No More Learning

, i. 1, 2, 8; Neander, Geschichte der Christi. sorts of literary matters, but even on agriculture
Kirche, vol. i. sect. 2. )
(G. E. L. C. ) and military tactics. Of these numerous works
CELSUS ALBINOVANUS, the secretary of only one remains entire, his celebrated treatise on
Tib. Claudius Nero, and a friend of Horace, to Medicine; but a few fragments of a work on
whom the latter addressed one of his Epistles (i. Rhetoric were published under his name in 1569,
8). He is thought to be the same as the poet 8vo. , Colon. , with the title “ Aurelii Cornelii
Celsus mentioned in another of Horace's Epistles Celsi, Rhetoris vetustissimi et clarissimi, de Arte
(i. 3), in which he is said to have compiled his Dicendi Libellus, primum in Lucem editus, curante
poems from other persons' writings. He must not Sixto a Popma Phrysio. ” This little work is
be confounded with the poet Pedo Albinovanus, inserted by Fabricius at the end of his Bibliotheca
the friend of Ovid. [A1. BINOVANUS. ]
Latina, where it fills about six small quarto pages,
CELSUS, APPULEIUS, a physician of Cen- and is chiefly occupied with the works of Cicero.
turipa in Sicily, who was the tutor of Valens and The treatise of Celsus “ De Medicina," On Me-
Scribonius Largus (Scrib. Larg. De Compos. Medi- dicine, is divided into eight books. It commences
cam. capp. 94, 171), and who must therefore hare with a judicious sketch of the history of medicine,
lived about the beginning of the Christian era terminating by a comparison of the two rival sects,
He has been supposed to be the author of the work the Dogmatici and the Empirici, which has been
entitled Herbarium, seu de Medicaminibus Her- given in the Dict. of Ant. pp. 350, 379. The first
barum, which goes under the name of Appuleius two books are principally occupied by the conside-
Barbarus [APPULEIUS), but this is probably not ration of diet, and the general principles of thera-
the case.
He may, however, perhaps be the per- peutics and pathology; the remaining books are
Bon who is quoted several times in the Geoponica, devoted to the consideration of particular diseases
ant 8vo. 1704.
(W. A. G. ] and their treatinent; the third and fourth to in-
CELSUS, ARRU'NTIUS, an ancient com- ternal diseases; the fifth and sixth to external
mentator on Terence, who probably lived in the diseases, and to pharmaceutical preparations; and
second half of the fourth century of the Christian the last two to those diseases which more particu-
aera. (Schopen, De Terentio et Donato, Bonn, larly belong to surgery. In the treatment of dis-
1821. )
ease, Celsus, for the most part, pursues the method
CELSUS, A. * CORNELIUS, a very celebrated of Asclepiades of Bithynia; he is not, however, ser-
Latin writer on medicine, of whose age, origin, or vilely attached to him, and never hesitates to adopt
even actual profession, we know but little. There any practice or opinion, however contrary to his,
are some incidental expressions which lead to the which he conceives to be sanctioned by direct ex-
conjecture, that he lived at the beginning of the perience. He adopted to a certain extent the
Christian era, under the reigns of Augustus and Hippocratic method of observing and watching
Tiberius; and particularly the mode in which he over the operations of Nature, and of regulating
refers to Themison (Praef. lib. i. pp. 5, 9, iji. 4, p. 43) rather than opposing them,-a method which, with
would indicate that they were either contempora- respect to acute diseases, may frequently appear
ries, or that Themison preceded him by a short inert. But there are occasions on which he dis-
period only. With respect to the country of Celsus plays considerable decision and boldness, and par-
(though he has been claimed as a native of Verona), ticularly in the use of the lancet, which he em
we have nothing on which to ground our opinion, ployed with more freedom than any of his prede-
except the purity of his style, which at most would cessors. His regulations for the employment of
prove no more than that he had been educated or blood-letting and of purgatives are laid down with
had passed a considerable part of his life at Rome. minuteness and precision (ii. 10, &c. , p. 30, &c. );
With regard to his profession, there is some reason and, although he was in some measure led astray
to doubt whether he was a practitioner of medicine by his hypothesis of the crudity and concoction of
or whether he only studied it as a branch of general the humours, the rules which he prescribed were
science, after the manner of some of the ancient not very different from those which were generally
Greek philosophers. This doubt has arisen princi- adopted in the commencement of the present cen-
pally from the mode in which he is referred to His description of the symptoms of fever,
by Columella (de Re Rust. i. 1. 14) and by Quin- and of the different varieties which it assumes,
tilian (xii. 11), and by his not being enume- either from the nature of the epidemic, or from
rated by Pliny among the physicians of Rome the circumstances under which it takes place
(iji. 3, &c. , p. 43, &c. ), are correct and judicious ;
It is not quite certain whether his praenomen his practice was founded upon the principle already
was Aulus or Aurelius, but it is generally supposed referred to, of watching the operations of Nature,
to have been Aurelius.
conceiving that fever consisted essentially in an
tury.


