)
Maia, daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and the moth-
er of Mercury by Jupiter.
Maia, daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and the moth-
er of Mercury by Jupiter.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
Horat.
, p.
12.
--Bah, Gesch.
Rom.
Lit.
,
vol. 1, p 125 )
Magetobria, a city of Gaul, the situation of which
has given rise to much discussion. Some place it
near Binga, below Moguntia; and they found this
opinion on the opening lines in the poem of Ausonius
upon the Mosella. D'Anvillc, however, and subse-
quent writers, discover traces of the ancient name in
tie spot called at the present day la Moigte de Broie,
at the confluence of the Arar and Ogno, near a village
named PonxaiVcr, which belonged formerly to Burgun-
dy. This opinion is confirmed by an inscription found
in this quarter on the fragment of an urn, dug up, along
with other articles, in 1802. The inscription is MA-
GETOB. (Cat. , B. G. , 1, 31. --Lemaire, Ind. Ge-
? ? ogr. , ad Cets. , s. >>. )
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? MAGI.
gods, to whom all things are open, are not to be con-
fined within the walls of a temple. The account which
Diogenes Laertius gives of the Magi is this (1, 6,
seqq. ): "They are employed in worshipping the coda
by prayers and sacrifices, as if their worship alone
would be accepted ; they teach their doctrine concern-
ing tbe nature and origin of the gods, whom they think
to bo fire, earth, and water; they reject the use of
pictures and images, and reprobate the opinion that the
gods are male and female; they discourse to the peo-
ple concerning justice; they think it impious to con-
sume dead bodies with fire; they allow of marriage
tetween mother and son; they practise divination and
prophecy, pretending that the gods appear to them;
they forbid the use of ornaments in dress; they clothe
themselves in a white robe; they make use of the
ground as their bed, of herbs, cheese, and bread for
food, and of a reed for their staff. " And Strabo re-
lates, that there were in Cappadocia a great number
of Magi, who were called Pyrelhi, or worshippers of
fire, and many temples of the Persian gods, in the
midst of which were altars, attended by priests, who
daily renewed the sacred fire, accompanying the cere-
mony with music. The religious system of the Magi
was materially improved by Zoroaster. Plutarch,
speaking of his doctrine (Is. et Os. , p. 369. --Op. , ed.
Hciskc. vol. 7, p. 468), says: "Some maintain, that
neither is the world governed by blind chance without
intelligence, nor is there one mind alone at the head of
the universe; but since good and evil are blended, and
nature produces nothing unmixed, we are to conceive,
not that there is. one storekeeper, who, after the manner
of a host, dispenses adulterated liquors to his guests, but
that there are in nature two opposite powers, counter-
acting each other's operations, the one accomplishing
good designs, the other evil. To the better power
Zoroaster gave the name of Oromasdes, to the worse
that of Arimanius; and affirmed that, of sensible ob-
ject*, the former most rese-nbled light, the latter dark-
? sca. He also taught that Mithras was a divinity,
1i ho acted as a moderator between them, whence he
iras called by the Persians the Mediator. " After re-
lating several fabulous tales concerning the contests
between the good and evil demon, Plutarch, still re-
citing the doctrines of Zoroaster, proceeds: "The
fated time is approaching in which Arimanius himself
shall be utterly destroyed; in which the surface of the
earth shall become a perfect plain, and all men shall
speak one language, and live happily together in one
society. " He adds, on the authority of Theopompus,
"It is the opinion of the Magi, that each of these gods
shall subdue and be subdued by turns, for six thousand
years, but that, at last, the evil principle shall perish,
and men shall live in happiness, neither needing food
nor yielding a shadow; the God who directs these
things taking his repose for a time, which, though it
may seem long to'man, is but short. " Diogenes Laer-
tius (I. c ), after Hecatsus, gives it as the doctrine of
Zoroaster, that the gods (meaning, doubtless, those of
whom he last speaks, Oromasdes and Arimanius) were
derived beings. --It will appear probable, from a com-
parison of these with other authorities, that Zoroaster,
adopting tho principle commonly held by the ancients,
that from nothing, nothing can be produced, conceived
light, or those spiritual substances which partake of the
active nature of fire and darkness, or the impenetrable,
opaque, and passive mass of matter, to be emanations
from one elemal source; that to derived substances
? ? he gave the names, already applied by the Magi to the
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? MAO
MAQO.
alia, accJi-Jh. g to Pliny (5, 20), was fifteen miles,
according to Ariemidorus (ap. Strab. , 663), 130 sta-
dia, from Ephesus. Strabo makes it a city of . Eolian
origin, Which is not contradicted by another statement
of the same writer, when he makes the Magnetes to
have been descended from the Delphians who occu-
pied the Montes Didymi of Thcssaly. --Magnesia was
sacked by the Cimmerians during their inroads into
Asia Minor. Tt was afterward held by the Milesians,
aad was one of the cities assigned, for his support, to
Thcmistoclcs, by the King of Persia. The modern
Gktusel-htssar (Beautiful Castle) had been generally
thought to occupy the site of the ancient Magnesia.
