And isitnotridiculoustobelieveaMan tobe brave
and valiant, that,isonly influencedby Fearand Ti- merousness ?
and valiant, that,isonly influencedby Fearand Ti- merousness ?
Plato - 1701 - Works - a
of the Immortality of the Soul.
91
(a) you'll be obliged to take two or three Doses. Let him do his Office, fays Socrates -, let him make ready two Doses ofPoUon,or three ifhe will.
1 knew you- would give me that answer, replies C r i t o -, b u t s t i l l h e i m p o r t u n e s m e t o s p e a k t o y o u . Pray let that alone, fays Socrates, and suffer m e to
explain before you who aremy Judges, for what Reasons, a Man enlightned by Philosophy, ought to diewithCourageandafirmhopethatintheother World he shall enjqy a Felicity beyond any thing in this. PraydoyouSimmiasandCebeslistentomy Arguments.
TruePhilosophersmake itthewhole businessos'*? ***** theirlife-timetolearntodie. Now'tisextream-fti'Jj" ly ridiculous for them, after they run out a whole their iifi. Course incessantly in order to compass that one end, time.
to flinch and be afraid when it c<<mes up to them, when they are just in a Capacity of obtaining it after a long and painful Search.
Whereupon Simmias laughed and told him, in ear
nestSocratesyou make me laugh, notwithstanding
the small occasion, I have to laugh in this Juncture.
For I am certain the greatest part of those who
hearyoutalkso,willlayyoutalkmuchbetterof thePhilosophersthanyoubelieve. Aboveall,theAfatJriMt
Athenians would beglad thatallthePhilosophers? rJS. would learn that Lesson so well as to die in Effect ;ans, who
and they'l be ready to tell you,death is the only thing *mlA not they are worthy of. **'* vhi~
Simmias, replies Socrates, our Athenians would los"r'ers'
so speak the Truth, but without knowing it to be such : For they are ignorant in what manner Philo sophers desire to die, or h o w they are worthy of it. But let us leave the Athenians to themselves ; and
fa) Probably the Executioner rnean'd by this Advice to keepfairwith Socrates, and savehis Money;forhewas to furnishtheHemlock,ofwhichapound(thecommonDose) costizDrachms, I. e. 7,Livres and n d. See "Plutarch upon thedeathofvhocion,who wasobligedtopayhisExecutioner for a Dose of Poison.
talk
? ? Body.
Corporeal Things, and takes no pleasure in them (a) is not worthy to live h and that he who does
-r-iT^ i_T,s ,a Tn,tfl acknowledged by almost all the World, Thathewhodoe'snotenjoythePleasuresoftheBody is not worthy to live. . So that 'tisa true Saying. That a Phi losopher is worthy of nothing but death.
9*
Phedorj : Or, A Dialogue
talk of things within our own Company. Does Death appear to be any thing to you ?
Yes, without doubt ; replies Simmias.
Isitnot, continues Socrates, the Separation of SoulandBody-,sothattheBodyhasaseparateBe-
WW u *n8an^theSoulanother? 'De*th. Just so, lays Simmias.
Let's trythen, my dear Simmias, ifyour Thoughts andmineagree. BythatmeanswestallsettheOb
jectofourpresentEnquiryintoaclearerlight. Do ? philosopher*you think a philosopher courts what the World
NorthatofLove?
By no means. DoyouthinktheypursueormindtheotherPlea
suresrelatingtotheBody,suchasgood Cloths,hand- iome Shoes, and the other Ornaments of the Body >
Whether do you think they value or slight those things when necessity does not inforce their Use ?
In m y mind, replies Simmias, a true Philosopher must needs conternn them.
Then you believe, continues Socrates, that the BodyisnotatalltheObject ofthe Careand Bu siness of a Philosopher : But on the contrary, that his whole Business is to separate himself from it and mind only the concerns of his Soul.
Most certainly.
Ztsttx-Ph*- ,Thus>continuesSocrates,'tisplainuponthewhole tosopheri tnataPhilosopherlaboursinamoredistinguishing Businessis manner, thanother Men to purchase the Freedom ZrZ? ? alloi\h]? STM1? mdrcut off aI1 Commerce between it
between aTM theBody. IamlikewiseoftheOpinion,Simmias So>>iand thatmostMenwillgrant,thatwhoeveravoidsthose
not
? ? of the Immortality of the Soul. pf
Hot use. the Pleasures of the Body is near to death.
You speakTruth, Socrates.
Butwhatshallwe sayof the acquiringofPru-i\KBodies
dence? IstheBodfeanObstacle or notjwhen em-beinga*ob- ploy'dinthatwork? I'llexplain my meaning hyfta"ej"t,K
an Example : Have Seeing and Hearing any thing * 2 f ofTruthinthem, andistheirTestimonyfaithful? -napr'0f OrarethePoetsintherightinsingingthatwe nei-ofthistruth ther lee nor hear things truly ? For if these two
Senses of Seeing and Hearing are not true and Zk ***r- trustyjtheother, which are much weaker, willbe***? >? fthe farlesssuch. Do notyou thinkso > enJ"'
. Yes, without doubt, repliesSimmias.
When doestheSoul then, continuesSocrates, find
outtheTruth? We feethatwhiletheBodyisjoin'dTheBodydc in the Enquiry, this Body plainly cheats and se-<*>>? >*the
duces it. w -
That's true,"faysSimmias.
Is it not by reasoning that the Soul embracesn* Sml Truths ? And does it not reason better than before, re4ms H*,
when'tisnotencumber'dbySeeingorHearing,Pain^yj b1' ofPleasure? When shutup withinit self, itbidstheBody,Jd
adieu totheBody, and entertainsas little Corresseparated pondencewithitasispossible? ,and pursuestb. tft-tm*? '
knowledge of things without touching them ? That's incomparablywellspoken.
Is it not especially upon this occasion that the'
Soul of a Philosopher despises and avoids the Body, and wantstobeby itself?
I think so.
What shallwe saythen, my dearSimmias, ofall the ObjectsoftheSoul? Forinstance,shallwe call Justice something or nothing ?
We mustcertjainlygiveittheTitleofSomething' Shall we not like wife call itGood and Fine ?
Ay, doubtless.
But did you ever fee these Objects with the Eyes of your Body ?
No, to be sure.
Or
? ? 94 Phedon : Or, A Dia
TheEssence OrwithanyotherSense? Didyouevertouch ofthings isany bf those thingsI now speak os, such as Magni-
iTZ'sTn tude, Health, Fortitude, and, in a Word, the Essence
si, but by of all other things ? Is the truth^f them discovers
tbl operati-by the Body ? Or is it not certain, that whoever enofthe pUtshimseifm a condition to examine them more So>>iaio>>e. narrowiVjan(jmce themtothebottom, willbet-
ter compass the end, and know more of them ? That's very true.
n,emorethe Now thesimplestandpurestway ofexamining So>>Lisdisthings, is to pursue every Particular by Thought engaged alone,withoutofferingtosupportourMeditation
fromthe ^yseeing,orbackingourReasoningsbyanyother
wdTer- CorporealSense? ,byemployingthenakedThought
dngareitswithoutanymixture, andsoendeavouring totrace Thoughts, thepureandgenuineEssenceofthingswithoutthe MinistryoftheEyesorEars? ,theSoulbeing, ifI
may so speak, entirely disengaged from the whole Mass of Body, which only cumbers the Soul, and crampsitinthequestofWisdomandTruth, asoften as it is admitted to the least Correspondence with it. If the Essence of things be ever known, must it not be in the manner above-mention'd ?
Right Socrates ; you have spoke incomparably well.
