a pretence of sending for the legions from Macedonia,
prevailed on the people to grant him the government
of Cisalpine Gaul, which the senate had before con-
ferred on Decimus Brutus, one of the conspirators
against Cesar. Matters soon came to an open rup-
ture. Octavius offered his aid to the senate, who ac-
cepted it, and passed a decree, approving of his con-
duct and that of Brutus, who, at the head of three le-
gions, was preparing to oppose Antony, then on his
march to seize Cisalpine Gaul. Brutus, not being
strong enough to keep the field against Antony, shut
himself up in Mutina, where his opponent besieged
him. The senate declared Antony an enemy to his
country. The consuls Hirtius and Pansa took the
field against him along with Octavius, and advanced
to Mutina in order to raise the siege. In the first en-
gagement, Antony had the advantage, and Pansa was
mortally wounded, but he was defeated the same day
by Hirtius as he was returning to his camp. In a
subsequent engagement, Antony was again vanquish-
ed, his lines were forced, and Octavius had an oppor-
tunity of distinguishing himself, Hirtius being slain in
the action, and the whole command devolving upon the
former. Antony, after this check, abandoned the siege
? ? of Mutina, and crossed the Alps, in hopes of receiving
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? AON
H. )--IX. Felijc. a tfreedman of the Emperor Claudius,
appointed governor of Judssa. (Vid. Felix. ) -- X.
Musa, a celebrated physician in the time of Augustus.
[Yd. Musa. ) X. X. Primus, a Roman commander
whose efforts were very influential in gaining the
crown for Vi'sjiusi. -m. He was also an able public
speaker, and had a turn likewise for poetic composi-
tion, having written numerous epigrams. He was a
mend of the poet. Martial. (Tac, Ann. , 14, 40. --Id. ,
/fur. , 11. 86)
AxtorToes, a. painter, who flourished according to
Pliny (35, 10), about Olympiad 110. (Sillig, Diet.
Art. . >>. >>. )
AsCbis, an Egyptian deity, the offspring of Osiris,
andofNephthys the sister and spouse of Typhon. He
inherited all the wisdom and goodness of his father,
but possessed tbie nature of the dog, and had also the
head of that auiiii. il. He accompanied Isis in her
search after the remains of Osiris. Jablonski (Panth.
&zypt. , p. 19) derives the name from the Coptic
-Y-i? ? ? . -'-'. "gold. " In t his he is opposed by ('hampollion
(Prats, p. 101, &cqq. ), who denies also the propriety
of confounding Anubis with Hermes. Plutarch says
(it Is. el Os. , p. 368 et 380), that some of the
Egyptian writers understood by Anubis the horizontal
circle which divides the invisible from the visible part
of the world. Other writers tell us that Anubis pre-
sided at the two solstitial points, and that two dogs
(or. rather, two jackals), hying images of this god,
were supposed to guard the tropics along which the
sun rises towards the north or descends towards the
south If this be correct, we must suppose two dei-
ties, an Anubis, properly so called, the guardian of the
lower hemisphere and of the darker portion of the year,
and an Hermanubt^, the guardian of the luminous por-
tion and of the upper hemisphere. On the whole sub-
ject of Anubis, ho'swever, and particularly on his non-
identity with Tliot li and Sirius, consult the learned
annotations of GuM^maut to Creuzer's Symbolik (vol.
2, pt. 2, p. 851, *? */&-)?
A. xxus, the Volscian name of Terracina. (Vid.
Terracina. ) La. CJert/a and others contend for the
Greek derivation of the name, which makes Ju-
piter ? ? "ii'. jB. n". or "the beardless," to have been wor-
shipped here; and they maintain that, in conformity
with this, the name of the place should lie written
Arar. as it is found on some old coins. Heyne, how-
ever, supposes the letter n to have been sometimes
omitted, in consequence of its slight sound. (Heyne,
ad Virg. , Mn. , 9, 799, in Var. Led. )
Asyta, a poetess of Tegea, who flourished about
300 B. C. She exercised the calling of Xpna/ioiroioc,
"maker of oracles," that is to say, she versified the
oracles of-Esculapius at Epidaurus. We have only
afew remains of her productions, namely, twenty epi-
grams, remarkable for their great simplicity. (Scholl,
Hut. IM. Gr. , vol. 3, p. 70. )
Axytcs, an Athenian demagogue, who, in conjunc-
tion with Melitus and Lycon, preferred the charges
against Socrates which occasioned that philosopher's
condemnation and death. After the sentence had
been inflicted on Socrates, the fickle populace repent-
id of what had been done; Melitus was condemned
to death, and Aivytus, to escape a similar fate, went
into exile. {JElian, V. H. , 2, 13. )
Aox, a son of Neptune, who first collected together
mo cities, as is said, the scattered inhabitants of Eu-
? 3. and Breotia. Hence the name Aonians given to
? ? the earlier inhabitants of Breotia. ( Vtd. Aones )
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? APE
APELLES.