M. Barbie du Docage, however, in the notes to his
-fanslation of Chandler, gave convincing reasons for
linking that Ghiuzcl-hissar occupied the position of
Trallea; but it was not until Mr. Hamilton explored
he ruins of Magnesia at lnekbazar, and discovered
the remains of the celebrated temple of Diana Leuco-
phryene, that the question could be considered as sat-
isfactorily determined in favour of the latter place.
(Leake's Journal, p. 242, seqq. )--II. A city in the
northern part of Lydia, southeast of Corns, and in the
immediate vicinity of the Hermus. It lay close to ilie
foot of Mount Sipylus, and hence, for distinction' sake
from the other Magnesia, was called "Magnesia near
Sipylus" (Mayvr/aia rtpbc intv? . u). Its founder is
not known, nor its earlier history. It was first brought
into notice by the battle fought in its neighbourhood
between Antiochus and the Romans (187 B. C. ). It
was not a place of much importance under the Roman
dominion, as the main road from Pergamus to Sardis
passed on one side of it. At the close of the Mithradatic
war the Romans gave it its freedom. It was frequent-
ly injured by earthquakes, and was one of the twelve
cities destroyed by the earthquake in the reign of Tt-
bcriur, which that emperor, however, quickly rebuilt.
Tucit. , Ann. , 2, 47. --Plin. , 2, 84. ) It became af-
terward the seat of a bishopric. The modern name is
Mlfnisa. (Tavcrnier, 1, 7. --Manncrl, Geogr. , vol.
S, pt. 0, p. 373. )--III. A district of Thessaly. The
Greeks gave the name of Magnesia to that narrow
portion of Thessaly which is confined between the
Pcneus and Pagasaean Bay to the north and south, and
Between the chain of Ossa and the sea on the west and
? ast (Strabo, 441,--Scyl. , PeripL, p. 24. --Pliny,
4, 9. ) The people of this district were called Mag-
netes, and appear to have been in possession of it from
be remotest psriod. (Horn. , U. , 2, 756. -- Pind. ,
Pytk. , 4, 140 -Id. , New. , 5, 50. ) They are also
iniversally allowed to have formed part of the Amphic-
yonic body. (Azschin. , de fate, leg. , p. 122. --Pav-
*m. , 10, * --Harpocrat. , s. <<. 'Kfi^iKriovec. ) The
Vtagncsii -? >> submitted to Xerxes, giving earth and
water in :<<. ken of subjection. (Herod. , 7,132. ) Thu-
cydidts Wads us to suppose they were in his time
dependant on the Thessalians (2, 10). They passed
with the rest of that nation under the dominion of the
kings of Macedon who succeeded Alexander, and
? ere declared free by the Romans after the battle of
Cynoscephalse. (Polyb. , Excerpt. , 18, 29, 5. --Livy,
S3, 32. ) Their government was then republican, af-
fairs being directed by a general council, and a chief
nagistrate called Msgnetarch. (Liv. , 34,31. -- Strab,
J. 442. --Xen. , Anafi. , 6, 1. --Cramer's Anc. Greece,
vol. 1, p. 419, seqq. y---IV. A city of Magnesia, on the
coast, opposite the island of Sciathus. It was con-
? ? yiered by Philip, son of Amyntas. (Cramer's Anc.
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? HAL
M AM
Oy S Jipvo. He embarked hit troops and set sail, but
died of his wound at the island of Sardinia, B. C. 203.
(Lie. , 30, ! 8. ) Cornelius Nepos differs from other
writers as to the manner of his death, and says that he
either perished by shipwreck or was murdered by his
servants. (Nep. , Vit. Hannib. , c. 8. )--V. A Cartha-
ginian who wrote a work on agriculture in the Punic
tongui, which was translated into Latin by order of
Uie i( -man senate. It was in twenty-eight books ac-
creting iu Varro. The latter informs us also, that it
was translated into Greek by Cassius Dionysius of
t'tica, who made twenty books of it; and that it was
still farther condensed by Diophanes of Bithynia, who
Drought it down to six books. (Varro, De R. A'. , 1, 1. )
Magon, a river of India falling into the Ganges.
According to Mannert, the modern name is the Ram-
gonga. (Geogr. , vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 92. )