Is it not a necessary Consequence from this Prin- rr^eTftheciple, continues Socrates, that true Philosophers Thilofiphmshould have such Language among themselves. among This Life is a Road that's apt to mislead us and T h t t f f f i " / o u r R e a s ? n * n a ^ o u r E n q u i r e s ? , b e c a u s e w h i l e w e
ra'lfeihthenaveaBody, and whileour Soulisdrown'd inso Bodyinthemuch Corruption, we shallnever attaintheObject
search of of our Wishes, /'. e. Truth. The Body throws a Truth. thousand Obstacles and Crosses in our waybydeman-
dist7rbsLyding necessary Food : And then the Diseases that
withd;- ensuedoquitedisorderourEnquiry:Besides, itfills safes, butUs with Love, Desires, Fears and a thousand foolish
wr? V>>* Imaginations ; insomuch that there's nothing truer , ntmu and tnan t)iecommon Saying, ThattheBody willnever Sense*. conduitustoWisdom, What isitthatgivesrisetd
Waft
? ? of the Immortality os the Soul. 9 5
WarsandoccasionsSeditionandDuelling? Isitnot
the Body and its Desires? In effect, all Wars take, rifefromtheDesireofRiches, whichweareforc'd toheapupforthelakeofourBodie, inorderto supplyitswants,andserveitlikeSlaves. 'Tis thisTheSody thatcrampsourApplicationtoPhilosophy. Andcanmtc,>>*- the greatest of all our Evils is, that when it has w % m ta
givenussomerespite,andweareletuponMedita- ""' tion,itstealsinandinteruptsourMeditationallofThe*h *' asudden. Itcumbers,troublesand surprizesusintheca*fe? ? s u c h a m a n n e r t h a t it h i n d e r s u s t o d e s c r y t h e T r u t h s i *he d f
Now we made itout, that in order to trace theWbSd* Purity and Truth of any thing, we should lay aside
the Body, and only employ the Soul to examine the Objectswepursue. Sothatwecanneverarriveat theWisdomwecourt,tillafterdeath. Reasonis onourfide. Forifitisimpossibletoknow any-4*-*? #*-'i thingpurelywhileweareintheBody, oneoftwomentp<n- thingsmustbetrue:EithertheTruthisneverknown "? 'thf
oritisknownafterdeath,Voufeat thattimethe7%? Li Soulwillbelefttoit selfandfreed ofitsburden willknow andnotbefore. AndwhileweareinthisLife wetheTrttth canonlyapproachtotheTruth, inproportiontoourbettZA/T removing from the Body, and renouncing all Cor-'" '*' respondent withitthatisnotofmeer Necessity,and keepingourselvesclearfrom theContagionofits
Natural Corruption, and all its filth, tillGod him self comes to deliver us. Then indeed being freed from all bodily Folly, we shall converse in all pro bability with Men that enjoy the same Liberty-
and shall know within our selves the pure Essence
of things, which perhaps is nothing else but the
Truth. Buthewhoisnotpure,isnotallow'd toTruthhtu approachtoPurityitself. This, my dearSimmiask>>oWiedZe
as I take it, should be the Thought and Language ? fthe A * of true Philosophers. Are not you of the fame fnce of
mind? "
Most certainly, Socrates.
*""'&-
Then,
? ? j6
fchedoh : (C)r, A Dialogue
-Then,my dear Simmias,whoever (hallarrive where I am now going, has great reason to hope, that, he will there be poflessed of what we look for
herewith so much Care and Anxiety; so that the VoyageIamnowsentupon,fillsmewithasweet andagreeablehope. And,itwillhavethefameEf fect upon. all who are. perswaded thatthe Soul must be purged before it knows the Truth. N o w the
iheTurga-Purgation of the Soul, as we were layingbut just ti<m of the now^ js oniv jts separation from the Body , its ac-
fllwtcustomingitselftoretireandlockitselfup,-re- fromtix nouncingallCommercewithit. asmuch aspossible, Correston- andliyingbyitsself,whetherinthisor(a)theother dencemth World, without being chained to the Body.
theBody.
AM thtfstme, Socrates.
Well! whatwecallDeath,isnotJthatthedisen-. engagement and separation of the Body from the Soul?
Most certainly. . -. . /.
ArenotthetruePhilosopherstheonlyMen that seekafterthisDisengagement, and isnot that Se paration and Deliverance their whole Business?
So Ithink, Socrates.
Isitnotaridiculousfancy, that aMan thathas lived in the Expectation of Death, and during his whole life-time has been preparing to dye, upon his arrivalat thePoint ofdesir'd Death, mould think
. toretireandbeafraidofit? Would notthatbeave- * Thisisxvhatry scandalous Apostacy ? >
m^Tto prove.
How P10^ k beotherwise >
'Tis certain then, Simmias, that Death is so far from being terrible to true Philosophers, that 'tis
(a) The Obstaclesrais'dinthepursuitcfWisdom,inspir'd the true Philosophers with such nn aversion to the Body, that they pleas'd themselves with the fancy, that after death theysliouldberidofitforever. Theyknew nobetter; andthough they hadsomeIdeaoftheResurrection, yetthey wereabsolutelyignorantthattheBodywill-belikewisepur- i ged and glorified, that this corruptible Body would put on Incorruptibility, and the mortal Part be invested with Im mortality.
their.
? ? of the Immortality of the Soul. * m
their whole business to die. Which may be easily infer'dthus. IftheyflightandcontemntheirBo dy, and passionately desire to enjoy their Soul by itself, is itnot a ridiculous way of belying them- ielves, to be afraid and troubledwhen that Minute c o m e s ? A n d is it n o t a p i e c e o f E x t r a v a g a n c e t o d e c l i n e g o i n g t o t h a t P l a c e , w h e r e t h o s e w h o g e t t o it, h o p e
to obtain the good things they have wish'd for all theirlifetime? Fortheydesir'dWisdom andaDe liverance from the Body, as being their Burden and the Object of their hatred and contempt. . Do not manyuponthelossoftheir*Mistrefles, Wivesor Children, willingly ,cut the Thread of Life , and conveythemselvesintotheotherWorld,meerly upon the hope of meeting there and cohabiting with the Personstheylove? Andshalla trueloverofWit dom, and one that firmly hopes to attain to the Per fection of itintheother World, shall he be startled by Death, and be unwilling to go to the Place that will furnish him with what his Soul loves ? Doubt less, m y dear Simmias, if he be a true Philosophers he'll go with a great deal of Pleasure j as being per- fwadedthatthere'snoplaceinthe Regions below, that cannot furnish h i m with that pure W i s d o m that he'sinquestof. Now ifthingsstandthus, WOuld it notbeapiece ofextravagance in such a'Man to
feardeath? ? . . . . . . .
",To besure,saysSimmias, itwould be sowithi
witness. .
. And consequently , continues Socrates, when a ^4anshrinksandretiresatthePointofdeath, 'tisa
certain Evidence that he loves' not Wisdom, but his
'? * The greatest part, though scarce cohvinc'd of the Im
mortality of the Soultis'd to kill themselves. upon the loss of what they lov'd, hoping to retrieveitin theotherWorld: And isitnotreasonablejhatthetrue,Philosophers,,whoare: fully convinced 'of that Truth, and fully perswaded that true Wifdorri istobeenjoy'd,intheinfernalWorldiisitnot
seasonablethatthoseMen shouldgiveDeatha welcome Re- kfrtfeif? T
G g owri
? ? f
? Pheddtt t Or, A Dialogue
*rhitime ownBody,orHonour,orRiches,orperhapsallthe common, jnree together.
% ? S m Z 'Tis fo' Socrates.
TeatbT' Then,Simmias,doesnotthatwecallfortitude Fortitude belonginapeculiarmanner toPhilosophers? And LdTempe- does not Temperance, or that ibrt of Wisdom that
raneeare consistsincontroulingourDesires,andlivingsoberly feculiarto an(jmodestly^ suitadmirably well with those who vhihWKn contemn their Bodies and live Philosophically >
That'scertain, Socrates.
