This
troops, Leon, the commander of the Corinthian formidable armament reached Lily baeum in B.
troops, Leon, the commander of the Corinthian formidable armament reached Lily baeum in B.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
Aest.
Lectt.
Berol.
If, as modern scholars generally suppose, this 1833; Bernhardy, Grundriss d. (Griech. Litl. vol. ii.
epigram was written by Simonides, it does not pp. 542514 ; Ulrici ; Bode ; Brunck, Anal. vol.
necessarily follow that Timocreon died before Si- i. p. 148 ; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. i. p. 80, vol.
monides ; for an epitaph, as a vehicle of satire on xiii. p. 962 ; Schneidewin, Dclect. Pois. Graec,
a living person, is a species of wit of which we pp. 427-431; Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graec. pp. 807 —
have many examples in the history of poetry, both | 810 ; Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. s. 2. 471). [P. S. ]
ancient and modern. For the fact of the rivalry TIMO'CRITUS (Timókpitos), of Aegina, a
between Simonides and Timocreon, we have the lyric poet, who is mentioned incidentally by Pindar,
testimony of Diogenes Laërtius (ii. 46), and of | as if he were a poet of some distinction, but of
BL. )
TIMOLA
of Crticus,
of Plato
2. A Greel
disciple of Ana
bis ingenuity
line of Homer
thus: -
Miro Leide
W DETO XF
ουλομένην
μαρναμένοις
τoλλάς δ' is
“Εκτορος εν
(Suidas, s. r. ;
PIGRES
TIMOʻLEG
demus or Tin
one of the nob
at an early age
tion for abilit
exercised grea
Sicily as the me
After the dea
orders had pre
ben of entert
making thems
various places.
power in Syrac
self as tyrant
the father of E
nion. The f
either with Hig
mer was makin
pretext of rest
hong of mak
Meantime, the
advantage of
and the fears of
of restoring tiar
the Sieilians, an
to send an em
ance (B. 34
resolved to com
## p. 1139 (#1155) ##########################################
TIMOLEON.
1139
TIMOLEON.
whom we know nothing further. (Pind. Ncm. 22, unanimous voice of the people selected Timoleon
145, with Dissen's Note).
(P. S. ) as the person most competent to take the command
TIMOLA'US (Temoraos), historical. 1. A Co in the proposed expedition. Such a proposal was,
rinthian, who was bribed by Timocrates, when the in itself, most acceptable to the bold and enter-
latter was sent to Greece by Tithraustes to gain prising spirit of Timoleon ; but there was another
over as many of the Greeks as he could, to take reason which had rendered Corinth an unwelcome
the side of the Persians against Agesilaus. We place of residence to him. His clder brother Ti-
find him soon after in a congress, held at Corinth, mophanes had commanded the Corinthian troops
of the states that were leagued against Sparta. A in a war against Argos with great success; and
speech of his on the occasion is reported by Xeno- subsequently when the state expected another
phon. (Xen. Hellon. iii. 5. § 1, iv. 2. § 11; Paus. iii. attack, he had the command of four hundred mer-
9. § 8. )
cenaries entrusted to him. By their means, and
2. A' Theban, who is denounced by Demosthenes supported by a powerful party in the state, he
(de Cor. p. 241, ed. Reiske) as a traitor to his resolved to obtain the supreme power in Corinth,
country, because he took the Macedonian side. and make himself tyrant of the city. His brother
Polybius (xvii. 14. $ ) defends him from the Timoleon, who was a warm lover of liberty, dis-
charge.
(C. P. M. ) approved of his schemes, and endeavoured by ar.
TÌMOLA'US, the son of Odenathus and Ze gument and persuasion to turn him from his pur-
nobia, the brother of lerennianus. Trebellius pose, but when he found Timophanes inflexible,
Pollio gives him a place in the list of the thirty he resolved to kill his brother rather than allow
tyrants (AUREOLUS), but has preserved no parti- him to destroy the liberty of his state.
The man-
culars with regard to his history, except that he ner of Timophanes' death is stated differently by
displayed extraordinary zeal in the study of Latin the ancient writers. Diodorus says that Timoleon
literature. (Trebell. Poll. Trig. Tyrann. xxvii. ; slew him with his open hand openly in the forum.
comp. HERENNIANUS ; ODENATHUS ; ZENO- Plutarch relates that Timoleon introduced the as.
BIA. )
(W. R. ) sassins into his brother's house, but turned his
TÍMOLA'US (Teubraos), literary. 1. A native back while the deed was done; and Cornelius
of Cyzicus, who is mentioned as one of the disciples Nepos states that Timoleon was not even present
of Plato.
at the murder, though it was perpetrated at his
2. A Greek writer, a native of Larissa, and a desire. (Diod. xvi. 65; Plut. Tim. 4; Corn. Nep.
disciple of Anaximenes of Lampsacus. He exercised Tim. 1 ; Aristot. Pol. v. 5. & 9. ) Plutarch further
his ingenuity by producing an Iliad, in which each relates that Timophanes was murdered twenty
line of Homer was followed by one of his own; years before the Sicilian ambassadors arrived at
thus :
Corinth, during the whole of which time Timoleon
Μήνιν άειδε θεά Πηληϊάδεω 'Αχιλήoς
lived in solitude, a prey to sorrow and remorse ;
ήν έθετο Χρύσου κεχολώμενος είνεκα κούρης,
but as Xenophon in his Greek history makes no
ουλομένην και μύρι’ Αχαιοίς άλγε' έθηκε
mention of the affair, which he would hardly have
Mapvauévois őte Tpwolv åtep TONémetov ávaxtos, omitted, if it occurred in B. c. 364, we may follow
πολλάς δ' έφθίμους ψυχάς Aίδι προΐαψεν
in preference the narrative of Diodorus, who re-
lates that Timoleon murdered his brother just
"Εκτορος έν παλάμησι δαΐζομένων υπό δουρί.
before the arrival of the Sicilian ambassadors, and
(Suidas, s. v. ; Eustath. Praef. in Od. p. 4. ) Comp. that at the very moment of their arrival the Co-
Pigres.
(C. P. M. ] rinthians had not come to any decision respecting
TIMOʻLEON (Tomodéwr), the son of Timo- Timoleon's act, some denouncing it as a wilful
demus or Timaenetus and Demariste, belonged to murder which should be punished according to the
one of the noblest families at Corinth, and gained laws, others as a glorious deed of patriotism, for
at an early age among his fellow-citizens a reputa- which he ought to be rewarded. The historian
tion for ability and courage. Corinth had long adds that the Corinthian senate avoided the diffi-
exercised great influence over the Greek cities in culty of a decision by appointing him to the com-
Sicily as the metropolis or mother-city of Syracuse. mand of the Sicilian expedition, with the singular
After the death of Dion, the most terrible dis provision, that if he conducted himself justly in
orders had prevailed throughout Sicily, and several the command, they would regard him as a tyran-
men of enterprize and energy had succeeded in nicide, and honour him accordingly; but if other-
making themselves tyrants or supreme rulers in wise, they would punish him as a fratricide.