## p. 661 (#681) ############################################

CELSUS.
661
CELSUS.
room,
effort of the constitution to throw off some morbid | Argent. 1806, 8vo. 2 vols. ; and Milligan, Edinb.
cause, and that, if not unduly interfered with, the 1826, 8vo. The latest edition mentioned by
process would terminate in a state of health. We choulant is that by F. Ritter and H. Albers,
here see the germ of the doctrine of the “ vis me Colon. ad Rhen. 1835, 12mo. The work has
dicatrix Naturae," which has had so much influence been translated into English, French, Italian, and
over the practice of the most enlightened physicians German. The English translations appear to be
of modern times, and which, although erroneous, chiefly made for the use of medical students in
has perhaps led to a less hazardous practice than London who are preparing for their examination
the hypotheses which have been substituted in its at Apothecaries' Hall, and are not very good. A
great number of works have been published on
But perhaps the most curious and interesting Celsus and his writings, which are enumemted by
parts of the work of Celsus are those which treat Choulant, but which cannot be mentioned here.
of Surgery and surgical operations, of which some Further particulars respecting his medical opinions
account is given in the Dic. of Ant. art. Chirurgia. may be found in Le Clerc's Hist. de la Méd. ;
It is very remarkable that he is almost the first Haller's Biblioth. Medic. Pract. vol. i. ; Sprengel's
writer who professedly treats on these topics, and Hist. de la Méd. vol. ii. See also Bostock's Hist.
yet his descriptions of the diseases and of their of Med. , and Choulant's Handbuch der Bücher-
treatment prove that the art had attained to a kunde für die Aeltere Medicin, Leipz. 1840, 8vo. ,
very considerable degree of perfection. Many of from which works the greater part of the preceding
what are termed the “ capital" operations seem to account has been taken.
(W. A. G. ]
have been well understood and frequently practised, CELSUS, JU'LIUS, a tribune of the city-
and it may be safely asserted, that the state of cohort, was condemned to death under Tiberius,
Surgery at the time when Celsus wrote, was com- and broke his own neck in prison by means of the
paratively much more advanced than that of chains with which he was fettered, in order to
Medicine. The Pharmacy of Celsus forms an- escape the disgrace of a public execution. (Tac.
other curious and interesting part of his work, and, Ann. vi. 9, 14. )
like his Surgery, marks a state of considerable CELSUS, JU'LIUS, a scholar at Constanti-
improvement in this branch of the art. Many of nople in the seventh century after Christ, who
his formulae are well arranged and efficacious, and, made a recension of the text of Caesar's Commen-
on the whole, they may be said to be more correct taries, whence we find subjoined to many MSS. of
and even more scientific than the multifarious Caesar, Julius Celsus Vir Clarissimus et Comes
compounds which were afterwards introduced into recensui, or Julius Celsus Constantinus V. C. legi.
practice, and which were not completely discarded Many modern writers, indeed, have maintained
until our own times. The style of Celsus has been that Celsus was the author of these commentaries,
much admired, and it is in fact equal in purity and and still more have attributed to him the works
elegance to that of the best writers of the Augustan on the Spanish and African wars; but the former
age. This is probably one of the chief reasons of supposition is ridiculous, and the latter desti-
his work having been chosen as a text-book in tute of proof. Julius Celsus has been usually
modern times; but it would be great injustice to regarded as the author of the life of Caesar, which
suppose that this is its only merit, or that it con- has been frequently printed with the editions of
tains nothing but a judicious and well-arranged Caesar's Commentaries under the title of Juli
abstract of what had been said by his predecessors. Celsi Commentarii de Vila Caesaris ; but this work
Some instances of his lax and inaccurate use of has been proved by C. E. Ch. Schneider (Petrar-
certain anatomical terms are mentioned in the chae, Historia Julii Caesaris, Lips. 1827) to be a
Dict. of Ant. art. Physiologia; but his anatomical work of Petrarch's. There is a dissertation on
and physiological knowledge does not appear to Julius Celsus by Dodwell, appended to his Annales
have been at all inferior to that of his contempo- Quinctilianer et Statiani, Oxon. 1698.
