Gracilis
reckoned
fifteen miles as the CIANUS, SERENUS, SILVANUS.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
The senate, instead Fulvius Flaccus, who began openly to stir up the
of endeavouring to allay the ill feelings of those Italian allies to demand the Roman franchise. It
who thought that a right was withheld from them, was in vain that Caius, after his return, endeavoured
provoked them still more by an edict forbidding to restore what his enemies and his sanguine and
any one who was not a Roman citizen to stay in passionate friend had destroyed. Fannius, who
the city or its vicinity so long as the discussions bad obtained the consulship through the influence
on the bills of C. Gracchus were going on. At the of Caius, had soon after treated him with indiffer.
same time the senate had recourse to the meanest ence, and in the end even made conimon cause
and most contemptible stratagem to check Caius in with his enemies. Opinius, who had never for
## p. 297 (#313) ############################################
GRACCHUS.
297
GRACCHUS.
given Crius for having procured the election of Fan- | Blew Antyllius on the spot. According to Plutarch,
nius to the consulship, which he himself had coveted, Antyllius was one of the attendants of the consul
now offered himself again as a candidate for that Opimius, and while carrying a sacrifice through
office; and it was generally reported that he was the arcade, insolently provoked the anger of the
determined to abolish the laws of C. Gracchus. bystanders by calling out, “ Make way for honest
The latter had endeavoured to obtain the tribune men, you mscals ! But however this may be,
ship for the third time, but in vain, either because Gracchus took no part in the proceedings on that
he had really lost the popular favour through the morning, and the murder of Antyllius was com-
intrigues of Drusus, or because his colleagues, whommitted wholly against his wish. it produced the
he had offended by some arrangements during the greatest alarm and consternation, and Caius was
public games in favour of the people, acted illegally deeply grieved, for he saw at once that it injured
and fraudulently in the proclamation and return his party, and served to promote the hostile schemes
of the votes. How much Caius had lost confi- of his enemies. He therefore immcdiately descended
dence in himself as well as in his supporters is to the forum, to allay the terror and explain the
clear from the following circumstance. By the unfortunate occurrence ; but nobody would listen
command of the senate, and in pursuance of the to him, and he was shunned by everybody as if he
above-mentioned edict, the consul Fannius drove had been an accursed man. The assembly broke
out of the city all those who were not Roman up, the people dispersed, and Gracchus and Fulvius
citizens ; and Caius, although he had promised Flaccus, lamenting the event, returned home, ac-
them his assistance, if they would defy the edict companied each by a number of friends. Opimius,
and remain at Rome, yet allowed persons of his on the other hand, who had now got the oppor-
own acquaintance to be dragged off before his eyes tunity he wanted, triumphed and urged the people
by the lictors of the consul, without venturing to to avenge the murder. The next day he convoked
help them. The object of Gracchus undoubtedly the senate, while large crowds of the people were
was to avoid violence and prevent civil bloodshed, assembled in the forum. He garrisoned the capitol,
in order that his enemies might not obtain any and with his suite he himself occupied the temple
just ground for attacking him, which was, in fact, of Castor and Pollux, which commanded the view
the very thing they were looking for. But the of the forum. At bis command the body of Antyl-
people, who were unable to appreciate such motives, lius was carried across the forum with loud wail-
looked upon his forbearance as an act of cowardice. ings and lamentations, and was deposited in front
The year of his second tribuneship, B. c. 122, of the senate-house. All this was only a tragic
thus came to its close. After Opimius had entered farce to excite the feelings of the people against
on his consulship, the senate, which had hitherto the murderer and his party. When Opimius
acted rather on the defensive, and opposed Grac- thought the minds of the people sufficiently excited,
chus with intrigues, contrived to lead Caius into he himself entered the senate, and by a declamatory
wrong steps, that he might thus prepare his own exposition of the fearful crime that had been com-
ruin. His enemies began to repeal several of his mitted, he prevailed upon the senate to confer on
The subject of the colony of Carthage himself unlimited power to act as he thought best
was discussed afresh merely to provoke Gracchus, for the good of the republic. By virtue of this
who, in establishing the colony, had disregarded power, Opimius ordered the senate to meet again
the curse pronounced by P. Scipio upon the site of the next day in arms, and each eques was com-
Carthage, and had increased the number of colo- manded to bring with him two armed slaves.
nists to 6000. This and various other annoyances, Civil war was thus declared. These decrees,
which still more estranged the people from him, he framed as they were with apparent calmness, for
endured for a time with forbearance and without the purpose of clothing the spirit of party vengeance
making any resistance, probably because he did in the forms of legal proceedings, completely para-
not believe that his legislation could be really lysed the mass of the people. That the equites,
upset. But as the movements of the hostile faction who as an order had been raised so much by
became more and more threatening, he could no Gracchus, deserted him in the hour of danger, is
longer resist the entreaties of Fulvius Flaccus, and accountable only by the cowardice which is always
once more he resolved to rally his friends around displayed on such occasions by capitalists. On the
him, and take an active part in the public assembly. second day Gracchus had been in the forum, but ho
A day was appointed to decide upon the colony of had left the assembly, and as he went hoine he
Carthage, or, according to Plutarch, to abolish the was seen stopping before the statue of his father ;
laws of Caius. A number of country people flocked he did not utter a word, but at last he sighed
to Rome to support Caius and his friends ; and it deeply, burst into tears, and then returned home.
