But if this admits of contest, and it is
to continue the property of those who were last in
possession, it is mine by this title too (for I took it
from the Lacedremonian inhabitants, who had dis-
possessed you);' and all cities are held either by
hereditary right or by the right of conquest.
to continue the property of those who were last in
possession, it is mine by this title too (for I took it
from the Lacedremonian inhabitants, who had dis-
possessed you);' and all cities are held either by
hereditary right or by the right of conquest.
Demosthenes - Leland - Orations
PHILIP S LETTER TO THE ATHENIANS.
191
as to exelude them from the mysteries, and erected'
a statue before the gates as a monument of their
crime. And is not this shocking, to be avowedly
guilty of the very same crimes for which your re-
sentment fell so severely on others, when you your-
selves were aggrieved?
In the next place, Callias your general hath made
himself master of all the towns on the bay of Pa-
gasae, though comprehended in the treaty made with
you, and united in alliance to me. Not a vessel
could steer its eourse towards Macedon but the pas-
sengers were all treated by him as enemies, and sold;
and this his conduct hath been applauded by the
resolutions of your council! So that I do not see
how you can proceed further if you actually declare
war against me. For, when we were at open hostili-
ties, you did but send out your corsairs, make prize
of those who were sailing to my kingdom, assist my
enemies, and infest my territories. Yet now, when
we are professedly at peace, so far have your injus-
tice and rancour hurried you, that you have sent am-
bassadors to the Persian,2 to persuade him to attack
the Megareans, forbidding all commerce with them on pain of death:
they drew up a new form of an oath, by which every general obliged
himself to invade the territories of Megara twice every year. This de-
cree kindled the first sparks of contention, which at length flamed out
in the Peloponnesian war: it was the work of three courtesans. The
most illustrious events have sometimes as shameful an origin. --Tourreii.
1 To exclude them from the mysteries, and erected, &c]--All tha
Greeks had ordinarily a right to be initiated into what were called the
lesser mysteries, which the Athenians celebrated at Eleusis in honour
of Ceres and Proserpine; but on the death of Anthemocritus the Mega-
reans were excluded, and a statue or tomb erected in honour of this
herald on the road leading from Athens to Eleusis, near the gate called
Dipylon. According to Aristophanes (in Acharn, act u. sc. 5) the Me-
gareans denied this murder, and threw the whole blame of it on Aspasia
and Perieles. --Tourreii.
2 You have sent ambassadors to the Persian, dec. ]--Diodorus informs
as that about this time the satraps of the Lesser Asia had obliged Philip
to raise the siege of Perinthus. The historian; does not say that the
Athenians invited them; but Philip complains of, it here: andPausanias
observes, that in this expedition the Persian forces were commanded by
Anollodorus, an Athenian general. We may observe with what disre-
spect Philip (whose ancestors in their greatest prosperity never aspired
higher than to the alliance of some satrap) here speaks of the great
king--4i the Persian 1"--Tovrral.
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? 192 Philip's letter to the Athenians.
me; which must appear highly surprising; for, before
that prince had subdued Egypt and Phoenicia, it was
resolved,' that if he attempted any new enterprises,
you would invite me, as well as all the other Greeks,
to an association against him. But now, with such
malice am I pursued, that you are, on the contrary,
confederating with him against me. In former times,
I am told, your ancestors objected it as a heinous
crime to the family2 of Pisistratus that they had led
the Persian against the Greeks: and yet you are
not ashamed to commit the very same action for
which you were continually inveighing against those
tyrants!
But your injustice hath not stopped here. Your
decrees command me to permit Teres and Cerso-
bleptes to reign3 unmolested in Thrace, as being citi-
zens of Athens. --I do not know that they were
included in our treaty, that their names are to be
found in the records of our engagements, or that they
are Athenians. But this I know, that Teres served
in my army against you; and that when Cerso-
1 Before that prince had subdued Egypt and Phoenicia, it was resolved,
&c. ]--Artaxerxes Ochus, who governed Persia at that time, before his
reduction of theserevolted provinces had marched into the Lesser Asia
against Artabazus, a rebellious satrap. The approach of the Persians
alarmed the Greeks ; and Athens conceived a design of attacking them
in their own country. This gave occasion to the oration of Demos-
thenes entitled Ilepi Toiv Zviiiioptbiv. Philip pretends that they had
resolved to admit him into the confederacy which was then forming in
favour of the Greeks, with whom he affects to rank, and by his expres.
sions removes every idea of foreigner and Barbarian, which are the repre-
sentations that the orator frequently makes of him. --TourreU.
2 Your ancestors objected it as a heinous crime to the family, &c. ]--
The comparison which Philip makes here, between the sons of Pisis-
tratus and the orators who advised an alliance with Persia, is founded
on a history too well known to be enlarged on. It is undoubtedly by no
means just: for, in different conjunctures, the good citizen may employ
the same forces to save his country that the wicked one had formerly
employed to destroy it. However, the turn he gives it was the fittest in
the world to affect the people, who thought it their greatest honour to
express an inveterate hatred to the Persians.
s To permit Teres and Cersobleptes to reign, &c. ]--History speaks
only of Cersobleptes. They had suffered him to be overthrown by Philip;
snd when they found how nearly they themselves were affected by his
All, employed those decrees to endeavour to restore him. --TourreU.
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? Philip's letter to the Athenians. 193
bleptes proposed to my ambassadors to take the ne-
cessary oaths, in order to be particularly included in
the treaty, your generals prevented him, by declaring
him an enemy to the Athemans. And how is this
equitable or just:--when it serves your purposes,to
proclaim him the enemy of your state ; when I am
to be calumniated, to give him the title of your citi-
zen: when Sitalces was slain,1 to whom you granted
the privileges of your city, instantly to enter into an
alliance with his murderer; yet to engage in a war
with me on account of Cersobleptes ]--and this, when
you are sensible that not one of these your adopted
citizens have ever shown the least regard to your
laws or determinations! --But to bring this affair to
a short issue. You granted the rights of your com-
munity2 to Evagoras of Cyprus,3 to Dionysius the
i When Sitalces was slain, &c. ]--This Sitalces was the grandfathei
of Cersobleptes. In the beginning of the Peloponnesian war he ren-
dered the Athenians such important services, that they, by way of ac-
knowledgment, admitted his son Sadocus into the number of their citi-
zens. In the eighth year of-this war Sitalces was killed in a battle
against the Triballi. His nephew Seuthes seized theltingdom, in preju-
dice of his children ; and hence became suspected of being the cause of
his death. Philip argues from this suspicion as if it were an undoubted
truth. --TourrnL
2 You granted the rights of your community, &c. j--What idea must
we form of the splendour of that city, where even kmgs solicited for the
rank of private citizens ! The other states of Greece affected the same
kind of grandeur. At a time when ambassadors from Corinth were
congratulating Alexander on his victories, they made him an offer of the
freedom of their city, as the greatest mark of honour possible. Alex-
ander, now in the full splendour of his fortune, disdained to return them
any answer but a contemptuous smile. This stung the ambassadors to
the quick ; and one of them was bold enough to say, " Know, sir, that
the great Hercules and you are the only persons whom Corinth has ever
deigned to distinguish in this manner. " This softened the prince: lie
received them with all possible marks of respect, and accepted of a title
which had been so dignified. --TourreiU
3 To Evagoras of Cyprus. ]--The Athenians erected a statue to Evago-
ras, the elder of that name, and declared him a citizen of Athens, for
having assisted Conon in restoring their liberty. He caused Salamis to
revolt from the Persians, and subdued most part of the Aland of Cy-
prus ; but was afterward reduced, and fell by the hand of Nicocles.
