Illustrium majoris
Britanniae
Scriptorum Summarium.
Cambridge History of English Literature - 1908 - v02
(ed.
).
Fasciculi Zizaniorum Magistri Johannis Wyclif cum
Tritico: ascribed to Thomas Netter of Walden. Rolls Series. 1858. (An
invaluable work. ]
:
## p. 443 (#461) ############################################
Chapter 11
443
Strode, Ralph. Wyclif claims to have known him 'in the schools,' and his
Responsiones ad Radolphum Strodum remain in MS in the Imperial
Library at Vienna: they will be published by the Wyclif Society probably
in 1911. For Strode, see Bale, ed. Poole and Bateson, pp. 334-5.
Stubbs, W. Constitutional History, chapters xvi and xix.
Tanner, T. Bibliotheca Brit. Hib. (for Walden, Wyclif (Wiclevus), John
Waldby, Repington and Parvey).
Ten Brink, B. Hist. Eng. Lit. (Eng. trans. ). 1901. Vol. 11, pp. 23-24, for
the peasants' rising.
Thompson, E. M. Wycliffe Exhibition. 1884.
Todd, J. H. (ed. ). Last Age of the Church. Dublin, 1840.
An Apology for Lollard Doctrines (attributed to Wyclif). Camden
Soc. 1842. The range of reading is exactly that of Purvey's Remon-
strance and his Prologue to the Bible.
Three Treatises by John Wycklyffe. Dublin, 1851.
Trevelyan, G. M. England in the Age of Wycliffe. 1899. 3rd edition, 1900.
Twemlow, Jesse A. Wycliffe's preferments and university degrees. Eng.
Hist. Rev. vol. xv, p. 529.
Wager, C. H. A. Pecock's Repressor and the Wyclif Bible (correcting
Babington's statement that Pecock quotes the Wyclifite Version), in
M. L. N. Baltimore, ix, 1894, pp. 193–197.
Waldby, Robert, archbishop of York, 1397 (sometimes confused with his
brother John), was educated at Toulouse, present at the Earthquake
Council, and wrote Contra Wiclevistas. (See Raine, J. , Historians of
the Church of York and its archbishops, Rolls Series, 3 vols. , 1879–94;
and D. of N. B. )
Waldby, John, brother of above, author of Speculum Vitae (Mirror of Life)
and Latin works.
Walden, Thomas de (Netter). Netter, called Walden from his birthplace,
Saffron Walden. One of the leading theological writers of the day,
and active in England against the Lollards. See Fasc. Ziz. LXX-LXXII.
Opera. Doctrinale antiquitatum (contra Wiclevistas). 3 vols. Venice,
1571. Also, Paris, 1521-32.
Walsingham. Thomas of Walsingham's Historia Anglicana (St Albans).
2 vols. Rolls Series. 1863-4.
Wodeford, William. Contra Trialogum Wiclevi. Printed in Fasciculus
Reram Expetendarum et Fugiendarum prout ab Orthuino Gratio, Pres-
bytero Daventriensi, editus est Coloniae, A. D. MDXXIV. Opera et studio
Edwardi Brown. Londoni, MDCXCL, vol. 1. pp. 190–295.
Workman, H. B. The Dawn of the Reformation. The Age of Wyclif. 1901.
The Dawn of the Reformation. The Age of Hus. 1902.
Wright, T. (ed. ). Political Poems and Songs relating to English History.
Rolls Series. 2 vols. 1859-61. Especially John of Bridlington, 1,
123-215, a political tract from end of Edward III's reign; Against
the Lollards, I, 231-249: connects Wyclif with Peasants' Revolt; On
Earthquake Council (1382), I, 253-263; Songs against the Friars, 1,
263-270; for CAIM see p. 266: this is a mixture of English and Latin;
The Plowman's Tale, 1, 304-346 (see chapter i of the present vol. , and
bibliography thereto); Jacke Upland, 11, 16-39: a Lollard attack on the
Friars with the Reply of Friar Daw Topias, and a rejoinder by Jack
Upland, II, 39-114; Against the Lollards (especially Oldcastle), 11,
243 7; Against the Friars, 11, 249, 250.