was said that they had been sent by his mother, Cor- A large multitude of people, who seemed to feel the
nelia. Flaccus with his friends occupied the capitol silent reproach of their ingratitude and cowardia,
early in the morning, and was already haranguing followed bin to his house, and kept watch there
the people, when Caius arrived with his followers. all night.
But he was irresolute and desponding, and had a Fulvius Flaccus, who had been filled with rage
presentiment that blood would be shed. He took and indignation at the decree of the senate and the
no part in the proceedings, and in silence he walked conduct of Opimius, called on his friends to arm
up and down under an arcade, watching the course themselves, and with them he spent the night in
of events. A common man of the name of Antyl drinking and rioting. On the morning he was
lius there approached him, touched his shoulder, with difficulty roused from his drunken sleep to
and bade him spare his country. Caius, who was give the necessary orders, and organise his men for
taken by surprise, gazed at the man as if he had resistance. Amid shouts he and his band seized
suddenly been charged with a crime of which he on the Arentine, where they took up a strong
could not deny his guilt. Some one of Caius's position, in the hope of thus compelling the senate
friends took this look for a significant hint, and to yield. Caius refused to arm: he left his house
enactments.
## p. 298 (#314) ############################################
298
GRACCHUS.
GRACILIS.
in the morning, dressed in his toga, and without the work of Meyer, cited below. The people of
any weapon save a dagger, which he concealed Rome who had deserted him in the tour of danger
under his toga It was in vain that his wife, were soon seized by feelings of bitter remorse ;
Licinia, with her child in her arma, implored him statues were erected to the two brothers; the spots
to remain at home; he freed himself from her em- on which they had fallen were declared sacred
brace, and went away with his friends without ground, and sacrifices were offered there as in the
saying a word. When he arrived on the Aventine, temples of the gods. Both brothers had staked
he prevailed on Fulvius to send his younger son as their lives for the noblest object that a statesman
a deputy to the senate, to propose a reconciliation. can propose to himself-the rights of the people ;
The appearance of the beautiful boy and his inno- and so long as these rights are preferred to ibe
cent request moved many of the senators; but privileges of a few whom birth or wealth enable to
Opimius haughtily declared, that the rebels ought oppress and tyrannise over the many, so long will
not to attempt any thing through the medium of a the names of the Gracchi be hallowed in history.
messenger, but that they must lay down their There are, as we have already observed, one or
arms, and surrender at discretion. Gracchus him- two points in their conduct and legislation in which
self was ready to comply with this demand, but all we might wish that they had acted with more
his friends refused, and Fulvius sent his son a wisdom and circumspection, but errure humanum
second time to negotiate. Opimius, who longed to est, and the blaine falls not so much upon the
bring the matter to a decision by force, ordered the Gracchi, as upon those who irritated and provoked
boy to be thrown into prison, and forth with he ad- them with a bitterness and an insolence in the
vanced with a body of armed men towards the face of which it would have required an angel's
Aventine. An amnesty was at the same time pro forbearance to remain calm and prudent (Plut.
claimed for all those who would at once lay down Vit. C. Gracchi ; Appian, B. C. 1. 21-26; Liv.
their arms. This amnesty, the want of a regular Epit. lib. 59–61; Vel. Pat. ii. 6, &c. ; Dion Cass.
plan of action on the part of Fulvius, and the niis- Fragm. Peir. 90; Oros. v. 12; Aur. Vict. de l'ir.
siles of the enemy, soon dispersed the party of Illustr. 65; the passages of Cicero, collected in
Gracchus. Fulvius took to flight, and was mur-Orelli's Onomast. vol. ii
. p. 533, &c. ; comp. F. D.
dered with his elder son. Gracchus, who took no Gerlach, Til. und C. Gracchus, p. 33, &c. ; Meyer,
part in the struggle, and was altogether dissatisfied Fragm. Orat. Rom. p. 224, &c. , 2d edit
. ; Ahrens,
with the manner in which his friends had conducted Die drei Volkstribunen, &c. ; Niebuhr, Lectures on
the affair, withdrew into the temple of Diana, Rom. Hist. vol. i. p. 341, &c. , ed. Schmitz. )
with a view of making away with himself ; but he 9. (SEMPRONIUS) GRACCHUS, a run-away slave,
was prevented by two faithful friends, Pomponius who gave himself out as a son of Tib. Gracchus.