Were you to inspect into the Fortitude and Tem. perance of other Men, you'd find 'em very ridicu- lous.
How so, Socrates? . Youknow,sayshe,allotherMenlookuponDeath as the greatest Affliction.
That's true, replies Simmias.
Thecourage When those you call Stout, suffer Death with anivaiore/some Courage, they do itonly for fear of some
tf:r*5\/ greater evil. despisedeath? _
isoftenthe ThatImustgrant.
effettosftar AndbyConsequence,allMen,batingthePhilo
sophers, are only stout and valiant through Fear.
And isitnotridiculoustobelieveaMan tobe brave
and valiant, that,isonly influencedby Fearand Ti- merousness ?
Y o u a r e i n t h e r i g h t o f it, S o c r a t e s .
Men are
temperate sons ? 'Tis only Intemperance makes 'em such. thn'iMem-Though at firstview this may seem impossible, yet perance. <<tjSnomoretjiarlwhatdailyExperience(hewsto
be the result of that foolish and ridiculous Tempe rance. ForsuchPersonsdisclaimonePleasure,only forfearofbeingrobb'dof otherPleasures that they covet, and which have an Ascendant over them. They'll cry out to you as long as you will, that In temperance consists in being rul'd and over-aw'd by our Passions ; but at the lame time that they give you this fine Definition, 'tis only their Subjection to s o m e predominant Pleasures, that makes them discard
*?
Is not the Cafe the fame with your temperate Per-
others.
? ? oftheImmortality oftheSoul. gg
others. NowthisismuchwhatIsaidbut,now,
that they are only temperate through Intempe- The IanCe> ' ' . changeof
That's very clear, Socrates. s\ Tafliom, is
Letus not beimpos'd upon, my dear Simmias. ">>*thetrue ThestraightRoadtoVertue, doesnotlyeinshiftingstover-
P l e a s u r e s f o r P l e a s u r e s , F e a r s f o r F e a r s , o r o n e M e - y y : f l o m is
lancholy Thought for another, and imitating those theonlytrue who changealargepieceofMoney, formanyCo>n;>>"*
imallones. ButWisdomistheonlytrueand*&? {%? **"**, alloyed Coin, for which all others must be given in r'khSTeari
Exchange. WiththatpieceofMoneywe purchasethatought all,Fortitude,Temperance,Justice. InaWord,thatt0be/""? -
Vertueisalwaystrue, which accompaniesWisdom,c]^eiat
without any dependance upon Pleasures, Grief,0/o>>*>>we
FearsoranyotherPassions. WhereasallotherVer-Estate. tuesstrip'dofWisdom, whichrunupona'perpetualrenutwith
Exchange,areonlyshadowsofVertue. TrueVer-^^^>> tue is really and in efted a purgation from all thdkdowlfrZ-
sortsofPassions. Temperance,Justice,Fortitudeandtue. PrudenceorWisdom itself,arenotexchangedTTMr<*~
forPassions; but cleanse us of them. And it is^jT prettyevident,thatthosewho instituted^thePurifi-a'nipUa- cations, call'd by us Teletes, i, e. Perfect Expiatiorts, tionsnotex- were Persons of no contemptible Rank, -Men . t>fcl">"ses-
great Genius's, w h o in the first Ages mean'd by fo*h^u*'? *~ Riddlestogiveustoknow (a) thatwhoever entersfev^&cT the other World without being initiatedand purified,The ancient shallbe hurled headlonginto the vastAbyls ;afcd"P'^ificati- that whoever arrives there after due purgation and "? "" mly
expiation,shallbelodgedin theApartmentof the^sKehU
Gods. For, asthe Dispensers Of thole Expiationssaid,many lay, There are many who bear the Thyrsus, butfew are devout,
Thatarepojfefidbythe. SpiritsrfGod. Now those{"'? '/'*" who arethusposfels'd, asJtakeit,arethetruePhi-r/i'Thyr
sus was a (a) There's a pleasant Passage to this purpose in the second spear'wrapt
BookofhisKepubl. Theyfay,Thatbyvertueofthese. Pu-';? p;nes0r riflcaiiohsand Sacrifices, we aredeliver'd from the Torments fVy carried ofHell;butifweneglect'emweshallbe liabletoalltheljthefit-
. Horrors of the fame. _ lowers of G K ? . lofbphers. Bacchus.
? ? ico
Phedon : Or, A Dialogue
losophers. I have try'd all means to be listed in that number, and have made it the business of m y wholelife-timetocompassmyend. IfitpleaseGod, IhopetoknowinaMinute,thatmy Effortshavenot been ineffectual, and that Success has crown'd m y Endeavours. This, my dear Simmies, and my dear Cebes, isthe Apology with which I offer to justifie my notbeingtroubled or afflictedfor partingwith you and quitting my Governours inthisLife;hoping to find good Friends and Rulers there, as well as here.
This, the vulgar cannot digest. However, I shall besatisfiedifmyDefencetakebetterwithyou, than they did with m y Judges.
Socrateshaving thus spoke ; Cebes took up the Discourse to this purpose : Socrates, I subscribe to theTruthofallyouhavesaid. There'sonlyone thing that Men look upon as incredible, viz. what youadvancedoftheSoul. For(a)almostevery
Body fancies, that when the Soul parts from the Body,itisnomore,itdiesalong withit;inthe very minute of parting it vanishes, like a Vapour or
Smoak, whichfliesoffanddispersesandhasnoEx istence. Forifitsubsistedbyitself,weregather'd and retired into it self, and freed from all the above- m e n t i o n e d E v i l s -, t h e r e w e r e a f a i r a n d p r o m i s i n g Prospect, ascertainingtheTruth of what you have said. But,thattheSoullivesafterthedeathofa
Man, thatitissensible, that itactsand thinks, that I fay, needs both insinuation and solid proofs to make it go down.
(a)Thiswas theImagination os'thosewho denied the ImmortalityoftheSoul. TheAuthoroftheBookofWis dom,hasset'emintheirtrueColours. OurLife(Taysbe)is butaBreath;afterdeathityaniflieslikeaFapour, andj>afjesasa
Cloud, or a Mist dispersed by the Hays of the Sun. Then he tells us,thatthole who entertain 'emsciveswith such Language, were^not acquainted with the Secrets of God, for God created Man- incorruptible, afterhis own Image, and tl>e hope of the Righteous is suUofImmortality. NowthisisjustSocrates'sDoctrine.
Y(C)u
? ? ofthe ImmortalityoftheSoul. 101
You say right, Cebes,replies Socrates:But how stallwemanagethisAffair? Shallwe inthisinter view examine whether that is probable or not ?
I shall be mighty glad, fays Cebes, to hear your
Thoughts upon the Matter.
At least, fays Socrates^ I tannot think that any -*s*tyr>">l
M a n hearing us, tho5 he were a Comedian, would JSopha- jipbraidme withRaillery,andchargemewithnotneS5? ,/,? ,?
speaking of such Things as concern us very much, hu comedy Ifyouhave amindthatwe shouldtracethisAffairfthecimds
tothebottom;myOpinionis,thatweshouldpro-&? ? >> ceed in the following Method, in order to know *,>/,am>>-
whether the Souls ofthe Dead have a being in thesingbimfiif other World, or not. onh with
(b) 'Tis a very ancient Opinion, That Soulsquit-'"? fa
ting this World repair to the Infernal Regions, and returnafterthattoliveinthisWorld. Ifsobe, thatMen returntoLifeafterDeath,itfollowsne cessarily that during that interval their Souls are lodg'd in the lower Regions: For if they had not a Being, they-could not return tothisWorld. And
this will be a sufficient Proof of what we affirm, , (c) if we be convinc'd that the Living spring from
the Dead : If otherwise, then we must look out for other Proofs.
t. ? '? ,.