His son, Evagoras tne Younger, however, asserted his claim to the king
dom of Cyprus, and was supported by the Athenians against Protagoras,
the successor of Nicocles. But his attempts were not successful. Pro-
tagoras supplanted him at the court of Persia, where he had been in full
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? 194 PHILIP'S LETTER TO THE ATHENIANS
Syracusan, and to their descendants. Prevail, there-
fore, on the men who have dispossessed each of these
to restore them to their dominions, and you shall
recover from me all those territories of Thrace' which
Teres and Cersobleptes commanded. But if you
have nothing to urge against those who expelled
them, and yet are incessantly tormenting me, am not I
justly warranted to oppose you ? --I might urge many
other arguments on this head, but I choose to pass
them over. <<
The Cardians,21 freely declare, I am determined
to support, as my engagements to them are prior to
our treaty, and as you refused to submit your differ-
ences with them to an arbitration, though frequently
urged by me: nor have they been wanting in the like
solicitations. Should not I, therefore, be the basest
of mankind to abandon my allies, and to show great
regard for you, my inveterate opposers, than for my
constant and assured adherents ?
Formerly (for I cannot pass this in silence) you
contented yourselves with remonstrating on the
points above mentioned. But lately, on the bare
complaint of the Peparethians that they had been
severely treated by me, you proceeded to such out-
rage, as to send orders to your general to revenge
their quarrel. Yet the punishment which I inflicted
was no way equal to the heinousness of their crime;
as they had in time of peace seized Halonesus : nor
could be prevailed on by all my solicitations to give
up either the island or the garrison. The injuries I
received from the Peparethians were never thought
favour. He was cited to answer to some heads of an accusation; and
upon his justifying himself, he obtained a government in Asia well
worth his little kingdom. But his bad conduct soon obliged him to
abdicate, and fly into Cyprus, where he perished wretchedly. --TourreiL
1 All those territories . of Thrace. ]--In the original, tiiv Qpaxqv, hattvt
&. c. By the ironical pomp of this expression he sets their dominions
(which were really inconsiderable) in the most contemptuous light. --
Touireil.
2 The Cardians, 4c. ]--See the preface to the oration on the State of
the Chersonesus.
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? Philip's letter to the Athenians. 195
of; but their punishment commanded all your atten-
tion, as it afforded a pretence for accusing me;
although I did not take the island either from them
or from you, but from the pirate Sostratus. If, then,
you confess that you delivered it to Sostratus, you
confess yourselves guilty of sending out pirates: if
he seized it without your consent, how have 1 injured
you by taking possession of it, and by rendering it a
secure harbour? Nay, so great was my regard to
your state, that I offered to bestow on you this
island: but this was not agreeable to your orators:
they1 would not have it accepted, but resumed. So
that, if I complied with their directions, I proclaimed
myself a usurper: if I still kept possession of the place,
I became suspected to the people. I saw through these
artifices, and therefore proposed to bring our differ-
ences to a judicial determination: and if sentence was
given for me, to present you with the place; if in your
favour, to restore it to the people. This I frequently
desired: you would not hear it: the Peparethians
seized the island. What then was I to do ? Should
I not punish the violators of oaths ? Was I tamely
to bear such an audacious insult ? If the island was
the property of the Peparethians, what right have
the Athenians to demand it ? If it be yours, why do
you not resent their usurpations ?
So far, in short, have our animosities been carried,
that, when I had occasion to despatch some vessels
to the Hellespont, I was obliged to send a body of
forces through the Chersonesus to defend them
against your colonies, who are authorized to attack
me by a decree of Polycrates,2 confirmed by the
resolutions of your council. Nay, your geneial has
1 But this was not agreeable to your orators: they, &c. ]--Demos-
Ihenes in particular opposed their receiving a restitution under the name
3f a present.
2 By a decree of Polycrates. ]--This orator had great credit at Athens,
and on many occasions favoured the designs of Philip. Possibly hi
acted otherwise on this occasion, the better to conceal his attachment;
or that be might afterward sell his integrity at a dearer rate. --TourrhL
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? 196 Philip's letter to the Athenians.
actually invited the Byzantines to join him, and has
every where publicly declared that he has your
instructions to commence hostilities at the first favour-
able opportunity. All this could not prevail on me
to make any attempt on your city, or your navy, or
your territories, although I might have had success
in most, or even all of them. I chose rather to
continue my solicitations to have our complaints
submitted to proper umpires. And which, think ye,
is the fittest decision--that of reason or of the sword ?
Who are to be judges in your cause--yourselves or
others ? What can be more inconsistent than that
the people of Athens, who compelled the Thassians
and Maronites1 to bring their pretensions to the city
of Stryma to a judicial decision, should yet refuse
to have their own disputes with me determined in
the same manner ? particularly, as you are sensible
that if the decree be against you, still you lose
nothing; if in your favour, it puts you in possession
of my conquests.
But what appears to me most unaccountable is
this: when I sent you ambassadors, chosen from
all the confederated powers, on purpose to be wit-
nesses of our transactions; when I discovered the
sincerest intentions of entering into reasonable and
just engagements with you in relation to the affairs
of Greece, you even refusea to hear these ambassadors
on that head. It was then in your power to remove
all their apprehensions who suspected any danger
from my designs, or to have openly convicted me of
consummate baseness. This was the interest of the
people; but the orators could not find their account
in it; for they are a set of men to whom (if I may
believe those that are acquainted with your polity)
l Who compelled the Thassians and Maronites, &c. ]--The first of
these people inhabited an island in the Egean Sea, the other a maritime
Slace in Thrace. The Thassians had founded Stryma, according to Hero,
otus; but as it was in the neighbourhood of Maronea, probably the
Maronites had, in quality of protectors, or benefactors, acquired aouw
pretensions to it. --Tourreil.
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? PHILIP S LETTER TO THE ATHENIANS.
peace is war, and war is peace;! as they are al rays
sure to make a property of the generals, either iy
aiding their designs, or by malicious prosecutions.
Then they need but throw out some scandalous
invectives against persons of worth and eminence,
citizens or foreigners, and they at once acquire the
character of patriots among the many. . I could have
easily silenced their clamours against me by a little
gold, and even have converted them into praises;
but I should blush to purchase your friendship from
such wretches. To such insolence have they pro-
ceeded on other occasions, that they even dared to
dispute my title to Amphipolis, which is founded, I
presume, on reasons beyond their power to invali-
date : for, if it is to belong to those who first con-
quered it, what can be juster than our claim ? Alex-
ander, our ancestor, was the original sovereign ;3 da
appears from the golden statue3 which he erected at
1 Peace is war, and war is peace, &c. ]--Aristotle, in his Rhetor. I. iii.
c. 10, quotes this (nearly) as an example of an agreeable antithesis;
which, joined to the force, and, what is more, to the order of the argu-
ments contained in this letter, inclines me to think that Aristotle was
his secretary on this occasion. But my conjecture, whether well or ill
founded, does not detract from Philip in point of genius and spirit. The
true talent of a king is to know how to apply the talents of others to the
best advantage: aud we do not want other proofs of Philip's abilities
In writing; witness his letter to Aristotle on the birth of Alexander. --
Tourreil.
2 Alexander, our ancestor,was the original sovereign. ]--Philip asserts
boldly, without giving himself much trouble even to preserve probability :
for in the'time of Alexander, the contemporary of Xerxes, there was
city, nor any fortified post in the place where Amphipolis was after-
ward raised ; nor was it till thirty years after the defeat of the Persians
that Agnon founded it. --Toitrreil.
9 As appears from the golden statue, &c. ]--Herodotus speaks of this
statue, and places it near the colossal statue which the Greeks raised,
according to custom, out of the Persian spoils. The proximity of these
statues serves Philip as a foundation for giving his ancestors an honour
which really belonged to the Greeks, Solinus mentions that Alexander,
a very rich prince, made an offering of a golden statue of Apollo in the
temple of Delphos, and another of Jupiter in the temple of Elis; but not
that the Persian spoils were any jiart of these offerings. --This Alexander,
surnamed ? tiXcXXip', friend of Greeks, had the reputation of an able poli-
tician, but not of a good soldier or great commander. He served the
Persians a long time, rather by force than inclination; and before the
battle of Salamis declared of a sudden for the Greeks. --Tourreil.
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? 108 philip's letter to the Athenians.
Delphos from the first-fruits of the Persian spoils
taken there.