Wylie, J. H. History of England under Henry IV. Vols. 1-1v. 1884-98.
## p. 444 (#462) ############################################
444
Bibliography
CHAPTER III
THE BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH PROSE
1
TREVISA. THE MANDEVILLE TRANSLATORS
(1) TREVISA.
Bartholomaens Anglions (A. 1230-50), sometimes erroneously designated
Bartholomew de Glanvil or Glanville, one of the friars minor, an
English born scholar of Paris. His classio work was first printed at
Basel, c. 1470. It was translated into French before Trevisa translated
it into English. De Proprietatibus Rerum, Wynkyn de Worde, 1495;
Berthelet, 1535, shortened and altered ; Batman (Batman on Bartholo-
mew), 1582, much shortened and altered. MSS at Helmingham,
Burleigh House, Cambridge Univ. Library, Brit. Mus. Harl 614, Harl.
4789.
Dialogue, between 'Dominus' and 'Clericus,' with an epistle to Lord
Berkeley, being introduction to Polychronicon, as in MS Harl. 1900 and
Marquis of Exeter's MS at Burleigh House. Printed by Caxton with
Polychronicon. Also in John Smyth's Lives of the Berkeleys, vol. I, ed.
Maclean, Gloucester, 1883.
Higden's Polychronicon (translation). Caxton, 1482; Wynkyn de Worde,
1495? ; P. Treveris, 1527; Rolls Series, 1865-86: with Latin text: also
with anonymous translation, c. 1432-50: vols. I, II, and introduction by
Churchill Babington: vols. III-IX by J. R. Lumby, with introduction to
For most of the work four MSS of Trevisa are compared.
MSS at Burleigh House; St John's Coll. , Camb. ; Brit. Mus. Addit.
24,194, early 15th century, once the Earl of Warwick’s; Cott. Tib. D. VII,
northern; Harl. 1900, dated 1448.
Works in Manuscript.
Begynynge of the World, The, and the Rewmes betwixe of Folkis and the
Ende of Worldes, translation of a tract by pseudo-Methodius. Included
in MSS Harl. 1900 and Bartholomaeus at Burleigh House.
Dialogus inter Militem et Clericum. Translation from pseudo-Ockham
on temporal power of the church. Sermon by Richard Fitz Ralph
abp Armagh, addressed to the pope, against the mendicant friars.
Translation. These two included with Polychronicon in the following
MSS: Brit. Mus. Addit. 24,194; Harl. 1900; St John's Coll. , Camb. ,
and with Bartholomaeus at Burleigh House. Probably anterior to
Polychronicon.
Nicodemus de Passione Christi. Translation. Brit. Mus. Addit. 16,165.
() Vegetius de Re Militari and (? ) Egidius de Regimine Principam. Trans-
lations doubtful. Bodleian, Digby MSS, 233.
For further bibliographical information, seo:
Ames, J. Typographical Antiquities. 1749. Also, ed. Dibdin, T. F. 1810.
Gives colophon, discusses dates.
vol. III.
## p. 445 (#463) ############################################
Chapter III
445
Bale, J.
Illustrium majoris Britanniae Scriptorum Summarium. Ed.
Poole, B. L. and Bateson, M. Oxford, 1903. Anecdota Oxoniensia.
Blades, W. Life and Typography of Caxton. 2 vols. 1861-3. Vol. i
gives Caxton's Prohemye to Polychronicon, vol. 11 bibliography of MSS.
Cooke, J. H. , in Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeolog. Society's Trans-
actions, 1877, Account of Inscriptions in Berkeley Castle Chapel; and in
Notes and Queries, 5th Series, vol. x (1878), p. 261, on Trevisa's
Translation of the Bible.
Tanner, T. Bibliotheca Britannico-Hibernica. Ed. Wilkins, D. 1748. (Sub
nom. )
Trevisa's Life and connection with Oxford.