various places. Dionysius had again recovered his In whatever manner, and to whatever causes
power in Syracuse. Hicetas had established him- Timoleon owed his appointment, his extraordinary
self as tyrant at Leontini, and Andromachus, success more than justified the confidence which
the father of the historian Timaeus, at Taurome- had been reposed in him. His history in Plutarch
nium. The friends of Dion had taken refuge reads almost like a romance ; and yet of the main
either with Hicetas or Andromachus, and the for- facts of the narrative, confirmed as they are by
mer was making war against Dionysius under the Diodorus and other authorities, we cannot entertain
pretext of restoring the exiles, but in reality in any reasonable doubt. Although the Corinthians
hopes of making himself master of Syracuse. I had readily assented to the requests of the Sicilians
Meantime, the Carthaginians prepared to take in the appointment of a commander, they were not
advantage of the distracted condition of Sicily ; prepared to make many sacrifices in their favour ;
and the fears of this invasion, as well as the hopes and accordingly it was only with ten triremes and
of restoring tianquillity to the island, led many of seven hundred mercenaries that Timoleon sailed
the Siciliang, and among them the Syracusan exiles, from Corinth to repel the Carthaginians, and re-
to send an embassy to Corinth to implore assist- store order to the Sicilian cities. It was not with-
ance (B. C. 344). The Corinthians immediately out difficulty that Timoleon could even reach Sicily.
resolved to comply with their request, and the Hicetas, the tyrant of Leontini, who had osten-
4 D 2
## p. 1140 (#1156) ##########################################
li 40
TIMOLEON.
TIMOLEON.
25 their alarm
rus (ari. 78),
Den so march:
ite. eding in 1
eres of them
march. Timol
with this sina!
the divided cos
were, might pr
countanders we
wa speedy d
e
their superior
Carthaginians
mesu or Crimis
llypsu on the s
Esion drew up
overlooking the
the farther bani
tsemanders, in
cross the river
arcarable circui
of Timoleon. A
was divided by
with all his foi
brately, but in
Somn came on,
Dzin, which bea
ginians. L'nable
upon thi
sibly joined the other Greeks in asking assistance retain possession of the part of Syracuse that was
from Corinth, dreaded the arrival of Timoleon, and still in his power, but he was unable to resist the
had therefore entered into secret negotiations with attack of Timoleon, and was obliged to abandon
Hanno, the Carthaginian general, who had mean- the city, and return to Leontini.
time arrived in Sicily. The interference of Corinth Timoleon thus became the undisputed master of
with Sicilian affairs could not be pleasing to the Car- Syracuse. Although he might easily have made
thaginians ; and Hanno accordingly sent a squadron himself tyrant of the city, he resolved to show
of twenty ships to the coast of Italy, to watch the that neither he nor any other private person should
movements of Timoleon. The latter, however, become the irresponsible ruler ; and therefore one
contrived to outwit the Carthaginian commander of his first acts was to call upon the people to de-
at Rhegium, and crossed over in safety to Tauro-stroy the citadel, which had been for so many
menium, where he was kindly received by Andro- years the seat and bulwark of the power of the
machus, the tyrant of the place, and by the Syra- tyrants. His next care was to repeople the city,
cuban exiles. Meanwhile, Hicetas had been pro- which had become so deserted that whole streets
secuting the war with snccess against Dionysius. were left without inhabitants, and grass grew in
At the head of a considerable force he had attacked the market-place in sufficient quantity to feed the
Syracuse ; and, after defeating Dionysius in a de-horses. He sent ain bassadors to Corinth, to invite
cisive battle, he had made himself master of the persons to come and settle at Syracuse, holding out
whole city, with the exception of the island cita- to them as an inducement a division of lands.
del, where he kept Dionysius closely besieged. Corinth collected in Greece ten thousand colonists,
Timoleon saw that it was necessary to act with who sailed to Syracuse ; and such numbers flocked
promptitude ; for hardly any of the Sicilian Greeks to the city from different parts of Italy and Sicily,
could be expected to join him till he had won their that the number of new inhabitants amounted to
confidence and commanded their respect. Accord sixty thousand. Having thus collected a popula-
ingly, although he could collect only twelve hun- tion, he proceeded to enact laws for their govern-
dred men, he marched at once to Adranum, the ment. Of the details of these we are not informed.
different parties in which had at the same time im- We only know that they were of a democratical
plored his assistance and that of Hicetas. The nature, and that he appointed a chief magistrate,
two generals reached the town almost at the same to be elected annually, who was called the Amphi-
time; and in the battle which immediately ensued, polus of the Olympian Zeus, and who gave his
Timoleon put Hicetas to flight, although he had name to the Syracusan year. The bistorian adds
nearly five times the number of men. Timoleon that this office continued to be in existence in bis
followed up his victory by marching against Syra- time, that is, in the reign of Augustus (Diod. xri.
cuse, and before Hicetas could collect his troops, 70). The arrangement of the internal affairs of
he succeeded in obtaining possession of two quar- Syracuse engaged the principal attention of Ti-
ters of the city, Tyche and Epipolae. Syracuse moleon for the next two or three years ; but
was now in the hands of the three contending par. during that time he did not neglect the great
ties, Dionysius keeping the island citadel, Hicetas object to which he had now devoted his life, the
Neapolis and Achradina, and Timoleon the two expulsion of the tyrants from the cities. He com-
other quarters. Such was the state of affairs to pelled Leptines, who was tyrant of Apollonia and
wards the end of B. C. 344. The ensuing winter Engyum, to surrender his power, and sent him
was spent in negotiations with the other Greek into exile at Corinth. He was not, however, so
cities in Sicily, and Timoleon's recent success successful in an attack upon Leontini (Diod. xvi.
gained for him the adhesion of several important 72), although Plutarch represents him as forcing
places, and among others that of Catana, of Hicetas to demolish his strongholds, and live
which Mamercus was tyrant. In the following among the Leontines as a private person (Tim.
spring (B. C. 343) Dionysius, despairing of success, 24). But as these expeditions did not bring his
surrendered the citadel to the Corinthian leader, troops much booty, and it was necessary to find
on condition of his being allowed to depart in both employment and rewards for his mercenaries,
safety to Corinth. Hicetas, finding that he had be sent the latter into the Carthaginian dominions
to contend alone with Timoleon, first attempted in Sicily, where they reaped a rich harvest, and
to remove his rival by assassination, and, after the compelled many cities to desert the Carthaginian
failure of this attempt, openly had recourse to the cause.
Carthaginians, and introduced Mago with his fleet The Carthaginians did not need this provocation
and army into the port and city of Syracuse. to engage in war against Timoleon. The rise of
Hicetas now seemed certain of success, for the a new power at Syracuse, and the union of the
Carthaginian force is said to have amounted to Sicilian Greeks, could not but excite jealousy
50,000 men; but Timoleon did not despais, and among the Carthaginians. They had been so ex-
showed himself quite equal to the emergency. He asperated against Mago for his cowardly conduct
contrived to send a seasonable supply of provisions in leaving Sicily, that they would have crucified
from Catana to the Corinthian garrison in the him if he had not put an end to his own life ; and
citadel at Syracuse ; and while Mago and Hicetas they now resolved to send a force to Sicily suffi-
marched against Catana with the best part of their ciently powerful to subdue the whole island.