and Laetorius (others call him Licinius). Before His real name was L. Equitius. (EQUITIUS]
leaving the temple he is said to have sunk on his 10. SEMPRONICS GRACCHUS, & paramour of
knees, and to have pronounced a fearful curse upon Julia, the daughter of Augustus, while she was the
the ungrateful people who had deserted him and wife of M. Agrippa He continued his connection
joined his enemies. He then followed his friends with her after she was married to Tiberius, and
towards the Tiber; and as they arrived at the inflamed her hatred against her husband. On
wooden bridge leading to the Janiculus, he would Julia's banishment, Gracchus was also banished
have been overtaken by his pursuers and cut down, to Cercina, an island off the African coast. There
had not his friends resolutely opposed them, until he lived till the accession of Tiberius, who had him
they were killed. Caius, in the meantime, had put to death, A. D. 14 (Tac. Ann. i. 53 ; Vell.
reached the grove of the Furies, accompanied only Pat. i. 100). There are several coins struck by a
by a single slave. He had called out for a horse, Tib. Sempronius Gracchus ( see the specimen below),
but no one had ventured to afford him any assist- which are usually referred to the above-mentioned
In the grove of the Furies the slave, Phi- Gracchus, But as many of these coins were
locrates, first killed his master, Gracchus, and then struck in the time of Julius Caesar, they belong
himself. A proclamation had been issued at the more probably to the ancestor of the Gracchus put
beginning of the struggle, that those who brought to death in a. d. 14.
(L. S. )
the heads of Gracchus and Fulvius should receive
their weight in gold. One Septimuleius cut off the
head of Gracchus ; and in order to increase its
weight, filled it with melted lead, and thus carried
it on a spear to Opimius, who paid him his blood-
money. The bodies of the slain, whose number is
said to have amounted to 3000, were thrown into
the Tiber, their property was confiscated, and their
houses demolished. All the other friends of
Gracchus who fell into the hands of their enemies
GRACCHUS, T. VETU’RIUS, with the ag-
were thrown into prison, and there strangled. nomen Sempronianus, was appointed augur in B. C.
After the senate was satiated with blood, it com- 174, after the death and in the place of Tib. Sem-
mitted the blasphemous mockery of dedicating a pronius Gracchus, No. 3. (Liv. xli. 26. ) (L. S. ]
temple to Concord !
GRACILIA, VERULA'NA, a Roman lady
C. Gracchus was married to Licinia, the daughter who was besieged in the Capitol with Sabinus, the
of Licinius Crassus, who had been elected triumvir brother of Vespasian, during his contest with Vitel-
in the place of Tib. Gracchus. He had by her, lius, A. D. 70. (Tac. Hist. iii. 69. ) The name
as far as we know, only one son, but what became should perhaps be written Gratilla. ' (Comp. Plin.
of the boy after his father's death is unknown. Ep. i. 11, v. 1. )
(W. B. D. )
We possess numerous specimens and fragments of GRACILIS, A E’LIUS, legatus in Belgic Gaul,
the oratory of C. Gracchus, which are collected in a. D. 59. (Tac. Aun. xii. 53. ) (W. B. D. )
ance.
## p. 299 (#315) ############################################
GRANIA GENS.
299
GRANIUS.
GRA'CILIS, TURRA'NIUS, a native of the exception of that of Flaccus, in the time of
Africa, cited by Pliny in his Elenchos or summary Julius Caesar ; but under the empire we meet with
of the materials of his Natural History (iii. ix. the surnames LICINIANUS, MARCELLUS, MAR-
xviii).
Gracilis reckoned fifteen miles as the CIANUS, SERENUS, SILVANUS. [W. B. D. )
length, and five as the breadth, of the Straits of
Gibraltar. (Plin. H. N. iii. 1. ) (W. B. D. ]
GRADI'VUS, i. e. the striding or marching, a
surname of Mars, who is hence called gradivus
pater and rex gradivus. Mars Gradivus had a
temple outside the porta Capena on the Appian
road, and it is said that king Numa appointed
twelve Salii as priests of this god. The surname is
probably derived from gradior, to march, or march
COIN OF GRANIA GENS.
out, and we know that the soldiers, when they GRA’NIANUS, JUʻLIUS, a Roman rheto
marched out, sometimes halted near his temple. rician of the time of Alexander Severus, who was
(Liv. i. 20, vii. 23;
Serv. ad Aen. iii. 35; Ov. instructed by him in rhetoric. He wrote decla-
Fast. vi. 191, &c. ; Fest. 8. v. Gradivus. ) [L. S. ] mations, which were still extant in the time of
GRAEAE (I palai), that is, “ the old women," Aelius Lampridius. (Alex. Sev. 3. ) [L. S. ]
were daughters of Phorcys and Ceto. They had GRANI'CUS (['pávikos), a river god of Mysia,
grey hair from their birth. Hesiod (Theog. 270, is described by Hesiod (Theog. 342) as a son of
&c. ) mentions only two Graeae, viz. Pephredo and Oceanus and Thetys. But according to Stephanus
Enyo; Apollodorus (ii. 4. 2) adds Deino as a Byzantinus (s. v. I palkós), the name Granicus was
third, and Aeschylus (Prom. 819) also speaks of derived by some from Graecus, the son of Thes-
three Graeae. The Scholiast on Aeschylus (Prom. salus.