MaHarbal, a Carthaginian officer in the army of
Hannibal, appointed to carry on the siege of Sagun-
tum when Hannibal marched against the Cretani and
Carpetani. (Liv. , 21, 12. ) After the battle of the
Lake Trasymenus in Italy, he was sent in pursuit of
the flying Romans. (Liv, 22, 6. ) At the battle of
Canna: he commanded the cavalry, and strenuously
advised Hannibal, after the latter had gained his deci-
sive victory, to march at once upon Home. (Liv. , 22,
M. --/tt. ,23, 18.
)
Maia, daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and the moth-
er of Mercury by Jupiter. She was one of the Plei-
ades; and the brightest of the number, according to
some authorities: others, however, more correctly
make Halcyone the most luminous. (Vtd. Pleiades,
and consult Ideler, Stcrnnamcn, p. 146. )
Majorianus, Julius Valerius, grandson of the Ma-
jorianus who was master of the horse in Illyria during
the reign of Theodosius. He distinguished himself
early as a brave commander under Aetius, and at the
death of the latter he rose to such distinction that he
was elected Emperor of the West in the room of Avi-
1'is, whom ho compelled to resign the imperial dignity
in 457. He was assassinated by Ricimer, one of his
generals, after a reign of four years and a half, at Der-
tona in Liguria. (I'ierer, Lex. Univ. , vol. 13, p. 98. )
Mai. ka, 1. a promontory in the southeastern part of
the island of Lesbos, now Cape St. Marie. --II. A
celebrated promontory of the Peloponnesus, forming
the extreme point to the southeast, and separating the
Laconic from the Argolic Gulf. Strabo reckons 670
stadia from thence to Tsenarus, including the sinuosi-
ties of the coast. Cspe Malea was considered by the
ancients the most dangerous point in the circumnavi-
gation of the peninsula, even as early as the days of
Homer. (CM. , I, 80; 3, 286. ) Hence arose the pro-
verbial expression, " After doubling Cape Malea forget
your country. " (Strab. , 378. --Eustath. , ad Od. , p.
1468--Compare Herod. , 4. \79. --Thucyd. , 4, 63 --
Sryl. , p. 17. ) It is now usually called (Jape . S7. An-
gela, but sometimes Cape Maho. (Cramer's Ancient
Greece, vol. 3, p. 198. )-- III. A city of Phthiotis.
(Vid. Malia )
Mai. kvkntum, the ancient name of Beneventum.
(Lit. , 9, 27. )
Malia, the chief city of the Malienses, in the dis-
trict of Phthiotis in Thessaly, from which they proba-
Uy derived their name. (Stepk. Byz. , s. v. Mavlievc. )
ft was near the head-waters of the Sinus Maliacus,
ow the Gulf of Zeitoun.
? ? Maliacus Sinus, a gulf of Thessaly, running up in
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? MAM
MAN
been established for some time st Syracuse, a tumult
irose between them and the citizens, in consequence
of their being deprived of the right of voting at the
election of magistrates, which they had previously en-
joyed. The sedition was at last quelled by the inter-
ference of some of the elderly and most influential cit-
izens, and the Mamcrtines sgreed to leave Syracuse
and return to Italy. Having reached the Sicilian
straits, they were hospitably received by the inhabi-
tants of Messana ? but, repaying this kindness by the
basest ingratitud;, they rose upon the Messanians by
night, slew the males, took the females to wife, and
called the city Marncrtiua. (Diod. Sic , fragm. , lib.
21. ) This conduct on the part of the Mamcrtines led
eventually to the first Punic War. (Vid. Punicum
Bellum. )--The origin of the name Mamertini is said
to have been as follows. It was customary with the
Oscan nations of Italy, in time of famine or any other
misfortune, to seek to propitiate the favour of the
gods by consecrating to them not only all the produc-
tions of the earth during a certain year, but also all the
male children born during that same space of time.
Mamers or Mars being their tutelary deity, they called
these children after him when they had attained ma-
turity, and, under the general and customary name of
Mamertini, sent them away to seek new abodes. (Vul,
Mamcrtium. )
Mamkk rii'M, a town of the Brultii, northeast of Rhc-
gium. It appears to have been originally founded by
a band of Campanian mercenaries, who derived their
name from Mamers, the Oscan Mars, and are known
to have afterward served under Agathocles and other
princes of Sicily. (Vid. Mamertini. ) Barrio and oth-
er native antiquaries have identified this ancient town
with the site of Marttnana; but this place, which is
situated between Nicastro and Coscnza, seems too
distant from I. ocri and Rhegium to accord with Stra-'
bo's description. (Strab. , 261. ) The majority of
modern topographers, with Cluverius at their head,
place it at Oppido, an episcopal see, situate above
Heggio and Gtraei, and where old coins appertaining
to the Mamertini arc said to have been discovered.
(Cramer's Ane. Italy, vol. 2, p. 438. )
Ma mi Li a Lex, dr. limitibus, ordained that there
should be an uncultivated space of five feet broad left
between farms, and if any dispute happened about this
matter, that a single arbiter should be appointed by the
praetor to determine it. The law of the twelve tables
required three arbiters. --This law was proposed hy C.
Mamilius Tuninus, A. U. C. 642, who had been consul
in 514 A. U. C. (Consult Erncsli, Index Leg. ad
Cie. , s. v. Mamilia. -- Goerenz, ad Cic, de Leg. , 1,
21. )
Mamurius Vetdrius, an artificer in the reign of
Numa. When the Ancile or sacred shield fell from
heaven, the monarch showed it to all the Roman ar-
tists, and ordered them to exert all their skill, and
make eleven other shields exactly resembling it. All
declined the attempt, however, except Mamurius, who
was so successful in the imitation, and made the other
ekven so like unto it, that not even Numa himself
could distinguish the copies from the original. (Vid.