This
troops, Leon, the commander of the Corinthian formidable armament reached Lily baeum in B. C.
garrison at Syracusc, made a sudden attack upon 339. It was under the command of Hasdrubal
Achradina, and gained this important quarter of and Hamilcar, and is said to have consisted of
the city. This unexpected success raised the sus- 70,000 foot and 10,000 horse and war-chariots,
picions of Mago, who, fearful of treachery, resolved with a fleet of 200 ships of war, and 1000 other
io quit the island, and sailed away, with all his vessels carrying a vast quantity of provisions and
forces, to Carthage. Notwithstanding the defec-military stores. Such an overwhelming force struck
tion of his powerful ally, Hicetas still attempted to the Greeks with consternation and dismay. So great
to bear the como
Itar of the thund
and bail
to retreat and ma
the Greeks, their
pacic spread thro
rations of which
rant of one anotti
fear, used their
eager to gain th
and still more w
Tictory was com
the greatest gaing
was fought in t
The boots which
was prodigious;
spils he sent to
thus diffusing the
the mother count
The victory of
such an accession
Dow resolved to
expelling all the
two of the most po
Mamercus of Cat
gaians for assist
with a fleet of se
mercenaries. Ale
cesses at first, the
able to Timoleor
therefore glad to
in B. C 338, by w
as the boundary
dominions in Sicil
Gisco that Hiceta
He bad been com
the river Damuri
her days afterwa
They were both
wife and daught
where they were
Desple, as a satis
bome wiſe Arete
## p. 1141 (#1157) ##########################################
TIMOLEON.
1141
TIMOMACHUS.
was their alarm that Timoleon, according to Diodo- | been put to death by Hicetas, This is one of the
rus (avi. 78), could only induce twelve thousind greatest stains upon Timoleon's character, as he
men to march with him against the Carthaginians, might easily have saved these unfortunate women,
including in that number his mercenaries, and if he had chosen.
even of them one thousand deserted him on the After the death of Hicetas, and the treaty be-
march. Timoleon hastened to meet the enemy tween the Carthaginians and Timoleon, Mamercus,
with this small force, knowing that any delay, in being unable to maintain himself in Catana, fled to
the divided condition in which the Sicilians still | Messana, where he took refuge with Hippon,
were, might prove fatal to him. The Carthaginian tyrant of that city. Timoleon quickly followed,
commanders were equally anxious to bring matters and besieged Messana so vigorously by sea and
to a speedy decision, confident of victory from land, that Hippon, despairing of holding out, nt-
their superior numbers. The Greeks found the tempted to escape by sea, but was taken and put
Carthaginians encamped on one side of the Cri- to death in the public theatre. Mamercus now
mesus or Crimissus, a river which flows into the surrendered, stipulating only for a public trial
llypsa, on the south-western coast of Sicily. Ti- before the Syracusans, with the condition that
moleon drew up his troops on the brow of a bill | Timoleon should not appear as his accuser. But
overlooking the Carthaginian army, who were on as soon as he was brought into the assembly at
the further bank of the river. The Carthaginian Syracuse, the people refused to hear him, and
commanders, impatient for the victory, began to unanimously condemned him to death.
cross the river in presence of the enemy. This Thus almost all the tyrants were expelled from
favourable circumstance determined the movements the Greek cities in Sicily, and a democratical form
of Timoleon. As soon as the Carthaginian arm of government established in their place. Timo-
was divided by the stream, he charged them leon, however, was in reality the ruler of Sicily,
with all his forces. The Carthaginians resisted for all the states consulted him on every matter of
bravely, but in the hottest of the fight a dreadful importance; and the wisdom of his rule is at-
storm came on, attended with lightning, hail, and tested by the flourishing condition of the island
rain, which beat full in the faces of the Cartha- for several years even after his death. He re-
ginians. Unable to bear up against the storm, and peopled the great cities of Agrigentum and Gela,
to hear the commands of their officers amidst the which had been laid desolate by the Carthaginians,
roar of the thunder, and the clattering of the rain and also settled colonies in other cities. He did
and bail upon their arms, the Carthaginians began not, however, assume any title or office, but resided
to retreat and make for the river ; but pursued by as a private citizen among the Syracusans, to
the Greeks, their retreat soon became a rout; a whom he left the administration of their own
panic spread through their ranks ; and the different affairs. Once, when his public conduct was at-
nations of which the vast army was composed, igno- tacked in the popular assembly by a demagogue of
rant of one another's language, and maddened by the name of Demaenetus, Timoleon is reported to
fear, used their swords against one another, each have thanked the gods for answering his prayer that
eager to gain the stream. Numbers were killed, the Syracusans might enjoy freedom of speech ;
and still more were drowned in the river. The and when Laphystius, another demagogue, de-
victory was complete, and justly ranks as one of manded that Timoleon should give sureties to answer
the greatest gained by Greeks over barbarians. It an indictment that was brought against him, and
was fought in the middle of summer, B. C. 339. some of Timoleon's friends began thereupon to
The booty which Timoleon and his troops gained raise a clamour, Timoleon himself restrained them
was prodigious ; and some of the richest of the by saying, that the great object of all his toils and
spoils he sent to Corinth and other cities in Greece, exertions had been to make the law the same for
thus diffusing the glory of his victory throughout all the Syracusans. A short time before his death
the mother country.
Timoleon became completely blind, but the Sy-
The victory of the Crimesus brought Timoleon racusan people notwithstanding continued to pay
such an accession of power and influence, that he him the same honour as they had done before, and
now resolved to carry into execution his project of took his advice on all difficult cases. He died, ac-
expelling all the tyrants from Sicily. Of these, cording to Diodorus, in B. c. 337, in the eighth
two of the most powerful, Hicetas of Leontini, and year after his first arrival in Sicily. He was buried
Mamercus of Catana, had recourse to the Cartha- at the public expense in the market-place at Syra-
ginians for assistance, who sent Gisco to Sicily cuse, where his monument was afterwards sur-
with a fleet of seventy ships and a body of Greek rounded with porticoes and a gymnasium, which
mercenaries. Although Gisco gained a few suc- was called after him the Timoleontcium. Annual
cesses at first, the war was upon the whole favour- games were also instituted in his honour. Timo-
able to Timoleon, and the Carthaginians were leon certainly deserves to be regarded as one of
therefore glad to conclude a treaty with the latter the greatest men of Greece, and it is not the
in B. c. 338, by which the river Halycus was fixed slightest eulogium paid to him, that Mitford, with
as the boundary of the Carthaginian and Greek all his prejudices against the destroyer of his fa-
dominions in Sicily. It was during the war with vourite tyrants, is able to detract so little from
Gisco that Hicetas fell into the hands of Timoleon. the virtues and merits of Timoleon. (Plutarch
He had been completely defeated by Timoleon at and Cornelius Nepos, Life of Timoleon ; Diod. xvi.
the river Damurias, and was taken prisoner a 65-90 ; Polyaen. v. 3. $ 8; Mitford, History of
few days afterwards, with his son Eupolemus. Grecce, c. xxxiii. )
They were both slain by Timoleon's order. His TIMO'MACHUS. (Trubuaxos), an Athenian,
wife and daughters were carried to Syracuse ; of the demus of Acharnae. In B c. 366, he com-
where they were executed by command of the manded a body of Athenian troops, which, in con-
people, as a satisfaction to the manes of Dion, junction with a Lacedaemonian force, had been
whose wife Arete and sister Aristomache had both | appointed to guard the Isthmus of Corinth against
4D 3
## p. 1142 (#1158) ##########################################
1142
TIMOMACHUS.
