”
Estimates of Gower's writings are various; but even his most hos-
tile judges admit the pertinence of the epithet with which Chaucer
hails him in his dedication of Troilus and Creseide':-
"O morall Gower, this bookè I direct
To thee and to the philosophicall Strode,
To vouchsafè there need is to correct
Of your benignities and zealès good.
Estimates of Gower's writings are various; but even his most hos-
tile judges admit the pertinence of the epithet with which Chaucer
hails him in his dedication of Troilus and Creseide':-
"O morall Gower, this bookè I direct
To thee and to the philosophicall Strode,
To vouchsafè there need is to correct
Of your benignities and zealès good.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v11 - Fro to Gre
His career at the
University of Königsberg, whither he went to pursue the study of
jurisprudence, was interrupted by the results attendant upon a youth-
ful ebullition of the spirit of freedom. His sympathy with the revo-
lutionary element was too boldly expressed,
and when in 1842 he published 'Lieder der
Gegenwart' (Songs of the Present), he found
it necessary to leave the university in order
to avert impending consequences. In the
following year he published Censurflücht-
linge (Fugitives from the Censor), a poem
of a kind not in the least likely to con-
ciliate the authorities. He remained for a
time with Count Reichenbach in Silesia, and
then went to Berlin, where he was allowed
to complete his studies. He was however
refused the privilege of becoming a univer-
sity docent, although he had regularly taken R. VON GOTTSCHALL
his degree of Dr. Juris.
He now devoted himself wholly to poetry and general literature.
For a while he held the position of stage manager in the theatre of
Königsberg, and during this period produced the dramas 'Der Blinde
von Alcalá (The Blind Man of Alcalá: 1846), and 'Lord Byron in
Italien (Lord Byron in Italy: 1848). After leaving Königsberg he
frequently changed his residence, living in Hamburg and Breslau, and
later in Posen, where in 1852 he was editor of a newspaper.
In 1853
he went to Italy, and after his return he settled in Leipzig. Here
he definitely established himself, and undertook the editing of Blätter
für Litterarische Unterhaltung (Leaves for Literary Amusement), and
also of the monthly periodical Unsere Zeit (Our Time). He wrote
## p. 6572 (#562) ###########################################
6572
RUDOLF VON GOTTSCHALL
profusely, and exerted an appreciable influence upon contemporary
literature. He was ennobled by the Emperor in 1877.
As a poet and man of letters, Gottschall possesses unusual gifts,
and is a writer of most extraordinary activity. His fecundity is aston-
ishing, and the amount of his published work fills many volumes. His
versatility is no less remarkable than his productiveness. Dramatist
and critic, novelist and poet,-- in all his various fields he is never
mediocre. Chief among his dramatic works are the tragedies Kath-
arina Howard'; 'King Carl XII. '; 'Bernhard of Weimar '; 'Amy Rob-
sart'; 'Arabella Stuart'; and the excellent comedy 'Pitt and Fox. '
Of narrative poems the best known are 'Die Göttin, ein Hohes Lied
vom Weibe' (The Goddess, a Song of Praise of Woman), 1852; 'Carlo
Zeno, 1854; and 'Sebastopol,' 1856.
He has published numerous volumes of verses which take a worthy
rank in the poetry of the time. His first 'Gedichte' (Poems) appeared
in 1849; Neue Gedichte' (New Poems) in 1858; Kriegslieder' (War
Songs) in 1870; and 'Janus' and 'Kriegs und Friedens Gedichte'
(Poems of War and Peace) in 1873. In his novels he is no less suc-
cessful, and of these may be mentioned -'Im Banne des Schwarzen
Adlers' (In the Ban of the Black Eagle: 1876); Welke Blätter' (With-
ered Leaves: 1878); and 'Das Goldene Kalb' (The Golden Calf: 1880).
It is however chiefly as critic that his power has been most widely
exerted, and prominent among the noteworthy productions of later
years stand his admirable Porträts und Studien ' (Portraits and Stud-
ies: 1870-71); and 'Die Deutsche Nationallitteratur in der Ersten
Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts' (The German National Literature in the
First Half of the Nineteenth Century: 1855), continued to the present
time in 1892, when the whole appeared as 'The German National
Literature of the Nineteenth Century. '
Α
HEINRICH HEINE
From Portraits and Studies >
BOUT no recent poet
Heinrich Heine.