. male and Salii. ) Mamurius asked for no other re-
ward but that his name might be mentioned in the
hymn of the Salii, as they bore along these sacred
shields in procession. (Plut. , Vit. Nam. --(hid, Fast. ,
S, 392 )
? ? Mimukra, a native of Formise, of obscure origin.
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? MANETHO.
MAN
? nus against Apitin; but still greattr portions in the
"Chronicles" of George Synceilus, a monk of the ninth
century. The "Chronicles" of Syncellus were prin-
cipally compiled from the "Chronicles" of Julius Af-
ricanus and from Eusebius, both of whom made great
use of Manetho's " History. " The work of Africanus
is lost; and we only possess a Latin version of that of
Eusebius, which was translated out of the Armenian
version ot the Greek text preserved at Constantinople.
Manelho indicates as his principal sources of informa-
tion certain ancient Egyptian chronicles, and also, if
Syncellus has rightly comprehended his meaning, the in-
scriptions which Thoth, or the first Hermes, had traced,
according to him, in the sacred language, on columns.
tV'e say, if Syncellus has rightly comprehended him,
because it appears that the passage, in which Manetho
speaks of the columns of Egypt, has not been taken
from his history of Egypt, but from another work of a
. iiystic character, entitled Sothis. The inscriptions
just referred to, as having been written in the sacred
dialect, Agathodsmon, son of the second Hermes, and
father of Taut, had translated into the vulgar dialect,
and placed among the writings deposited in the sanc-
tuary of a temple. Manetho gives the list of thirty
dynasties or successions of kings who reigned in the
same city; for thus are we to understand the word
dynasty, which, in Manetho, is not synonymous with
reigning family. Hence some of his dynasties are
composed of several families. The thirty-one lists of
Manetho contain the names of 113 kings, who, ac-
cording to them, reigned in Egypt during the space of
4465 years. As we cannot reconcile this long dura-
tion of the Egyptian monarchy with the chronology of
the Scriptures, some writers have hence taken occasion
to throw discredit on Manetho, and have placed him
in the class oi fabulous historians. (Compare, in par-
ticular, Petal. , Doetr. Temp. , lib. 9, c. 15. ) A circum-
stanca, however, which would seem to claim for this his-
torian some degree of confidence is, that the succession
0/kings, as given by him, does not by any means corre-
ipond to the pretensions of the more ancient priests of
Egypt, who enumerated to Herodotus a list of monarchs
which would make the duration of the kingdom of Egypt
exceed 30,000 years! We know also, from Josephus,
that Manetho corrected many things in Herodotus
which betrayed a want of exactness. Larcher accuses
Manetho of having been a mere flatterer of the Ptol-
emies. {Hist. d'Herod. , vol. 7, p. 323. ) But the lat-
ter has found a defender in M. Dubois-Ayme. (De-
scription de I'Egyple, vol. 1, p. 301. ) Other and
more equitable critics, such as Calvisius, Usher, and
Capellus, have endeavoured to reconcile the chronol-
ogy of Manetho with that of the Scriptures, by reject-
ing as fabulous merely the first fourteen, fifteen, or
sixteen dynasties. Marsham, however, was the first
to accomplish this end, and that, too, without re-
trenching any part of Manetho's catalogue. (Chron-
icus Canon JEgyptiacus, Hebraicus, Gracus, Land. ,
1672, fol. ) He has made it appear, that tho first sev-
enteen dynasties of Manetho might have reigned si-
multaneously in different parts of Egypt, and that thus
the interval of time between Menes (whom Marsham
believes to have been Ham, the son of Noah), and the
end of the reign of Arnasis, is only 1819 years. Two
great men of the 17th century, Newton and Bossuet,
have approved of the system of Marsham: and yet it
would cortainly seem to be faulty, in placing, contra-
? ? ry to all probability, the commencement of the Egyp-
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? MAN
MAN
mother occasion, lie makes mention (36, 10). Bent-
ley Believes thai the poet is to be placed in the age of
Augustus; but he has no other ground for this belief
<bau the observation which he has made, that Mauilius
oevei uses the genitive terminationii (auxilii, ingenii,
imperii, &c), but the contracted form in i (auxili,
agent), which mirks a writer of the Augustan age.
Properiius among the poets first used \he form in it.
-- The poem of Manilius is unfinished. The five
books which are extant treat principally of the fixed
stars,- jut the poet promises, in many parts of his work,
to gn i an account of the planets. The language is
in many instances marked by great purity, many po-
etic beauties appear, and the whole betrays no incon-
siderable degree of talent in managing a subject of
so dry and forbidding a nature. It appears from many
parts of the work that Manilius was a stanch adherent
of the Stoic philosophy. The best editions are, that
of Bentley, Land. , 1739, 4to, and that of Stoeber,
Argent. , 1767, 8vo. (Scholl, Lit. Romaine, vol. 1,
p. 276. ) -- II. An epigrammatic poet, ono of whose
epigrams is cited by Varro. (Antk. Lot. , vol. 1, p.