[L. S. ]
793) describes the Graeae, or Phorcides, as he GRA'NIUS. 1. Q. GRANIUS, a clerk employed
calls them, as having the figure of swans, and he by the auctioneers at Rome to collect the money at
says that the three sisters had only one tooth and sales. His wit and caustic humour rendered him
one eye in common, which they borrowed from famous among his contemporaries, and have trans-
one another when they wanted them. It is committed his name to posterity. Although his occu-
monly believed that the Graeae, like other mem-pation was humble (comp. Hor. Ep. i. 7. 56), bis
bers of the family of Phorcys, were marine divi- talents raised him to the highest society in Rome
nities, and personifications of the white foam seen (Cic. ad Fam. ix. 15 ; Schol. Bob. pro Planc. p.
on the waves of the sea. (Comp. GORGO and Per- 259, Orelli); the satirist Lucilius made frequent
SEUS. )
[L. S. ] mention of him (Cic. Brut. 43, ad Att. vi. 3), and
GRAECEIUS, a friend of Cicero, who apprised the name Granius became a proverbial expression
him, on the information of C. Cassius, of a design for a man of wit. Cicero remarks that the only event
to send a party of soldiers to his house at Tuscu- at all memorable in the tribuneship of L. Licinius
lum. As this caution resembles a similar warning Crassus the orator [CRASSUS, No. 23] was his
from M. Varro, Graeceius must have written to supping with Granius (Brut. 43). Some of the
Cicero at the end of May, or the beginning of June, replies of Granius are recorded by Cicero (de Orat.
B. C. 44. (Cic. ad Att. xv. 8, comp. ib. 5. ) Cicero ii. 60, 62). They may be denominated puns, and
refers M. Brutus for information to Graeceius are not always intelligible in another language. In
(ad Fam. xi. 7).
(W. B. D. ] B. c. 111, the consuls P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica,
GRAECI'NUS, JU’LIUS, was put to death and L. Calpurnius Bestia (BESTIA, No. 1. ), sus-
by Caligula because it was inexpedient for a tyrant pended all public business, that the levies for the
to have so virtuous a subject. (Senec. de Benef. ii. war with Jugurtha might proceed without inter-
21. ) Seneca records some terse and pithy sayings ruption. Scipio, seeing Granius idle in the forum,
of Graecinus (L. c. and Ep. 29). The name asked him “ whether he grieved at the auctions
Graecinus occurs in the Fasti among the consules being put off? ” No," was the clerk's reply ;
Buffecti of the year a. D. 16, and in Pliny (H. N. but I am at the legations being put off. ” The
Elench. xiv. xv. xvi. xvii. xviii, and xiv. 2. § 33). point of the reply lies in the double meaning of
From the contents of the books for which Pliny rejectae” in the original; the senate had sent
consulted the writings of Graecinus, he appears to more than one fruitless embassy (legatio) to Ju-
have written on botany or viticulture. [W. B. D. ] gurtha, who bribed both the legati and the senate.
GRAECUS (Tpaikos), a son of Thessalus, from In B. C. 91, the celebrated tribune of the plebs,
whom the Greeks derived the name of f'paikol M. Livius Drusus (Drusus, No. 6. ), meeting
(Graeci. ) (Steph. Byz. 8. o. I'palkós ; comp. Aris-Granius, asked him " How speeds your business? *
tot. Meteorol. i. 14 ; Callim. ap. Strab. v. p. “Nay, Drusus," rejoined the auction-clerk,“ how
216. )
[L. S. ] speeds yours? " Drusus being at the time unable
GRA'NIA GENS, plebeian. Although some of to perform his promises to the Italian allies and sub-
its members, under the republic, rose to senatorial jects of Rome. Catulus, Crassus, and Antonius, and
rank (Plut. Mur. 35), and under the empire, when the leading men of all parties at Rome in the seventh
military superseded civil distinctions, to high sta-century of the city, were in turn the objects of
tions in the army and the provinces (Tac. Ann. i. Granius' licence of speech. (Cic. pro Planc. 14. )
74), it never attained the consulship. The Grania 2, 3. CN. and Q. GRANII, two brothers of sena-
Gens was, however, well-known from the age of torian rank at Rome in B. c. 87. One of them was
the poet Lucilius, B. C. 148–103. From a com- step-son to C. Marius. The two Granii were pro-
parison of Cicero (in Verr. v. 59) with Plutarch scribed with Marius on Sulla's first occupation of
(Mar. 35), and Caesar (B. C.