has so much been said and sung as about
The youngest writer, who for the first
time tries his pen, does not neglect to sketch with uncertain
outlines the portrait of this poet; and the oldest sour-tempered
professor of literature, who turns his back upon the efforts of
the present with the most distinguished disapproval, lets fall on
the picture a few rays of light, in order to prove the degenera-
tion of modern literature in the Mephistophelean features of this
its chief. Heine's songs are everywhere at home. They are to
## p. 6573 (#563) ###########################################
RUDOLF VON GOTTSCHALL
6573
be found upon the music rack of the piano, in the school-books,
in the slender libraries of minor officers and young clerks. How-
ever difficult it may be to compile an editio castigata of his poems,
every age, every generation has selected from among them that
which has delighted it. Citations from Heine, winged words in
verse and prose, buzz through the air of the century like a swarm
of insects: splendid butterflies with gayly glistening wings, beau-
tiful day moths and ghostly night moths, tormenting gnats, and
bees armed with evil stings. Heine's works are canonical books
for the intellectual, who season their judgments with citations
from this poet, model their conversation on his style, interpret
him, expand the germ cell of his wit to a whole fabric of clever
developments. Even if he is not a companion on the way through
life, like great German poets, and smaller Brahmins who for every
day of our house-and-life calendar give us an aphorism on the
road, there are nevertheless, in the lives of most modern men,
moods with which Heine's verse harmonize with wondrous sym-
pathy; moments in which the intimacy with this poet is greater
than the friendship, even if this be of longer duration, with our
classic poets.
It is apparently idle to attempt to say anything new of so
much discussed a singer of modern times, since testimony favor-
able and unfavorable has been drained to exhaustion by friend
and foe. Who does not know Heine, or rather, who does
not believe that he knows him? for, as is immediately to be
added, acquaintance with this poet extends really only to a few
of his songs, and to the complete picture which is delivered
over ready-made from one history of literature into another.
Nothing, however, is more perilous and more fatal than literary
tradition! Not merely decrees and laws pass along by inherit-
ance, like a constitutional infirmity, but literary judgments too.
They form at last a subject of instruction like any other; a dead
piece of furniture in the spiritual housekeeping, which, like every-
thing that has been learned, is set as completed to one side.
We know enough of this sort of fixed pictures, which at last pass
along onward as the fixed ideas of a whole epoch, until a later
unprejudiced investigation dissolves this rigid-grown wisdom, sets
it to flowing, and forms out of a new mixture of its elements a
new and more truthful portrait.
It is not to be affirmed however that Heine's picture, as it
stands fixed and finished in the literature and the opinion of the
—
## p. 6574 (#564) ###########################################
6574
RUDOLF VON GOTTSCHALL
present, is mistaken and withdrawn. It is dead, like every pict-
ure; there is lacking the living, changing play of features. We
have of Heine only one picture before us; of our great poets
several. Goethe in his "storm and stress," in Frankfurt, Strass-
burg, and Wetzlar, the ardent lover of a Friedrike of Sesen-
heim, the handsome, joyous youth, is different in our minds
from the stiff and formal Weimar minister; the youthful Apollo
different from the Olympic Jupiter. There lies a young develop-
ment between, that we feel and are curious to know. It is sim-
ilar with Schiller. The poet of the 'Robbers' with its motto In
tyrannos, the fugitive from the military school; and the Jena pro-
fessor, the Weimar court councilor who wrote 'The Homage of
the Arts,' are two different portraits.
But Heine is to our view always the same, always the repre-
sentative of humor with "a laughing tear" in his escutcheon,
always the poetic anomaly, coquetting with his pain and scoffing
it away. Young or old, well or ill, we do not know him dif-
ferent.
――――
-
And yet this poet too had a development, upon which at
different times different influences worked.
•
«<
The first epoch in this course of development may be called
the youthful"; the Travel Pictures' and the lyrics contained.
in it form its brilliant conclusion. This is no storm-and-stress
period in the way that, as Schiller and Goethe passed through it,
completed works first issued under its clarifying influence. On
the contrary, it is characteristic of Heine that we have to thank
this youthful epoch for his best and most peculiarly national
poems. The wantonness and the sorrows of this youth, in their
piquant mixture, created these songs permeated by the breath of
original talent, whose physiognomy, more than all that follow
later, bears the mark of the kind and manner peculiar to Heine,
and which for a long time exercised in our literature through
a countless host of imitators an almost epidemic effect. But
these lyric pearls, which in their purity and their crystalline
polish are a lasting adornment of his poet's crown, and belong to
the lyric treasures of our national literature, were also gathered
in his first youthful epoch, when he still dived down into the
depths of life in the diving-bell of romanticism.
Although Heinrich Heine asserted of himself that he belonged
to the "first men of the century," since he was born in the
middle of New Year's night, 1800, more exact investigation has
## p. 6575 (#565) ###########################################
RUDOLF VON GOTTSCHALL
6575
nevertheless shown that truth is here sacrificed to a witticism.