killed by Melanthus, king of Athens, upon the follow-
ing occasion : when a war arose between the Boeotians
and Athenians about a piece of ground which divided
their territories, Xanthus made a proposal to the
Athenian king to decide the point by single combat.
Thynjostcs, who was then on the throne of Athens, re-
fused, and his successor Melanthus accepted the chal-
lenge. When they began the engagement, Melanthus
exclaimed that his antagonist had some person behind
him to support him; upon which Xanthus looked be-
hind, and was killed by Melanthus. From this suc-
cess, Jupiter was called uTrarqvup, deceiver; and
Bacchus, who was supposed to be behind Xanthus,
was called iWhavatylc, clothed in the skin of a black
goal. --Thus much for the commonly received deri-
vation of the term 'hirarovpia. It is evident, how-
ever, that the word is compounded of either jran/p or
mlrpa, which expression varies, in its signification, be-
tween yivoc and Qparpia, and with the Ionians coinci-
ded rather with the latter word. Whether it was
formed immediately from rrarrjp or irurpa, is difficult
to determine on etymological grounds, on account of
the antiquity of the word: reasoning, however, from
the analogy of <! >pan'ip or (fipurup, tjtparopia and ^par-
pa, the most natural transition appears to be narfip
(in composition narup), naropioc (whence irarmpioc,
vpdTovpta), miTpa; and, accordingly, the 'AiraTovpta
means a festival of the paternal unions, of the iraropiat,
of the TtuTpai. (Miillcr. Dorians, vol. 1, p. 90. ) --
The Apaturia was peculiar to the great Ionic race.
The festival lasted three days; the first day was called
6opKtia, because suppers {dopnot) were prepared for
ali those who belonged to the same Phratna. The
second day was called uvtififivotc (utri) mi) uvu fpieiv),
because sacrifices were offered to Jupiter and Minerva,
and the head of the victim was generally turned up
towards the heavens. The third was called Kov-
peuric. from Kovpoc, a youth, because on that day it
was usual to enrol the names of young persons of both
sexes on the registers of their respective phratria? ; the
enrolment of itiponoiT/Toi proceeded no farther than
that of assignment to a tribe and borough, and, con-
sequently, precluded them from holding certain offices
both in the state and priesthood. (Consult Wach-
smuth, Gr. Ant. , vol. 1, <j 44. )--The Ionians in Asia
had also their Apaturia, from which, however. Colo-
phon and Ephesus were excluded; but exclusions of
this nature rested no more on strictly political grounds,
than did the right to partake in them, and the celebra-
tion of festivals in general. A religious stigma was,
for the most part, the ground of exclusion. (Wach-
smuth, vol. 1, $ 22. --Compare Herodotus, 1, 147. --
The authorities in favour of the erroneous etymology
from uKurn may be found by consulting Fischer, bid.
ad Threophrast. Charact. , s. v. 'Anaroipia. -- Lar-
chcr, ad Herod. , Vit. Horn. , c. 29-- iichol. , Plat, ad
Tim. , p. 201, cd Kuhnken. -- Schoi, Aristid. , p. 118,
seqq. , cd. Jebb. --Ephori fragm. , p. 120, cd. Marx. )
Apella, a word occurring in one of the satires of
Horace (1,5, 100), and about the meaning of which a
great difference of opinion has existed. Scaliger is
undoubtedly right in considering it a mere proper name
of some well-known and superstitious Jew of the day.
Wieland adopts the same idea in his German version
of Horace's satires : " Das glaub' Apella der Jud, ich
nicht! " Bentley's explanation appears rather forced.