Boase, C. W. Register of Exeter College, Oxford Historical Society, 1894, or,
more briefly, in Historical MSS Commission, 2nd and 3rd Reports.
Boase, G. C. and Courtney, W. P. Bibliotheca Cornubiensis. 3 vols. 1874-82.
Vol. II, Calendar Patent Rolls, Richard II, sub an. 1379, 1380, 1384.
On John Cornwall and Richard Pencrich, see the paper by Stevenson,
W. H. , in An English Miscellany, presented to F. J. Furnivall, 1901.
Wood, Anthony. History and Antiquities (Annals) of the University of Oxford.
Ed. Gutch, J. 5 vols. , Oxford, 1786. Sub an. 1379. Good account, with
references,
(2) MANDEVILLE.
French version (? oldest) Bibl. Nat. Nouv. Acq. fr. 4515. First printed
edition, possibly, was that of Pietro de Cornero, Milan, 1480.
Editions of Cotton MS (Titus C. xvi). Voiage and Travaile of Sir John
Mandeville, 1725, 1727; re rinted, with introduction and notes by
Halliwell, J. 0. , 1839 ff. See also Reliquiae Antiquae, 11, 113, for a poem
on the commonyng of Ser John Mandevelle & the gret Souden' (c. early
16th cent. ), and Hazlitt, W. C. , Remains of Early Popular Poetry of
England, vol. 1, p. 153.
Modernised. The Travels of Sir John Mandeville (with three illustrative
narratives). Ed. Pollard, A. W. 1900.
Edition of Egerton MS, 1982. The Buke of John Mandeville. Ed. for
Roxburghe Club by Warner, G. F. 1889. With a French version, MS
Harl. 4383, apparently original of Cotton MS. With introduction and
notes, on authorship, versions, sources and MSS. The principal authority
on Mandeville.
Editions of defective text (as Brit. Mus. Harl. 3954 and others). Pynson (no
date), unique copy in Grenville Library, Brit. Mus. ; Wynkyn de Worde,
1499, A lytell Treatise or Booke, named John Mandevyll, Knyht, borne
in Englande, in the towne of Saynt Abone, and speaketh of the wayes
of the Holy Lande toward Jherusalem, and of the Marvyles of Ynde and
other diverse Countries; and 1503; Este, 1568; T. Stanby, 1618 (woodcuts)
and many later.
Outremeuse, Jean d'. Ly Myreur des Histors (with La geste de Liège).
Ed. Borgnet (and Bormans). 6 vols. Brussels, 1864-7. See especially
vol. III, p. 57.
For further bibliographical information, see edd. Warner and Halliwell,
also Warner in Dictionary of National Biography; Vogels, J. , Die
ungedruckten lateinischen Versionen Mandeviles, Crefeld, 1886; Schön-
born, O. G. , Bibliographische Untersuchungen über die Reisebeschreibung
des Sir J. M. , Breslau, 1840; Tobler, T. , Bibliographia Geographia Palaes-
tinae, Leipzig, 1867.
## p. 446 (#464) ############################################
446
Bibliography
Critical Discussions, etc.
Bovenschen. Untersuchungen über J. von Mandevile and Quellen für die
Reisebeschreibung des J. v. M. Berlin, 1888.
Cordier, H. Toung Pao, Archives pour l'histoire . . . Vol. 11. Leyden, 1891.
On French editions.
Fife, R. H. Wortschatz des englischen Mandeville nach der Versionen der
Cottonhandschrift. Leipzig, 1902.
Leland, J. De Scriptoribus Britannicis contains the anciently accepted
errors.
Mätzner, E. Altengl. Sprachproben. Berlin, 1867-9.
Murray, D. John de Burdeus . . . otherwise Sir J. M. and the Pestilence.
Privately pr. Paisley and London, 1891, and in Black Book of Paisley,
1885, for MSS of John de Bourgogne.
Nicholson, E. B. , in Academy, vol. xxv (1884), p. 261, on Bormans; in
Bibliophile Belge, 1866, p. 236, on Louis Abry's quotation from Outre-
mense.