Heine is still a child of the eighteenth century, by whose most
predominant thoughts his work too is influenced, and with whose
European coryphæus, Voltaire, he has an undeniable relationship.
He was born, as Strodtmann proves, on the 13th of December,
1799, in Düsseldorf.
His father was a plain cloth-merchant; his
mother, of the family Von Geldern, the daughter of a physician.
of repute. The opinion, however, that Heine was the fruit of a
Jewish-Christian marriage, is erroneous. The family Von Geldern
belonged to the orthodox Jewish confession. One of its early
members, according to family tradition, although he was a Jew,
had received the patent of nobility from one of the prince electors
of Jülich-Kleve-Berg, on account of a service accorded him. As,
moreover, Schiller's and Goethe's mothers worked upon their sons
an appreciable educational influence, so was this also the case with
Heine's mother, who is described as a pupil of Rousseau and an
adorer of Goethe's elegies, and thus reached far out beyond the
measure of the bourgeois conditions in which she lived.
That which however worked upon his youthful spirit, upon his
whole poetical manner, was the French sovereignty in the Rhine-
lands at the time of his childhood and youth. The Grand Duchy
of Berg, to which Düsseldorf belonged, was ruled in the French
manner; a manner which, apart from the violent conscriptions,
when compared with the Roman imperial periwig style had great
advantages, and in particular granted to Jews complete equal
rights with Christians, since the revolutionary principle of equal-
ity had outlived the destruction of freedom. Thus the Jews in
Düsseldorf in their greater part were French sympathizers, and
Heine's father too was an ardent adherent of the new régime.
This as a matter of course could not remain without influence
upon the son, so much the less as he had French instruction at
the lyceum. A vein of the lively French blood is unmistakable
in his works. It drew him later on to Paris, where he made the
martyr stations of his last years. And of all recent German
poets, Heinrich Heine is the best known in France, better known
even than our classic poets; for the French feel this vein of
related blood.
From his youth springs, too, Heine's enthusiasm for the great
Napoleon, which however he has never transmitted to the suc-
cessors of the idées Napoléoniennes. The thirteen-year-old pupil
of the gymnasium saw the Emperor in the year 1811, and then
## p. 6576 (#566) ###########################################
6576
RUDOLF VON GOTTSCHALL
again in May 1812; and later on in the 'Book Legrand' of the
"Travel Pictures' he strikes up the following dithyrambic, which,
as is always the case with Heine where the great Cæsar is con-
cerned, tones forth pure and full, with genuine poetic swing,
without those dissonances in which his inmost feelings often
flow. "What feelings came over me," he exclaims, "when I
saw him himself, with my own highly favored eyes, him himself,
Hosanna, the Emperor! It was in the avenue of the Court
garden in Düsseldorf. As I pushed myself through the gaping
people, I thought of his deeds and his battles, and my heart.
beat the general march- and nevertheless, I thought at the same
time of the police regulation that no one under a penalty of five
thalers should ride through the middle of the avenue. And the
Emperor rode quietly through the middle of the avenue;
policeman opposed him. Behind him, his suite rode proudly on
snorting horses and loaded with gold and jewels, the trumpets
sounded, and the people shouted with a thousand voices, 'Long
live the Emperor! "" To this enthusiasm for Napoleon, Heine
not long afterward gave a poetic setting in the ballad The Two
Grenadiers. '
no
The Napoleonic remembrances of his youth, which retained
that unfading freshness and enthusiasm that are wont to belong
to all youthful remembrances, were of vital influence upon Heine's
later position in literature; they formed a balance over against
the romantic tendency, and hindered him from being drawn into
it. Precisely in that epoch when the beautiful patriotism of the
Wars of Liberation went over into the weaker feeling of the
time of the restoration, and romanticism, grown over-devout, in
part abandoned itself to externals, in part became a centre of
reactionary efforts, Heine let this Napoleonic lightning play on
the sultry heavens of literature, in the most daring opposition to
the ruling disposition of the time and a school of poetry from
which he himself had proceeded; while he declared war upon its
followers. However greatly he imperiled his reputation as a
German patriot through these hosannas offered to the hereditary
enemy, just as little was it to be construed amiss that the re-
membrance of historical achievements, and of those principles of
the Revolution which even the Napoleonic despotism must repre-
sent, were a salutary ventilation in the miasmic atmosphere of
the continually decreasing circle which at that time described.