But if this admits of contest, and it is
to continue the property of those who were last in
possession, it is mine by this title too (for I took it
from the Lacedremonian inhabitants, who had dis-
possessed you);' and all cities are held either by
hereditary right or by the right of conquest. And
yet you, who neither were the original possessors,
nor are now in possession, presume to lay claim to
this city, under pretence of having held it for some
short lime; and this when you have yourselves given
the strongest testimony in my favour; for I fre-
quently wrote to you on this head, and you as often
acknowledged me the rightful sovereign: and, by the
articles of our late treaty, the possession of Am-
phipolis and your alliance were both secured to me.
What title, therefore, can he better established ? It
descended to us from our ancestors; it is ours by
conquest; and, lastly, you yourselves have acknow-
ledged the justice of our pretensions; you, who are
wont to assert your claim even when it is not sup-
ported by right.
I have now laid before you the grounds of my
complaints. Since you have been the first aggres-
sors ; since my gentleness and fear of offending have
only served to increase your injustice, and to animate
you in your attempts to distress me, I must now
take up arms; and I call the gods to witness to the
justice of my cause, and the necessity of procuring
for myself that redress which you deny me !
1 I took it from the LacediEmonian Inhabitants, who had dispossessed
you, ifcc. l--Brasidas, the Lacedfemonian general, took Amphipolis from
the republic of Athens; and by the assistance of Sparta it afterward
maintained its independence until it fell into the power of Philip---
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? THE ORATION ON THE LETTER. 1
Now, Athenians, it is fully evident to you all that
Philip made no real peace with us, but only deferred
hostilities. When he surrendered Halus to the Phar-
salians,2 when he completed the ruin of Phocis, when
he overturned all Thrace,3 then did he really attack
the state, under the concealment of false allegations
and unjust pretences; but now he hath made a
formal declaration of war by this his letter. That
we are not to look with horror on his power; that,
on the other hand, we are not to be remiss in our
opposition, but to engage our persons, our treasures,
and our navies; in one word, our whole strength,
freely, in the common cause ; these are the points I
would establish.
First, then, Athenians, the gods we may justly re-
gard as our strongest allies and assistants ; since in
i It must be confessed that this oration consists almost wholly of
repetitions. This great man seems to have thought himself superior to all
Tain criticisms ; and, only concerned for the safety of Athens, was in no
pain about his private glory. He speaks as an orator whose end is to
persuade and convince; not. as a dcclaimer, who seeks only to give
pleasure and excite admiration: he therefore resumes those topics he
had already made use of, and gives them new force by the close and
lively manner in which he delivers them. --Ttrurreit.
2 When he surrendered Halus to the Pharsalians, Stc. ]--Halus was q
town of The? saly on the rver Amphrysus. Parmeuio besieged and took
It; after which Philip put the people of Fharsalia in possession of it. --
TvwreU.
3 When'he overturned all Thrace, Sec. ]--This is the language of an
orator, who, to represent Philip's outrages with the greater aggravation,
takes the liberty of speaking of a part of that country as of the whole.
Philip had, indeed, made himself master of the territories of Teres and
Cersobleptes, both kings in Thrace, and allies of the Athenians: but
Pausanias observes, that before the Romans, no one had ever made an
? mire conquest of Thrace. --Tourreil.
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? 200 ORATIONS OF DEMOSTHENES
this unjust violation of his treaty he hath trampled
on religion and despised the most solemn oaths. In
the next place, those secret practices to which his
greatness hath hitherto been owing, all his arts of
deceiving, all his magnificent promises, are now quite
exhausted. The Perinthians, and the Byzantines,
and their confederates,1 have at length discovered
that he intends to treat them as he formerly treated
the Olyntluans. The Thessalians are no longer
ignorant that he affects to be the master, and not the
leader of hi3 allies. The Thebans begin to see dan-
ger in his stationing a garrison at Nicaea,2 his as-
suming the rank of an amphictyon, his bringing into
Macedon the embassies from Peloponnesus,8 and his
preventing them in seizing the advantage of an alli-
ance with the people of that country. So that, of
those who have hitherto been his friends, some are
now irreconcilably at war with him; others no longer
serve him with zeal and sincerity; and all have their
suspicions and complaints. Add to this (and it is of
no small moment) that the satraps of Asia have just
now forced him to raise the siege of Perinthus, by
throwing in a body of hired troops: and as this must
make him their enemy,4 and as they are immediately
1 And their confederates. ]--The inhabitants of Chios. Rhodes, and
some other places joined to defeat Philip's designs on Perinthus and
Byzantium. --Tourreil.
2 At Nicaea ]--This town was situated near Thermopylae, and was
counted among the principal towns of the Locrians (Epicnemidii), the
neighbours and allies of the Boeotians and Thebans. Philip made him-
self master of it at the time that he seized Thermopylae under pretence
of putting an end to the sacred war. --Tourreil. .
3 His bringing into Macedon the embassies from Peloponnesus, &c. ]---
Probably this was at the time when he interested himselt in the disputes
between Sparta and the Argians and Messei^ans, as mentioned in the
preface to the second Philippic oration. --Slrabo mentions an application
of the Argians and Messeuians to Philip to regulate a contest between
them and Lacedaurton about their boundaries; and Pausanias declaims
against the pride of Gallus, a Roman senator, who thought it derogated
from his dignity to decide the differences of Lacedaemon and Argos, and
disdained to meddle with a mediation which Philip- had formerly not only
accepted, but courted. --Tourrei! .
* As this must make him their enemy. ]--This proved an exact predic-
tion of what happened some time after. Alexander, in lus letter to
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? ORATION ON THE LETTER. 201
exposed to danger, should he become master of By-
zantium, they will not only readily unite their force
with ours, but prevail on the King of Persia to assist
us with his treasure; who, in this particular, far ex-
ceeds all other potentates ; and whose influence in
Greece is so great, that formerly, when we were en-
gaged in a war with Lacedaemon, he never failed to
give the superiority to1 that party which he espoused:
and now, when he unites with us, he will with ease
subdue the power of Philip.
I shall not mention, as a balance to these so con-
siderable advantages, that he hath taken the oppor-
tunity of the peace to make himself master of many
of our territories, our ports, and other like con-
veniences : for it is observable, that where affection
joins and one common interest animates the con-
federating powers, there the alliance is never to be
shaken; but where subtle fraud, and passions insa-
tiable, and perfidy, and violence have formed it (and
these are the means which he hath used), the least
pretence, the slightest accident gives it the fatal
shock, and in an instant it is utterly dissolved. And,
from repeated observations, I am convinced, Athe-
nians, that Philip not only wants the confidence and
affection of his allies; but, even in his own kingdom,
he is by no means happy in that well-established
regularity and those intimate attachments which
Darius, alleges, as one of the principal subjects of their rupture, the
powerful succours which Perinthus received from the Persian satraps,
Arrian, 1. i. --Tourreil.
1 He never failed to give the superiority to, 4c. ]--History represents
the King of Persia as the supreme arbiter of the fate of Athens and
Lacedemou during the whole time of their quarrels. Darius Nothus
joined with the Lacedemonians ; and Lysander their general destroyed
Athens. Artaxerxes Mnemon protected Conon, the Athenian genera],
and immediately Athens resumed her former splendour. Lacedaemon
afterward joined in alliance with the great king; and this intimidated
the Athenians, and obliged them to seek for peace. Artaxerxes dictated
the articles of it, threatening to declare against those who should refuse
to subscribe to them. Athens instantly obeyed. Thus it was that a
foreign power lorded it over the Greeks, and by means of their divisions
had the absolute command of tueir fate. --Ttmrreil.
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? 202 ORATIONS OF DEMOSTHENES.
might be expected. The power of Macedon, indeed, ,
as an ally, may have some effect; but, if left to itself,
is insufficient; and when compared with his pompous
enterprises, quite contemptible. And then his wars,
his expeditions, and those exploits which have given
him this splendour are the very means of rendering
it yet weaker: for you are not to imagine, Athenians,
that Philip and his subjects have the same desires.