TIMOMACHUS.
the Thebans. But they neglected to occupy the | indced if, while two such pictures as the Ajax and
passes of Oneium, and Epaminondas, who was Medea, celebrated by Cicero, existed at Cyzicus,
preparing to invade Achaia, persuaded Peisias, two others on the same subjects should have been
the Argive general, to seize a commanding height painted by Timomachus, and should have been ad-
of the mountain. The Thebans were thus enabled mired as we know they were, and that the pictures
to make their way through the Isthmus (Xen. of Ajut and Medea should be simply mentioned
Hell. vii. i. & 41 ; Diod. xv. 75). Towards the by Pliny as well known, without any distinction
end, apparently, of B. C. 361, Timomachus was sent being made between the two pairs of pictures. It
out to take the command in Thrace, for which he is true that, from one of the passages of Pliny
seems to have been utterly unfit, and he failed quite above cited (XXXV. 4. s. 9), the inference has been
as much at least as his immediate predecessors, drawn that, besides the Ajax and Mcdea, which
Menon and Autocles, in forwarding the Athenian Caesar dedicated in the temple of Venus, there
interests in that quarter. Not only were his mi- was another pair of pictures brought to Rome, by
litary arrangements defective, but, according to the Agrippa, who purchased them from the Cyzicenes
statement of Aeschines, it was through his culpable at a great price, namely, an Ajax and Venus; but
easiness of disposition that Hegesander, his trea- the passage is extremely difficult to understand
surer (Tauías), was enabled to appropriate to his clearly ; and, even taking the above explanation,
own use no less than 80 minae (more than 3001. ) any conclusion drawn from it would apply only to
of the public money. Timomachus appears to have the Ajax, and not to the Medca, which was evi.
been superseded by Cephisodotus in B. C. 360, and, dently the more celebrated of the two. On the
on his return to Athens, was impeached by Apol- whole, then, it seems most probable that the pic-
lodorus (son of Pasion, the banker), who had been tures at Cyzicus, mentioned by Cicero, were the
one of his trierarchs. He was condemned, and, very pictures of Timomachus, which were pur-
according to Demosthenes, was heavily fined; but chased by Julius Caesar ; and therefore that the
his punishment was death, if we may believe the word actute in Pliny must either be rejected, or
statement of the Scholiast on Aeschines (Aesch. interpreted with a considerable latitude.
In con-
c. Tim. p. 8; Schol. ad loc. ;
Dem. de Fals. Leg. firination of this conclusion another passage is cited
p. 398, pro Phorm. p. 960, c. Polycl. pp. 1210, &c. ; from Pliny himself (l. c. § 41), in which he enu.
Rehdantz, Vit. Iph. , Chabr. , Tim. cap. v. SS 7, 8). merates, as examples of the last unfinished pictures
It was during the command of Timomachus in of the greatest painters, which were more admired
Thrace that he received a letter from Cotys, who than even their finished works, the Medca of Ti-
repudiated in it all the promises he had made to momachus, in connection with the Iris of Aristeides,
the Athenians when he wanted their aid against the Tyndaridae of Nicomachus, and the Venus of
the rebel Miltocythes. (Dem. C. Arist. p. 658. ) A pelles ; whence it has been argued that Timoma-
[Cotys, No. 2. )
(E. E. ] chus was probably contemporary with the other
TIMO'MACHUS (Tróuaxos), a very distin- great painters there mentioned, and moreover that
guished painter, of By: tium. He lived (if the it is incredible that Caesar should bave given the
statement of Pliny, as contained in all the editions, large price above mentioned for two pictures of a
be correct) in the time of Julius Caesar, who pur- living artist, especially when one of them was un-
chased two of his pictures, the Ajax and Medea, finished. Still
, any positive chronological conclu-
for the immense sum of eighty Attic talents, and sion from these arguments can only be received
dedicated them in the temple of Venus Genitrix. with much caution. They seem to prove that
(Plin. H. N. vii. 38. s. 39, xxxv. 4. 8. 9, 11. s. 40. Timomachus flourished not later than the early
$ 30. ) In the last of these passages, Pliny defines part of the first century B. C. , but they do not prore
the artist's age in the following very distinct terms: that he is to be carried back to the third century.
_“Timomachus Byzantius Caesaris Dictatoris The associations of works and names, in the pas-
actate Ajacem et Medeam pinxit. ” But here an sages of Cicero and Pliny, have respect to the order
important and difficult question has been raised. of excellence and not to that of time ; and it must
In Cicero's well-known enumeration of the master- be remembered that a great artist often obtains a
pieces of Grecian art, which were to be seen in reputation eren above his merits during his life
various cities (in Verr. iv. 60), he alludes to the and soon after his death, and that fashion, as well
Ajut and Medea at Cyzicus, but without men- as fame, will set a high pecuniary value on such an
tioning the painter's name. (Quid Cyzicenos (ar- | artist's works. On the other hand, a positive ar-
bitramini merere velle), ut A jacem, aut Medeamgument, to prove that Nicomachus lived later
(amittant] ? ). From this passage a presumption is than the time of that flourishing period of the art
raised, that the two pictures should be referred to a which is marked by the name of Apelles, may be
period much earlier than the time of Caesar, drawn from the absence of any mention of him by
namely to the best period of Grecian art, to which Pliny in his proper chronological order, which in-
most of the other works, in connection with which dicates the absence of his name from the works of
they are mentioned, are known to have belonged the Greek authors whom Pliny followed, and that
at all events, as the manner in which they are re- he was one of those recent artists who were only
ferred to by Cicero presupposes their being already known to Pliny by their works which he had seen.
celebrated throughout the Roman empire, it is not Without attempting to arrive at any more precise
likely that they could have been painted during conclusion with regard to the age of Timomachus,
the life of Caesar, and it is of course impossible we proceed to state what is known of his works.
that they were painted during his dictatorship. (1. ) The two pictures already mentioned were
But then, the question comes, whether these were the most celebrated of all his works, and the
the paintings mentioned by Pliny, and, as will Medea appears to have been esteemed his master-
presently be seen, celebrated by other writers. piece. It is referred to, in terms of the highest
The first impulse of any reader would be to assume praise, in several passages of the ancient writers,
this, as a matter of course; and it would be strarge from which we learn that it represented Medea
## p. 1143 (#1159) ##########################################
TIMOMACHUS.
1113
TIMON.
Q
mcditating the murder of her children, but still TIMON (Tíuwv). ). The son of Timarchus of
hesitating between the impulses of revenge for her Phlius, a philosopher of the sect of the Sceptics, and
own wrongs and of pity for her children. A general a celebrated writer of the species of satiric poems
notion of the composition is probably preserved in called Silli (ola101), flourished in the reign of
A painting on the same subject found at Pompeii Ptolemy Philadelphus, about B. C. 279, and on.
(us. Borb. v. 33 ; Pompeii, vol. ii. p. 190), and wards. A pretty full account of his life is pre-
the type of Medea is seen in a figure found at served by Diogenes Laërtius, from the first book
llerculaneum (Antiq. di Ercol. i. 13 ; Mus. Borl. of a work on the Silli (év Tu TPÓTV TW eis TOUS
x. 21), and on some gems. (Lippert, Supplem. i. 93 ; oirdous únouvnuátwv) by Apollonides of Nicnea ;
Panofka, Annai. d. Inst
. i. p. 243 ; Müller, Archäol. and some particulars are quoted by Diogenes froin
d. Kunst, $ 208, n. 2. ) A minute description of Antigonus of Carystus, and from Sotion (Diog.
the emotions expressed in the artist's Medea is Laërt. ix. c. 12. SS 109–115).