673. )--III. Manius, a Roman consul, A. U. C. 605.
He left a work qn the Civil Law, and another entitled
Manila Monumenla.
vol. 1, p 125 )
Magetobria, a city of Gaul, the situation of which
has given rise to much discussion. Some place it
near Binga, below Moguntia; and they found this
opinion on the opening lines in the poem of Ausonius
upon the Mosella. D'Anvillc, however, and subse-
quent writers, discover traces of the ancient name in
tie spot called at the present day la Moigte de Broie,
at the confluence of the Arar and Ogno, near a village
named PonxaiVcr, which belonged formerly to Burgun-
dy. This opinion is confirmed by an inscription found
in this quarter on the fragment of an urn, dug up, along
with other articles, in 1802. The inscription is MA-
GETOB. (Cat. , B. G. , 1, 31. --Lemaire, Ind. Ge-
? ? ogr. , ad Cets. , s. >>. )
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? MAGI.
gods, to whom all things are open, are not to be con-
fined within the walls of a temple. The account which
Diogenes Laertius gives of the Magi is this (1, 6,
seqq. ): "They are employed in worshipping the coda
by prayers and sacrifices, as if their worship alone
would be accepted ; they teach their doctrine concern-
ing tbe nature and origin of the gods, whom they think
to bo fire, earth, and water; they reject the use of
pictures and images, and reprobate the opinion that the
gods are male and female; they discourse to the peo-
ple concerning justice; they think it impious to con-
sume dead bodies with fire; they allow of marriage
tetween mother and son; they practise divination and
prophecy, pretending that the gods appear to them;
they forbid the use of ornaments in dress; they clothe
themselves in a white robe; they make use of the
ground as their bed, of herbs, cheese, and bread for
food, and of a reed for their staff. " And Strabo re-
lates, that there were in Cappadocia a great number
of Magi, who were called Pyrelhi, or worshippers of
fire, and many temples of the Persian gods, in the
midst of which were altars, attended by priests, who
daily renewed the sacred fire, accompanying the cere-
mony with music. The religious system of the Magi
was materially improved by Zoroaster. Plutarch,
speaking of his doctrine (Is. et Os. , p. 369. --Op. , ed.
Hciskc. vol. 7, p. 468), says: "Some maintain, that
neither is the world governed by blind chance without
intelligence, nor is there one mind alone at the head of
the universe; but since good and evil are blended, and
nature produces nothing unmixed, we are to conceive,
not that there is. one storekeeper, who, after the manner
of a host, dispenses adulterated liquors to his guests, but
that there are in nature two opposite powers, counter-
acting each other's operations, the one accomplishing
good designs, the other evil. To the better power
Zoroaster gave the name of Oromasdes, to the worse
that of Arimanius; and affirmed that, of sensible ob-
ject*, the former most rese-nbled light, the latter dark-
? sca. He also taught that Mithras was a divinity,
1i ho acted as a moderator between them, whence he
iras called by the Persians the Mediator. " After re-
lating several fabulous tales concerning the contests
between the good and evil demon, Plutarch, still re-
citing the doctrines of Zoroaster, proceeds: "The
fated time is approaching in which Arimanius himself
shall be utterly destroyed; in which the surface of the
earth shall become a perfect plain, and all men shall
speak one language, and live happily together in one
society. " He adds, on the authority of Theopompus,
"It is the opinion of the Magi, that each of these gods
shall subdue and be subdued by turns, for six thousand
years, but that, at last, the evil principle shall perish,
and men shall live in happiness, neither needing food
nor yielding a shadow; the God who directs these
things taking his repose for a time, which, though it
may seem long to'man, is but short. " Diogenes Laer-
tius (I. c ), after Hecatsus, gives it as the doctrine of
Zoroaster, that the gods (meaning, doubtless, those of
whom he last speaks, Oromasdes and Arimanius) were
derived beings. --It will appear probable, from a com-
parison of these with other authorities, that Zoroaster,
adopting tho principle commonly held by the ancients,
that from nothing, nothing can be produced, conceived
light, or those spiritual substances which partake of the
active nature of fire and darkness, or the impenetrable,
opaque, and passive mass of matter, to be emanations
from one elemal source; that to derived substances
? ? he gave the names, already applied by the Magi to the
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? MAO
MAQO.
alia, accJi-Jh. g to Pliny (5, 20), was fifteen miles,
according to Ariemidorus (ap. Strab. , 663), 130 sta-
dia, from Ephesus. Strabo makes it a city of . Eolian
origin, Which is not contradicted by another statement
of the same writer, when he makes the Magnetes to
have been descended from the Delphians who occu-
pied the Montes Didymi of Thcssaly. --Magnesia was
sacked by the Cimmerians during their inroads into
Asia Minor. Tt was afterward held by the Milesians,
aad was one of the cities assigned, for his support, to
Thcmistoclcs, by the King of Persia. The modern
Gktusel-htssar (Beautiful Castle) had been generally
thought to occupy the site of the ancient Magnesia.