He is possessed with the love of glory; they wish
only for security. The object of his passion must
be attended with danger; and they but ill endure a 1
banishment from their children, parents, wives; a
life worn out with toils, and exposed to continual
perils in his cause.
Hence we may learn how his subjects in general
are affected to their prince. But then his guards
and officers of his foreign troops: these you will find
have some military reputation: yet they live in
greater terrors than the obscure and mean. These
are exposed only to their avowed enemies; the
others have more to fear from calumny and flattery
than in the field. The one, when engaged in battle,
but share the common danger: the others, besides
their part, and this not the least of that danger, have
also their private apprehensions from the temper of
their prince. Among the many, when one hath
transgressed, his punishment is proportioned to his
crime : the others, when they have most eminently
distinguished themselves, are then, in open defiance
of all decency, treated with the greatest insolence
and disdain.
That these are mcontestable truths no reasonable
man can doubt: for they who have lived with him
assure us, that his ambition is so insatiable that he
will have the glory of every exploit ascribed wholly
to himself: and is much more incensed against such
commanders as have performed any thing worthy
of honour, than against those whose misconduct hath
ruined his enterprises. But, if this be the case, how
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? ORATION ON THE LETTER. 203
is it that they have persevered so long in their attach-
ment to his cause 1 It is for this reason, Athenians,
because success throws a shade on all his odious
qualities (for nothing veils men's faults from ob-
servation so effectually as success): but let any acci-
dent happen, and they will all be perfectly discovered.
Just as in our bodies; while we are in health our
inward defects lie concealed; but when we are
attacked by a disorder, then they are all sensible, in
the vessels, in the joints, or wherever we are affected:
so in kingdoms and governments of every kind,
while their arms are victorious, their disorders escape
the common observation; but a reverse of fortune
(and-this he must experience, as he hath taken up a
burden much beyond his strength) never fails to lay
them open to every eye.
If there be a man among you, Athenians, who re-
gards Philip as a powerful and formidable enemy on
account of his good fortune, such cautious foresight
bespeaks a truly prudent mind. Fortune, indeed,
does greatly influence, or rather has the entire direc-
tion, of all human affairs; but there are many rea-
sons to expect much more from the fortune of
Athens than that of Philip. We can boast of an
authority in Greece, derived from our ancestors, not
only before his days, but before any one prince of
Macedon. They all were tributaries of Athens:
Athens never paid that mark of subjection to any
people. In the next place, the more inviolably we
have adhered to piety and justice, the greater may be
our confidence in the favour of the gods. But, if
this be the case, how is it that in the late war hia
arms had such superior fortune ? This is the cause
(for I will speak with undaunted freedom); he takes
the field himself; endures its toils, and shares its
dangers; no favourable incident escapes him; no
season of the year retards him. While we (for the
truth must not be concealed) are confined within our
walls in perfect inactivity, delaying, and voting, and
Vol. I. --Q
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? 204 ORATIONS OF DEMOSTHENES.
wandering through the public places in search ot
news. Can any thing better deserve the name of
new, than that one sprung from Macedon should
insult Athens, and dare to send such letters as you
have just heard recited? that he should have his
armies and his orators in pay? (yes, 1 call Heaven
to witness, there are those among us who do not
blush to live for Philip, who have not sense to per-
ceive that they are selling all the interests of the
state, all their own real interests, for a trifling pit-
tance ! )--while we never once think of preparing to
oppose him; are quite averse to hiring troops, and
want resolution to take up arms ourselves. No
wonder, therefore, that he had some advantage over
us in the late war: on the contrary, it is really sur-
prising that we, who are quite regardless of all that
concerns our cause, should expect to conquer him
who leaves no means omitted that may assure his
success.
Let these things be duly weighed, Athenians, and
deeply impressed on your minds. Consider that it
is not at your option whether to profess peace or
no ; for he hath now made a declaration of war, and
hostilities are commenced. Spare no expense, pub-
lic or private: let a general ardour appear for taking
arms: appoint abler commanders than you have
hitherto chosen; for it must not be imagined that
the men who, from a state of prosperity, have re-
duced us to these difficulties, will again extricate us,
and restore us to our former splendour: nor is it to
be expected that, if you continue thus supine, your
cause will find other assertors. Think how infa-
mous it is that you, whose ancestors were exposed
to such incessant toils and so great dangers, in the
war with Lacedaemon, should refuse to engage with
resolution in defence of that rightful power which
they transmitted to us! How shameful that this
Macedonian should have a soul so daring, that, to
enlarge his empire, his whole body is covered with
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? ORATION ON THE LETTER.
205
wounds; and that the Athenians, they whose heredi-
tary character it is to yield to none, but to give law
to all their adversaries, are now supine and enervated,
insensible to the glory of their fathers, and regard-
less of the interests of their country!
That I may not detain you, my sentence is this:
that we should instantly prepare for war, and call on
the other states of Greece to join in the common
cause, not by words, but by actions; for words, if
not attended with actions, are of no force. Our pro-
fessions particularly have alwayshad theless weight,
as we are confessedly superior to the rest of Greece,
in prompt address and excellence of speaking.
Dem. Vol. I. --S
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? CONCLUSION.
Havinq thus far traced the progress of Philip's attempts on Greece,
It may be no improper conclusion to continue the account down to his
final triumph over the liberty of that country.
We have seen the Athenians at last exerting themselves in a manner
worthy of that renowned people: and Philip, now returning from bis
Scythian expedition, in which he had engaged when foiled in his
attempts on Perinthus and Byzantium, found himself considerably
distressed and harassed by the hostilities of Athens. To extricate
himself from these difficulties he formed a bold and subtle project of
entering Greece; and so laid his scheme as to make the Athenians
themselves the instruments of his designs. i
By his intrigues he procured jEschines to be sent as their deputy to
the council of amphictyons. This was in reality of the highest conse-
quence : for no sooner had the deputy taken his seat but a question
was moved, whether the Locrians of Amphissa had not been guilty of
sacrilege in ploughing the fields of Cirrha, contiguous to the temple of
Delphos I Sentiments were divided. iEschines proposed a view: this
was decreed ; and, when the amphictyons came to take it, the Locrians,
1ealous of their property, and no doubt inflamed by those who were in
the secret of the whole design, fell on those venerable persons, and
obliged them to consult their safety by flight. Such an outrage was
judged to demand the severest punishment; and it was decreed that all
Greece should join in inflicting it. But when the army came to the
place of rendezvous, their appearance gave no great prospect of success.
His agents and partisans then rose, and by their artful representations,
prevailed on the amphictyons to declare Philip general of the Grecian
forces, and to invite him to execute their decrees. As the event was
expected, his army was ready. He marched into Greece; but, instead
of attacking the Locrians, he immediately seized Elatsea, a city of
Phocis, of the utmost moment, as it awed Bceotia, and opened bun s
passage into Attica.
This step struck Greece with astonishment. Athens particularly
received the news with inexpressible confusion. The people ran dis-
mayed to an assembly, and called on their usual counsellors to give
their opinion in this critical juncture. Demosthenes rose, and his elo-
quence was exerted to animate their drooping courage; by his advice,
ambassadors were sent through Greece, and particularly to Thebes, to
engage the states to rise at once to oppose the Macedonian torrent
before it bore down ail. Demosthenes himself headed the embassy to
the Thebans. He found a powerful antagonist in Python, Philip's
agent: yet, in spite of bis remonstrances, he so fired that people, that
they at once forgot all the favours Philip had conferred on them, and
Joined against him with the most,cordial zeal. The confederates met at
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? CONCLUSION.
207
Eteusis. The Pythian priestess uttered the most terrible predictions,
and threatened them wilh the severest mte: but Demosthenes took
care to prevent the effect of this, by treating her oracles with contempt;
which he declared were dictated by Philip, and calculated to serve his
interests.
