The
Absolutist
Reign of Terror.
Outlines and Refernces for European History
5. Austria under Metternich.
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? 6. Austrian foreign polky.
a. 1815-59. Italy, etc. ; congresses.
b. 1859-66. Germany; the Six Weeks' War; Austria ex-
cluded from Germany.
B. HUNGARY TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.
Crown of St. Stephen; Golden Bull, 1222; the Hussites, 1414;
wars with the Turks, and revolts against Austria to the
eighteenth century ; Pragmatic Sanction, 1723.
C. HUNGARY AND ITS RELATIONS TO AUSTRIA.
1815-66. Fyffe, II, 476-96; III, 62-96, 154-56, 321-28, 387-
92 ; Maurice ; or Memoir ofDeak.
1. 1815-25. No Diet in Hungary; the "System" in the empire.
2. Struggle for reform in Hungary between liberals and con-
servatives, and then between the nation and the Austrian
government; mainly for civil and economic reforms.
a. 1825-34. Lower House (representatives) for reform;
Upper House (magnates) opposed.
b. 1S34. The magnates won over.
Deak enters Diet of 1833 (refuses to sit in 1843. )
c. 1 840. Diet passes many limited civil and economic re-
forms.
d. Struggle to abolish "exemptions" of the "nobles. " Fin-
ally the nobles voluntarily relinquish the profits of
their privileges.
3. Struggle for Political Reform, 1847-66.
a. The program of 1847.
b. The March Laws, '48.
c. The rebellion (Kossuth); failure; attempt to consolidate
Hungary with Austria.
d. Passive resistance, 1850-66; Deak; the Doctrine of Home
Rule.
1) 1850-59. Military despotism; continuation of
system of Metternich (Swartzenberg and Bach. )
2) 1859-65. Attempt to create local government for
the parts of Austrian dominions, with strong
central government (Schmerling); offer of a Diet to
Hungary, and a national parliament to Austrian
dominions.
3) 1865 (Belcredi. ) Federal period; Hungary still
holds out for her old rights and the laws of '48.
4) 1866-67 (Beust. ) Hungary wins; the Dual Mon-
archy Deak 's plan.
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D. THE CONSTITUTION.
Wilson.
1. Imperial elements.
a. The executive (titles); and powers.
b. The Delegations composition, place, powers, method of
work.
2. Matters of treaty between the two states. "
3. State constitutions.
a. Austria central and local.
b. Hungary central and local. (Croatia. )
E. AUSTRIA SINCE 1867.
1. Foreign policy.
a. Bosnia and Herzegovina 1877-78.
The Congress of Berlin.
b. The Triple Alliance.
2. Present questions.
a. Race animosities and claims.
1) The feeling between the two halves.
2) The Slav-movement within the Austrian half the
Czechs.
3) The Slav-movement within the Hungarian half
the Roumanians.
b. The Church the Culturkampf from 1850.
1) Various civil marriage bills and like measures,
1894-6.
a) The veto of the Magnates.
c. Pan Slavism.
d. Parties arid party government.
e. Foreign policy.
Area, 240,942 sq. mi. ; 41,231,342.
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7X. THE IBERIAN PENINSULA. -SPA1N.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Harrison: rfistory of Spain.
Seeley's Stein, for the Spanish Revolution.
Webster: Spain.
Grant Duff.
Wallis: Spain,
Periodicals: See the Fortnightly, in particular.
A. SURVEY TO NAPOLEONIC WARS.
1. Union, and expulsion of Moorish kingdom in 1492.
2. Expulsion of the Moriscoes.
3. The overthrow of free institutions.
a. Military and financial independence of Chas. V.
b. The Inquisition.
4. Spain the subsidizing power of the seventeenth century.
Taxation and industries ; general decay ; decline of popula-
tion 20 m. (Arabs), 12 ra. (Chas. V), 6 m. (1700).
5. The French Bourbons and partial restoration of prosper-
ity in the eighteenth century.
B. NAPOLEON IN SPAIN NATIONAL RESISTANCE. THE CONSTI-
TUTION OF 1812.
C. THE RESTORATION OF 1814.
1. Ferdinand VII and his coup d'etat.
2. The Camarilla (50,000 political prisoners).
D. SPAIN SINCE THE RESTORATION.
1. The Revolution of 1820.
a. Interference of France; and the "crowned conspirators
of Verona;" Canning "calls the New World into exist-
ence to redress the balance of the Old. "
2. The Salic law and the Carlists.
a. Abrogation of the Salic law in 1830.
b. Civil war between Christinists (liberals) and Carlists
(absolutists), 1833-40.
1) Constitution revised (1812) in 1837.
2) Espartero regent, 1840-43.
3. Accession of the young princess Isabella in 1843, and the
triumph of French influence (life of the queen).
a. The re-actionary alterations in the constitution in '45.
Grant Duff, 15-16.
b. French marriage in 1847.
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c. Concordat of 51.
d. Numerous attempts at revolution.
e.
The Absolutist Reign of Terror.
4. Revolution of 1868-69.
a. Serrano and Prim.
b. The new constitution radical.
c. Search for a king. (Franco-Prussian War. )
5. Amndeo king, 1870-73; abdication.
6. The Republic, 1873-75. (Decentralized federation with
separation of church and state. )
a. Civil wars.
b. Castelar's presidency.
c. Serrano military dictator, 1874.