M. Barbie du Docage, however, in the notes to his
-fanslation of Chandler, gave convincing reasons for
linking that Ghiuzcl-hissar occupied the position of
Trallea; but it was not until Mr. Hamilton explored
he ruins of Magnesia at lnekbazar, and discovered
the remains of the celebrated temple of Diana Leuco-
phryene, that the question could be considered as sat-
isfactorily determined in favour of the latter place.
(Leake's Journal, p. 242, seqq. )--II. A city in the
northern part of Lydia, southeast of Corns, and in the
immediate vicinity of the Hermus. It lay close to ilie
foot of Mount Sipylus, and hence, for distinction' sake
from the other Magnesia, was called "Magnesia near
Sipylus" (Mayvr/aia rtpbc intv? . u). Its founder is
not known, nor its earlier history. It was first brought
into notice by the battle fought in its neighbourhood
between Antiochus and the Romans (187 B. C. ). It
was not a place of much importance under the Roman
dominion, as the main road from Pergamus to Sardis
passed on one side of it. At the close of the Mithradatic
war the Romans gave it its freedom. It was frequent-
ly injured by earthquakes, and was one of the twelve
cities destroyed by the earthquake in the reign of Tt-
bcriur, which that emperor, however, quickly rebuilt.
Tucit. , Ann. , 2, 47. --Plin. , 2, 84. ) It became af-
terward the seat of a bishopric. The modern name is
Mlfnisa. (Tavcrnier, 1, 7. --Manncrl, Geogr. , vol.
S, pt. 0, p. 373. )--III. A district of Thessaly. The
Greeks gave the name of Magnesia to that narrow
portion of Thessaly which is confined between the
Pcneus and Pagasaean Bay to the north and south, and
Between the chain of Ossa and the sea on the west and
? ast (Strabo, 441,--Scyl. , PeripL, p. 24. --Pliny,
4, 9. ) The people of this district were called Mag-
netes, and appear to have been in possession of it from
be remotest psriod. (Horn. , U. , 2, 756. -- Pind. ,
Pytk. , 4, 140 -Id. , New. , 5, 50. ) They are also
iniversally allowed to have formed part of the Amphic-
yonic body. (Azschin. , de fate, leg. , p. 122. --Pav-
*m. , 10, * --Harpocrat. , s. <<. 'Kfi^iKriovec. ) The
Vtagncsii -? >> submitted to Xerxes, giving earth and
water in :<<. ken of subjection. (Herod. , 7,132. ) Thu-
cydidts Wads us to suppose they were in his time
dependant on the Thessalians (2, 10). They passed
with the rest of that nation under the dominion of the
kings of Macedon who succeeded Alexander, and
? ere declared free by the Romans after the battle of
Cynoscephalse. (Polyb. , Excerpt. , 18, 29, 5. --Livy,
S3, 32. ) Their government was then republican, af-
fairs being directed by a general council, and a chief
nagistrate called Msgnetarch. (Liv. , 34,31. -- Strab,
J. 442. --Xen. , Anafi. , 6, 1. --Cramer's Anc. Greece,
vol. 1, p. 419, seqq. y---IV. A city of Magnesia, on the
coast, opposite the island of Sciathus. It was con-
? ? yiered by Philip, son of Amyntas. (Cramer's Anc.
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? HAL
M AM
Oy S Jipvo. He embarked hit troops and set sail, but
died of his wound at the island of Sardinia, B. C. 203.
(Lie. , 30, ! 8. ) Cornelius Nepos differs from other
writers as to the manner of his death, and says that he
either perished by shipwreck or was murdered by his
servants. (Nep. , Vit. Hannib. , c. 8. )--V. A Cartha-
ginian who wrote a work on agriculture in the Punic
tongui, which was translated into Latin by order of
Uie i( -man senate. It was in twenty-eight books ac-
creting iu Varro. The latter informs us also, that it
was translated into Greek by Cassius Dionysius of
t'tica, who made twenty books of it; and that it was
still farther condensed by Diophanes of Bithynia, who
Drought it down to six books. (Varro, De R. A'. , 1, 1. )
Magon, a river of India falling into the Ganges.
According to Mannert, the modern name is the Ram-
gonga. (Geogr. , vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 92. )