Nicholson, E. B. and Yule, H. , in Encyclopaedia Britannica. On authorship
and sources.
Vogels, J. Handschriftliche Untersuchungen über die englische Versionen
Mandeviles. Crefeld, 1891.
Wright, T. Early Travels in Palestine. 1848.
Yule, H. Cathay and the Way Thither. Vol. 1. 1866. For Odoric and
notes on journeys.
[For examples of the state use of English in the 14th cent, see Rotuli
Parliamentorum, II and 111. )
CHAPTER IV
THE SCOTTISH LANGUAGE
EARLY AND MIDDLE Scots
Much remains to be done in the study of the development of literary
Scots down to the close of the middle period. All earlier work (and, indeed,
much of present-day effort) has been confined to the elucidation of the
characteristics of special texts. Books like Sinclair's Observations on the
Scottish Dialect (1782) have a historical interest, but are not of any scientific
value. The first important contribution was made by James A. H. Murray
in The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland: its Pronunciation,
Grammar, and Historical Relations, printed, in 1873, for the Philological
Society. In 1902, the present writer published Specimens of Middle Scots
with an introduction dealing with the literary forms of Middle Scots. The
chapter in this volume is based on that work, to which the reader is referred
for details of argument and illustration. Important contributions are being
made in the articles in the New English Dictionary (ed. Murray, Bradley,
and Craigie), and some aid has been given in the English Dialect Dictionary
and Dialect Grammar (ed. Wright, J. ). Jamieson's well-known Scottish Dic-
tionary, now useless as a philological guide, may be consulted for illustrative
## p. 447 (#465) ############################################
Chapter IV
447
examples; but the best of these have been incorporated in the New English
Dictionary. For the influence of French on Scots, Francisque-Michel's
Inquiry (1. s. ) may be referred to; but, for reasons stated in the chapter,
this work should be used with caution. For discussion of the language
of special texts, the following references to editorial introductions may
be useful: Barbour's Brus, ed. Skeat, W. W. , E. E. T. S. 1870–89; revised
edition S. T. S.
Tritico: ascribed to Thomas Netter of Walden. Rolls Series. 1858. (An
invaluable work. ]
:
## p. 443 (#461) ############################################
Chapter 11
443
Strode, Ralph. Wyclif claims to have known him 'in the schools,' and his
Responsiones ad Radolphum Strodum remain in MS in the Imperial
Library at Vienna: they will be published by the Wyclif Society probably
in 1911. For Strode, see Bale, ed. Poole and Bateson, pp. 334-5.
Stubbs, W. Constitutional History, chapters xvi and xix.
Tanner, T. Bibliotheca Brit. Hib. (for Walden, Wyclif (Wiclevus), John
Waldby, Repington and Parvey).
Ten Brink, B. Hist. Eng. Lit. (Eng. trans. ). 1901. Vol. 11, pp. 23-24, for
the peasants' rising.
Thompson, E. M. Wycliffe Exhibition. 1884.
Todd, J. H. (ed. ). Last Age of the Church. Dublin, 1840.
An Apology for Lollard Doctrines (attributed to Wyclif). Camden
Soc. 1842. The range of reading is exactly that of Purvey's Remon-
strance and his Prologue to the Bible.
Three Treatises by John Wycklyffe. Dublin, 1851.
Trevelyan, G. M. England in the Age of Wycliffe. 1899. 3rd edition, 1900.
Twemlow, Jesse A. Wycliffe's preferments and university degrees. Eng.
Hist. Rev. vol. xv, p. 529.
Wager, C. H. A. Pecock's Repressor and the Wyclif Bible (correcting
Babington's statement that Pecock quotes the Wyclifite Version), in
M. L. N. Baltimore, ix, 1894, pp. 193–197.
Waldby, Robert, archbishop of York, 1397 (sometimes confused with his
brother John), was educated at Toulouse, present at the Earthquake
Council, and wrote Contra Wiclevistas. (See Raine, J. , Historians of
the Church of York and its archbishops, Rolls Series, 3 vols. , 1879–94;
and D. of N. B. )
Waldby, John, brother of above, author of Speculum Vitae (Mirror of Life)
and Latin works.