It is as follows: "Judai habitabant trans Tiberim, et
? ? multo maximam partem erant libertini. vt fatetur Philo
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? L
APEELES.
and best-balanced composition, nor the deepest pathos
of expression; his great prerogative consisted more in
the unison than ir> the extent of his powers ; he knew
better what he could do, what ought to be done, at
what point he could ax-rive, and what lay beyond his
reach, than any other artist.
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? ANT
toy. and was here enabled to form his plans of ven-
pincc in conjunction -with the Volscian chief Tullus
AnMios. It was here, too, that, after his failure, he
tnel iiis death from the hands of his discontented al-
li<<. Antium was taken for the first time by the con-
ral T. Quintius Capitolinus, A. U. C. 286, and the year
following it received a Roman colony. This circum-
ifcince, however, did not prevent the Antiates from re-
rolting frequently, and joining in the Volscian and
Laiinwars (Lie. , 6, 6. Dion. Hal. , 10, 21), till they
were finally conquered in a battle near the river As-
lura, with many Latin confederates. In consequence
of this defeat, Antium fell into the hands of the victors,
when most of its ships were destroyed, and the rest re-
moved to Rome by Camillas. The beaks of the former
were reserved to ornament the elevated seat in the Fo-
rum of that city, from which orators addressed the peo-
ple, and which, from that circumstance, was thenceforth
designated by the term rostra. (Lie. , 8, 14. --flor. ,
1, 11--Plin. , 34, 5. ) Antium now received a fresh
supply of colonists, to whom the rights of Roman cit-
izens were granted. From that period it seems to
have enjoyed a state of quiet till the civil wars of Ma-
rius and Sylla, when it was nearly destroyed by the
(brmer. But it rose again from its ruins during the
empire, and attained to a high degree of prosperity
md spiendour; since Strabo reports, that in his time
it was the favourite resort of the emperors and their
court (Strai. , 232), and we know it was here that Au-
gustus received from the senate the title of Father of
his Country. (Suet. , Aug. , 50. ) Antium became suc-
cessively the residence of Tiberius and Caligula; it was
also the birthplace of Nero {Suet. , Ner. , 6), who, having
recolonized it, built a port there, and bestowed upon it
various other marks of his favour. Hadrian is also said
to have been particularly fond of this town. (Philostrat. ,
Vi( ApoU. Tyan , 8, 8. ) There were two temples of
eelebriw at Antium; one sacred to Fortune, the other
to . Esc'ulapius. (fforat. , Oil. , 1, 35, 1. -- Martial,
Ep , 5, 1. -- Vol. Max. , 1, 8. ) The famous Apollo
Btlvidere, the fighting gladiator, as it is termed, and
many other statues discovered at Antium, attest also
its former magnificence. The site of the ancient city
U sufficiently marked by the name of Porto d'Anzo
attached to its ruins. But the city must have reached
as far as the modern town of Nettuno, which derives
its name probably from some ancient temple dedicated
to Neptune. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 86,
? eqq. )
A^ToxiA LEX, I. was enacted by Marc Antony, when
consul, A. U. C. 708. It abrogated the lex Alia, and
renewed the lex Cornelia, by taking away from the
people the privilege of choosing priests, and restoring
it to the college of priests, to which it originally be-
longed. (Cic. , Phil. , 1,9. )--II. Another by the same,
A. L. C. 703. It ordained that a new decuria of judg-
es should be added to the two former, and that they
should be chosen from the centurions. --III. Another
by the came. It allowed an appeal to the people, to
those who were condemned de majeslate, or of per-
fidious measures against the state. Cicero calls this
the destruction of all laws. --TV. Another by the same,
during his triumvirate. It made it a capital offence to
propose, ever after, the election of a dictator, and for
any person to accept of the office. (Appian, de Bell,
Cir. , 3. )
Asroxfi, I. the name of two celebrated Roman
fimilies, (he one patrician, the other plebeian. They
? ? both pretended to be descendants of Hercules. --II. A
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? ANTONINUS.
ANTONINUS.
him great influence, even beyond the bounds of the
Roman empire; and neighbouring monafche sponta-
neously made him the arbiter of their differences.
His private life was frugal and modest, and in his
mode of living and conversing he adopted that air of
equality and of popular manners which, in men of
high station, is at once so rare and attractive. Too
much indulgence to an unworthy wife (Faustina) is
the only weakness attributed to him, unless we include
a small share of ridicule thrown upon his minute ex-
actness by those who are ignorant of its value in com-
plicated business. He died A. D. 161, aged seventy-
three, having previously married Marcus Aurelius to
his daughter Faustina, and associated him with him-
self in the cares of government. His ashes were de-
posited in the tomb of Hadrian, and his death was la-
mented throughout the empire as a public calamity.