(*)The firstArgumentgroundedontheOpinionofthe Metempsychosis; which Socrates only makes use otto shew that it supposed the future Existence of Souls for a certain Truth.
(c)SinceallThingstakerife fromtheirContraries;Life cannotswervefromthecommonRule. NowisLifecome >> from Death, then the Soul has a Being. This is a certain Truths but can only be made out by the Resurrection. Where
fore St. "Paul tells the Opposers of that Truth; Thou Fool, that tphichthousowestitnotquickendexcessitdie, ICor. If. J6. So
crates goes upon the lame Principle, but 'tis only the Chri
stian Religion that can explain it. "Plato and Socrates had
some IdeaoftheResurrection,;buttheyspoil'ditbymin glingitwiththegrossDoctrineofTythagoras. Theydrew
false Consequences from a Principle that's very true in it
self. Besides this Principle has a very dangerous Error couch^underit,whichwerefutedinthePreface.
Gg 3 That's
? ? loi
Phedon; Or, A Dialogue
That's certain, fays Cebes.
But toassurecurselvesofthisTruth,repliesSo*
cratesy11s not sufficient to examine the Point up
on the Comparison with Men; but likewise upon
that with other Animals,- Plants, and whatever has a Vegetable Principle. ? By- that means, we'll be con-
. viric'd/thatallthings'arebornafterthefame manner; that is, whatever has a contrary, owes itsfirst rise toitscontrary. Forinstancehandsomeisthecon trarytougfytandjustofunjust. Andthefameis the Cafe of an infinite number of-other Things. Now let'sfeeifitbeabsolutelynecessary,thatwhat ever has a contrary, should spring from that contra ry : As when a Thing becomes bigger, of necessity it must formerly have been lesser,before itacquir'd thatmagnitude. And When itdwindlesintoalefler form, it must needs have been greater before itsdi minution. Inlikemanner,thestrongestarisesfrom the weakest, and theswiftest from theslowest.
That's a plain Truth, laysCebes.
And pray, continues Socrates, when a Tiling be
comes worse, was itnotformerlybetter; and when
it g r o w s just,1, is it n o t b e c a u s e it w a s f o r m e r l y m o r e unjust? -? '? '? :'1n. :l:
Yes, surely Socrates.
Then 'tis sufficiently prov'd that every Thing is
generatedbyitscontrary/ ? . Sufficiently,Socrates;. '"
Betweentwo But,Isnottherealwaysacertainmediumbetween contraries thesetwoContraries? TherearetwoBirths,ortwo thereisal- Processions, one of this from 'that, and another Of
daim*"1*"*^fr? m^'s' ^e me^iumbetweenagreaterand whichwe aleflerThing,is,increaseanddiminution. Thesame
maycall isthe Case of what we call mixing, separating, ti>eTaint heating,cooling,and allother Things/'/? insinitum.
Jr"tL. F? r>tho'nsometimesfallssoout,thatwehavenot Terms to express those Changes and Mediums^ yet Experience shews that by an absolute necessity,Things take rise from one another, and pass reciprocally from one to another through a medium.
? There's
? of the Immortality of the Soul. 103
There's no doubt of that. - ( ;i
And what, continues Socrates, has not Life like wise itsContrary, asawaking has sleeping ? '
Without doubt, fays Cebes. W h a t is that Contrary ?
Death.
SincethesetwoThingsarecontrary,do nottheyThtVnctf- take rife one from the other ? And between theseM <<fL'fi two, are there not two Generations, or two pro. /TM'>>iw>,
_-' -, ' andthatof Cessions? Deathfrom
Whynot? use.
But, fays Socrates, I am about to tell you how the now-mentiohcl Combination stands,and to lliew you the Original and Progress of each of these two
Thingswhich make uptheCompound. Praytell
me how awaking and sleeping are related. Does ? (f%c1""^ notsleepbegetwatchfulness,andwatchingsleep;* eef~
and isnot the generation of sleep, the falling asleep ; and that of watching, the awaking*
All very clear.
Now, pray view the Combination of Life and Death. IsnotDeaththecontraryofLife?
Yes. Anddoesnotonebreedtheother?
Yes, ? WhatisitthatLifebreeds? ? .
Death.
What isitthatDeathbreeds?
Itmustcertainly beLife.
Then, fays Socrates, all living Things and Men -Afuiiv,-oof
are bred from Death. So I think, fays Cebes.
And byConsequence, continues Socrates,ourSouls are lodg'd in the infernal World after our Death.
The Consequence seems just.
But ofthesetwo Generations,one,viz. Death, is very palpable ; it discovers it selfto the Eye, and istouchd bytheHand.
Most certainly.
oftheKe- fitrMm.
G g 4 Shall
? ? V>>4 Phedon : Qr, 4 Dialogue
isDeath Shall not we then attribute to Death the Virtue Aidnotfro-0? prCKiUCing itscontrary, as well as to Life? Or,
f ^ r C " shall we fay, that Nature is lame and maim'd oh
tmewoMthatscore?
bedtfetlirt. There's an absolute necessity, replies Cebes,of
ascribing to Death the Generation of itsContrary. WhatisthatContrary?
Reviving, orreturning toLife.
If there be such a thing as returning to Life, 'tis
nothing else but the Birth of the Dead returning toLife. Andthusweagree,thattheLivingareas much theProductoftheDead,astheDeadareof Living. Which isan incontestable Proof, thatthe Souls of the Dead must remain in some Place or
other,fromwhence theyreturntoLife. That,asItakeit,faysCebet,isaneceflary Con
sequence from the Principles w e have agreed on. And as 1 take it,Cebes, these Principles are well grounded:Consider'emyourself, (a)Ifallthese Contrarieshad not theirProductions and? Generati- \. ons in their turns, which make a Circle, and ifthere
were nothing but one Birth and one direct Pro duction from one to the other Contrary, without the return of the last Conttary to the first that pro- duc'd it5 were it not so, all Things would termi nate in the fame Figure, and be affected in the lame m a n n e r , a n d a t l a s t c e a s e t o b e b o r n . >?
Howdoyoufay,Socrates? "
There's no difficulty in conceiving what I now thelast *"av- *? tner*were notbingbutsleep,andifsleep
Trofosttion. did not produce watching, (b) 'tisplain that every thing would be an Emblem ofthe Fable of Endy- mion, and nothing would be seen any where, because the fame thing must happen to them that happen'd
(a) It Death did not give rife to Life, as Life does to Death, all Things would quickly be at an End, and turnble into theirPrimitive Chaos. . "'
(h) IfLife did not spring from Death, all Things would at lastsleeplikeEndymion,whom,theMoqn lull'deternallya- sleep, according to the Fable. . ' . ? . ? .
to
? ? of the Immortality of the Soul ioj
toQndymion,viz. theymustalwayssleep. Ifevery
thing were mingled, without any subsequent sepa
ration, w e should quickly see Anaxagoras\ Doctrine
fulfiU'd,andallThingsjumbledtogether. Atthe
lame rate,my dear Cebes, ifalllivingThingsdied,TbatUn
and being dead, continued such without reviving,-^ *
wouldnot allThingsunavoidably come toan end^*fj
atlast,insomuch thattherewould notbealivingqmchiy
Thing lestinbeing? For, iflivingThingsdid(c}tumbleinto. notarisefromdead ones,whenthe livingonesdie,their"Pri:
ofnecessityallThingsmustatthelastbeswallow'dTM TM
upbyDeath,and entirelyannihilated.