of endeavouring to allay the ill feelings of those Italian allies to demand the Roman franchise. It
who thought that a right was withheld from them, was in vain that Caius, after his return, endeavoured
provoked them still more by an edict forbidding to restore what his enemies and his sanguine and
any one who was not a Roman citizen to stay in passionate friend had destroyed. Fannius, who
the city or its vicinity so long as the discussions bad obtained the consulship through the influence
on the bills of C. Gracchus were going on. At the of Caius, had soon after treated him with indiffer.
same time the senate had recourse to the meanest ence, and in the end even made conimon cause
and most contemptible stratagem to check Caius in with his enemies. Opinius, who had never for
## p. 297 (#313) ############################################
GRACCHUS.
297
GRACCHUS.
given Crius for having procured the election of Fan- | Blew Antyllius on the spot. According to Plutarch,
nius to the consulship, which he himself had coveted, Antyllius was one of the attendants of the consul
now offered himself again as a candidate for that Opimius, and while carrying a sacrifice through
office; and it was generally reported that he was the arcade, insolently provoked the anger of the
determined to abolish the laws of C. Gracchus. bystanders by calling out, “ Make way for honest
The latter had endeavoured to obtain the tribune men, you mscals ! But however this may be,
ship for the third time, but in vain, either because Gracchus took no part in the proceedings on that
he had really lost the popular favour through the morning, and the murder of Antyllius was com-
intrigues of Drusus, or because his colleagues, whommitted wholly against his wish. it produced the
he had offended by some arrangements during the greatest alarm and consternation, and Caius was
public games in favour of the people, acted illegally deeply grieved, for he saw at once that it injured
and fraudulently in the proclamation and return his party, and served to promote the hostile schemes
of the votes. How much Caius had lost confi- of his enemies. He therefore immcdiately descended
dence in himself as well as in his supporters is to the forum, to allay the terror and explain the
clear from the following circumstance. By the unfortunate occurrence ; but nobody would listen
command of the senate, and in pursuance of the to him, and he was shunned by everybody as if he
above-mentioned edict, the consul Fannius drove had been an accursed man. The assembly broke
out of the city all those who were not Roman up, the people dispersed, and Gracchus and Fulvius
citizens ; and Caius, although he had promised Flaccus, lamenting the event, returned home, ac-
them his assistance, if they would defy the edict companied each by a number of friends. Opimius,
and remain at Rome, yet allowed persons of his on the other hand, who had now got the oppor-
own acquaintance to be dragged off before his eyes tunity he wanted, triumphed and urged the people
by the lictors of the consul, without venturing to to avenge the murder. The next day he convoked
help them. The object of Gracchus undoubtedly the senate, while large crowds of the people were
was to avoid violence and prevent civil bloodshed, assembled in the forum. He garrisoned the capitol,
in order that his enemies might not obtain any and with his suite he himself occupied the temple
just ground for attacking him, which was, in fact, of Castor and Pollux, which commanded the view
the very thing they were looking for. But the of the forum. At bis command the body of Antyl-
people, who were unable to appreciate such motives, lius was carried across the forum with loud wail-
looked upon his forbearance as an act of cowardice. ings and lamentations, and was deposited in front
The year of his second tribuneship, B. c. 122, of the senate-house. All this was only a tragic
thus came to its close. After Opimius had entered farce to excite the feelings of the people against
on his consulship, the senate, which had hitherto the murderer and his party. When Opimius
acted rather on the defensive, and opposed Grac- thought the minds of the people sufficiently excited,
chus with intrigues, contrived to lead Caius into he himself entered the senate, and by a declamatory
wrong steps, that he might thus prepare his own exposition of the fearful crime that had been com-
ruin. His enemies began to repeal several of his mitted, he prevailed upon the senate to confer on
The subject of the colony of Carthage himself unlimited power to act as he thought best
was discussed afresh merely to provoke Gracchus, for the good of the republic. By virtue of this
who, in establishing the colony, had disregarded power, Opimius ordered the senate to meet again
the curse pronounced by P. Scipio upon the site of the next day in arms, and each eques was com-
Carthage, and had increased the number of colo- manded to bring with him two armed slaves.
nists to 6000. This and various other annoyances, Civil war was thus declared. These decrees,
which still more estranged the people from him, he framed as they were with apparent calmness, for
endured for a time with forbearance and without the purpose of clothing the spirit of party vengeance
making any resistance, probably because he did in the forms of legal proceedings, completely para-
not believe that his legislation could be really lysed the mass of the people. That the equites,
upset. But as the movements of the hostile faction who as an order had been raised so much by
became more and more threatening, he could no Gracchus, deserted him in the hour of danger, is
longer resist the entreaties of Fulvius Flaccus, and accountable only by the cowardice which is always
once more he resolved to rally his friends around displayed on such occasions by capitalists. On the
him, and take an active part in the public assembly. second day Gracchus had been in the forum, but ho
A day was appointed to decide upon the colony of had left the assembly, and as he went hoine he
Carthage, or, according to Plutarch, to abolish the was seen stopping before the statue of his father ;
laws of Caius. A number of country people flocked he did not utter a word, but at last he sighed
to Rome to support Caius and his friends ; and it deeply, burst into tears, and then returned home.