MaHarbal, a Carthaginian officer in the army of
Hannibal, appointed to carry on the siege of Sagun-
tum when Hannibal marched against the Cretani and
Carpetani. (Liv. , 21, 12. ) After the battle of the
Lake Trasymenus in Italy, he was sent in pursuit of
the flying Romans. (Liv, 22, 6. ) At the battle of
Canna: he commanded the cavalry, and strenuously
advised Hannibal, after the latter had gained his deci-
sive victory, to march at once upon Home. (Liv. , 22,
M. --/tt. ,23, 18.
)
Maia, daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and the moth-
er of Mercury by Jupiter. She was one of the Plei-
ades; and the brightest of the number, according to
some authorities: others, however, more correctly
make Halcyone the most luminous. (Vtd. Pleiades,
and consult Ideler, Stcrnnamcn, p. 146. )
Majorianus, Julius Valerius, grandson of the Ma-
jorianus who was master of the horse in Illyria during
the reign of Theodosius. He distinguished himself
early as a brave commander under Aetius, and at the
death of the latter he rose to such distinction that he
was elected Emperor of the West in the room of Avi-
1'is, whom ho compelled to resign the imperial dignity
in 457. He was assassinated by Ricimer, one of his
generals, after a reign of four years and a half, at Der-
tona in Liguria. (I'ierer, Lex. Univ. , vol. 13, p. 98. )
Mai. ka, 1. a promontory in the southeastern part of
the island of Lesbos, now Cape St. Marie. --II. A
celebrated promontory of the Peloponnesus, forming
the extreme point to the southeast, and separating the
Laconic from the Argolic Gulf. Strabo reckons 670
stadia from thence to Tsenarus, including the sinuosi-
ties of the coast. Cspe Malea was considered by the
ancients the most dangerous point in the circumnavi-
gation of the peninsula, even as early as the days of
Homer. (CM. , I, 80; 3, 286. ) Hence arose the pro-
verbial expression, " After doubling Cape Malea forget
your country. " (Strab. , 378. --Eustath. , ad Od. , p.
1468--Compare Herod. , 4. \79. --Thucyd. , 4, 63 --
Sryl. , p. 17. ) It is now usually called (Jape . S7. An-
gela, but sometimes Cape Maho. (Cramer's Ancient
Greece, vol. 3, p. 198. )-- III. A city of Phthiotis.
(Vid. Malia )
Mai. kvkntum, the ancient name of Beneventum.
(Lit. , 9, 27. )
Malia, the chief city of the Malienses, in the dis-
trict of Phthiotis in Thessaly, from which they proba-
Uy derived their name. (Stepk. Byz. , s. v. Mavlievc. )
ft was near the head-waters of the Sinus Maliacus,
ow the Gulf of Zeitoun.
? ? Maliacus Sinus, a gulf of Thessaly, running up in
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? MAM
MAN
been established for some time st Syracuse, a tumult
irose between them and the citizens, in consequence
of their being deprived of the right of voting at the
election of magistrates, which they had previously en-
joyed. The sedition was at last quelled by the inter-
ference of some of the elderly and most influential cit-
izens, and the Mamcrtines sgreed to leave Syracuse
and return to Italy. Having reached the Sicilian
straits, they were hospitably received by the inhabi-
tants of Messana ? but, repaying this kindness by the
basest ingratitud;, they rose upon the Messanians by
night, slew the males, took the females to wife, and
called the city Marncrtiua. (Diod. Sic , fragm. , lib.
21. ) This conduct on the part of the Mamcrtines led
eventually to the first Punic War. (Vid. Punicum
Bellum. )--The origin of the name Mamertini is said
to have been as follows. It was customary with the
Oscan nations of Italy, in time of famine or any other
misfortune, to seek to propitiate the favour of the
gods by consecrating to them not only all the produc-
tions of the earth during a certain year, but also all the
male children born during that same space of time.
Mamers or Mars being their tutelary deity, they called
these children after him when they had attained ma-
turity, and, under the general and customary name of
Mamertini, sent them away to seek new abodes. (Vul,
Mamcrtium. )
Mamkk rii'M, a town of the Brultii, northeast of Rhc-
gium. It appears to have been originally founded by
a band of Campanian mercenaries, who derived their
name from Mamers, the Oscan Mars, and are known
to have afterward served under Agathocles and other
princes of Sicily. (Vid. Mamertini. ) Barrio and oth-
er native antiquaries have identified this ancient town
with the site of Marttnana; but this place, which is
situated between Nicastro and Coscnza, seems too
distant from I. ocri and Rhegium to accord with Stra-'
bo's description. (Strab. , 261. ) The majority of
modern topographers, with Cluverius at their head,
place it at Oppido, an episcopal see, situate above
Heggio and Gtraei, and where old coins appertaining
to the Mamertini arc said to have been discovered.
(Cramer's Ane. Italy, vol. 2, p. 438. )
Ma mi Li a Lex, dr. limitibus, ordained that there
should be an uncultivated space of five feet broad left
between farms, and if any dispute happened about this
matter, that a single arbiter should be appointed by the
praetor to determine it. The law of the twelve tables
required three arbiters. --This law was proposed hy C.
Mamilius Tuninus, A. U. C. 642, who had been consul
in 514 A. U. C. (Consult Erncsli, Index Leg. ad
Cie. , s. v. Mamilia. -- Goerenz, ad Cic, de Leg. , 1,
21. )
Mamurius Vetdrius, an artificer in the reign of
Numa. When the Ancile or sacred shield fell from
heaven, the monarch showed it to all the Roman ar-
tists, and ordered them to exert all their skill, and
make eleven other shields exactly resembling it. All
declined the attempt, however, except Mamurius, who
was so successful in the imitation, and made the other
ekven so like unto it, that not even Numa himself
could distinguish the copies from the original. (Vid.