I t i s n e c e s s a r i l y s o , r e p l i e s C e b e s ? , a l l t h a t y o u
have said seems to be uncontestable.
(a) you'll be obliged to take two or three Doses. Let him do his Office, fays Socrates -, let him make ready two Doses ofPoUon,or three ifhe will.
1 knew you- would give me that answer, replies C r i t o -, b u t s t i l l h e i m p o r t u n e s m e t o s p e a k t o y o u . Pray let that alone, fays Socrates, and suffer m e to
explain before you who aremy Judges, for what Reasons, a Man enlightned by Philosophy, ought to diewithCourageandafirmhopethatintheother World he shall enjqy a Felicity beyond any thing in this. PraydoyouSimmiasandCebeslistentomy Arguments.
TruePhilosophersmake itthewhole businessos'*? ***** theirlife-timetolearntodie. Now'tisextream-fti'Jj" ly ridiculous for them, after they run out a whole their iifi. Course incessantly in order to compass that one end, time.
to flinch and be afraid when it c<<mes up to them, when they are just in a Capacity of obtaining it after a long and painful Search.
Whereupon Simmias laughed and told him, in ear
nestSocratesyou make me laugh, notwithstanding
the small occasion, I have to laugh in this Juncture.
For I am certain the greatest part of those who
hearyoutalkso,willlayyoutalkmuchbetterof thePhilosophersthanyoubelieve. Aboveall,theAfatJriMt
Athenians would beglad thatallthePhilosophers? rJS. would learn that Lesson so well as to die in Effect ;ans, who
and they'l be ready to tell you,death is the only thing *mlA not they are worthy of. **'* vhi~
Simmias, replies Socrates, our Athenians would los"r'ers'
so speak the Truth, but without knowing it to be such : For they are ignorant in what manner Philo sophers desire to die, or h o w they are worthy of it. But let us leave the Athenians to themselves ; and
fa) Probably the Executioner rnean'd by this Advice to keepfairwith Socrates, and savehis Money;forhewas to furnishtheHemlock,ofwhichapound(thecommonDose) costizDrachms, I. e. 7,Livres and n d. See "Plutarch upon thedeathofvhocion,who wasobligedtopayhisExecutioner for a Dose of Poison.
talk
? ? Body.
Corporeal Things, and takes no pleasure in them (a) is not worthy to live h and that he who does
-r-iT^ i_T,s ,a Tn,tfl acknowledged by almost all the World, Thathewhodoe'snotenjoythePleasuresoftheBody is not worthy to live. . So that 'tisa true Saying. That a Phi losopher is worthy of nothing but death.
9*
Phedorj : Or, A Dialogue
talk of things within our own Company. Does Death appear to be any thing to you ?
Yes, without doubt ; replies Simmias.
Isitnot, continues Socrates, the Separation of SoulandBody-,sothattheBodyhasaseparateBe-
WW u *n8an^theSoulanother? 'De*th. Just so, lays Simmias.
Let's trythen, my dear Simmias, ifyour Thoughts andmineagree. BythatmeanswestallsettheOb
jectofourpresentEnquiryintoaclearerlight. Do ? philosopher*you think a philosopher courts what the World
NorthatofLove?
By no means. DoyouthinktheypursueormindtheotherPlea
suresrelatingtotheBody,suchasgood Cloths,hand- iome Shoes, and the other Ornaments of the Body >
Whether do you think they value or slight those things when necessity does not inforce their Use ?
In m y mind, replies Simmias, a true Philosopher must needs conternn them.
Then you believe, continues Socrates, that the BodyisnotatalltheObject ofthe Careand Bu siness of a Philosopher : But on the contrary, that his whole Business is to separate himself from it and mind only the concerns of his Soul.
Most certainly.
Ztsttx-Ph*- ,Thus>continuesSocrates,'tisplainuponthewhole tosopheri tnataPhilosopherlaboursinamoredistinguishing Businessis manner, thanother Men to purchase the Freedom ZrZ? ? alloi\h]? STM1? mdrcut off aI1 Commerce between it
between aTM theBody. IamlikewiseoftheOpinion,Simmias So>>iand thatmostMenwillgrant,thatwhoeveravoidsthose
not
? ? of the Immortality of the Soul. pf
Hot use. the Pleasures of the Body is near to death.
You speakTruth, Socrates.
Butwhatshallwe sayof the acquiringofPru-i\KBodies
dence? IstheBodfeanObstacle or notjwhen em-beinga*ob- ploy'dinthatwork? I'llexplain my meaning hyfta"ej"t,K
an Example : Have Seeing and Hearing any thing * 2 f ofTruthinthem, andistheirTestimonyfaithful? -napr'0f OrarethePoetsintherightinsingingthatwe nei-ofthistruth ther lee nor hear things truly ? For if these two
Senses of Seeing and Hearing are not true and Zk ***r- trustyjtheother, which are much weaker, willbe***? >? fthe farlesssuch. Do notyou thinkso > enJ"'
. Yes, without doubt, repliesSimmias.
When doestheSoul then, continuesSocrates, find
outtheTruth? We feethatwhiletheBodyisjoin'dTheBodydc in the Enquiry, this Body plainly cheats and se-<*>>? >*the
duces it. w -
That's true,"faysSimmias.
Is it not by reasoning that the Soul embracesn* Sml Truths ? And does it not reason better than before, re4ms H*,
when'tisnotencumber'dbySeeingorHearing,Pain^yj b1' ofPleasure? When shutup withinit self, itbidstheBody,Jd
adieu totheBody, and entertainsas little Corresseparated pondencewithitasispossible? ,and pursuestb. tft-tm*? '
knowledge of things without touching them ? That's incomparablywellspoken.
Is it not especially upon this occasion that the'
Soul of a Philosopher despises and avoids the Body, and wantstobeby itself?
I think so.
What shallwe saythen, my dearSimmias, ofall the ObjectsoftheSoul? Forinstance,shallwe call Justice something or nothing ?
We mustcertjainlygiveittheTitleofSomething' Shall we not like wife call itGood and Fine ?
Ay, doubtless.
But did you ever fee these Objects with the Eyes of your Body ?
No, to be sure.
Or
? ? 94 Phedon : Or, A Dia
TheEssence OrwithanyotherSense? Didyouevertouch ofthings isany bf those thingsI now speak os, such as Magni-
iTZ'sTn tude, Health, Fortitude, and, in a Word, the Essence
si, but by of all other things ? Is the truth^f them discovers
tbl operati-by the Body ? Or is it not certain, that whoever enofthe pUtshimseifm a condition to examine them more So>>iaio>>e. narrowiVjan(jmce themtothebottom, willbet-
ter compass the end, and know more of them ? That's very true.
n,emorethe Now thesimplestandpurestway ofexamining So>>Lisdisthings, is to pursue every Particular by Thought engaged alone,withoutofferingtosupportourMeditation
fromthe ^yseeing,orbackingourReasoningsbyanyother
wdTer- CorporealSense? ,byemployingthenakedThought
dngareitswithoutanymixture, andsoendeavouring totrace Thoughts, thepureandgenuineEssenceofthingswithoutthe MinistryoftheEyesorEars? ,theSoulbeing, ifI
may so speak, entirely disengaged from the whole Mass of Body, which only cumbers the Soul, and crampsitinthequestofWisdomandTruth, asoften as it is admitted to the least Correspondence with it. If the Essence of things be ever known, must it not be in the manner above-mention'd ?
Right Socrates ; you have spoke incomparably well.