German literature. In the prose of Heine, which like Béranger
## p. 6577 (#567) ###########################################
RUDOLF VON GOTTSCHALL
6577
glorified Cæsar, slumbered the first germs of the political lyric,
which led again out of the moonlit magic realm of romanticism
into the sunny day of history.
A hopeless youthful love for a charming Hamburg maiden
was the Muse of the Heine lyric, whose escutcheon has for a
symbol "the laughing tear. " With the simplicity of Herodotus
the poet himself relates the fact, the experience, in the well-
known poem with the final strophe:-
"It is an ancient story,
But still 'tis ever new:
To whomsoe'er it happens
His heart is broken too. "
We comprehend from biographical facts the inner genesis of
the Heine lyric. Heine was in the position of Werther, but a
Werther was for the nineteenth century an anomaly; a lyric of
this sort in yellow nankeen breeches would have travestied itself.
The content of the range of thought, the circle of world-shaping
efforts, had so expanded itself since the French Revolution that
a complete dissolution into sentimental extravagance had become
an impossibility. The justification of the sentiment was not to
be denied; but it must not be regarded as the highest, as the
life-determining element. It needed a rectification which should
again rescue the freedom of the spirit. Humor alone could ac-
complish Munchausen's feat, and draw itself by its own hair out of
the morass. Heine expressed his feelings with genuine warmth;
he formed them into drawn pictures and visions; but then he
placed himself on the defensive against them. He is the mod-
ern Werther, who instead of loading his pistol with a ball, loads
it with humor. Artistic harmony suffered under this triumph of
spiritual freedom; but that which appeared in his imitators as
voluntary quibbling came from Heine of inner necessity. The
subject of his first songs is the necessary expression of a struggle
between feeling and spirit, between the often visionary dream life
of a sentiment and self-consciousness, soaring free out over the
world, which adjudged absorption in a single feeling as one-sided
and unjustified. Later on, to be sure, these subjects of youthful
inspiration became in Heine himself a satiric-humoristic manner,
which regarded as a model worked much evil in literature. In
addition to personal necessity through one's own experience, there
was for a genius such as Heine's also a literary necessity, which
XI-412
## p. 6578 (#568) ###########################################
6578
RUDOLF VON GOTTSCHALL
lay in the development of our literature in that epoch.
It was
the Indian Summer of romanticism, whose cobwebs at this time
flew over the stubble of our poetry. The vigorous onset of the
lyricists of the Wars of Liberation had again grown lame; people
reveled in the album sentiments of Tiedge and Mahlmann; the
spectres of Amadeus Hoffmann and the lovely high-born maidens
of knight Fouqué were regarded then as the noblest creations of
German fantasy. Less chosen spirits, that is to say, the entire
great reading public of the German nation, which ever felt toward
its immortals a certain aversion, refreshed itself with the luke-
warm water of the poetry of Clauren, from out of which, instead
of the Venus Anadyomene, appear a Mimili and other maiden
forms, pretty, but drawn with a stuffed-out plasticism. On the
stage reigned the "fate tragedies" upon whose lyre the strings.
were wont to break even in the first scene, and whose ghosts
slipped silently over all the German boards. In a word, spirits
controlled the poetry of the time more than spirit.
Heine however was a genuine knight of the spirit, and even
if he conjured up his lyric spectres, he demanded no serious
belief in them-they were dissolving pictures of mist; and if
he followed his overflowing feelings, the mawkish sentiments of
romanticism occurred to him and disgusted him with the extrav-
agant expression of his love pain, and he mocked himself, the
time, and the literature,-dissolved the sweet accords in glaring
dissonances, so that they should not be in tune with the senti-
mental street songs of the poets of the day. In these outer and
inner reasons lie the justification and the success of the lyric
poetry of Heine. It designates an act of self-consciousness of
the German spirit, which courageously lifts itself up out of idle.
love complainings and fantastic dream life, and at the same time
mocks them both. An original talent like Heine's was needed to
give to the derided sentiment such a transporting magic, to the
derision itself such an Attic grace, that the sphinx of his poetry,
with the beautiful face and the rending claws, always produced
the impression of a work of art. The signification in literary
history of these songs of Heine is not to be underestimated.
They indicate the dissolution of romanticism, and with them
begins the era of modern German poetry.
Translated for 'A Library of the World's Best Literature,' by William
H. Carpenter
## p. 6579 (#569) ###########################################
6579
JOHN GOWER
(1325? -1408)
INCE Caxton, the first printer of 'Confessio Amantis' (The
Confession of a Lover), described Gower as a "squyer borne
in Walys in the tyme of Kyng Richard the second," there
has been a diversity of opinion about his birthplace, and he has been
classed variously with prosperous Gowers until of late, when the
county assigned to him is Kent. His birth-year is placed approxi-
mately at 1325. We know nothing of his early life and education.