If, as modern scholars generally suppose, this 1833; Bernhardy, Grundriss d. (Griech. Litl. vol. ii.
epigram was written by Simonides, it does not pp. 542514 ; Ulrici ; Bode ; Brunck, Anal. vol.
necessarily follow that Timocreon died before Si- i. p. 148 ; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. i. p. 80, vol.
monides ; for an epitaph, as a vehicle of satire on xiii. p. 962 ; Schneidewin, Dclect. Pois. Graec,
a living person, is a species of wit of which we pp. 427-431; Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graec. pp. 807 —
have many examples in the history of poetry, both | 810 ; Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. s. 2. 471). [P. S. ]
ancient and modern. For the fact of the rivalry TIMO'CRITUS (Timókpitos), of Aegina, a
between Simonides and Timocreon, we have the lyric poet, who is mentioned incidentally by Pindar,
testimony of Diogenes Laërtius (ii. 46), and of | as if he were a poet of some distinction, but of
BL. )
TIMOLA
of Crticus,
of Plato
2. A Greel
disciple of Ana
bis ingenuity
line of Homer
thus: -
Miro Leide
W DETO XF
ουλομένην
μαρναμένοις
τoλλάς δ' is
“Εκτορος εν
(Suidas, s. r. ;
PIGRES
TIMOʻLEG
demus or Tin
one of the nob
at an early age
tion for abilit
exercised grea
Sicily as the me
After the dea
orders had pre
ben of entert
making thems
various places.
power in Syrac
self as tyrant
the father of E
nion. The f
either with Hig
mer was makin
pretext of rest
hong of mak
Meantime, the
advantage of
and the fears of
of restoring tiar
the Sieilians, an
to send an em
ance (B. 34
resolved to com
## p. 1139 (#1155) ##########################################
TIMOLEON.
1139
TIMOLEON.
whom we know nothing further. (Pind. Ncm. 22, unanimous voice of the people selected Timoleon
145, with Dissen's Note).
(P. S. ) as the person most competent to take the command
TIMOLA'US (Temoraos), historical. 1. A Co in the proposed expedition. Such a proposal was,
rinthian, who was bribed by Timocrates, when the in itself, most acceptable to the bold and enter-
latter was sent to Greece by Tithraustes to gain prising spirit of Timoleon ; but there was another
over as many of the Greeks as he could, to take reason which had rendered Corinth an unwelcome
the side of the Persians against Agesilaus. We place of residence to him. His clder brother Ti-
find him soon after in a congress, held at Corinth, mophanes had commanded the Corinthian troops
of the states that were leagued against Sparta. A in a war against Argos with great success; and
speech of his on the occasion is reported by Xeno- subsequently when the state expected another
phon. (Xen. Hellon. iii. 5. § 1, iv. 2. § 11; Paus. iii. attack, he had the command of four hundred mer-
9. § 8. )
cenaries entrusted to him. By their means, and
2. A' Theban, who is denounced by Demosthenes supported by a powerful party in the state, he
(de Cor. p. 241, ed. Reiske) as a traitor to his resolved to obtain the supreme power in Corinth,
country, because he took the Macedonian side. and make himself tyrant of the city. His brother
Polybius (xvii. 14. $ ) defends him from the Timoleon, who was a warm lover of liberty, dis-
charge.
(C. P. M. ) approved of his schemes, and endeavoured by ar.
TÌMOLA'US, the son of Odenathus and Ze gument and persuasion to turn him from his pur-
nobia, the brother of lerennianus. Trebellius pose, but when he found Timophanes inflexible,
Pollio gives him a place in the list of the thirty he resolved to kill his brother rather than allow
tyrants (AUREOLUS), but has preserved no parti- him to destroy the liberty of his state.
The man-
culars with regard to his history, except that he ner of Timophanes' death is stated differently by
displayed extraordinary zeal in the study of Latin the ancient writers. Diodorus says that Timoleon
literature. (Trebell. Poll. Trig. Tyrann. xxvii. ; slew him with his open hand openly in the forum.
comp. HERENNIANUS ; ODENATHUS ; ZENO- Plutarch relates that Timoleon introduced the as.
BIA. )
(W. R. ) sassins into his brother's house, but turned his
TÍMOLA'US (Teubraos), literary. 1. A native back while the deed was done; and Cornelius
of Cyzicus, who is mentioned as one of the disciples Nepos states that Timoleon was not even present
of Plato.
at the murder, though it was perpetrated at his
2. A Greek writer, a native of Larissa, and a desire. (Diod. xvi. 65; Plut. Tim. 4; Corn. Nep.
disciple of Anaximenes of Lampsacus. He exercised Tim. 1 ; Aristot. Pol. v. 5. & 9. ) Plutarch further
his ingenuity by producing an Iliad, in which each relates that Timophanes was murdered twenty
line of Homer was followed by one of his own; years before the Sicilian ambassadors arrived at
thus :
Corinth, during the whole of which time Timoleon
Μήνιν άειδε θεά Πηληϊάδεω 'Αχιλήoς
lived in solitude, a prey to sorrow and remorse ;
ήν έθετο Χρύσου κεχολώμενος είνεκα κούρης,
but as Xenophon in his Greek history makes no
ουλομένην και μύρι’ Αχαιοίς άλγε' έθηκε
mention of the affair, which he would hardly have
Mapvauévois őte Tpwolv åtep TONémetov ávaxtos, omitted, if it occurred in B. c. 364, we may follow
πολλάς δ' έφθίμους ψυχάς Aίδι προΐαψεν
in preference the narrative of Diodorus, who re-
lates that Timoleon murdered his brother just
"Εκτορος έν παλάμησι δαΐζομένων υπό δουρί.
before the arrival of the Sicilian ambassadors, and
(Suidas, s. v. ; Eustath. Praef. in Od. p. 4. ) Comp. that at the very moment of their arrival the Co-
Pigres.
(C. P. M. ] rinthians had not come to any decision respecting
TIMOʻLEON (Tomodéwr), the son of Timo- Timoleon's act, some denouncing it as a wilful
demus or Timaenetus and Demariste, belonged to murder which should be punished according to the
one of the noblest families at Corinth, and gained laws, others as a glorious deed of patriotism, for
at an early age among his fellow-citizens a reputa- which he ought to be rewarded. The historian
tion for ability and courage. Corinth had long adds that the Corinthian senate avoided the diffi-
exercised great influence over the Greek cities in culty of a decision by appointing him to the com-
Sicily as the metropolis or mother-city of Syracuse. mand of the Sicilian expedition, with the singular
After the death of Dion, the most terrible dis provision, that if he conducted himself justly in
orders had prevailed throughout Sicily, and several the command, they would regard him as a tyran-
men of enterprize and energy had succeeded in nicide, and honour him accordingly; but if other-
making themselves tyrants or supreme rulers in wise, they would punish him as a fratricide.