Is it not a necessary Consequence from this Prin- rr^eTftheciple, continues Socrates, that true Philosophers Thilofiphmshould have such Language among themselves. among This Life is a Road that's apt to mislead us and T h t t f f f i " / o u r R e a s ? n * n a ^ o u r E n q u i r e s ? , b e c a u s e w h i l e w e
ra'lfeihthenaveaBody, and whileour Soulisdrown'd inso Bodyinthemuch Corruption, we shallnever attaintheObject
search of of our Wishes, /'. e. Truth. The Body throws a Truth. thousand Obstacles and Crosses in our waybydeman-
dist7rbsLyding necessary Food : And then the Diseases that
withd;- ensuedoquitedisorderourEnquiry:Besides, itfills safes, butUs with Love, Desires, Fears and a thousand foolish
wr? V>>* Imaginations ; insomuch that there's nothing truer , ntmu and tnan t)iecommon Saying, ThattheBody willnever Sense*. conduitustoWisdom, What isitthatgivesrisetd
Waft
? ? of the Immortality os the Soul. 9 5
WarsandoccasionsSeditionandDuelling? Isitnot
the Body and its Desires? In effect, all Wars take, rifefromtheDesireofRiches, whichweareforc'd toheapupforthelakeofourBodie, inorderto supplyitswants,andserveitlikeSlaves. 'Tis thisTheSody thatcrampsourApplicationtoPhilosophy. Andcanmtc,>>*- the greatest of all our Evils is, that when it has w % m ta
givenussomerespite,andweareletuponMedita- ""' tion,itstealsinandinteruptsourMeditationallofThe*h *' asudden. Itcumbers,troublesand surprizesusintheca*fe? ? s u c h a m a n n e r t h a t it h i n d e r s u s t o d e s c r y t h e T r u t h s i *he d f
Now we made itout, that in order to trace theWbSd* Purity and Truth of any thing, we should lay aside
the Body, and only employ the Soul to examine the Objectswepursue. Sothatwecanneverarriveat theWisdomwecourt,tillafterdeath. Reasonis onourfide. Forifitisimpossibletoknow any-4*-*? #*-'i thingpurelywhileweareintheBody, oneoftwomentp<n- thingsmustbetrue:EithertheTruthisneverknown "? 'thf
oritisknownafterdeath,Voufeat thattimethe7%? Li Soulwillbelefttoit selfandfreed ofitsburden willknow andnotbefore. AndwhileweareinthisLife wetheTrttth canonlyapproachtotheTruth, inproportiontoourbettZA/T removing from the Body, and renouncing all Cor-'" '*' respondent withitthatisnotofmeer Necessity,and keepingourselvesclearfrom theContagionofits
Natural Corruption, and all its filth, tillGod him self comes to deliver us. Then indeed being freed from all bodily Folly, we shall converse in all pro bability with Men that enjoy the same Liberty-
and shall know within our selves the pure Essence
of things, which perhaps is nothing else but the
Truth. Buthewhoisnotpure,isnotallow'd toTruthhtu approachtoPurityitself. This, my dearSimmiask>>oWiedZe
as I take it, should be the Thought and Language ? fthe A * of true Philosophers. Are not you of the fame fnce of
mind? "
Most certainly, Socrates.
*""'&-
Then,
? ? j6
fchedoh : (C)r, A Dialogue
-Then,my dear Simmias,whoever (hallarrive where I am now going, has great reason to hope, that, he will there be poflessed of what we look for
herewith so much Care and Anxiety; so that the VoyageIamnowsentupon,fillsmewithasweet andagreeablehope. And,itwillhavethefameEf fect upon. all who are. perswaded thatthe Soul must be purged before it knows the Truth. N o w the
iheTurga-Purgation of the Soul, as we were layingbut just ti<m of the now^ js oniv jts separation from the Body , its ac-
fllwtcustomingitselftoretireandlockitselfup,-re- fromtix nouncingallCommercewithit. asmuch aspossible, Correston- andliyingbyitsself,whetherinthisor(a)theother dencemth World, without being chained to the Body.
theBody.
AM thtfstme, Socrates.
Well! whatwecallDeath,isnotJthatthedisen-. engagement and separation of the Body from the Soul?
Most certainly. . -. . /.
ArenotthetruePhilosopherstheonlyMen that seekafterthisDisengagement, and isnot that Se paration and Deliverance their whole Business?
So Ithink, Socrates.
Isitnotaridiculousfancy, that aMan thathas lived in the Expectation of Death, and during his whole life-time has been preparing to dye, upon his arrivalat thePoint ofdesir'd Death, mould think
. toretireandbeafraidofit? Would notthatbeave- * Thisisxvhatry scandalous Apostacy ? >
m^Tto prove.
How P10^ k beotherwise >
'Tis certain then, Simmias, that Death is so far from being terrible to true Philosophers, that 'tis
(a) The Obstaclesrais'dinthepursuitcfWisdom,inspir'd the true Philosophers with such nn aversion to the Body, that they pleas'd themselves with the fancy, that after death theysliouldberidofitforever. Theyknew nobetter; andthough they hadsomeIdeaoftheResurrection, yetthey wereabsolutelyignorantthattheBodywill-belikewisepur- i ged and glorified, that this corruptible Body would put on Incorruptibility, and the mortal Part be invested with Im mortality.
their.
? ? of the Immortality of the Soul. * m
their whole business to die. Which may be easily infer'dthus. IftheyflightandcontemntheirBo dy, and passionately desire to enjoy their Soul by itself, is itnot a ridiculous way of belying them- ielves, to be afraid and troubledwhen that Minute c o m e s ? A n d is it n o t a p i e c e o f E x t r a v a g a n c e t o d e c l i n e g o i n g t o t h a t P l a c e , w h e r e t h o s e w h o g e t t o it, h o p e
to obtain the good things they have wish'd for all theirlifetime? Fortheydesir'dWisdom andaDe liverance from the Body, as being their Burden and the Object of their hatred and contempt. . Do not manyuponthelossoftheir*Mistrefles, Wivesor Children, willingly ,cut the Thread of Life , and conveythemselvesintotheotherWorld,meerly upon the hope of meeting there and cohabiting with the Personstheylove? Andshalla trueloverofWit dom, and one that firmly hopes to attain to the Per fection of itintheother World, shall he be startled by Death, and be unwilling to go to the Place that will furnish him with what his Soul loves ? Doubt less, m y dear Simmias, if he be a true Philosophers he'll go with a great deal of Pleasure j as being per- fwadedthatthere'snoplaceinthe Regions below, that cannot furnish h i m with that pure W i s d o m that he'sinquestof. Now ifthingsstandthus, WOuld it notbeapiece ofextravagance in such a'Man to
feardeath? ? . . . . . . .
",To besure,saysSimmias, itwould be sowithi
witness. .
. And consequently , continues Socrates, when a ^4anshrinksandretiresatthePointofdeath, 'tisa
certain Evidence that he loves' not Wisdom, but his
'? * The greatest part, though scarce cohvinc'd of the Im
mortality of the Soultis'd to kill themselves. upon the loss of what they lov'd, hoping to retrieveitin theotherWorld: And isitnotreasonablejhatthetrue,Philosophers,,whoare: fully convinced 'of that Truth, and fully perswaded that true Wifdorri istobeenjoy'd,intheinfernalWorldiisitnot
seasonablethatthoseMen shouldgiveDeatha welcome Re- kfrtfeif? T
G g owri
? ? f
? Pheddtt t Or, A Dialogue
*rhitime ownBody,orHonour,orRiches,orperhapsallthe common, jnree together.
% ? S m Z 'Tis fo' Socrates.
TeatbT' Then,Simmias,doesnotthatwecallfortitude Fortitude belonginapeculiarmanner toPhilosophers? And LdTempe- does not Temperance, or that ibrt of Wisdom that
raneeare consistsincontroulingourDesires,andlivingsoberly feculiarto an(jmodestly^ suitadmirably well with those who vhihWKn contemn their Bodies and live Philosophically >
That'scertain, Socrates.