It has been guessed that he went to Oxford,
and afterwards traveled in the troubled
kingdom of France. Such a course might
have been followed by a man of his estate.
He had means, for English property records
(in this instance the rolls of Chancery, the
parchment foundation of English society)
still preserve deeds of his holdings in Kent
and Essex and elsewhere.
JOHN GOWER
His life lay along with that of Chaucer's,
in the time when Edward III. and his son
the Black Prince were carrying war into
France, and the English Parliament were
taking pay in plain speaking for what they
granted in supplies, and wresting at the
same time promises of reform from the royal hand. But Gower and
Chaucer were not only contemporaries: they were of like pursuit,
tastes, and residence; they were friends; and when Chaucer under
Richard II. , the grandson and successor of Edward, went to France
upon the mission of which Froissart speaks, he named John Gower as
one of his two attorneys while he should be away. Notice of Gower's
marriage to Agnes Groundolf late in life-in 1397-is still preserved.
Three years after this he became blind,-it was the year 1400, in
which Chaucer died, and in 1408 he died.
Pos
"The infirm poet," says Morley, "spent the evening of his life at St. Mary
Overies [St. Mary-over-the-River], in retirement from all worldly affairs except
pious and liberal support of the advancing building works in the priory, and
in the church now known as St. Saviour's [Southwark], to which he bequeathed
his body. His will, made not long before death, bequeathed his soul to God,
## p. 6580 (#570) ###########################################
6580
JOHN GOWER
his body to be buried in St. Mary Overies. The poet bequeathed also 135. 4ď.
to each of the four parish churches of Southwark for ornaments and lights,
besides 6s. 8d. for prayers to each of their curates. It is not less character-
istic that he left also 40s. for prayers to the master of St. Thomas's Hospital,
and, still for prayers, 6s. 8d. to each of its priests, 3s. 4d. to each Sister in
the hospital, twenty pence to each nurse of the infirm there, and to each of
the infirm twelve pence. There were similar bequests to St. Thomas Elsing
Spital, a priory and hospital that stood where now stands Sion College. St.
Thomas Elsing Spital, founded in 1329 by William Elsing, was especially
commended to the sympathies of the blind old poet, as it consisted of a col-
lege for a warden, four priests, and two clerks, who had care of one hundred
old, blind, and poor persons of both sexes, preference being given to blind,
paralytic, and disabled priests. Like legacies were bequeathed also to Bedlam-
without-Bishopsgate, and to St. Mary's Hospital, Westminster. Also there
were bequests of ten shillings to each of the leper-nurses. Two robes (one of
white silk, the other of blue baudekin,-a costly stuff with web of gold and
woof of silk), also a new dish and chalice, and a new missal, were bequeathed
to the perpetual service of the altar of the chapel of St. John the Baptist, in
which his body was to be buried. To the prior and convent he left a great
book, a 'Martyrology,' which had been composed and written for them at his
expense. To his wife Agnes he left a hundred pounds, three cups, che cover-
let, two salt-cellars, and a dozen silver spoons; also all his beds and chests,
with the furnishings of hall, pantry, and kitchen; also a chalice and robe for
the altar of the chapel of their house; and she was to have for life all rents
due to him from his manors of Southwell (in Nottingham) and Moulton (in
Suffolk). »
The will is still preserved at
His wife was one of his executors.
Lambeth Palace.
Gower's tomb and monument may also still be seen at St. Saviour's,
where the description Berthelet gave of them in 1532 is, aside from
the deadening of the paintings, true:- "Somewhat after the olde
ffashion he lyeth ryght sumptuously buryed, with a garland on his
head, in token that he in his lyfe dayes flouryshed freshely in liter-
ature and science. " The head of his stone effigy lies upon three
volumes representing Gower's three great works; the hair falls in long
curls; the robe is closely buttoned to the feet, which rest upon a
lion, and the neck is encircled with a collar, from which a chain held
a small swan, the badge of Henry IV. "Besyde on the wall where
as he lyeth," continues Berthelet, "there be peynted three virgins,
with crownes on theyr heades; one of the which is written Charitie,
and she holdeth this devise in her hande:-
――
'En toy qui fitz de Dieu le Pere
Sauve soit que gist souz cest piere. '
(In thee, who art Son of God the Father,
Be he saved who lieth under this stone. )
## p. 6581 (#571) ###########################################
JOHN GOWER
6581
"The second is wrytten Mercye, which holdeth in her hande this
devise:-
O bone Jesu fait ta mercy
Al alme dont le corps gist icy. '
(O good Jesus, grant thy mercy
To the soul whose body lies here. )
"The thyrde of them is wrytten Pity, which holdeth in her hand
this devise :-
-
'Pur ta pite, Jesu regarde,
Et met cest alme en sauve garde. »»
(For thy pity, Jesus, see;
And take this soul in thy safe guard. )
The monument was repaired in 1615, 1764, and 1830.