was said that they had been sent by his mother, Cor- A large multitude of people, who seemed to feel the
nelia. Flaccus with his friends occupied the capitol silent reproach of their ingratitude and cowardia,
early in the morning, and was already haranguing followed bin to his house, and kept watch there
the people, when Caius arrived with his followers. all night.
But he was irresolute and desponding, and had a Fulvius Flaccus, who had been filled with rage
presentiment that blood would be shed. He took and indignation at the decree of the senate and the
no part in the proceedings, and in silence he walked conduct of Opimius, called on his friends to arm
up and down under an arcade, watching the course themselves, and with them he spent the night in
of events. A common man of the name of Antyl drinking and rioting. On the morning he was
lius there approached him, touched his shoulder, with difficulty roused from his drunken sleep to
and bade him spare his country. Caius, who was give the necessary orders, and organise his men for
taken by surprise, gazed at the man as if he had resistance. Amid shouts he and his band seized
suddenly been charged with a crime of which he on the Arentine, where they took up a strong
could not deny his guilt. Some one of Caius's position, in the hope of thus compelling the senate
friends took this look for a significant hint, and to yield. Caius refused to arm: he left his house
enactments.
## p. 298 (#314) ############################################
298
GRACCHUS.
GRACILIS.
in the morning, dressed in his toga, and without the work of Meyer, cited below. The people of
any weapon save a dagger, which he concealed Rome who had deserted him in the tour of danger
under his toga It was in vain that his wife, were soon seized by feelings of bitter remorse ;
Licinia, with her child in her arma, implored him statues were erected to the two brothers; the spots
to remain at home; he freed himself from her em- on which they had fallen were declared sacred
brace, and went away with his friends without ground, and sacrifices were offered there as in the
saying a word. When he arrived on the Aventine, temples of the gods. Both brothers had staked
he prevailed on Fulvius to send his younger son as their lives for the noblest object that a statesman
a deputy to the senate, to propose a reconciliation. can propose to himself-the rights of the people ;
The appearance of the beautiful boy and his inno- and so long as these rights are preferred to ibe
cent request moved many of the senators; but privileges of a few whom birth or wealth enable to
Opimius haughtily declared, that the rebels ought oppress and tyrannise over the many, so long will
not to attempt any thing through the medium of a the names of the Gracchi be hallowed in history.
messenger, but that they must lay down their There are, as we have already observed, one or
arms, and surrender at discretion. Gracchus him- two points in their conduct and legislation in which
self was ready to comply with this demand, but all we might wish that they had acted with more
his friends refused, and Fulvius sent his son a wisdom and circumspection, but errure humanum
second time to negotiate. Opimius, who longed to est, and the blaine falls not so much upon the
bring the matter to a decision by force, ordered the Gracchi, as upon those who irritated and provoked
boy to be thrown into prison, and forth with he ad- them with a bitterness and an insolence in the
vanced with a body of armed men towards the face of which it would have required an angel's
Aventine. An amnesty was at the same time pro forbearance to remain calm and prudent (Plut.
claimed for all those who would at once lay down Vit. C. Gracchi ; Appian, B. C. 1. 21-26; Liv.
their arms. This amnesty, the want of a regular Epit. lib. 59–61; Vel. Pat. ii. 6, &c. ; Dion Cass.
plan of action on the part of Fulvius, and the niis- Fragm. Peir. 90; Oros. v. 12; Aur. Vict. de l'ir.
siles of the enemy, soon dispersed the party of Illustr. 65; the passages of Cicero, collected in
Gracchus. Fulvius took to flight, and was mur-Orelli's Onomast. vol. ii
. p. 533, &c. ; comp. F. D.
dered with his elder son. Gracchus, who took no Gerlach, Til. und C. Gracchus, p. 33, &c. ; Meyer,
part in the struggle, and was altogether dissatisfied Fragm. Orat. Rom. p. 224, &c. , 2d edit
. ; Ahrens,
with the manner in which his friends had conducted Die drei Volkstribunen, &c. ; Niebuhr, Lectures on
the affair, withdrew into the temple of Diana, Rom. Hist. vol. i. p. 341, &c. , ed. Schmitz. )
with a view of making away with himself ; but he 9. (SEMPRONIUS) GRACCHUS, a run-away slave,
was prevented by two faithful friends, Pomponius who gave himself out as a son of Tib. Gracchus.