This prince now saw all his arts defeated ; and therefore resolved on
an engagement, as his last resource. He advanced to Chseronea, in
the neighbourhood of which city the confederates were encamped, under
the command of Chares and Lysicles, tv o Athenian generals, by no
means worthy of commanding so illustrious an army. The next day
by sunrise both armies were in the field. Alexander, then but nine-
teen years old, surrounded by a number of experienced officers, com-
manded the left wing of the Macedonians.
as to exelude them from the mysteries, and erected'
a statue before the gates as a monument of their
crime. And is not this shocking, to be avowedly
guilty of the very same crimes for which your re-
sentment fell so severely on others, when you your-
selves were aggrieved?
In the next place, Callias your general hath made
himself master of all the towns on the bay of Pa-
gasae, though comprehended in the treaty made with
you, and united in alliance to me. Not a vessel
could steer its eourse towards Macedon but the pas-
sengers were all treated by him as enemies, and sold;
and this his conduct hath been applauded by the
resolutions of your council! So that I do not see
how you can proceed further if you actually declare
war against me. For, when we were at open hostili-
ties, you did but send out your corsairs, make prize
of those who were sailing to my kingdom, assist my
enemies, and infest my territories. Yet now, when
we are professedly at peace, so far have your injus-
tice and rancour hurried you, that you have sent am-
bassadors to the Persian,2 to persuade him to attack
the Megareans, forbidding all commerce with them on pain of death:
they drew up a new form of an oath, by which every general obliged
himself to invade the territories of Megara twice every year. This de-
cree kindled the first sparks of contention, which at length flamed out
in the Peloponnesian war: it was the work of three courtesans. The
most illustrious events have sometimes as shameful an origin. --Tourreii.
1 To exclude them from the mysteries, and erected, &c]--All tha
Greeks had ordinarily a right to be initiated into what were called the
lesser mysteries, which the Athenians celebrated at Eleusis in honour
of Ceres and Proserpine; but on the death of Anthemocritus the Mega-
reans were excluded, and a statue or tomb erected in honour of this
herald on the road leading from Athens to Eleusis, near the gate called
Dipylon. According to Aristophanes (in Acharn, act u. sc. 5) the Me-
gareans denied this murder, and threw the whole blame of it on Aspasia
and Perieles. --Tourreii.
2 You have sent ambassadors to the Persian, dec. ]--Diodorus informs
as that about this time the satraps of the Lesser Asia had obliged Philip
to raise the siege of Perinthus. The historian; does not say that the
Athenians invited them; but Philip complains of, it here: andPausanias
observes, that in this expedition the Persian forces were commanded by
Anollodorus, an Athenian general. We may observe with what disre-
spect Philip (whose ancestors in their greatest prosperity never aspired
higher than to the alliance of some satrap) here speaks of the great
king--4i the Persian 1"--Tovrral.
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? 192 Philip's letter to the Athenians.
me; which must appear highly surprising; for, before
that prince had subdued Egypt and Phoenicia, it was
resolved,' that if he attempted any new enterprises,
you would invite me, as well as all the other Greeks,
to an association against him. But now, with such
malice am I pursued, that you are, on the contrary,
confederating with him against me. In former times,
I am told, your ancestors objected it as a heinous
crime to the family2 of Pisistratus that they had led
the Persian against the Greeks: and yet you are
not ashamed to commit the very same action for
which you were continually inveighing against those
tyrants!
But your injustice hath not stopped here. Your
decrees command me to permit Teres and Cerso-
bleptes to reign3 unmolested in Thrace, as being citi-
zens of Athens. --I do not know that they were
included in our treaty, that their names are to be
found in the records of our engagements, or that they
are Athenians. But this I know, that Teres served
in my army against you; and that when Cerso-
1 Before that prince had subdued Egypt and Phoenicia, it was resolved,
&c. ]--Artaxerxes Ochus, who governed Persia at that time, before his
reduction of theserevolted provinces had marched into the Lesser Asia
against Artabazus, a rebellious satrap. The approach of the Persians
alarmed the Greeks ; and Athens conceived a design of attacking them
in their own country. This gave occasion to the oration of Demos-
thenes entitled Ilepi Toiv Zviiiioptbiv. Philip pretends that they had
resolved to admit him into the confederacy which was then forming in
favour of the Greeks, with whom he affects to rank, and by his expres.
sions removes every idea of foreigner and Barbarian, which are the repre-
sentations that the orator frequently makes of him. --TourreU.
2 Your ancestors objected it as a heinous crime to the family, &c. ]--
The comparison which Philip makes here, between the sons of Pisis-
tratus and the orators who advised an alliance with Persia, is founded
on a history too well known to be enlarged on. It is undoubtedly by no
means just: for, in different conjunctures, the good citizen may employ
the same forces to save his country that the wicked one had formerly
employed to destroy it. However, the turn he gives it was the fittest in
the world to affect the people, who thought it their greatest honour to
express an inveterate hatred to the Persians.
s To permit Teres and Cersobleptes to reign, &c. ]--History speaks
only of Cersobleptes. They had suffered him to be overthrown by Philip;
snd when they found how nearly they themselves were affected by his
All, employed those decrees to endeavour to restore him. --TourreU.
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? Philip's letter to the Athenians. 193
bleptes proposed to my ambassadors to take the ne-
cessary oaths, in order to be particularly included in
the treaty, your generals prevented him, by declaring
him an enemy to the Athemans. And how is this
equitable or just:--when it serves your purposes,to
proclaim him the enemy of your state ; when I am
to be calumniated, to give him the title of your citi-
zen: when Sitalces was slain,1 to whom you granted
the privileges of your city, instantly to enter into an
alliance with his murderer; yet to engage in a war
with me on account of Cersobleptes ]--and this, when
you are sensible that not one of these your adopted
citizens have ever shown the least regard to your
laws or determinations! --But to bring this affair to
a short issue. You granted the rights of your com-
munity2 to Evagoras of Cyprus,3 to Dionysius the
i When Sitalces was slain, &c. ]--This Sitalces was the grandfathei
of Cersobleptes. In the beginning of the Peloponnesian war he ren-
dered the Athenians such important services, that they, by way of ac-
knowledgment, admitted his son Sadocus into the number of their citi-
zens. In the eighth year of-this war Sitalces was killed in a battle
against the Triballi. His nephew Seuthes seized theltingdom, in preju-
dice of his children ; and hence became suspected of being the cause of
his death. Philip argues from this suspicion as if it were an undoubted
truth. --TourrnL
2 You granted the rights of your community, &c. j--What idea must
we form of the splendour of that city, where even kmgs solicited for the
rank of private citizens ! The other states of Greece affected the same
kind of grandeur. At a time when ambassadors from Corinth were
congratulating Alexander on his victories, they made him an offer of the
freedom of their city, as the greatest mark of honour possible. Alex-
ander, now in the full splendour of his fortune, disdained to return them
any answer but a contemptuous smile. This stung the ambassadors to
the quick ; and one of them was bold enough to say, " Know, sir, that
the great Hercules and you are the only persons whom Corinth has ever
deigned to distinguish in this manner. " This softened the prince: lie
received them with all possible marks of respect, and accepted of a title
which had been so dignified. --TourreiU
3 To Evagoras of Cyprus. ]--The Athenians erected a statue to Evago-
ras, the elder of that name, and declared him a citizen of Athens, for
having assisted Conon in restoring their liberty. He caused Salamis to
revolt from the Persians, and subdued most part of the Aland of Cy-
prus ; but was afterward reduced, and fell by the hand of Nicocles.
His son, Evagoras tne Younger, however, asserted his claim to the king
dom of Cyprus, and was supported by the Athenians against Protagoras,
the successor of Nicocles. But his attempts were not successful. Pro-
tagoras supplanted him at the court of Persia, where he had been in full
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? 194 PHILIP'S LETTER TO THE ATHENIANS
Syracusan, and to their descendants. Prevail, there-
fore, on the men who have dispossessed each of these
to restore them to their dominions, and you shall
recover from me all those territories of Thrace' which
Teres and Cersobleptes commanded. But if you
have nothing to urge against those who expelled
them, and yet are incessantly tormenting me, am not I
justly warranted to oppose you ? --I might urge many
other arguments on this head, but I choose to pass
them over. <<
The Cardians,21 freely declare, I am determined
to support, as my engagements to them are prior to
our treaty, and as you refused to submit your differ-
ences with them to an arbitration, though frequently
urged by me: nor have they been wanting in the like
solicitations. Should not I, therefore, be the basest
of mankind to abandon my allies, and to show great
regard for you, my inveterate opposers, than for my
constant and assured adherents ?