The three works which pillow the head of the effigy indicate
Gower's 'Speculum Meditantis' (The Looking-Glass of One Meditat-
ing), which the poet wrote in French; the 'Vox Clamantis' (The Voice
of One Crying), in Latin; and the 'Confessio Amantis,' in English. It
should be remembered in noting this mixture of tongues, that in
Gower's early life the English had no national speech. The court,
Parliament, nobles, and the courts of law used French; the Church
held its service in Latin; while the inhabitants of Anglo-Saxon blood
clung to the language of their fathers, which they had modified by
additions from the Norman tongue. It was not until 1362 that Parlia-
ment was opened by a speech in English. "There is," says Dr. Pauli,
"no better illustration of the singular transition to the English lang-
uage than a short enumeration and description of Gower's writings. "
Of the 'Speculum Meditantis,' a treatise in ten books on the duties
of married life, no copy is known to exist. The Vox Clamantis >
was the voice of the poet, singing in Latin elegiac of the terrible
evils which led to the rise of the commons and their march to Lon-
don under Wat Tyler and Jack Straw in 1381. It is doubtless a true
picture of the excesses and miseries of the day. The remedy, the
poet says, is in reform-right living and love of England. Simony
in the prelates, avarice and drunkenness in the libidinous priests,
wealth and luxury in the mendicant orders, miscarrying of justice in
the courts, enrichment of individuals by excessive taxes, - these are
the subjects of the voice crying in the wilderness.
Gower's greatest work, however, is the Confessio Amantis. ' In
form it is a dialogue between a lover and his confessor, who is a
priest of Venus. In substance it is a setting-forth, with moraliz-
ings which are at times touching and elevated, of one hundred and
twelve different stories, from sources so different as the Bible, Ovid,
## p. 6582 (#572) ###########################################
6582
JOHN GOWER
Josephus, the Gesta Romanorum,' Valerius Maximus, Statius, Boc-
caccio, etc. Thirty thousand eight-syllabled rhymed lines make up
the work. There are different versions. The first was dedicated to
Richard II. , and the second to his successor, Henry of Lancaster.
Besides these large works, a number of French ballades, and also
English and Latin short poems, are preserved. "They have real and
intrinsic merit," says Todd: "they are tender, pathetic, and poet-
ical, and place our old poet Gower in a more advantageous point of
view than that in which he has heretofore been usually seen.
”
Estimates of Gower's writings are various; but even his most hos-
tile judges admit the pertinence of the epithet with which Chaucer
hails him in his dedication of Troilus and Creseide':-
"O morall Gower, this bookè I direct
To thee and to the philosophicall Strode,
To vouchsafè there need is to correct
Of your benignities and zealès good. "
Then Skelton the laureate, in his long song upon the death of
Philip Sparrow (which recalls the exquisite gem of Catullus in a like.
threnody), takes occasion to say:
And again:
"Gower's englysshe is olde,
And of no valúe is tolde;
His mattér is worth gold,
And worthy to be enrold. "
"Gower that first garnished our English rude. »
Old Puttenham also bears this testimony:-"But of them all [the
English poets] particularly this is myne opinion, that Chaucer, with
Gower, Lidgate, and Harding, for their antiquitie ought to have the
first place. "
Taine dismisses him with little more than a fillip, and Lowell,
while discoursing appreciatively on Chaucer, says:-
"Gower has positively raised tediousness to the precision of science; he has
made dullness an heirloom for the students of our literary history. As you
slip to and fro on the frozen levels of his verse, which give no foothold to the
mind; as your nervous ear awaits the inevitable recurrence of his rhyme, regu-
larly pertinacious as the tick of an eight-day clock, and reminding you of
Wordsworth's
'Once more the ass did lengthen out
The hard dry seesaw of his horrible bray,'
## p. 6583 (#573) ###########################################
JOHN GOWER
6583
you learn to dread, almost to respect, the powers of this indefatigable man.