various places. Dionysius had again recovered his In whatever manner, and to whatever causes
power in Syracuse. Hicetas had established him- Timoleon owed his appointment, his extraordinary
self as tyrant at Leontini, and Andromachus, success more than justified the confidence which
the father of the historian Timaeus, at Taurome- had been reposed in him. His history in Plutarch
nium. The friends of Dion had taken refuge reads almost like a romance ; and yet of the main
either with Hicetas or Andromachus, and the for- facts of the narrative, confirmed as they are by
mer was making war against Dionysius under the Diodorus and other authorities, we cannot entertain
pretext of restoring the exiles, but in reality in any reasonable doubt. Although the Corinthians
hopes of making himself master of Syracuse. I had readily assented to the requests of the Sicilians
Meantime, the Carthaginians prepared to take in the appointment of a commander, they were not
advantage of the distracted condition of Sicily ; prepared to make many sacrifices in their favour ;
and the fears of this invasion, as well as the hopes and accordingly it was only with ten triremes and
of restoring tianquillity to the island, led many of seven hundred mercenaries that Timoleon sailed
the Siciliang, and among them the Syracusan exiles, from Corinth to repel the Carthaginians, and re-
to send an embassy to Corinth to implore assist- store order to the Sicilian cities. It was not with-
ance (B. C. 344). The Corinthians immediately out difficulty that Timoleon could even reach Sicily.
resolved to comply with their request, and the Hicetas, the tyrant of Leontini, who had osten-
4 D 2
## p. 1140 (#1156) ##########################################
li 40
TIMOLEON.
TIMOLEON.
25 their alarm
rus (ari. 78),
Den so march:
ite. eding in 1
eres of them
march. Timol
with this sina!
the divided cos
were, might pr
countanders we
wa speedy d
e
their superior
Carthaginians
mesu or Crimis
llypsu on the s
Esion drew up
overlooking the
the farther bani
tsemanders, in
cross the river
arcarable circui
of Timoleon. A
was divided by
with all his foi
brately, but in
Somn came on,
Dzin, which bea
ginians. L'nable
upon thi
sibly joined the other Greeks in asking assistance retain possession of the part of Syracuse that was
from Corinth, dreaded the arrival of Timoleon, and still in his power, but he was unable to resist the
had therefore entered into secret negotiations with attack of Timoleon, and was obliged to abandon
Hanno, the Carthaginian general, who had mean- the city, and return to Leontini.
time arrived in Sicily. The interference of Corinth Timoleon thus became the undisputed master of
with Sicilian affairs could not be pleasing to the Car- Syracuse. Although he might easily have made
thaginians ; and Hanno accordingly sent a squadron himself tyrant of the city, he resolved to show
of twenty ships to the coast of Italy, to watch the that neither he nor any other private person should
movements of Timoleon. The latter, however, become the irresponsible ruler ; and therefore one
contrived to outwit the Carthaginian commander of his first acts was to call upon the people to de-
at Rhegium, and crossed over in safety to Tauro-stroy the citadel, which had been for so many
menium, where he was kindly received by Andro- years the seat and bulwark of the power of the
machus, the tyrant of the place, and by the Syra- tyrants. His next care was to repeople the city,
cuban exiles. Meanwhile, Hicetas had been pro- which had become so deserted that whole streets
secuting the war with snccess against Dionysius. were left without inhabitants, and grass grew in
At the head of a considerable force he had attacked the market-place in sufficient quantity to feed the
Syracuse ; and, after defeating Dionysius in a de-horses. He sent ain bassadors to Corinth, to invite
cisive battle, he had made himself master of the persons to come and settle at Syracuse, holding out
whole city, with the exception of the island cita- to them as an inducement a division of lands.
del, where he kept Dionysius closely besieged. Corinth collected in Greece ten thousand colonists,
Timoleon saw that it was necessary to act with who sailed to Syracuse ; and such numbers flocked
promptitude ; for hardly any of the Sicilian Greeks to the city from different parts of Italy and Sicily,
could be expected to join him till he had won their that the number of new inhabitants amounted to
confidence and commanded their respect. Accord sixty thousand. Having thus collected a popula-
ingly, although he could collect only twelve hun- tion, he proceeded to enact laws for their govern-
dred men, he marched at once to Adranum, the ment. Of the details of these we are not informed.
different parties in which had at the same time im- We only know that they were of a democratical
plored his assistance and that of Hicetas. The nature, and that he appointed a chief magistrate,
two generals reached the town almost at the same to be elected annually, who was called the Amphi-
time; and in the battle which immediately ensued, polus of the Olympian Zeus, and who gave his
Timoleon put Hicetas to flight, although he had name to the Syracusan year. The bistorian adds
nearly five times the number of men. Timoleon that this office continued to be in existence in bis
followed up his victory by marching against Syra- time, that is, in the reign of Augustus (Diod. xri.
cuse, and before Hicetas could collect his troops, 70). The arrangement of the internal affairs of
he succeeded in obtaining possession of two quar- Syracuse engaged the principal attention of Ti-
ters of the city, Tyche and Epipolae. Syracuse moleon for the next two or three years ; but
was now in the hands of the three contending par. during that time he did not neglect the great
ties, Dionysius keeping the island citadel, Hicetas object to which he had now devoted his life, the
Neapolis and Achradina, and Timoleon the two expulsion of the tyrants from the cities. He com-
other quarters. Such was the state of affairs to pelled Leptines, who was tyrant of Apollonia and
wards the end of B. C. 344. The ensuing winter Engyum, to surrender his power, and sent him
was spent in negotiations with the other Greek into exile at Corinth. He was not, however, so
cities in Sicily, and Timoleon's recent success successful in an attack upon Leontini (Diod. xvi.
gained for him the adhesion of several important 72), although Plutarch represents him as forcing
places, and among others that of Catana, of Hicetas to demolish his strongholds, and live
which Mamercus was tyrant. In the following among the Leontines as a private person (Tim.
spring (B. C. 343) Dionysius, despairing of success, 24). But as these expeditions did not bring his
surrendered the citadel to the Corinthian leader, troops much booty, and it was necessary to find
on condition of his being allowed to depart in both employment and rewards for his mercenaries,
safety to Corinth. Hicetas, finding that he had be sent the latter into the Carthaginian dominions
to contend alone with Timoleon, first attempted in Sicily, where they reaped a rich harvest, and
to remove his rival by assassination, and, after the compelled many cities to desert the Carthaginian
failure of this attempt, openly had recourse to the cause.
Carthaginians, and introduced Mago with his fleet The Carthaginians did not need this provocation
and army into the port and city of Syracuse. to engage in war against Timoleon. The rise of
Hicetas now seemed certain of success, for the a new power at Syracuse, and the union of the
Carthaginian force is said to have amounted to Sicilian Greeks, could not but excite jealousy
50,000 men; but Timoleon did not despais, and among the Carthaginians. They had been so ex-
showed himself quite equal to the emergency. He asperated against Mago for his cowardly conduct
contrived to send a seasonable supply of provisions in leaving Sicily, that they would have crucified
from Catana to the Corinthian garrison in the him if he had not put an end to his own life ; and
citadel at Syracuse ; and while Mago and Hicetas they now resolved to send a force to Sicily suffi-
marched against Catana with the best part of their ciently powerful to subdue the whole island.