E. THE NEW SPAIN.
(Dating from the restoration of Alphonso XII, son of the last
queen, 1875-85 ; followed by Alphonso XIII (posthumous
son), 1885 Regency of the Queen; liberal ministry of Sa-
gasta.
1. Suppression of revolts in Spain and Cuba, 1876.
2. Liberal Constitution of 1876. Mueller, 600.
3. Reforms mainly of Sagasta's administration.
a. Slavery abolished in the Antilles in 1881.
b. Colonial government re-organized ; Cuba and Porto Rica
given responsible governments and home rule, with
representation also in the Spanish Cortez.
c. Jury trial, 1887.
d. Civil marriage.
e. Manhood suffrage in 1890.
f. Long series of reforms in taxation, which in 1876 was
still upon a Dark Age basis.
4. Education.
5. Colonies 9V 2 million population inhabiting 405,338 sq.
mi. , in three groups: America, Asiatic Islands, and Mor-
occogoverned, with exceptions noted above, as crown
colonies.
6. Cuba through the century.
7. Army.
8. Present problems.
a. Domestic.
1) Education.
2) Finances.
b. Foreign.
1) Gibraltar.
2) Union with Portugal.
Spain area, 196,670 sq. mi. , population, 17,565,632.
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X. THE IBERIAN PENINSULA. PORTUGAL.
Crawford: Stephens.
A. To NAPOLEON.
1. One of the numerous states of the peninsula in medieval
times; gradually gains so much national consciousness
(Camoens, De Gama, Dom Henry) as to make its subjec-
tion to Spain difficult.
2. Overrun by Philip II. Loss of a large part of its colonial
empire. War of Independence, 1640-65.
3. Close political and social relations with England until
Napoleon's wars.
B. NAPOLEON OCCUPIES THE COUNTRY, 1807, WHEN PORTUGAL
REFUSES TO PROHIBIT TRADE WITH ENGLAND.
1. Flight of the Braganzas to Brazil.
2. Popular rising, aided by the English (Wellington and
Moore. )
C. PORTUGAL A PROVINCE OF BRAZIL, 1807-21.
D. PORTUGAL SINCE THE SEPARATION FROM BRAZIL.
1. Rising for a constitution in 1821; the Radical Constitu-
tion.
2. King John, leaving his son Pedro I. to rule Brazil, returns
to Portugal, accepting the constitution. (By a secret
article, in a treaty with Brazil, it is provided that the two
crowns shall never again be united. )
a. Re-actionary opposition of the Queen and Miguel, 1821-
26.
b. Abrogation of the constitution (influence of the Spanish
counter-revolution of 1824. )
3. Pedro of Brazil, on death of John, resigns his rights to the
Portuguese crown in favor of his infant daughter, first
granting the moderately liberal constitution of 1826.
U Civil war between the Pedrists and the Miguelists, 1826-34.
(Arrival of Pedro to act as regent, after resigning the
Brazilian throne to his son, Pedro II. )
5. Constitution disregarded; the country distracted by rebel-
lions and civil wars until 1851.
6. Growth of constitutional sentiment. Queen Maria folio wed
in 1853 by her son Pedro V. ; succeeded by Luis I. ; suc-
ceeded, 1889, by his son Carlos I.
Peaceful and parliamentary government since 1851.
E. THE CONSTITUTION (1826, revised in 1852, 1878, 1885. )
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F. THE CHURCH.
Q. PROBLEMS.
Education and Finance.
Federation with Spain.
Area, including Azores and Madeira islands, 34,038 sq. mi.
population, 4,708,178.
Dependencies area, 743,204 sq. mi. ; population, 5,371,200.
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. Y7. THE SMALL CENTRAL STATES SWITZERLAND.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
General Histories.
Adams and Cunningham.
Moses.
Wilson.
MacCracken.
Winchester.
Vincent.
Sowerby: The Forest Cantons.
English Historical Review, Oct. '95: The Sonderbund.
Yale Review, Nov. '95 : The Referendum, etc.
Sullivan: Direct Legislation.
Constitution in Old South Leaflets.
A. HISTORY.
1. To 1815.
a. The League of Uri, Schwys, and Unterwalden, 1291;
Mortgarten (1315); growth ef the League Luzerne,
Berne, Zurich, etc. ; Sempach, 1385; virtual independ-
ence (leagues of cities elsewhere and their fate); Charles
the Bold, 1474-77; peace of Westphalia, 1648; various
forms of the League; growth to 13 states (all German);
internal discord; Swiss mercenaries; the Reformation.
b. 1798. Uprisings of the lower classes; French interven-
tion; the Helvetic Republic (centralization. )
c. Napoleon and the Act of Mediation, 1803.
2. Switzerland and the Congress of Vienna, 1815; the Federal
Pact.
a. A loose federation; neutrality guaranteed.
b. Epoch of discord; religious and political dissensions.
An ill-assorted, loose union of democratic and oligarchic,
country and city, Protestant and Catholic, German,
French and Italian cantons (22. )
c. The Sonderbund; civil war, 1847.
3. Constitution of 1848.
B. SWITZERLAND TODAY.
(Population about 3,00,000; 59 per cent. Protestant, 41 per
cent. Catholic. )
1. The federal government,
a. Legislature.
(The referendum and initiative. )
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