Formerly (for I cannot pass this in silence) you
contented yourselves with remonstrating on the
points above mentioned. But lately, on the bare
complaint of the Peparethians that they had been
severely treated by me, you proceeded to such out-
rage, as to send orders to your general to revenge
their quarrel. Yet the punishment which I inflicted
was no way equal to the heinousness of their crime;
as they had in time of peace seized Halonesus : nor
could be prevailed on by all my solicitations to give
up either the island or the garrison. The injuries I
received from the Peparethians were never thought
favour. He was cited to answer to some heads of an accusation; and
upon his justifying himself, he obtained a government in Asia well
worth his little kingdom. But his bad conduct soon obliged him to
abdicate, and fly into Cyprus, where he perished wretchedly. --TourreiL
1 All those territories . of Thrace. ]--In the original, tiiv Qpaxqv, hattvt
&. c. By the ironical pomp of this expression he sets their dominions
(which were really inconsiderable) in the most contemptuous light. --
Touireil.
2 The Cardians, 4c. ]--See the preface to the oration on the State of
the Chersonesus.
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? Philip's letter to the Athenians. 195
of; but their punishment commanded all your atten-
tion, as it afforded a pretence for accusing me;
although I did not take the island either from them
or from you, but from the pirate Sostratus. If, then,
you confess that you delivered it to Sostratus, you
confess yourselves guilty of sending out pirates: if
he seized it without your consent, how have 1 injured
you by taking possession of it, and by rendering it a
secure harbour? Nay, so great was my regard to
your state, that I offered to bestow on you this
island: but this was not agreeable to your orators:
they1 would not have it accepted, but resumed. So
that, if I complied with their directions, I proclaimed
myself a usurper: if I still kept possession of the place,
I became suspected to the people. I saw through these
artifices, and therefore proposed to bring our differ-
ences to a judicial determination: and if sentence was
given for me, to present you with the place; if in your
favour, to restore it to the people. This I frequently
desired: you would not hear it: the Peparethians
seized the island. What then was I to do ? Should
I not punish the violators of oaths ? Was I tamely
to bear such an audacious insult ? If the island was
the property of the Peparethians, what right have
the Athenians to demand it ? If it be yours, why do
you not resent their usurpations ?
So far, in short, have our animosities been carried,
that, when I had occasion to despatch some vessels
to the Hellespont, I was obliged to send a body of
forces through the Chersonesus to defend them
against your colonies, who are authorized to attack
me by a decree of Polycrates,2 confirmed by the
resolutions of your council. Nay, your geneial has
1 But this was not agreeable to your orators: they, &c. ]--Demos-
Ihenes in particular opposed their receiving a restitution under the name
3f a present.
2 By a decree of Polycrates. ]--This orator had great credit at Athens,
and on many occasions favoured the designs of Philip. Possibly hi
acted otherwise on this occasion, the better to conceal his attachment;
or that be might afterward sell his integrity at a dearer rate. --TourrhL
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? 196 Philip's letter to the Athenians.
actually invited the Byzantines to join him, and has
every where publicly declared that he has your
instructions to commence hostilities at the first favour-
able opportunity. All this could not prevail on me
to make any attempt on your city, or your navy, or
your territories, although I might have had success
in most, or even all of them. I chose rather to
continue my solicitations to have our complaints
submitted to proper umpires. And which, think ye,
is the fittest decision--that of reason or of the sword ?
Who are to be judges in your cause--yourselves or
others ? What can be more inconsistent than that
the people of Athens, who compelled the Thassians
and Maronites1 to bring their pretensions to the city
of Stryma to a judicial decision, should yet refuse
to have their own disputes with me determined in
the same manner ? particularly, as you are sensible
that if the decree be against you, still you lose
nothing; if in your favour, it puts you in possession
of my conquests.
But what appears to me most unaccountable is
this: when I sent you ambassadors, chosen from
all the confederated powers, on purpose to be wit-
nesses of our transactions; when I discovered the
sincerest intentions of entering into reasonable and
just engagements with you in relation to the affairs
of Greece, you even refusea to hear these ambassadors
on that head. It was then in your power to remove
all their apprehensions who suspected any danger
from my designs, or to have openly convicted me of
consummate baseness. This was the interest of the
people; but the orators could not find their account
in it; for they are a set of men to whom (if I may
believe those that are acquainted with your polity)
l Who compelled the Thassians and Maronites, &c. ]--The first of
these people inhabited an island in the Egean Sea, the other a maritime
Slace in Thrace. The Thassians had founded Stryma, according to Hero,
otus; but as it was in the neighbourhood of Maronea, probably the
Maronites had, in quality of protectors, or benefactors, acquired aouw
pretensions to it. --Tourreil.
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? PHILIP S LETTER TO THE ATHENIANS.
peace is war, and war is peace;! as they are al rays
sure to make a property of the generals, either iy
aiding their designs, or by malicious prosecutions.
Then they need but throw out some scandalous
invectives against persons of worth and eminence,
citizens or foreigners, and they at once acquire the
character of patriots among the many. . I could have
easily silenced their clamours against me by a little
gold, and even have converted them into praises;
but I should blush to purchase your friendship from
such wretches. To such insolence have they pro-
ceeded on other occasions, that they even dared to
dispute my title to Amphipolis, which is founded, I
presume, on reasons beyond their power to invali-
date : for, if it is to belong to those who first con-
quered it, what can be juster than our claim ? Alex-
ander, our ancestor, was the original sovereign ;3 da
appears from the golden statue3 which he erected at
1 Peace is war, and war is peace, &c. ]--Aristotle, in his Rhetor. I. iii.
c. 10, quotes this (nearly) as an example of an agreeable antithesis;
which, joined to the force, and, what is more, to the order of the argu-
ments contained in this letter, inclines me to think that Aristotle was
his secretary on this occasion. But my conjecture, whether well or ill
founded, does not detract from Philip in point of genius and spirit. The
true talent of a king is to know how to apply the talents of others to the
best advantage: aud we do not want other proofs of Philip's abilities
In writing; witness his letter to Aristotle on the birth of Alexander. --
Tourreil.
2 Alexander, our ancestor,was the original sovereign. ]--Philip asserts
boldly, without giving himself much trouble even to preserve probability :
for in the'time of Alexander, the contemporary of Xerxes, there was
city, nor any fortified post in the place where Amphipolis was after-
ward raised ; nor was it till thirty years after the defeat of the Persians
that Agnon founded it. --Toitrreil.
9 As appears from the golden statue, &c. ]--Herodotus speaks of this
statue, and places it near the colossal statue which the Greeks raised,
according to custom, out of the Persian spoils. The proximity of these
statues serves Philip as a foundation for giving his ancestors an honour
which really belonged to the Greeks, Solinus mentions that Alexander,
a very rich prince, made an offering of a golden statue of Apollo in the
temple of Delphos, and another of Jupiter in the temple of Elis; but not
that the Persian spoils were any jiart of these offerings. --This Alexander,
surnamed ? tiXcXXip', friend of Greeks, had the reputation of an able poli-
tician, but not of a good soldier or great commander. He served the
Persians a long time, rather by force than inclination; and before the
battle of Salamis declared of a sudden for the Greeks. --Tourreil.
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? 108 philip's letter to the Athenians.
Delphos from the first-fruits of the Persian spoils
taken there.