The sculptured pillar erected by Marcus Aurelius and
the senate to his memory, under the name of the An-
tonine column, is still one of the principal ornaments
of Home. (Gorton's Biogr. Diet. , vol. 4, p. 87, seqq. )
--II. Marcus Annius Aurelius, was born at Rome
A. D. 121. Upon the death of Ceionius Commodus,
the* Emperor Hadrian turned his attention towards
Marcus Aurelius; but he being then too young for an
early assumption of the cares of empire, Hadrian
adopted Antoninus Pius, on condition that he in his
turn should adopt Marcus Aurelius. His father dying
early, the care of his education devolved on his pater-
nal grandfather, Annius Verus, who caused him to re-
ceive a general education; but philosophy so early be-
came the object of his ambition, that he assumed the
philosophic mantle when only twelve years old. The
species of philosophy to which he attached himself
was the stoic, as being most connected with morals
and the conduct of life; and such was the natural
sweetness of his temper, that he exhibited none of the
pride which sometimes attended the artificial eleva-
tion of the stoic character. This was the more re-
markable, as all the honour and power that Antoninus
could bestow upon him became his own at an early
period, since he was practically associated with him
in the administration of the empire for many years.
On his formal accession to the sovereignty, his first
act was of a kind which at once proved his great dis-
interestedness, for he immediately took Lucius Verus
as his colleague, who had indeed been associated with
him by adoption, but who, owing to his defects and
vices, had been excluded by Antoninus from the suc-
cession, which, at his instigation, the senate had con-
fined to Marcus Aurelius alone. Notwithstanding
their dissimilarity of character, the two emperors reign-
ed conjointly without any disagreement. Verus took
the nominal guidance of the war against the Parthians,
which was successfully carried on by the lieutenants
under him, and, during the campaign, married Lucilla,
the daughter of his colleague. The reign of Marcus
Aurelius was more eventful than that of Antoninus.
Before the termination of the Parthian war, the Mar-
comanni and other German tribes began those disturb-
ances which more or less annoyed him for the rest of
his life. Against these foes, after the termination of
hostilities with Parthia, the two emperors marched;
but what was effected during three years' war and ne-
gotiation, until the death of Verus, is little known.
The sudden decease of that unsuitable colleague, by an
apoplexy, restored to Marcus Aurelius the sole domin-
? ? ion; and for the next five years he carried on the Pan-
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? ANT
listoo great consideration for his son is deemed one
of the most striking; for although he was unremit-
trajinhis endeavours to reclaim him, they were ac-
(ompanied by much erroneous indulgence, and espe-
cially by an early and ill-judged elevation to titles and
honours, which uniformly operate injuriously upon a
ba>> anJ dissolute character. The best edition of the
Meditations of Antoninus is that of Gataker, Cantab. ,
1653, 4to. (Gorton'* Biog-r. Diet. , vol. 1, p. 88. ) --
HI. Baswsnus CaracaHa. Vid. Caracalla. --IV. Two
works hare come down to us, styled Itincraria Anto-
luu, which may be compared to our modern books of
roatei. They give merely the distances between
placet, unaccompanied by any geographical remarks.
One gives the routes by land, the other those by sea.
The? have been supposed by gome to be the produc-
tions of the Kin peror Marcus Aurelius, while others
usip them to a geographical writer named Antoni-
nus, whose age is unknown. Both these opinions are
evidently incorrect. It is more than probable, that the
works in question were originally compiled in the cab-
inet of some one of the Roman emperors, perhaps that
of Augustus, and were enlarged by various additions
mile daring successive reigns, according as new
routes or stations were established. Some critics,
however, dissatisfied ? with this mode of solving the
question, have sought for an ancient writer, occupied
with pursuits of an analogous nature, to whom the au-
thorship of these -works might be assigned. They
Sad t>>o; and their suffrages, consequently, are divi-
ded between them. The first of these is Julius Hono-
ring, a contemporary of Julius Ccesar's, of whose pro-
ductions we have a few leaves remaining, entitled,
"EutrptsL, qua ad Cosmographiam pertinent. " The
other writer is a certain jEthicus, sumamed Ister, a
Christian of the fourth century, to whom is attributed
>> work, called "Casmographia," which still exists.