Were you to inspect into the Fortitude and Tem. perance of other Men, you'd find 'em very ridicu- lous.
How so, Socrates? . Youknow,sayshe,allotherMenlookuponDeath as the greatest Affliction.
That's true, replies Simmias.
Thecourage When those you call Stout, suffer Death with anivaiore/some Courage, they do itonly for fear of some
tf:r*5\/ greater evil. despisedeath? _
isoftenthe ThatImustgrant.
effettosftar AndbyConsequence,allMen,batingthePhilo
sophers, are only stout and valiant through Fear.
And isitnotridiculoustobelieveaMan tobe brave
and valiant, that,isonly influencedby Fearand Ti- merousness ?
Y o u a r e i n t h e r i g h t o f it, S o c r a t e s .
Men are
temperate sons ? 'Tis only Intemperance makes 'em such. thn'iMem-Though at firstview this may seem impossible, yet perance. <<tjSnomoretjiarlwhatdailyExperience(hewsto
be the result of that foolish and ridiculous Tempe rance. ForsuchPersonsdisclaimonePleasure,only forfearofbeingrobb'dof otherPleasures that they covet, and which have an Ascendant over them. They'll cry out to you as long as you will, that In temperance consists in being rul'd and over-aw'd by our Passions ; but at the lame time that they give you this fine Definition, 'tis only their Subjection to s o m e predominant Pleasures, that makes them discard
*?
Is not the Cafe the fame with your temperate Per-
others.
? ? oftheImmortality oftheSoul. gg
others. NowthisismuchwhatIsaidbut,now,
that they are only temperate through Intempe- The IanCe> ' ' . changeof
That's very clear, Socrates. s\ Tafliom, is
Letus not beimpos'd upon, my dear Simmias. ">>*thetrue ThestraightRoadtoVertue, doesnotlyeinshiftingstover-
P l e a s u r e s f o r P l e a s u r e s , F e a r s f o r F e a r s , o r o n e M e - y y : f l o m is
lancholy Thought for another, and imitating those theonlytrue who changealargepieceofMoney, formanyCo>n;>>"*
imallones. ButWisdomistheonlytrueand*&? {%? **"**, alloyed Coin, for which all others must be given in r'khSTeari
Exchange. WiththatpieceofMoneywe purchasethatought all,Fortitude,Temperance,Justice. InaWord,thatt0be/""? -
Vertueisalwaystrue, which accompaniesWisdom,c]^eiat
without any dependance upon Pleasures, Grief,0/o>>*>>we
FearsoranyotherPassions. WhereasallotherVer-Estate. tuesstrip'dofWisdom, whichrunupona'perpetualrenutwith
Exchange,areonlyshadowsofVertue. TrueVer-^^^>> tue is really and in efted a purgation from all thdkdowlfrZ-
sortsofPassions. Temperance,Justice,Fortitudeandtue. PrudenceorWisdom itself,arenotexchangedTTMr<*~
forPassions; but cleanse us of them. And it is^jT prettyevident,thatthosewho instituted^thePurifi-a'nipUa- cations, call'd by us Teletes, i, e. Perfect Expiatiorts, tionsnotex- were Persons of no contemptible Rank, -Men . t>fcl">"ses-
great Genius's, w h o in the first Ages mean'd by fo*h^u*'? *~ Riddlestogiveustoknow (a) thatwhoever entersfev^&cT the other World without being initiatedand purified,The ancient shallbe hurled headlonginto the vastAbyls ;afcd"P'^ificati- that whoever arrives there after due purgation and "? "" mly
expiation,shallbelodgedin theApartmentof the^sKehU
Gods. For, asthe Dispensers Of thole Expiationssaid,many lay, There are many who bear the Thyrsus, butfew are devout,
Thatarepojfefidbythe. SpiritsrfGod. Now those{"'? '/'*" who arethusposfels'd, asJtakeit,arethetruePhi-r/i'Thyr
sus was a (a) There's a pleasant Passage to this purpose in the second spear'wrapt
BookofhisKepubl. Theyfay,Thatbyvertueofthese. Pu-';? p;nes0r riflcaiiohsand Sacrifices, we aredeliver'd from the Torments fVy carried ofHell;butifweneglect'emweshallbe liabletoalltheljthefit-
. Horrors of the fame. _ lowers of G K ? . lofbphers. Bacchus.
? ? ico
Phedon : Or, A Dialogue
losophers. I have try'd all means to be listed in that number, and have made it the business of m y wholelife-timetocompassmyend. IfitpleaseGod, IhopetoknowinaMinute,thatmy Effortshavenot been ineffectual, and that Success has crown'd m y Endeavours. This, my dear Simmies, and my dear Cebes, isthe Apology with which I offer to justifie my notbeingtroubled or afflictedfor partingwith you and quitting my Governours inthisLife;hoping to find good Friends and Rulers there, as well as here.
This, the vulgar cannot digest. However, I shall besatisfiedifmyDefencetakebetterwithyou, than they did with m y Judges.
Socrateshaving thus spoke ; Cebes took up the Discourse to this purpose : Socrates, I subscribe to theTruthofallyouhavesaid. There'sonlyone thing that Men look upon as incredible, viz. what youadvancedoftheSoul. For(a)almostevery
Body fancies, that when the Soul parts from the Body,itisnomore,itdiesalong withit;inthe very minute of parting it vanishes, like a Vapour or
Smoak, whichfliesoffanddispersesandhasnoEx istence. Forifitsubsistedbyitself,weregather'd and retired into it self, and freed from all the above- m e n t i o n e d E v i l s -, t h e r e w e r e a f a i r a n d p r o m i s i n g Prospect, ascertainingtheTruth of what you have said. But,thattheSoullivesafterthedeathofa
Man, thatitissensible, that itactsand thinks, that I fay, needs both insinuation and solid proofs to make it go down.
(a)Thiswas theImagination os'thosewho denied the ImmortalityoftheSoul. TheAuthoroftheBookofWis dom,hasset'emintheirtrueColours. OurLife(Taysbe)is butaBreath;afterdeathityaniflieslikeaFapour, andj>afjesasa
Cloud, or a Mist dispersed by the Hays of the Sun. Then he tells us,thatthole who entertain 'emsciveswith such Language, were^not acquainted with the Secrets of God, for God created Man- incorruptible, afterhis own Image, and tl>e hope of the Righteous is suUofImmortality. NowthisisjustSocrates'sDoctrine.
Y(C)u
? ? ofthe ImmortalityoftheSoul. 101
You say right, Cebes,replies Socrates:But how stallwemanagethisAffair? Shallwe inthisinter view examine whether that is probable or not ?
I shall be mighty glad, fays Cebes, to hear your
Thoughts upon the Matter.
At least, fays Socrates^ I tannot think that any -*s*tyr>">l
M a n hearing us, tho5 he were a Comedian, would JSopha- jipbraidme withRaillery,andchargemewithnotneS5? ,/,? ,?
speaking of such Things as concern us very much, hu comedy Ifyouhave amindthatwe shouldtracethisAffairfthecimds
tothebottom;myOpinionis,thatweshouldpro-&? ? >> ceed in the following Method, in order to know *,>/,am>>-
whether the Souls ofthe Dead have a being in thesingbimfiif other World, or not. onh with
(b) 'Tis a very ancient Opinion, That Soulsquit-'"? fa
ting this World repair to the Infernal Regions, and returnafterthattoliveinthisWorld. Ifsobe, thatMen returntoLifeafterDeath,itfollowsne cessarily that during that interval their Souls are lodg'd in the lower Regions: For if they had not a Being, they-could not return tothisWorld. And
this will be a sufficient Proof of what we affirm, , (c) if we be convinc'd that the Living spring from
the Dead : If otherwise, then we must look out for other Proofs.
t. ? '? ,.