and Laetorius (others call him Licinius). Before His real name was L. Equitius. (EQUITIUS]
leaving the temple he is said to have sunk on his 10. SEMPRONICS GRACCHUS, & paramour of
knees, and to have pronounced a fearful curse upon Julia, the daughter of Augustus, while she was the
the ungrateful people who had deserted him and wife of M. Agrippa He continued his connection
joined his enemies. He then followed his friends with her after she was married to Tiberius, and
towards the Tiber; and as they arrived at the inflamed her hatred against her husband. On
wooden bridge leading to the Janiculus, he would Julia's banishment, Gracchus was also banished
have been overtaken by his pursuers and cut down, to Cercina, an island off the African coast. There
had not his friends resolutely opposed them, until he lived till the accession of Tiberius, who had him
they were killed. Caius, in the meantime, had put to death, A. D. 14 (Tac. Ann. i. 53 ; Vell.
reached the grove of the Furies, accompanied only Pat. i. 100). There are several coins struck by a
by a single slave. He had called out for a horse, Tib. Sempronius Gracchus ( see the specimen below),
but no one had ventured to afford him any assist- which are usually referred to the above-mentioned
In the grove of the Furies the slave, Phi- Gracchus, But as many of these coins were
locrates, first killed his master, Gracchus, and then struck in the time of Julius Caesar, they belong
himself. A proclamation had been issued at the more probably to the ancestor of the Gracchus put
beginning of the struggle, that those who brought to death in a. d. 14.
(L. S. )
the heads of Gracchus and Fulvius should receive
their weight in gold. One Septimuleius cut off the
head of Gracchus ; and in order to increase its
weight, filled it with melted lead, and thus carried
it on a spear to Opimius, who paid him his blood-
money. The bodies of the slain, whose number is
said to have amounted to 3000, were thrown into
the Tiber, their property was confiscated, and their
houses demolished. All the other friends of
Gracchus who fell into the hands of their enemies
GRACCHUS, T. VETU’RIUS, with the ag-
were thrown into prison, and there strangled. nomen Sempronianus, was appointed augur in B. C.
After the senate was satiated with blood, it com- 174, after the death and in the place of Tib. Sem-
mitted the blasphemous mockery of dedicating a pronius Gracchus, No. 3. (Liv. xli. 26. ) (L. S. ]
temple to Concord !
GRACILIA, VERULA'NA, a Roman lady
C. Gracchus was married to Licinia, the daughter who was besieged in the Capitol with Sabinus, the
of Licinius Crassus, who had been elected triumvir brother of Vespasian, during his contest with Vitel-
in the place of Tib. Gracchus. He had by her, lius, A. D. 70. (Tac. Hist. iii. 69. ) The name
as far as we know, only one son, but what became should perhaps be written Gratilla. ' (Comp. Plin.
of the boy after his father's death is unknown. Ep. i. 11, v. 1. )
(W. B. D. )
We possess numerous specimens and fragments of GRACILIS, A E’LIUS, legatus in Belgic Gaul,
the oratory of C. Gracchus, which are collected in a. D. 59. (Tac. Aun. xii. 53. ) (W. B. D. )
ance.
## p. 299 (#315) ############################################
GRANIA GENS.
299
GRANIUS.
GRA'CILIS, TURRA'NIUS, a native of the exception of that of Flaccus, in the time of
Africa, cited by Pliny in his Elenchos or summary Julius Caesar ; but under the empire we meet with
of the materials of his Natural History (iii. ix. the surnames LICINIANUS, MARCELLUS, MAR-
xviii).
Gracilis reckoned fifteen miles as the CIANUS, SERENUS, SILVANUS. [W. B. D. )
length, and five as the breadth, of the Straits of
Gibraltar. (Plin. H. N. iii. 1. ) (W. B. D. ]
GRADI'VUS, i. e. the striding or marching, a
surname of Mars, who is hence called gradivus
pater and rex gradivus. Mars Gradivus had a
temple outside the porta Capena on the Appian
road, and it is said that king Numa appointed
twelve Salii as priests of this god. The surname is
probably derived from gradior, to march, or march
COIN OF GRANIA GENS.
out, and we know that the soldiers, when they GRA’NIANUS, JUʻLIUS, a Roman rheto
marched out, sometimes halted near his temple. rician of the time of Alexander Severus, who was
(Liv. i. 20, vii. 23;
Serv. ad Aen. iii. 35; Ov. instructed by him in rhetoric. He wrote decla-
Fast. vi. 191, &c. ; Fest. 8. v. Gradivus. ) [L. S. ] mations, which were still extant in the time of
GRAEAE (I palai), that is, “ the old women," Aelius Lampridius. (Alex. Sev. 3. ) [L. S. ]
were daughters of Phorcys and Ceto. They had GRANI'CUS (['pávikos), a river god of Mysia,
grey hair from their birth. Hesiod (Theog. 270, is described by Hesiod (Theog. 342) as a son of
&c. ) mentions only two Graeae, viz. Pephredo and Oceanus and Thetys. But according to Stephanus
Enyo; Apollodorus (ii. 4. 2) adds Deino as a Byzantinus (s. v. I palkós), the name Granicus was
third, and Aeschylus (Prom. 819) also speaks of derived by some from Graecus, the son of Thes-
three Graeae. The Scholiast on Aeschylus (Prom. salus.