M i inert declares himself unconditionally in favour of
? thtciu. (Introd. ad Tab. Peut. , p. 8, stqq. ) Wes-
sriini is undecided. The best edition of the Itinera-
ries is that of Weaseling, Am>>t. , 1735, 4to. (SchiiU,
Hut. Lit. Bom. , vol. 3, p. 258, seqq. ) -- V. Liberalis,
a mythological writer, supposed to have lived in the
ije of the Antonines, and to have been a freedman of
one of them. He has left us a work entitled Mfra-
imaifcuacuv Euvayuyv, *' A Collection of Metamor-
phoses," in forty-one chapters; a production of con-
siderable interest, from the fragments of ancient poets
contained in it. An idea of the nature of the work
miy perhaps be formed from the following titles of
tome of the chapters: f'tcstflla, the Mcleagrides,
Cragnfew, Lamia, the Emathidet, and many others
drawn from the Heteracumcna of Nicander; Hierax,
. Esifftus. Antkitf, A'edan, &c. , from the Ornithoffo-
BW of Bans; Clini. t from Simmias; Battus from the
Etxez of Hesiod; Metiocha and Afenippa from Corin-
na, Ac. There exists but a single MS. of Antoninus
Lirwralis, which, after various migrations, has returned
to the library of Heidelberg. It has been decried by
Bast, in his Critical Epistle. The best edition of this
writer is that of Verheyk, Lugd. Bat. , 1774, 8vo. It
does not, however, supply all the wants of the scholar;
and some future editor, by ascending to the sources
whence Antonius drew his materials, and taking for
kja model the labour bestowed by Heyne and Clavier
on Apollodoras, may have it in his power to supply us
with an editio optima. (SehoU, Hitt. Lit. Gr. , vol. 5,
p. 44. )
? ? AwToyiKopOMS, a city of Mesopotamia, placed by
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? ANTONIUS
ANTONIUS.
him, Cicero had induced him to prove faithful to the
state; but he governed it with such extortion and vio-
lenoe, that he was tried, convicted, and sent into ban-
ishment. -- V. Marcus, son of Antonius Creticus,
grandson of the orator, and well known by the histori-
cal title of the Triumvir. Losing his father when
young, he led a very dissipated and extravagant life,
and wasted his whole patrimony before he had assu-
med the manly gown. He afterward went abroad to
learn the art of war under Gabinius, who gave him the
command of his cavalry in Syria, where he signalized
his courage and ability in the restoration of Ptolemy,
king of Egypt. He also distinguished himself on oth-
er occasions, and obtained high reputation as a com-
mander. From Egypt he proceeded to Gaul, where
he remained some tune with Cesar, and the latter hav-
ing furnished him with money and credit, he returned
upon this to Home, and succeeded in obtaining first
the questorship, and afterward the office of tribune.
In this latter office he was very active for Csesar, but
finding the senate exasperated against this commander,
he pretended to be alarmed for his own safety, and
fled in disguise to Cesar's camp. Cesar, upon this,
marched immediately into Italy, the flight of the trib-
unes giving him a plausible pretext for commencing
operations. Cesar, having made himself master of
Rome, gave Antony the government of Italy. During
the civil contest, the latter proved himself on several
occasions a most valuable auxiliary, and, after the bat-
tle of Pharsalia, was appointed by Cesar his master of
the horse. After the death of Cesar Antony deliv-
ered a very powerful address over his corpse in the
forum, and inflamed to such a degree the soldiers and
populace, that Brutus and Cassius were compelled to
depart from the city. Antony now soon became pow-
erful, and began to tread in Cesar's footsteps, and
govern with absolute sway. The arrival of Octavius
at Rome thwarted, however, his ambitious views.