This
troops, Leon, the commander of the Corinthian formidable armament reached Lily baeum in B. C.
garrison at Syracusc, made a sudden attack upon 339. It was under the command of Hasdrubal
Achradina, and gained this important quarter of and Hamilcar, and is said to have consisted of
the city. This unexpected success raised the sus- 70,000 foot and 10,000 horse and war-chariots,
picions of Mago, who, fearful of treachery, resolved with a fleet of 200 ships of war, and 1000 other
io quit the island, and sailed away, with all his vessels carrying a vast quantity of provisions and
forces, to Carthage. Notwithstanding the defec-military stores. Such an overwhelming force struck
tion of his powerful ally, Hicetas still attempted to the Greeks with consternation and dismay. So great
to bear the como
Itar of the thund
and bail
to retreat and ma
the Greeks, their
pacic spread thro
rations of which
rant of one anotti
fear, used their
eager to gain th
and still more w
Tictory was com
the greatest gaing
was fought in t
The boots which
was prodigious;
spils he sent to
thus diffusing the
the mother count
The victory of
such an accession
Dow resolved to
expelling all the
two of the most po
Mamercus of Cat
gaians for assist
with a fleet of se
mercenaries. Ale
cesses at first, the
able to Timoleor
therefore glad to
in B. C 338, by w
as the boundary
dominions in Sicil
Gisco that Hiceta
He bad been com
the river Damuri
her days afterwa
They were both
wife and daught
where they were
Desple, as a satis
bome wiſe Arete
## p. 1141 (#1157) ##########################################
TIMOLEON.
1141
TIMOMACHUS.
was their alarm that Timoleon, according to Diodo- | been put to death by Hicetas, This is one of the
rus (avi. 78), could only induce twelve thousind greatest stains upon Timoleon's character, as he
men to march with him against the Carthaginians, might easily have saved these unfortunate women,
including in that number his mercenaries, and if he had chosen.
even of them one thousand deserted him on the After the death of Hicetas, and the treaty be-
march. Timoleon hastened to meet the enemy tween the Carthaginians and Timoleon, Mamercus,
with this small force, knowing that any delay, in being unable to maintain himself in Catana, fled to
the divided condition in which the Sicilians still | Messana, where he took refuge with Hippon,
were, might prove fatal to him. The Carthaginian tyrant of that city. Timoleon quickly followed,
commanders were equally anxious to bring matters and besieged Messana so vigorously by sea and
to a speedy decision, confident of victory from land, that Hippon, despairing of holding out, nt-
their superior numbers. The Greeks found the tempted to escape by sea, but was taken and put
Carthaginians encamped on one side of the Cri- to death in the public theatre. Mamercus now
mesus or Crimissus, a river which flows into the surrendered, stipulating only for a public trial
llypsa, on the south-western coast of Sicily. Ti- before the Syracusans, with the condition that
moleon drew up his troops on the brow of a bill | Timoleon should not appear as his accuser. But
overlooking the Carthaginian army, who were on as soon as he was brought into the assembly at
the further bank of the river. The Carthaginian Syracuse, the people refused to hear him, and
commanders, impatient for the victory, began to unanimously condemned him to death.
cross the river in presence of the enemy. This Thus almost all the tyrants were expelled from
favourable circumstance determined the movements the Greek cities in Sicily, and a democratical form
of Timoleon. As soon as the Carthaginian arm of government established in their place. Timo-
was divided by the stream, he charged them leon, however, was in reality the ruler of Sicily,
with all his forces. The Carthaginians resisted for all the states consulted him on every matter of
bravely, but in the hottest of the fight a dreadful importance; and the wisdom of his rule is at-
storm came on, attended with lightning, hail, and tested by the flourishing condition of the island
rain, which beat full in the faces of the Cartha- for several years even after his death. He re-
ginians. Unable to bear up against the storm, and peopled the great cities of Agrigentum and Gela,
to hear the commands of their officers amidst the which had been laid desolate by the Carthaginians,
roar of the thunder, and the clattering of the rain and also settled colonies in other cities. He did
and bail upon their arms, the Carthaginians began not, however, assume any title or office, but resided
to retreat and make for the river ; but pursued by as a private citizen among the Syracusans, to
the Greeks, their retreat soon became a rout; a whom he left the administration of their own
panic spread through their ranks ; and the different affairs. Once, when his public conduct was at-
nations of which the vast army was composed, igno- tacked in the popular assembly by a demagogue of
rant of one another's language, and maddened by the name of Demaenetus, Timoleon is reported to
fear, used their swords against one another, each have thanked the gods for answering his prayer that
eager to gain the stream. Numbers were killed, the Syracusans might enjoy freedom of speech ;
and still more were drowned in the river. The and when Laphystius, another demagogue, de-
victory was complete, and justly ranks as one of manded that Timoleon should give sureties to answer
the greatest gained by Greeks over barbarians. It an indictment that was brought against him, and
was fought in the middle of summer, B. C. 339. some of Timoleon's friends began thereupon to
The booty which Timoleon and his troops gained raise a clamour, Timoleon himself restrained them
was prodigious ; and some of the richest of the by saying, that the great object of all his toils and
spoils he sent to Corinth and other cities in Greece, exertions had been to make the law the same for
thus diffusing the glory of his victory throughout all the Syracusans. A short time before his death
the mother country.
Timoleon became completely blind, but the Sy-
The victory of the Crimesus brought Timoleon racusan people notwithstanding continued to pay
such an accession of power and influence, that he him the same honour as they had done before, and
now resolved to carry into execution his project of took his advice on all difficult cases. He died, ac-
expelling all the tyrants from Sicily. Of these, cording to Diodorus, in B. c. 337, in the eighth
two of the most powerful, Hicetas of Leontini, and year after his first arrival in Sicily. He was buried
Mamercus of Catana, had recourse to the Cartha- at the public expense in the market-place at Syra-
ginians for assistance, who sent Gisco to Sicily cuse, where his monument was afterwards sur-
with a fleet of seventy ships and a body of Greek rounded with porticoes and a gymnasium, which
mercenaries. Although Gisco gained a few suc- was called after him the Timoleontcium. Annual
cesses at first, the war was upon the whole favour- games were also instituted in his honour. Timo-
able to Timoleon, and the Carthaginians were leon certainly deserves to be regarded as one of
therefore glad to conclude a treaty with the latter the greatest men of Greece, and it is not the
in B. c. 338, by which the river Halycus was fixed slightest eulogium paid to him, that Mitford, with
as the boundary of the Carthaginian and Greek all his prejudices against the destroyer of his fa-
dominions in Sicily. It was during the war with vourite tyrants, is able to detract so little from
Gisco that Hicetas fell into the hands of Timoleon. the virtues and merits of Timoleon. (Plutarch
He had been completely defeated by Timoleon at and Cornelius Nepos, Life of Timoleon ; Diod. xvi.
the river Damurias, and was taken prisoner a 65-90 ; Polyaen. v. 3. $ 8; Mitford, History of
few days afterwards, with his son Eupolemus. Grecce, c. xxxiii. )
They were both slain by Timoleon's order. His TIMO'MACHUS. (Trubuaxos), an Athenian,
wife and daughters were carried to Syracuse ; of the demus of Acharnae. In B c. 366, he com-
where they were executed by command of the manded a body of Athenian troops, which, in con-
people, as a satisfaction to the manes of Dion, junction with a Lacedaemonian force, had been
whose wife Arete and sister Aristomache had both | appointed to guard the Isthmus of Corinth against
4D 3
## p. 1142 (#1158) ##########################################
1142
TIMOMACHUS.