(*)The firstArgumentgroundedontheOpinionofthe Metempsychosis; which Socrates only makes use otto shew that it supposed the future Existence of Souls for a certain Truth.
(c)SinceallThingstakerife fromtheirContraries;Life cannotswervefromthecommonRule. NowisLifecome >> from Death, then the Soul has a Being. This is a certain Truths but can only be made out by the Resurrection. Where
fore St. "Paul tells the Opposers of that Truth; Thou Fool, that tphichthousowestitnotquickendexcessitdie, ICor. If. J6. So
crates goes upon the lame Principle, but 'tis only the Chri
stian Religion that can explain it. "Plato and Socrates had
some IdeaoftheResurrection,;buttheyspoil'ditbymin glingitwiththegrossDoctrineofTythagoras. Theydrew
false Consequences from a Principle that's very true in it
self. Besides this Principle has a very dangerous Error couch^underit,whichwerefutedinthePreface.
Gg 3 That's
? ? loi
Phedon; Or, A Dialogue
That's certain, fays Cebes.
But toassurecurselvesofthisTruth,repliesSo*
cratesy11s not sufficient to examine the Point up
on the Comparison with Men; but likewise upon
that with other Animals,- Plants, and whatever has a Vegetable Principle. ? By- that means, we'll be con-
. viric'd/thatallthings'arebornafterthefame manner; that is, whatever has a contrary, owes itsfirst rise toitscontrary. Forinstancehandsomeisthecon trarytougfytandjustofunjust. Andthefameis the Cafe of an infinite number of-other Things. Now let'sfeeifitbeabsolutelynecessary,thatwhat ever has a contrary, should spring from that contra ry : As when a Thing becomes bigger, of necessity it must formerly have been lesser,before itacquir'd thatmagnitude. And When itdwindlesintoalefler form, it must needs have been greater before itsdi minution. Inlikemanner,thestrongestarisesfrom the weakest, and theswiftest from theslowest.
That's a plain Truth, laysCebes.
And pray, continues Socrates, when a Tiling be
comes worse, was itnotformerlybetter; and when
it g r o w s just,1, is it n o t b e c a u s e it w a s f o r m e r l y m o r e unjust? -? '? '? :'1n. :l:
Yes, surely Socrates.
Then 'tis sufficiently prov'd that every Thing is
generatedbyitscontrary/ ? . Sufficiently,Socrates;. '"
Betweentwo But,Isnottherealwaysacertainmediumbetween contraries thesetwoContraries? TherearetwoBirths,ortwo thereisal- Processions, one of this from 'that, and another Of
daim*"1*"*^fr? m^'s' ^e me^iumbetweenagreaterand whichwe aleflerThing,is,increaseanddiminution. Thesame
maycall isthe Case of what we call mixing, separating, ti>eTaint heating,cooling,and allother Things/'/? insinitum.
Jr"tL. F? r>tho'nsometimesfallssoout,thatwehavenot Terms to express those Changes and Mediums^ yet Experience shews that by an absolute necessity,Things take rise from one another, and pass reciprocally from one to another through a medium.
? There's
? of the Immortality of the Soul. 103
There's no doubt of that. - ( ;i
And what, continues Socrates, has not Life like wise itsContrary, asawaking has sleeping ? '
Without doubt, fays Cebes. W h a t is that Contrary ?
Death.
SincethesetwoThingsarecontrary,do nottheyThtVnctf- take rife one from the other ? And between theseM <<fL'fi two, are there not two Generations, or two pro. /TM'>>iw>,
_-' -, ' andthatof Cessions? Deathfrom
Whynot? use.
But, fays Socrates, I am about to tell you how the now-mentiohcl Combination stands,and to lliew you the Original and Progress of each of these two
Thingswhich make uptheCompound. Praytell
me how awaking and sleeping are related. Does ? (f%c1""^ notsleepbegetwatchfulness,andwatchingsleep;* eef~
and isnot the generation of sleep, the falling asleep ; and that of watching, the awaking*
All very clear.
Now, pray view the Combination of Life and Death. IsnotDeaththecontraryofLife?
Yes. Anddoesnotonebreedtheother?
Yes, ? WhatisitthatLifebreeds? ? .
Death.
What isitthatDeathbreeds?
Itmustcertainly beLife.
Then, fays Socrates, all living Things and Men -Afuiiv,-oof
are bred from Death. So I think, fays Cebes.
And byConsequence, continues Socrates,ourSouls are lodg'd in the infernal World after our Death.
The Consequence seems just.
But ofthesetwo Generations,one,viz. Death, is very palpable ; it discovers it selfto the Eye, and istouchd bytheHand.
Most certainly.
oftheKe- fitrMm.
G g 4 Shall
? ? V>>4 Phedon : Qr, 4 Dialogue
isDeath Shall not we then attribute to Death the Virtue Aidnotfro-0? prCKiUCing itscontrary, as well as to Life? Or,
f ^ r C " shall we fay, that Nature is lame and maim'd oh
tmewoMthatscore?
bedtfetlirt. There's an absolute necessity, replies Cebes,of
ascribing to Death the Generation of itsContrary. WhatisthatContrary?
Reviving, orreturning toLife.
If there be such a thing as returning to Life, 'tis
nothing else but the Birth of the Dead returning toLife. Andthusweagree,thattheLivingareas much theProductoftheDead,astheDeadareof Living. Which isan incontestable Proof, thatthe Souls of the Dead must remain in some Place or
other,fromwhence theyreturntoLife. That,asItakeit,faysCebet,isaneceflary Con
sequence from the Principles w e have agreed on. And as 1 take it,Cebes, these Principles are well grounded:Consider'emyourself, (a)Ifallthese Contrarieshad not theirProductions and? Generati- \. ons in their turns, which make a Circle, and ifthere
were nothing but one Birth and one direct Pro duction from one to the other Contrary, without the return of the last Conttary to the first that pro- duc'd it5 were it not so, all Things would termi nate in the fame Figure, and be affected in the lame m a n n e r , a n d a t l a s t c e a s e t o b e b o r n . >?
Howdoyoufay,Socrates? "
There's no difficulty in conceiving what I now thelast *"av- *? tner*were notbingbutsleep,andifsleep
Trofosttion. did not produce watching, (b) 'tisplain that every thing would be an Emblem ofthe Fable of Endy- mion, and nothing would be seen any where, because the fame thing must happen to them that happen'd
(a) It Death did not give rife to Life, as Life does to Death, all Things would quickly be at an End, and turnble into theirPrimitive Chaos. . "'
(h) IfLife did not spring from Death, all Things would at lastsleeplikeEndymion,whom,theMoqn lull'deternallya- sleep, according to the Fable. . ' . ? . ? .
to
? ? of the Immortality of the Soul ioj
toQndymion,viz. theymustalwayssleep. Ifevery
thing were mingled, without any subsequent sepa
ration, w e should quickly see Anaxagoras\ Doctrine
fulfiU'd,andallThingsjumbledtogether. Atthe
lame rate,my dear Cebes, ifalllivingThingsdied,TbatUn
and being dead, continued such without reviving,-^ *
wouldnot allThingsunavoidably come toan end^*fj
atlast,insomuch thattherewould notbealivingqmchiy
Thing lestinbeing? For, iflivingThingsdid(c}tumbleinto. notarisefromdead ones,whenthe livingonesdie,their"Pri:
ofnecessityallThingsmustatthelastbeswallow'dTM TM
upbyDeath,and entirelyannihilated.
I t i s n e c e s s a r i l y s o , r e p l i e s C e b e s ? , a l l t h a t y o u
have said seems to be uncontestable.