. male and Salii. ) Mamurius asked for no other re-
ward but that his name might be mentioned in the
hymn of the Salii, as they bore along these sacred
shields in procession. (Plut. , Vit. Nam. --(hid, Fast. ,
S, 392 )
? ? Mimukra, a native of Formise, of obscure origin.
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? MANETHO.
MAN
? nus against Apitin; but still greattr portions in the
"Chronicles" of George Synceilus, a monk of the ninth
century. The "Chronicles" of Syncellus were prin-
cipally compiled from the "Chronicles" of Julius Af-
ricanus and from Eusebius, both of whom made great
use of Manetho's " History. " The work of Africanus
is lost; and we only possess a Latin version of that of
Eusebius, which was translated out of the Armenian
version ot the Greek text preserved at Constantinople.
Manelho indicates as his principal sources of informa-
tion certain ancient Egyptian chronicles, and also, if
Syncellus has rightly comprehended his meaning, the in-
scriptions which Thoth, or the first Hermes, had traced,
according to him, in the sacred language, on columns.
tV'e say, if Syncellus has rightly comprehended him,
because it appears that the passage, in which Manetho
speaks of the columns of Egypt, has not been taken
from his history of Egypt, but from another work of a
. iiystic character, entitled Sothis. The inscriptions
just referred to, as having been written in the sacred
dialect, Agathodsmon, son of the second Hermes, and
father of Taut, had translated into the vulgar dialect,
and placed among the writings deposited in the sanc-
tuary of a temple. Manetho gives the list of thirty
dynasties or successions of kings who reigned in the
same city; for thus are we to understand the word
dynasty, which, in Manetho, is not synonymous with
reigning family. Hence some of his dynasties are
composed of several families. The thirty-one lists of
Manetho contain the names of 113 kings, who, ac-
cording to them, reigned in Egypt during the space of
4465 years. As we cannot reconcile this long dura-
tion of the Egyptian monarchy with the chronology of
the Scriptures, some writers have hence taken occasion
to throw discredit on Manetho, and have placed him
in the class oi fabulous historians. (Compare, in par-
ticular, Petal. , Doetr. Temp. , lib. 9, c. 15. ) A circum-
stanca, however, which would seem to claim for this his-
torian some degree of confidence is, that the succession
0/kings, as given by him, does not by any means corre-
ipond to the pretensions of the more ancient priests of
Egypt, who enumerated to Herodotus a list of monarchs
which would make the duration of the kingdom of Egypt
exceed 30,000 years! We know also, from Josephus,
that Manetho corrected many things in Herodotus
which betrayed a want of exactness. Larcher accuses
Manetho of having been a mere flatterer of the Ptol-
emies. {Hist. d'Herod. , vol. 7, p. 323. ) But the lat-
ter has found a defender in M. Dubois-Ayme. (De-
scription de I'Egyple, vol. 1, p. 301. ) Other and
more equitable critics, such as Calvisius, Usher, and
Capellus, have endeavoured to reconcile the chronol-
ogy of Manetho with that of the Scriptures, by reject-
ing as fabulous merely the first fourteen, fifteen, or
sixteen dynasties. Marsham, however, was the first
to accomplish this end, and that, too, without re-
trenching any part of Manetho's catalogue. (Chron-
icus Canon JEgyptiacus, Hebraicus, Gracus, Land. ,
1672, fol. ) He has made it appear, that tho first sev-
enteen dynasties of Manetho might have reigned si-
multaneously in different parts of Egypt, and that thus
the interval of time between Menes (whom Marsham
believes to have been Ham, the son of Noah), and the
end of the reign of Arnasis, is only 1819 years. Two
great men of the 17th century, Newton and Bossuet,
have approved of the system of Marsham: and yet it
would cortainly seem to be faulty, in placing, contra-
? ? ry to all probability, the commencement of the Egyp-
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? MAN
MAN
mother occasion, lie makes mention (36, 10). Bent-
ley Believes thai the poet is to be placed in the age of
Augustus; but he has no other ground for this belief
<bau the observation which he has made, that Mauilius
oevei uses the genitive terminationii (auxilii, ingenii,
imperii, &c), but the contracted form in i (auxili,
agent), which mirks a writer of the Augustan age.
Properiius among the poets first used \he form in it.
-- The poem of Manilius is unfinished. The five
books which are extant treat principally of the fixed
stars,- jut the poet promises, in many parts of his work,
to gn i an account of the planets. The language is
in many instances marked by great purity, many po-
etic beauties appear, and the whole betrays no incon-
siderable degree of talent in managing a subject of
so dry and forbidding a nature. It appears from many
parts of the work that Manilius was a stanch adherent
of the Stoic philosophy. The best editions are, that
of Bentley, Land. , 1739, 4to, and that of Stoeber,
Argent. , 1767, 8vo. (Scholl, Lit. Romaine, vol. 1,
p. 276. ) -- II. An epigrammatic poet, ono of whose
epigrams is cited by Varro. (Antk. Lot. , vol. 1, p.
673. )--III. Manius, a Roman consul, A. U. C. 605.
He left a work qn the Civil Law, and another entitled
Manila Monumenla.