The latter soon raised a formidable party in the sen-
ate, and was strengthened by the accession of Cicero
to his cause. Violent quarrels then ensued between
Octavius and Antony. Endeavours were made to rec-
oncile them, but in vain. Antony, in order to have
a pretence of sending for the legions from Macedonia,
prevailed on the people to grant him the government
of Cisalpine Gaul, which the senate had before con-
ferred on Decimus Brutus, one of the conspirators
against Cesar. Matters soon came to an open rup-
ture. Octavius offered his aid to the senate, who ac-
cepted it, and passed a decree, approving of his con-
duct and that of Brutus, who, at the head of three le-
gions, was preparing to oppose Antony, then on his
march to seize Cisalpine Gaul. Brutus, not being
strong enough to keep the field against Antony, shut
himself up in Mutina, where his opponent besieged
him. The senate declared Antony an enemy to his
country. The consuls Hirtius and Pansa took the
field against him along with Octavius, and advanced
to Mutina in order to raise the siege. In the first en-
gagement, Antony had the advantage, and Pansa was
mortally wounded, but he was defeated the same day
by Hirtius as he was returning to his camp. In a
subsequent engagement, Antony was again vanquish-
ed, his lines were forced, and Octavius had an oppor-
tunity of distinguishing himself, Hirtius being slain in
the action, and the whole command devolving upon the
former. Antony, after this check, abandoned the siege
? ? of Mutina, and crossed the Alps, in hopes of receiving
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? AON
H. )--IX. Felijc. a tfreedman of the Emperor Claudius,
appointed governor of Judssa. (Vid. Felix. ) -- X.
Musa, a celebrated physician in the time of Augustus.
[Yd. Musa. ) X. X. Primus, a Roman commander
whose efforts were very influential in gaining the
crown for Vi'sjiusi. -m. He was also an able public
speaker, and had a turn likewise for poetic composi-
tion, having written numerous epigrams. He was a
mend of the poet. Martial. (Tac, Ann. , 14, 40. --Id. ,
/fur. , 11. 86)
AxtorToes, a. painter, who flourished according to
Pliny (35, 10), about Olympiad 110. (Sillig, Diet.
Art. . >>. >>. )
AsCbis, an Egyptian deity, the offspring of Osiris,
andofNephthys the sister and spouse of Typhon. He
inherited all the wisdom and goodness of his father,
but possessed tbie nature of the dog, and had also the
head of that auiiii. il. He accompanied Isis in her
search after the remains of Osiris. Jablonski (Panth.
&zypt. , p. 19) derives the name from the Coptic
-Y-i? ? ? . -'-'. "gold. " In t his he is opposed by ('hampollion
(Prats, p. 101, &cqq. ), who denies also the propriety
of confounding Anubis with Hermes. Plutarch says
(it Is. el Os. , p. 368 et 380), that some of the
Egyptian writers understood by Anubis the horizontal
circle which divides the invisible from the visible part
of the world. Other writers tell us that Anubis pre-
sided at the two solstitial points, and that two dogs
(or. rather, two jackals), hying images of this god,
were supposed to guard the tropics along which the
sun rises towards the north or descends towards the
south If this be correct, we must suppose two dei-
ties, an Anubis, properly so called, the guardian of the
lower hemisphere and of the darker portion of the year,
and an Hermanubt^, the guardian of the luminous por-
tion and of the upper hemisphere. On the whole sub-
ject of Anubis, ho'swever, and particularly on his non-
identity with Tliot li and Sirius, consult the learned
annotations of GuM^maut to Creuzer's Symbolik (vol.
2, pt. 2, p. 851, *? */&-)?
A. xxus, the Volscian name of Terracina. (Vid.
Terracina. ) La. CJert/a and others contend for the
Greek derivation of the name, which makes Ju-
piter ? ? "ii'. jB. n". or "the beardless," to have been wor-
shipped here; and they maintain that, in conformity
with this, the name of the place should lie written
Arar. as it is found on some old coins. Heyne, how-
ever, supposes the letter n to have been sometimes
omitted, in consequence of its slight sound. (Heyne,
ad Virg. , Mn. , 9, 799, in Var. Led. )
Asyta, a poetess of Tegea, who flourished about
300 B. C. She exercised the calling of Xpna/ioiroioc,
"maker of oracles," that is to say, she versified the
oracles of-Esculapius at Epidaurus. We have only
afew remains of her productions, namely, twenty epi-
grams, remarkable for their great simplicity. (Scholl,
Hut. IM. Gr. , vol. 3, p. 70. )
Axytcs, an Athenian demagogue, who, in conjunc-
tion with Melitus and Lycon, preferred the charges
against Socrates which occasioned that philosopher's
condemnation and death. After the sentence had
been inflicted on Socrates, the fickle populace repent-
id of what had been done; Melitus was condemned
to death, and Aivytus, to escape a similar fate, went
into exile. {JElian, V. H. , 2, 13. )
Aox, a son of Neptune, who first collected together
mo cities, as is said, the scattered inhabitants of Eu-
? 3. and Breotia. Hence the name Aonians given to
? ? the earlier inhabitants of Breotia. ( Vtd. Aones )
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? APE
APELLES.
killed by Melanthus, king of Athens, upon the follow-
ing occasion : when a war arose between the Boeotians
and Athenians about a piece of ground which divided
their territories, Xanthus made a proposal to the
Athenian king to decide the point by single combat.