But if this admits of contest, and it is
to continue the property of those who were last in
possession, it is mine by this title too (for I took it
from the Lacedremonian inhabitants, who had dis-
possessed you);' and all cities are held either by
hereditary right or by the right of conquest. And
yet you, who neither were the original possessors,
nor are now in possession, presume to lay claim to
this city, under pretence of having held it for some
short lime; and this when you have yourselves given
the strongest testimony in my favour; for I fre-
quently wrote to you on this head, and you as often
acknowledged me the rightful sovereign: and, by the
articles of our late treaty, the possession of Am-
phipolis and your alliance were both secured to me.
What title, therefore, can he better established ? It
descended to us from our ancestors; it is ours by
conquest; and, lastly, you yourselves have acknow-
ledged the justice of our pretensions; you, who are
wont to assert your claim even when it is not sup-
ported by right.
I have now laid before you the grounds of my
complaints. Since you have been the first aggres-
sors ; since my gentleness and fear of offending have
only served to increase your injustice, and to animate
you in your attempts to distress me, I must now
take up arms; and I call the gods to witness to the
justice of my cause, and the necessity of procuring
for myself that redress which you deny me !
1 I took it from the LacediEmonian Inhabitants, who had dispossessed
you, ifcc. l--Brasidas, the Lacedfemonian general, took Amphipolis from
the republic of Athens; and by the assistance of Sparta it afterward
maintained its independence until it fell into the power of Philip---
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? THE ORATION ON THE LETTER. 1
Now, Athenians, it is fully evident to you all that
Philip made no real peace with us, but only deferred
hostilities. When he surrendered Halus to the Phar-
salians,2 when he completed the ruin of Phocis, when
he overturned all Thrace,3 then did he really attack
the state, under the concealment of false allegations
and unjust pretences; but now he hath made a
formal declaration of war by this his letter. That
we are not to look with horror on his power; that,
on the other hand, we are not to be remiss in our
opposition, but to engage our persons, our treasures,
and our navies; in one word, our whole strength,
freely, in the common cause ; these are the points I
would establish.
First, then, Athenians, the gods we may justly re-
gard as our strongest allies and assistants ; since in
i It must be confessed that this oration consists almost wholly of
repetitions. This great man seems to have thought himself superior to all
Tain criticisms ; and, only concerned for the safety of Athens, was in no
pain about his private glory. He speaks as an orator whose end is to
persuade and convince; not. as a dcclaimer, who seeks only to give
pleasure and excite admiration: he therefore resumes those topics he
had already made use of, and gives them new force by the close and
lively manner in which he delivers them. --Ttrurreit.
2 When he surrendered Halus to the Pharsalians, Stc. ]--Halus was q
town of The? saly on the rver Amphrysus. Parmeuio besieged and took
It; after which Philip put the people of Fharsalia in possession of it. --
TvwreU.
3 When'he overturned all Thrace, Sec. ]--This is the language of an
orator, who, to represent Philip's outrages with the greater aggravation,
takes the liberty of speaking of a part of that country as of the whole.
Philip had, indeed, made himself master of the territories of Teres and
Cersobleptes, both kings in Thrace, and allies of the Athenians: but
Pausanias observes, that before the Romans, no one had ever made an
? mire conquest of Thrace. --Tourreil.
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? 200 ORATIONS OF DEMOSTHENES
this unjust violation of his treaty he hath trampled
on religion and despised the most solemn oaths. In
the next place, those secret practices to which his
greatness hath hitherto been owing, all his arts of
deceiving, all his magnificent promises, are now quite
exhausted. The Perinthians, and the Byzantines,
and their confederates,1 have at length discovered
that he intends to treat them as he formerly treated
the Olyntluans. The Thessalians are no longer
ignorant that he affects to be the master, and not the
leader of hi3 allies. The Thebans begin to see dan-
ger in his stationing a garrison at Nicaea,2 his as-
suming the rank of an amphictyon, his bringing into
Macedon the embassies from Peloponnesus,8 and his
preventing them in seizing the advantage of an alli-
ance with the people of that country. So that, of
those who have hitherto been his friends, some are
now irreconcilably at war with him; others no longer
serve him with zeal and sincerity; and all have their
suspicions and complaints. Add to this (and it is of
no small moment) that the satraps of Asia have just
now forced him to raise the siege of Perinthus, by
throwing in a body of hired troops: and as this must
make him their enemy,4 and as they are immediately
1 And their confederates. ]--The inhabitants of Chios. Rhodes, and
some other places joined to defeat Philip's designs on Perinthus and
Byzantium. --Tourreil.
2 At Nicaea ]--This town was situated near Thermopylae, and was
counted among the principal towns of the Locrians (Epicnemidii), the
neighbours and allies of the Boeotians and Thebans. Philip made him-
self master of it at the time that he seized Thermopylae under pretence
of putting an end to the sacred war. --Tourreil. .
3 His bringing into Macedon the embassies from Peloponnesus, &c. ]---
Probably this was at the time when he interested himselt in the disputes
between Sparta and the Argians and Messei^ans, as mentioned in the
preface to the second Philippic oration. --Slrabo mentions an application
of the Argians and Messeuians to Philip to regulate a contest between
them and Lacedaurton about their boundaries; and Pausanias declaims
against the pride of Gallus, a Roman senator, who thought it derogated
from his dignity to decide the differences of Lacedaemon and Argos, and
disdained to meddle with a mediation which Philip- had formerly not only
accepted, but courted. --Tourrei! .
* As this must make him their enemy. ]--This proved an exact predic-
tion of what happened some time after. Alexander, in lus letter to
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? ORATION ON THE LETTER. 201
exposed to danger, should he become master of By-
zantium, they will not only readily unite their force
with ours, but prevail on the King of Persia to assist
us with his treasure; who, in this particular, far ex-
ceeds all other potentates ; and whose influence in
Greece is so great, that formerly, when we were en-
gaged in a war with Lacedaemon, he never failed to
give the superiority to1 that party which he espoused:
and now, when he unites with us, he will with ease
subdue the power of Philip.
I shall not mention, as a balance to these so con-
siderable advantages, that he hath taken the oppor-
tunity of the peace to make himself master of many
of our territories, our ports, and other like con-
veniences : for it is observable, that where affection
joins and one common interest animates the con-
federating powers, there the alliance is never to be
shaken; but where subtle fraud, and passions insa-
tiable, and perfidy, and violence have formed it (and
these are the means which he hath used), the least
pretence, the slightest accident gives it the fatal
shock, and in an instant it is utterly dissolved. And,
from repeated observations, I am convinced, Athe-
nians, that Philip not only wants the confidence and
affection of his allies; but, even in his own kingdom,
he is by no means happy in that well-established
regularity and those intimate attachments which
Darius, alleges, as one of the principal subjects of their rupture, the
powerful succours which Perinthus received from the Persian satraps,
Arrian, 1. i. --Tourreil.
1 He never failed to give the superiority to, 4c. ]--History represents
the King of Persia as the supreme arbiter of the fate of Athens and
Lacedemou during the whole time of their quarrels. Darius Nothus
joined with the Lacedemonians ; and Lysander their general destroyed
Athens. Artaxerxes Mnemon protected Conon, the Athenian genera],
and immediately Athens resumed her former splendour. Lacedaemon
afterward joined in alliance with the great king; and this intimidated
the Athenians, and obliged them to seek for peace. Artaxerxes dictated
the articles of it, threatening to declare against those who should refuse
to subscribe to them. Athens instantly obeyed. Thus it was that a
foreign power lorded it over the Greeks, and by means of their divisions
had the absolute command of tueir fate. --Ttmrreil.
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? 202 ORATIONS OF DEMOSTHENES.
might be expected. The power of Macedon, indeed, ,
as an ally, may have some effect; but, if left to itself,
is insufficient; and when compared with his pompous
enterprises, quite contemptible. And then his wars,
his expeditions, and those exploits which have given
him this splendour are the very means of rendering
it yet weaker: for you are not to imagine, Athenians,
that Philip and his subjects have the same desires.
He is possessed with the love of glory; they wish
only for security. The object of his passion must
be attended with danger; and they but ill endure a 1
banishment from their children, parents, wives; a
life worn out with toils, and exposed to continual
perils in his cause.