[L. S. ]
793) describes the Graeae, or Phorcides, as he GRA'NIUS. 1. Q. GRANIUS, a clerk employed
calls them, as having the figure of swans, and he by the auctioneers at Rome to collect the money at
says that the three sisters had only one tooth and sales. His wit and caustic humour rendered him
one eye in common, which they borrowed from famous among his contemporaries, and have trans-
one another when they wanted them. It is committed his name to posterity. Although his occu-
monly believed that the Graeae, like other mem-pation was humble (comp. Hor. Ep. i. 7. 56), bis
bers of the family of Phorcys, were marine divi- talents raised him to the highest society in Rome
nities, and personifications of the white foam seen (Cic. ad Fam. ix. 15 ; Schol. Bob. pro Planc. p.
on the waves of the sea. (Comp. GORGO and Per- 259, Orelli); the satirist Lucilius made frequent
SEUS. )
[L. S. ] mention of him (Cic. Brut. 43, ad Att. vi. 3), and
GRAECEIUS, a friend of Cicero, who apprised the name Granius became a proverbial expression
him, on the information of C. Cassius, of a design for a man of wit. Cicero remarks that the only event
to send a party of soldiers to his house at Tuscu- at all memorable in the tribuneship of L. Licinius
lum. As this caution resembles a similar warning Crassus the orator [CRASSUS, No. 23] was his
from M. Varro, Graeceius must have written to supping with Granius (Brut. 43). Some of the
Cicero at the end of May, or the beginning of June, replies of Granius are recorded by Cicero (de Orat.
B. C. 44. (Cic. ad Att. xv. 8, comp. ib. 5. ) Cicero ii. 60, 62). They may be denominated puns, and
refers M. Brutus for information to Graeceius are not always intelligible in another language. In
(ad Fam. xi. 7).
(W. B. D. ] B. c. 111, the consuls P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica,
GRAECI'NUS, JU’LIUS, was put to death and L. Calpurnius Bestia (BESTIA, No. 1. ), sus-
by Caligula because it was inexpedient for a tyrant pended all public business, that the levies for the
to have so virtuous a subject. (Senec. de Benef. ii. war with Jugurtha might proceed without inter-
21. ) Seneca records some terse and pithy sayings ruption. Scipio, seeing Granius idle in the forum,
of Graecinus (L. c. and Ep. 29). The name asked him “ whether he grieved at the auctions
Graecinus occurs in the Fasti among the consules being put off? ” No," was the clerk's reply ;
Buffecti of the year a. D. 16, and in Pliny (H. N. but I am at the legations being put off. ” The
Elench. xiv. xv. xvi. xvii. xviii, and xiv. 2. § 33). point of the reply lies in the double meaning of
From the contents of the books for which Pliny rejectae” in the original; the senate had sent
consulted the writings of Graecinus, he appears to more than one fruitless embassy (legatio) to Ju-
have written on botany or viticulture. [W. B. D. ] gurtha, who bribed both the legati and the senate.
GRAECUS (Tpaikos), a son of Thessalus, from In B. C. 91, the celebrated tribune of the plebs,
whom the Greeks derived the name of f'paikol M. Livius Drusus (Drusus, No. 6. ), meeting
(Graeci. ) (Steph. Byz. 8. o. I'palkós ; comp. Aris-Granius, asked him " How speeds your business? *
tot. Meteorol. i. 14 ; Callim. ap. Strab. v. p. “Nay, Drusus," rejoined the auction-clerk,“ how
216. )
[L. S. ] speeds yours? " Drusus being at the time unable
GRA'NIA GENS, plebeian. Although some of to perform his promises to the Italian allies and sub-
its members, under the republic, rose to senatorial jects of Rome. Catulus, Crassus, and Antonius, and
rank (Plut. Mur. 35), and under the empire, when the leading men of all parties at Rome in the seventh
military superseded civil distinctions, to high sta-century of the city, were in turn the objects of
tions in the army and the provinces (Tac. Ann. i. Granius' licence of speech. (Cic. pro Planc. 14. )
74), it never attained the consulship. The Grania 2, 3. CN. and Q. GRANII, two brothers of sena-
Gens was, however, well-known from the age of torian rank at Rome in B. c. 87. One of them was
the poet Lucilius, B. C. 148–103. From a com- step-son to C. Marius. The two Granii were pro-
parison of Cicero (in Verr. v. 59) with Plutarch scribed with Marius on Sulla's first occupation of
(Mar. 35), and Caesar (B. C.