He is the undertaker of the fair mediæval legend, and his style has the hate-
ful gloss, the seemingly unnatural length, of a coffin. "
Yet hear Morley:-
"To this day we hear among our living countrymen, as was to be heard
in Gower's time and long before, the voice passing from man to man, that in
spite of admixture with the thousand defects incident to human character, sus-
tains the keynote of our literature, and speaks from the soul of our history
the secret of our national success. It is the voice that expresses the persistent
instinct of the English mind to find out what is unjust among us and undo it,
to find out duty to be done and do it, as God's bidding. . . In his own
Old English or Anglo-Saxon way he tries to put his soul into his work. Thus
in the Vox Clamantis' we have heard him asking that the soul of his book,
not its form, be looked to; and speaking the truest English in such sentences
as that the eye is blind and the ear deaf, that convey nothing down to the
heart's depth; and the heart that does not utter what it knows is as a live coal
under ashes. If I know little, there may be another whom that little will help.
.
. . But to the man who believes in God, no power is unattainable if he
but rightly feels his work; he ever has enough, whom God increases. ' This is
the old spirit of Cædmon and of Bede; in which are laid, while the earth lasts,
the strong foundations of our literature. It was the strength of such a tem-
per in him that made Gower strong. God knows,' he says again, my
wish is to be useful; that is the prayer that directs my labor. ' And while he
thus touches the root of his country's philosophy, the form of his prayer —
that what he has written may be what he would wish it to be — is still a
thoroughly sound definition of good English writing. His prayer is that
there may be no word of untruth, and that each word may answer to the
thing it speaks of, pleasantly and fitly; that he may flatter in it no one, and
seek in it no praise above the praise of God. '»
-
The part of Gower's writing here brought before the reader is the
quaintly told and charming story of Petronella, from 'Liber Primus'
of the 'Confessio. ' It may be evidence that all the malediction upon
the poet above quoted is not deserved.
The Confessio Amantis' has been edited and collated with the
best manuscripts by Dr. Reinhold Pauli (1857). The Vox Claman-
tis' was printed for the first time in 1850, under the editorship of
H. O. Coxe and for the Roxburghe Club. The 'Balades and Other
Poems' are also included in the publication of the Roxburghe Club.
Other sources of information regarding Gower are 'Illustrations of
the Lives and Writings of Gower and Chaucer by Henry J. Todd
(1810); Henry Morley's reviews in English Writers'; and various
short articles.
(
## p. 6584 (#574) ###########################################
6584
JOHN GOWER
A
PETRONELLA
From the Confessio Amantis
KING Whilom was yonge and wise,
The which set of his wit great prise.
Of depe ymaginations
And straunge interpretations,
Problemes and demaundès eke
His wisedom was to finde and seke;
Wherof he wolde in sondry wise
Opposen hem that weren wise.
But none of hem it mightè bere
Upon his word to yive answére;¹
Out taken one, which was a knight:
To him was every thing so light,
That also sone as he hem herde
The kingès wordès he answerde,
What thing the king him axè wolde,
Whereof anone the trouth he tolde.
The king somdele had an envie,
And thought he wolde his wittès plie
To setè some conclusion,
Which shuldè be confusion
Unto this knight, so that the name
And of wisdom the highè fame
Toward him selfe he woldè winne.
And thus of all his wit withinne
This king began to studie and muse
What straungè matér he might use
The knightès wittès to confounde;
And atè last he hath it founde,
And for the knight anon he sente,
That he shall tellè what he mente.
Upon three points stood the matére,
Of questions as thou shaltè here.
The firstè pointè of all thre
Was this: what thing in his degre
Of all this world hath nedè lest,
And yet men helpe it allthermest.
The second is: what moste is worth
And of costáge is lest put forth.
1 No one could solve his puzzles.
## p. 6585 (#575) ###########################################
JOHN GOWER
6585
1 For.
The thrid is: which is of most cost,
And lest is worth, and goth to lost.
The king these thre demaundès axeth.
To the knight this law he taxeth:
That he shall gone, and comen ayein
The thriddè weke, and tell him pleine
To every point, what it amounteth.
And if so be that he miscounteth
To make in his answére a faile,
There shall none other thinge availe,
The king saith, but he shall be dede
And lese his goodès and his hede.
This knight was sory of this thinge,
And wolde excuse him to the kinge;
But he ne wolde him nought forbere,
And thus the knight of his answére
Goth home to take avisement.
But after his entendement
The more he cast his wit about,
The more he stant thereof in doubte.
Tho' wist he well the kingès herte,
That he the deth ne shulde asterte,2
And suche a sorroe to him hath take
That gladship he hath all forsake.
He thought first upon his life,
And after that upon his wife,
Upon his children eke also,
Of whichè he had doughteres two.