Hence we may learn how his subjects in general
are affected to their prince. But then his guards
and officers of his foreign troops: these you will find
have some military reputation: yet they live in
greater terrors than the obscure and mean. These
are exposed only to their avowed enemies; the
others have more to fear from calumny and flattery
than in the field. The one, when engaged in battle,
but share the common danger: the others, besides
their part, and this not the least of that danger, have
also their private apprehensions from the temper of
their prince. Among the many, when one hath
transgressed, his punishment is proportioned to his
crime : the others, when they have most eminently
distinguished themselves, are then, in open defiance
of all decency, treated with the greatest insolence
and disdain.
That these are mcontestable truths no reasonable
man can doubt: for they who have lived with him
assure us, that his ambition is so insatiable that he
will have the glory of every exploit ascribed wholly
to himself: and is much more incensed against such
commanders as have performed any thing worthy
of honour, than against those whose misconduct hath
ruined his enterprises. But, if this be the case, how
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? ORATION ON THE LETTER. 203
is it that they have persevered so long in their attach-
ment to his cause 1 It is for this reason, Athenians,
because success throws a shade on all his odious
qualities (for nothing veils men's faults from ob-
servation so effectually as success): but let any acci-
dent happen, and they will all be perfectly discovered.
Just as in our bodies; while we are in health our
inward defects lie concealed; but when we are
attacked by a disorder, then they are all sensible, in
the vessels, in the joints, or wherever we are affected:
so in kingdoms and governments of every kind,
while their arms are victorious, their disorders escape
the common observation; but a reverse of fortune
(and-this he must experience, as he hath taken up a
burden much beyond his strength) never fails to lay
them open to every eye.
If there be a man among you, Athenians, who re-
gards Philip as a powerful and formidable enemy on
account of his good fortune, such cautious foresight
bespeaks a truly prudent mind. Fortune, indeed,
does greatly influence, or rather has the entire direc-
tion, of all human affairs; but there are many rea-
sons to expect much more from the fortune of
Athens than that of Philip. We can boast of an
authority in Greece, derived from our ancestors, not
only before his days, but before any one prince of
Macedon. They all were tributaries of Athens:
Athens never paid that mark of subjection to any
people. In the next place, the more inviolably we
have adhered to piety and justice, the greater may be
our confidence in the favour of the gods. But, if
this be the case, how is it that in the late war hia
arms had such superior fortune ? This is the cause
(for I will speak with undaunted freedom); he takes
the field himself; endures its toils, and shares its
dangers; no favourable incident escapes him; no
season of the year retards him. While we (for the
truth must not be concealed) are confined within our
walls in perfect inactivity, delaying, and voting, and
Vol. I. --Q
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? 204 ORATIONS OF DEMOSTHENES.
wandering through the public places in search ot
news. Can any thing better deserve the name of
new, than that one sprung from Macedon should
insult Athens, and dare to send such letters as you
have just heard recited? that he should have his
armies and his orators in pay? (yes, 1 call Heaven
to witness, there are those among us who do not
blush to live for Philip, who have not sense to per-
ceive that they are selling all the interests of the
state, all their own real interests, for a trifling pit-
tance ! )--while we never once think of preparing to
oppose him; are quite averse to hiring troops, and
want resolution to take up arms ourselves. No
wonder, therefore, that he had some advantage over
us in the late war: on the contrary, it is really sur-
prising that we, who are quite regardless of all that
concerns our cause, should expect to conquer him
who leaves no means omitted that may assure his
success.
Let these things be duly weighed, Athenians, and
deeply impressed on your minds. Consider that it
is not at your option whether to profess peace or
no ; for he hath now made a declaration of war, and
hostilities are commenced. Spare no expense, pub-
lic or private: let a general ardour appear for taking
arms: appoint abler commanders than you have
hitherto chosen; for it must not be imagined that
the men who, from a state of prosperity, have re-
duced us to these difficulties, will again extricate us,
and restore us to our former splendour: nor is it to
be expected that, if you continue thus supine, your
cause will find other assertors. Think how infa-
mous it is that you, whose ancestors were exposed
to such incessant toils and so great dangers, in the
war with Lacedaemon, should refuse to engage with
resolution in defence of that rightful power which
they transmitted to us! How shameful that this
Macedonian should have a soul so daring, that, to
enlarge his empire, his whole body is covered with
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? ORATION ON THE LETTER.
205
wounds; and that the Athenians, they whose heredi-
tary character it is to yield to none, but to give law
to all their adversaries, are now supine and enervated,
insensible to the glory of their fathers, and regard-
less of the interests of their country!
That I may not detain you, my sentence is this:
that we should instantly prepare for war, and call on
the other states of Greece to join in the common
cause, not by words, but by actions; for words, if
not attended with actions, are of no force. Our pro-
fessions particularly have alwayshad theless weight,
as we are confessedly superior to the rest of Greece,
in prompt address and excellence of speaking.
Dem. Vol. I. --S
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? CONCLUSION.
Havinq thus far traced the progress of Philip's attempts on Greece,
It may be no improper conclusion to continue the account down to his
final triumph over the liberty of that country.
We have seen the Athenians at last exerting themselves in a manner
worthy of that renowned people: and Philip, now returning from bis
Scythian expedition, in which he had engaged when foiled in his
attempts on Perinthus and Byzantium, found himself considerably
distressed and harassed by the hostilities of Athens. To extricate
himself from these difficulties he formed a bold and subtle project of
entering Greece; and so laid his scheme as to make the Athenians
themselves the instruments of his designs. i
By his intrigues he procured jEschines to be sent as their deputy to
the council of amphictyons. This was in reality of the highest conse-
quence : for no sooner had the deputy taken his seat but a question
was moved, whether the Locrians of Amphissa had not been guilty of
sacrilege in ploughing the fields of Cirrha, contiguous to the temple of
Delphos I Sentiments were divided. iEschines proposed a view: this
was decreed ; and, when the amphictyons came to take it, the Locrians,
1ealous of their property, and no doubt inflamed by those who were in
the secret of the whole design, fell on those venerable persons, and
obliged them to consult their safety by flight. Such an outrage was
judged to demand the severest punishment; and it was decreed that all
Greece should join in inflicting it. But when the army came to the
place of rendezvous, their appearance gave no great prospect of success.
His agents and partisans then rose, and by their artful representations,
prevailed on the amphictyons to declare Philip general of the Grecian
forces, and to invite him to execute their decrees. As the event was
expected, his army was ready. He marched into Greece; but, instead
of attacking the Locrians, he immediately seized Elatsea, a city of
Phocis, of the utmost moment, as it awed Bceotia, and opened bun s
passage into Attica.
This step struck Greece with astonishment. Athens particularly
received the news with inexpressible confusion. The people ran dis-
mayed to an assembly, and called on their usual counsellors to give
their opinion in this critical juncture. Demosthenes rose, and his elo-
quence was exerted to animate their drooping courage; by his advice,
ambassadors were sent through Greece, and particularly to Thebes, to
engage the states to rise at once to oppose the Macedonian torrent
before it bore down ail. Demosthenes himself headed the embassy to
the Thebans. He found a powerful antagonist in Python, Philip's
agent: yet, in spite of bis remonstrances, he so fired that people, that
they at once forgot all the favours Philip had conferred on them, and
Joined against him with the most,cordial zeal. The confederates met at
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? CONCLUSION.
207
Eteusis. The Pythian priestess uttered the most terrible predictions,
and threatened them wilh the severest mte: but Demosthenes took
care to prevent the effect of this, by treating her oracles with contempt;
which he declared were dictated by Philip, and calculated to serve his
interests.
This prince now saw all his arts defeated ; and therefore resolved on
an engagement, as his last resource. He advanced to Chseronea, in
the neighbourhood of which city the confederates were encamped, under
the command of Chares and Lysicles, tv o Athenian generals, by no
means worthy of commanding so illustrious an army. The next day
by sunrise both armies were in the field. Alexander, then but nine-
teen years old, surrounded by a number of experienced officers, com-
manded the left wing of the Macedonians.