raries. In many passages of his work he follows CELSUS, JUVE'NTIUS, a Roman jurist,
Hippocrates, especially when treating of the who flourished, as Majansius and Heineccins have
general symptoms and phaenomena of diseases ; clearly shewn, in the second half of the first cen-
and occasionally we meet with sentences literally tury of the Christian aera. He succeeded Pegasus,
translated from the Greek. He does not, however, the follower of Proculus, and was himself succeeded
by any means blindly embrace his doctrines, and by Celsus, the son, and Neratius Priscus. (Dig.
differs from him occasionally both in theory and 1. tit. 2. s. 2. § 47. ) He belonged (at least on
practice.
one occasion) to the consilium of the consul Du-
The work of Celsus, entitled De Medicina cenus Verus, who was probably a consul suffectus,
Libri Octo, has been published very often ; Chou- and is nowhere named except in Dig. 3). s. 29.
lant mentions four editions in the fifteenth cen- The numerous attempts of learned men to identify
tury, fifteen in the sixteenth, five in the seven- Ducenus with recorded consuls are without ground,
teenth, thirteen in the eighteenth, and twelve and most of their conjectures refer to too late a
in the first thirty-five years of the nineteenth. period, unless Celsus the father attained to an un-
The first edition was published at Florence, usual age. Thus Wieling (Jurisprudentia Resti-
1478, small fol. , edited by Barthol. Fontius: it is tuta, p. 351) and Guil. Grotius (De Vilis Jurisp.
said to be very scarce, and is described by ii. c. 2. & 2) make Ducenus the same as L. Cejonius
Dibden in his Biblioth. Spencer. i. 303. Perhaps Commodus Verus, who was consul A. D. 106.
the other editions that best deserve to be noticed Others are for L. Annius Verus, consul A. D. 121.
are those by Van der Linden, Lugd. Bat. 1657, Ant. Augustinus (De Nominibus Propriis Pandec-
12mo. ; Almeloveen, Amstel. 1687, 12mo. (which turum, c. 3, p. 259, n. [8]) seems to think he
was several times reprinted); Targa, Patav. 1769, might have been the Juventius Verus, who was
4to. (whose text has been the basis of most consul for the third time a. D. 134. Heineccins
subsequent editions); Lugd. Bat. 1785, 4to. ;l (Ilist. Jur. Civ. $ 241, n. ) is for Decennius Gemi-
1


## p. 662 (#682) ############################################

662
CELSUS.
CELSUS.
nus, who was consul suffectus A. D.
57, and whose cause of Pomponius Rufus Varinus. Celsus was
cognomen might have been Verus. It was in the then praetor, and, as the leges annules were at that
council of Ducenus Verus that the opinion of time religiously observed (Plin. Ep. vii. 16), may
Celsus the father was given upon an important be supposed to have been 34 years of age. This
point, and was adopted as law. He held (10 would give a. D. 67 for the year of the birth of
use the nomenclature of English jurisprudence), Celsus, for the cause of Pomponius Rufus was
that the beneficial interest in a legacy did not pleaded when M. Acilius was consul-elect (Plin.
lapse by the death of the trustee before the tes- Ep. v. 20), that is to say, in a. d. 101. Celsus
tator. (As to the consilium of the consul and was twice consul. The date of his first consulship
other magistrates, see Dict. of Ant. s. r. Conventus ; | is not recorded. The second occurred A. D. 129,
also Cic. Brut. 22; Plin. Ep. i. 20 ; Amm. Mar. when he had C. Neratius Marcellus for his col-
xxxiii. c. ult. ; Suet. Tiber. 33 ; Tituli ex Corpore | league. (Dig. 5. tit. 3. 8. 20. $ 6. ) Ile was a
Ulpiani, 1. s. 13; Cod. 1. tit. 51; Dig. 1. tit. 21. friend of Hadrian, and one of that emperor's coun-
B. 2, pr. ; tit. 22. ) In Dig. 17. tit. 1. s. 39, his cil (Spartian. Iladrian. c. 18, where for Julius
opinion is cited along with that of Aristo, who was Celsus is to be read Juventius Celsus), and he pro-
rather younger than Celsus the father. The Celsus bably died towards the end of Hadrian's reign, for
to whom Aristo gives answers in Dig. 2. tit. 14. Julianus, the jurist, in a fragment of a work
8. 7. $ 2, and Dig. 40. tit. 7. s. 29. § 1, was Celsus (Digesta) which was written in the commencement
the son, who, having gained greater celebrity as a of the reign of Antoninus Pius (compare Dig. 3.