Walden, Thomas de (Netter). Netter, called Walden from his birthplace,
Saffron Walden. One of the leading theological writers of the day,
and active in England against the Lollards. See Fasc. Ziz. LXX-LXXII.
Opera. Doctrinale antiquitatum (contra Wiclevistas). 3 vols. Venice,
1571. Also, Paris, 1521-32.
Walsingham. Thomas of Walsingham's Historia Anglicana (St Albans).
2 vols. Rolls Series. 1863-4.
Wodeford, William. Contra Trialogum Wiclevi. Printed in Fasciculus
Reram Expetendarum et Fugiendarum prout ab Orthuino Gratio, Pres-
bytero Daventriensi, editus est Coloniae, A. D. MDXXIV. Opera et studio
Edwardi Brown. Londoni, MDCXCL, vol. 1. pp. 190–295.
Workman, H. B. The Dawn of the Reformation. The Age of Wyclif. 1901.
The Dawn of the Reformation. The Age of Hus. 1902.
Wright, T. (ed. ). Political Poems and Songs relating to English History.
Rolls Series. 2 vols. 1859-61. Especially John of Bridlington, 1,
123-215, a political tract from end of Edward III's reign; Against
the Lollards, I, 231-249: connects Wyclif with Peasants' Revolt; On
Earthquake Council (1382), I, 253-263; Songs against the Friars, 1,
263-270; for CAIM see p. 266: this is a mixture of English and Latin;
The Plowman's Tale, 1, 304-346 (see chapter i of the present vol. , and
bibliography thereto); Jacke Upland, 11, 16-39: a Lollard attack on the
Friars with the Reply of Friar Daw Topias, and a rejoinder by Jack
Upland, II, 39-114; Against the Lollards (especially Oldcastle), 11,
243 7; Against the Friars, 11, 249, 250.
Wylie, J. H. History of England under Henry IV. Vols. 1-1v. 1884-98.
## p. 444 (#462) ############################################
444
Bibliography
CHAPTER III
THE BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH PROSE
1
TREVISA. THE MANDEVILLE TRANSLATORS
(1) TREVISA.
Bartholomaens Anglions (A. 1230-50), sometimes erroneously designated
Bartholomew de Glanvil or Glanville, one of the friars minor, an
English born scholar of Paris. His classio work was first printed at
Basel, c. 1470. It was translated into French before Trevisa translated
it into English. De Proprietatibus Rerum, Wynkyn de Worde, 1495;
Berthelet, 1535, shortened and altered ; Batman (Batman on Bartholo-
mew), 1582, much shortened and altered. MSS at Helmingham,
Burleigh House, Cambridge Univ. Library, Brit. Mus. Harl 614, Harl.
4789.
Dialogue, between 'Dominus' and 'Clericus,' with an epistle to Lord
Berkeley, being introduction to Polychronicon, as in MS Harl. 1900 and
Marquis of Exeter's MS at Burleigh House. Printed by Caxton with
Polychronicon. Also in John Smyth's Lives of the Berkeleys, vol. I, ed.
Maclean, Gloucester, 1883.
Higden's Polychronicon (translation). Caxton, 1482; Wynkyn de Worde,
1495? ; P. Treveris, 1527; Rolls Series, 1865-86: with Latin text: also
with anonymous translation, c. 1432-50: vols. I, II, and introduction by
Churchill Babington: vols. III-IX by J. R. Lumby, with introduction to
For most of the work four MSS of Trevisa are compared.
MSS at Burleigh House; St John's Coll. , Camb. ; Brit. Mus. Addit.
24,194, early 15th century, once the Earl of Warwick’s; Cott. Tib. D. VII,
northern; Harl. 1900, dated 1448.
Works in Manuscript.