Thynjostcs, who was then on the throne of Athens, re-
fused, and his successor Melanthus accepted the chal-
lenge. When they began the engagement, Melanthus
exclaimed that his antagonist had some person behind
him to support him; upon which Xanthus looked be-
hind, and was killed by Melanthus. From this suc-
cess, Jupiter was called uTrarqvup, deceiver; and
Bacchus, who was supposed to be behind Xanthus,
was called iWhavatylc, clothed in the skin of a black
goal. --Thus much for the commonly received deri-
vation of the term 'hirarovpia. It is evident, how-
ever, that the word is compounded of either jran/p or
mlrpa, which expression varies, in its signification, be-
tween yivoc and Qparpia, and with the Ionians coinci-
ded rather with the latter word. Whether it was
formed immediately from rrarrjp or irurpa, is difficult
to determine on etymological grounds, on account of
the antiquity of the word: reasoning, however, from
the analogy of <! >pan'ip or (fipurup, tjtparopia and ^par-
pa, the most natural transition appears to be narfip
(in composition narup), naropioc (whence irarmpioc,
vpdTovpta), miTpa; and, accordingly, the 'AiraTovpta
means a festival of the paternal unions, of the iraropiat,
of the TtuTpai. (Miillcr. Dorians, vol. 1, p. 90. ) --
The Apaturia was peculiar to the great Ionic race.
The festival lasted three days; the first day was called
6opKtia, because suppers {dopnot) were prepared for
ali those who belonged to the same Phratna. The
second day was called uvtififivotc (utri) mi) uvu fpieiv),
because sacrifices were offered to Jupiter and Minerva,
and the head of the victim was generally turned up
towards the heavens. The third was called Kov-
peuric. from Kovpoc, a youth, because on that day it
was usual to enrol the names of young persons of both
sexes on the registers of their respective phratria? ; the
enrolment of itiponoiT/Toi proceeded no farther than
that of assignment to a tribe and borough, and, con-
sequently, precluded them from holding certain offices
both in the state and priesthood. (Consult Wach-
smuth, Gr. Ant. , vol. 1, <j 44. )--The Ionians in Asia
had also their Apaturia, from which, however. Colo-
phon and Ephesus were excluded; but exclusions of
this nature rested no more on strictly political grounds,
than did the right to partake in them, and the celebra-
tion of festivals in general. A religious stigma was,
for the most part, the ground of exclusion. (Wach-
smuth, vol. 1, $ 22. --Compare Herodotus, 1, 147. --
The authorities in favour of the erroneous etymology
from uKurn may be found by consulting Fischer, bid.
ad Threophrast. Charact. , s. v. 'Anaroipia. -- Lar-
chcr, ad Herod. , Vit. Horn. , c. 29-- iichol. , Plat, ad
Tim. , p. 201, cd Kuhnken. -- Schoi, Aristid. , p. 118,
seqq. , cd. Jebb. --Ephori fragm. , p. 120, cd. Marx. )
Apella, a word occurring in one of the satires of
Horace (1,5, 100), and about the meaning of which a
great difference of opinion has existed. Scaliger is
undoubtedly right in considering it a mere proper name
of some well-known and superstitious Jew of the day.
Wieland adopts the same idea in his German version
of Horace's satires : " Das glaub' Apella der Jud, ich
nicht! " Bentley's explanation appears rather forced.
It is as follows: "Judai habitabant trans Tiberim, et
? ? multo maximam partem erant libertini. vt fatetur Philo
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? L
APEELES.
and best-balanced composition, nor the deepest pathos
of expression; his great prerogative consisted more in
the unison than ir> the extent of his powers ; he knew
better what he could do, what ought to be done, at
what point he could ax-rive, and what lay beyond his
reach, than any other artist.