TIMOMACHUS.
the Thebans. But they neglected to occupy the | indced if, while two such pictures as the Ajax and
passes of Oneium, and Epaminondas, who was Medea, celebrated by Cicero, existed at Cyzicus,
preparing to invade Achaia, persuaded Peisias, two others on the same subjects should have been
the Argive general, to seize a commanding height painted by Timomachus, and should have been ad-
of the mountain. The Thebans were thus enabled mired as we know they were, and that the pictures
to make their way through the Isthmus (Xen. of Ajut and Medea should be simply mentioned
Hell. vii. i. & 41 ; Diod. xv. 75). Towards the by Pliny as well known, without any distinction
end, apparently, of B. C. 361, Timomachus was sent being made between the two pairs of pictures. It
out to take the command in Thrace, for which he is true that, from one of the passages of Pliny
seems to have been utterly unfit, and he failed quite above cited (XXXV. 4. s. 9), the inference has been
as much at least as his immediate predecessors, drawn that, besides the Ajax and Mcdea, which
Menon and Autocles, in forwarding the Athenian Caesar dedicated in the temple of Venus, there
interests in that quarter. Not only were his mi- was another pair of pictures brought to Rome, by
litary arrangements defective, but, according to the Agrippa, who purchased them from the Cyzicenes
statement of Aeschines, it was through his culpable at a great price, namely, an Ajax and Venus; but
easiness of disposition that Hegesander, his trea- the passage is extremely difficult to understand
surer (Tauías), was enabled to appropriate to his clearly ; and, even taking the above explanation,
own use no less than 80 minae (more than 3001. ) any conclusion drawn from it would apply only to
of the public money. Timomachus appears to have the Ajax, and not to the Medca, which was evi.
been superseded by Cephisodotus in B. C. 360, and, dently the more celebrated of the two. On the
on his return to Athens, was impeached by Apol- whole, then, it seems most probable that the pic-
lodorus (son of Pasion, the banker), who had been tures at Cyzicus, mentioned by Cicero, were the
one of his trierarchs. He was condemned, and, very pictures of Timomachus, which were pur-
according to Demosthenes, was heavily fined; but chased by Julius Caesar ; and therefore that the
his punishment was death, if we may believe the word actute in Pliny must either be rejected, or
statement of the Scholiast on Aeschines (Aesch. interpreted with a considerable latitude.
In con-
c. Tim. p. 8; Schol. ad loc. ;
Dem. de Fals. Leg. firination of this conclusion another passage is cited
p. 398, pro Phorm. p. 960, c. Polycl. pp. 1210, &c. ; from Pliny himself (l. c. § 41), in which he enu.
Rehdantz, Vit. Iph. , Chabr. , Tim. cap. v. SS 7, 8). merates, as examples of the last unfinished pictures
It was during the command of Timomachus in of the greatest painters, which were more admired
Thrace that he received a letter from Cotys, who than even their finished works, the Medca of Ti-
repudiated in it all the promises he had made to momachus, in connection with the Iris of Aristeides,
the Athenians when he wanted their aid against the Tyndaridae of Nicomachus, and the Venus of
the rebel Miltocythes. (Dem. C. Arist. p. 658. ) A pelles ; whence it has been argued that Timoma-
[Cotys, No. 2. )
(E. E. ] chus was probably contemporary with the other
TIMO'MACHUS (Tróuaxos), a very distin- great painters there mentioned, and moreover that
guished painter, of By: tium. He lived (if the it is incredible that Caesar should bave given the
statement of Pliny, as contained in all the editions, large price above mentioned for two pictures of a
be correct) in the time of Julius Caesar, who pur- living artist, especially when one of them was un-
chased two of his pictures, the Ajax and Medea, finished. Still
, any positive chronological conclu-
for the immense sum of eighty Attic talents, and sion from these arguments can only be received
dedicated them in the temple of Venus Genitrix. with much caution. They seem to prove that
(Plin. H. N. vii. 38. s. 39, xxxv. 4. 8. 9, 11. s. 40. Timomachus flourished not later than the early
$ 30. ) In the last of these passages, Pliny defines part of the first century B. C. , but they do not prore
the artist's age in the following very distinct terms: that he is to be carried back to the third century.
_“Timomachus Byzantius Caesaris Dictatoris The associations of works and names, in the pas-
actate Ajacem et Medeam pinxit. ” But here an sages of Cicero and Pliny, have respect to the order
important and difficult question has been raised. of excellence and not to that of time ; and it must
In Cicero's well-known enumeration of the master- be remembered that a great artist often obtains a
pieces of Grecian art, which were to be seen in reputation eren above his merits during his life
various cities (in Verr. iv. 60), he alludes to the and soon after his death, and that fashion, as well
Ajut and Medea at Cyzicus, but without men- as fame, will set a high pecuniary value on such an
tioning the painter's name. (Quid Cyzicenos (ar- | artist's works. On the other hand, a positive ar-
bitramini merere velle), ut A jacem, aut Medeamgument, to prove that Nicomachus lived later
(amittant] ? ). From this passage a presumption is than the time of that flourishing period of the art
raised, that the two pictures should be referred to a which is marked by the name of Apelles, may be
period much earlier than the time of Caesar, drawn from the absence of any mention of him by
namely to the best period of Grecian art, to which Pliny in his proper chronological order, which in-
most of the other works, in connection with which dicates the absence of his name from the works of
they are mentioned, are known to have belonged the Greek authors whom Pliny followed, and that
at all events, as the manner in which they are re- he was one of those recent artists who were only
ferred to by Cicero presupposes their being already known to Pliny by their works which he had seen.
celebrated throughout the Roman empire, it is not Without attempting to arrive at any more precise
likely that they could have been painted during conclusion with regard to the age of Timomachus,
the life of Caesar, and it is of course impossible we proceed to state what is known of his works.
that they were painted during his dictatorship. (1. ) The two pictures already mentioned were
But then, the question comes, whether these were the most celebrated of all his works, and the
the paintings mentioned by Pliny, and, as will Medea appears to have been esteemed his master-
presently be seen, celebrated by other writers. piece. It is referred to, in terms of the highest
The first impulse of any reader would be to assume praise, in several passages of the ancient writers,
this, as a matter of course; and it would be strarge from which we learn that it represented Medea
## p. 1143 (#1159) ##########################################
TIMOMACHUS.
1113
TIMON.
Q
mcditating the murder of her children, but still TIMON (Tíuwv). ). The son of Timarchus of
hesitating between the impulses of revenge for her Phlius, a philosopher of the sect of the Sceptics, and
own wrongs and of pity for her children. A general a celebrated writer of the species of satiric poems
notion of the composition is probably preserved in called Silli (ola101), flourished in the reign of
A painting on the same subject found at Pompeii Ptolemy Philadelphus, about B. C. 279, and on.
(us. Borb. v. 33 ; Pompeii, vol. ii. p. 190), and wards. A pretty full account of his life is pre-
the type of Medea is seen in a figure found at served by Diogenes Laërtius, from the first book
llerculaneum (Antiq. di Ercol. i. 13 ; Mus. Borl. of a work on the Silli (év Tu TPÓTV TW eis TOUS
x. 21), and on some gems. (Lippert, Supplem. i. 93 ; oirdous únouvnuátwv) by Apollonides of Nicnea ;
Panofka, Annai. d. Inst
. i. p. 243 ; Müller, Archäol. and some particulars are quoted by Diogenes froin
d. Kunst, $ 208, n. 2. ) A minute description of Antigonus of Carystus, and from Sotion (Diog.
the emotions expressed in the artist's Medea is Laërt. ix. c. 12. SS 109–115).