Begynynge of the World, The, and the Rewmes betwixe of Folkis and the
Ende of Worldes, translation of a tract by pseudo-Methodius. Included
in MSS Harl. 1900 and Bartholomaeus at Burleigh House.
Dialogus inter Militem et Clericum. Translation from pseudo-Ockham
on temporal power of the church. Sermon by Richard Fitz Ralph
abp Armagh, addressed to the pope, against the mendicant friars.
Translation. These two included with Polychronicon in the following
MSS: Brit. Mus. Addit. 24,194; Harl. 1900; St John's Coll. , Camb. ,
and with Bartholomaeus at Burleigh House. Probably anterior to
Polychronicon.
Nicodemus de Passione Christi. Translation. Brit. Mus. Addit. 16,165.
() Vegetius de Re Militari and (? ) Egidius de Regimine Principam. Trans-
lations doubtful. Bodleian, Digby MSS, 233.
For further bibliographical information, seo:
Ames, J. Typographical Antiquities. 1749. Also, ed. Dibdin, T. F. 1810.
Gives colophon, discusses dates.
vol. III.
## p. 445 (#463) ############################################
Chapter III
445
Bale, J.
Illustrium majoris Britanniae Scriptorum Summarium. Ed.
Poole, B. L. and Bateson, M. Oxford, 1903. Anecdota Oxoniensia.
Blades, W. Life and Typography of Caxton. 2 vols. 1861-3. Vol. i
gives Caxton's Prohemye to Polychronicon, vol. 11 bibliography of MSS.
Cooke, J. H. , in Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeolog. Society's Trans-
actions, 1877, Account of Inscriptions in Berkeley Castle Chapel; and in
Notes and Queries, 5th Series, vol. x (1878), p. 261, on Trevisa's
Translation of the Bible.
Tanner, T. Bibliotheca Britannico-Hibernica. Ed. Wilkins, D. 1748. (Sub
nom. )
Trevisa's Life and connection with Oxford.
Boase, C. W. Register of Exeter College, Oxford Historical Society, 1894, or,
more briefly, in Historical MSS Commission, 2nd and 3rd Reports.
Boase, G. C. and Courtney, W. P. Bibliotheca Cornubiensis. 3 vols. 1874-82.
Vol. II, Calendar Patent Rolls, Richard II, sub an. 1379, 1380, 1384.
On John Cornwall and Richard Pencrich, see the paper by Stevenson,
W. H. , in An English Miscellany, presented to F. J. Furnivall, 1901.
Wood, Anthony. History and Antiquities (Annals) of the University of Oxford.
Ed. Gutch, J. 5 vols. , Oxford, 1786. Sub an. 1379. Good account, with
references,
(2) MANDEVILLE.
French version (? oldest) Bibl. Nat. Nouv. Acq. fr. 4515. First printed
edition, possibly, was that of Pietro de Cornero, Milan, 1480.
Editions of Cotton MS (Titus C. xvi). Voiage and Travaile of Sir John
Mandeville, 1725, 1727; re rinted, with introduction and notes by
Halliwell, J. 0. , 1839 ff. See also Reliquiae Antiquae, 11, 113, for a poem
on the commonyng of Ser John Mandevelle & the gret Souden' (c. early
16th cent. ), and Hazlitt, W. C. , Remains of Early Popular Poetry of
England, vol. 1, p. 153.
Modernised. The Travels of Sir John Mandeville (with three illustrative
narratives). Ed. Pollard, A. W. 1900.
Edition of Egerton MS, 1982. The Buke of John Mandeville. Ed. for
Roxburghe Club by Warner, G. F. 1889. With a French version, MS
Harl. 4383, apparently original of Cotton MS. With introduction and
notes, on authorship, versions, sources and MSS. The principal authority
on Mandeville.
Editions of defective text (as Brit. Mus. Harl. 3954 and others). Pynson (no
date), unique copy in Grenville Library, Brit. Mus. ; Wynkyn de Worde,
1499, A lytell Treatise or Booke, named John Mandevyll, Knyht, borne
in Englande, in the towne of Saynt Abone, and speaketh of the wayes
of the Holy Lande toward Jherusalem, and of the Marvyles of Ynde and
other diverse Countries; and 1503; Este, 1568; T. Stanby, 1618 (woodcuts)
and many later.