jurist than his father, is understood to be meant in tit. 5. s. 6. § 12 ; 4. tit. 2. s. 18), speaks of Celsus
the Digest whenever Celsus is named without the in the past tense :~" Quod etiam Juventio Celso
addition pater or filius. Bach, who thinks the apertissime placuit. " (Dig. 28. tit. 2. s. 28, pr. )
contrary more likely (Hist. Jurisp. Rom. iii. c. 1. Celsus received legal instruction from his father,
$ 22. n. (h. ]), is certainly mistaken. Compare and is supposed from several indications in extant
Dig. 12. tit. 4. s. 3. &$ 6, 7; Dig. 31. s. 20. It passages of his works to have studied philosophy,
can scarcely be doubted that the name of the father especially the philosophy of the Stoics. His edu-
was the same as that of the son, viz. P. Juventius cation was probably attended to with great care,
Celsus, for otherwise be would probably have been for his style is terse and elegant, and his latinity
distinguished by the difference of name, whereas he so pure, that Laurentius Valla and Floridus, who
is never mentioned by any other appellation than unsparingly criticise the diction of the ancient Ro
Celsus pater. There is no direct citation from him man jurists, find little or nothing to carp at in
in the Digest. Stockmann (ad Bachii Hist. Jurisp. Celsus. There are fragments which prove that he
Rom. loc. cit. ) mentions a conjecture of Ev. Otto was acquainted with Greek. (Dig. 33. tit. 10.
(Praef. ad Thes. i. p. 28), that there were three ju- s. 7, 13. tit. 3. 6. 3. ) He early commenced the
rists named Celsus, viz. father, son, and grandson ; practice of the law. One of his youthful opinions
but the reference to Otto seems to be incorrect. It was followed by Julianus, and is cited by Paulus.
is, indeed, highly probable that the P. Juventius, (Dig. 45. tit. 1. s. 91. $ 3, unless by Celsus adoles
who appears from an inscription in Gruter (p. 607) to cens we are here to understand Celsus the younger. )
bave been promagister scrinii under Antoninus Celsus was manifestly well versed in the writings
Pius, A. D. 155, was a grandson of the elder Celsus, of his predecessors, for in the 20 pages which his
but there is no proof that he was a jurist. Those 142 fragments occupy in Hommel (Palingen. Pan-
who, like Ménage (Amoen. Jur. c. xx. ), identify dect. ), will be found references to Sex. Aelius,
the promagister with the son, must suppose that Brutus, Cascellins, Cato, Livius Drusus, Q. Mucius
the son discharged an exceedingly laborious office Scaerola, Q. Antistius Labeo, C. Trebatius Testa,
in a very advanced age. Very little is known of Aelius Tubero, M. Tullius Cicero, Servius Sulpicius,
Celsus the father, though much has been written Nerva, Masurius Sabinus, Semp. Proculus, and
upon him. Among the legal biographers wbo have Neratius Priscus. In return, we find him quoted
attributed to his life one or more of the events that by many of the most eminent later jurists, as Juli-
belong to the life of his son, are Guil. Grotius, anus, Pomponius, Maecianus, Ulpian, and Paulus,
Gravina, and Strauchius. (Vitae vet. JCtorum, No. and by Justinian himself in the Institutes and the
2, p. 14. ) The Gens Juventia was an ancient Code. In Cod. 6, tit. 2. s. 10 Justinian mentions
race, and could boast of several jurists, as T. Ju- a curious physiological opinion of Celsus concerning
ventius, C. Juventius, and M. Juventius Latera- deafness. He belonged, like his father, to the sect
nensis. In manuscripts and monuments, from the of Proculus, but he was an independent thinker,
ordinary interchange of V and B, the name is sometimes differing from Labeo, Nerva, and his
often spelt Jubentius. (Majansius, ad XXX JCtos, own father, and sometimes agreeing with Sabinus
ii. pp. 236-255. )
[J: T. G. ] and Cassius. (Dig. 47.