Outremeuse, Jean d'. Ly Myreur des Histors (with La geste de Liège).
Ed. Borgnet (and Bormans). 6 vols. Brussels, 1864-7. See especially
vol. III, p. 57.
For further bibliographical information, see edd. Warner and Halliwell,
also Warner in Dictionary of National Biography; Vogels, J. , Die
ungedruckten lateinischen Versionen Mandeviles, Crefeld, 1886; Schön-
born, O. G. , Bibliographische Untersuchungen über die Reisebeschreibung
des Sir J. M. , Breslau, 1840; Tobler, T. , Bibliographia Geographia Palaes-
tinae, Leipzig, 1867.
## p. 446 (#464) ############################################
446
Bibliography
Critical Discussions, etc.
Bovenschen. Untersuchungen über J. von Mandevile and Quellen für die
Reisebeschreibung des J. v. M. Berlin, 1888.
Cordier, H. Toung Pao, Archives pour l'histoire . . . Vol. 11. Leyden, 1891.
On French editions.
Fife, R. H. Wortschatz des englischen Mandeville nach der Versionen der
Cottonhandschrift. Leipzig, 1902.
Leland, J. De Scriptoribus Britannicis contains the anciently accepted
errors.
Mätzner, E. Altengl. Sprachproben. Berlin, 1867-9.
Murray, D. John de Burdeus . . . otherwise Sir J. M. and the Pestilence.
Privately pr. Paisley and London, 1891, and in Black Book of Paisley,
1885, for MSS of John de Bourgogne.
Nicholson, E. B. , in Academy, vol. xxv (1884), p. 261, on Bormans; in
Bibliophile Belge, 1866, p. 236, on Louis Abry's quotation from Outre-
mense.
Nicholson, E. B. and Yule, H. , in Encyclopaedia Britannica. On authorship
and sources.
Vogels, J. Handschriftliche Untersuchungen über die englische Versionen
Mandeviles. Crefeld, 1891.
Wright, T. Early Travels in Palestine. 1848.
Yule, H. Cathay and the Way Thither. Vol. 1. 1866. For Odoric and
notes on journeys.
[For examples of the state use of English in the 14th cent, see Rotuli
Parliamentorum, II and 111. )
CHAPTER IV
THE SCOTTISH LANGUAGE
EARLY AND MIDDLE Scots
Much remains to be done in the study of the development of literary
Scots down to the close of the middle period. All earlier work (and, indeed,
much of present-day effort) has been confined to the elucidation of the
characteristics of special texts. Books like Sinclair's Observations on the
Scottish Dialect (1782) have a historical interest, but are not of any scientific
value. The first important contribution was made by James A. H. Murray
in The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland: its Pronunciation,
Grammar, and Historical Relations, printed, in 1873, for the Philological
Society. In 1902, the present writer published Specimens of Middle Scots
with an introduction dealing with the literary forms of Middle Scots. The
chapter in this volume is based on that work, to which the reader is referred
for details of argument and illustration. Important contributions are being
made in the articles in the New English Dictionary (ed. Murray, Bradley,
and Craigie), and some aid has been given in the English Dialect Dictionary
and Dialect Grammar (ed. Wright, J. ). Jamieson's well-known Scottish Dic-
tionary, now useless as a philological guide, may be consulted for illustrative
## p. 447 (#465) ############################################
Chapter IV
447
examples; but the best of these have been incorporated in the New English
Dictionary. For the influence of French on Scots, Francisque-Michel's
Inquiry (1. s. ) may be referred to; but, for reasons stated in the chapter,
this work should be used with caution. For discussion of the language
of special texts, the following references to editorial introductions may
be useful: Barbour's Brus, ed. Skeat, W. W. , E. E. T. S. 1870–89; revised
edition S. T. S.