The yongest of hem had of age
Fourtene yere, and of visage
She was right faire, and of stature
Lich to an hevenlich figure,
And of manér and goodly speche,
Though men wolde all landès seche,
They shulden nought have founde her like.
3
She sigh her fader sorroe and sike,*
And wist nought the cause why.
So cam she to him prively,
And that was wher he made his mone
Within a gardin all him one. "
Upon her knees she gan down falle
With humble herte, and to him calle
'Escape.
• Sigh.
5 Own.
3 Saw.
## p. 6586 (#576) ###########################################
6586
JOHN GOWER
And saidè:-"O good fader dere,
Why make ye thus hevy chere,¹
And I wot nothinge how it is?
And well ye knowè, fader, this,
What adventurè that you felle
Ye might it saufly to me telle;
For I have oftè herd you saide,
That ye such truste have on me laide,
That to my suster ne to my brother
In all this worlde ne to none other
Ye durstè telle a privete
So well, my fader, as to me.
Forthy, my fader, I you praie
Ne casteth nought that hert³ awaie,
For I am she that woldè kepe
Your honour. " And with that to wepe
Her eye may nought be forbore;'
She wisheth for to ben unbore,"
Er that her fader so mistriste
To tellen her of that he wiste.
And ever among mercy she cride,
That he ne shulde his counseil hide
From her, that so wolde him good
And was so nigh flesshe and blood.
So that with weping, atè laste
His chere upon his childe he caste,
And sorroefully to that she praide
He tolde his tale, and thus he saide:-
"The sorroe, doughter, which I make
Is nought all only for my sake,
But for the bothe and for you alle.
For suche a chaunce is me befalle,
That I shall er this thriddè day
Lese all that ever I lesè may,
My life and all my good therto.
Therefore it is I sorroe so. "
"What is the cause, alas," quod she,
"My fader, that ye shulden be
Dede and destruied in suche a wise? "
1 Care.
2 Therefore.
3 Heart.
* Cannot endure it.
5 Unborn.
6 Ere.
In the midst of pity (for him).
In answer to her prayer.
## p. 6587 (#577) ###########################################
JOHN GOWER
6587
And he began the points devise,
Which as the king tolde him by mouthe,
And said her pleinly, that he couthe
Answeren to no point of this.
And she, that hereth howe it is,
Her counseil yaf¹ and saide tho²:-
"My fader, sithen it is so,
That ye can se none other weie,
But that ye must nedès deie,
I wolde pray you of o³ thinge,-
Let me go with you to the kinge,
And ye shall make him understonde,
How ye, my wittès for to fonde,
Have laid your answere upon me,
And telleth him in such degre
Upon my worde ye wol abide
To life or deth, what so betide.
For yet perchaunce I may purchace
With some good word the kingès grace,
Your life and eke your good to save.
For ofte shall a woman have
Thing, whiche a man may nought areche. "
The fader herd his doughters speche,
And thought there was no reson in,
And sigh his ownè life to winne
He couthè done himself no cure. ¹
So better him thought in àventure
To put his life and all his good,
Than in the manner as it stood,
His life incertein for to lese.
And thus thenkend he gan to chese
To do the counseil of this maid,
And toke the purpose which she said.
The day was comen, and forth they gone;
Unto the court they come anone,
Where as the kinge in his jugement
Was set and hath this knight assent.
Arraièd in her beste wise,
This maiden with her wordès wise
Her fader leddè by the honde
Into the place," where he fonde
1 Gave.
2 Thus.
Saw that he could do nothing to save his own life.
5 Palace.
3 One.
## p. 6588 (#578) ###########################################
6588
JOHN GOWER
The king with other which he wolde;
And to the king knelend he tolde
As he enformèd was to-fore,
And praith the king, that he therfore
His doughters wordès wolde take;
And saith, that he woll undertake
Upon her wordès for to stonde.
Tho was ther great merveile on honde,
That he, which was so wise a knight,
His life upon so yonge a wight
Besettè wolde in jeopartie,
And many it helden for folie.
But at the lastè, netheles,
The king commaundeth ben in pees,
And to this maide he cast his chere,¹
And saide he wolde her talè here,
And bad her speke; and she began:-
"My legè lord, so as I can,"
Quod she, "the pointès which I herde,
They shull of reson ben answerde.
The first I understonde is this:
What thinge of all the worlde it is,
Which men most helpe and hath lest nede.
My legè lord, this wolde I rede:
The erthe it is, which evermo
With mannès labour is bego
As well in winter as in maie.
The mannès honde doth what he may
To helpe it forth and make it riche,
And forthy men it delve and diche,
And even it with strength of plough,
Wher it hath of him self inough
So that his nede is atè leste.
For every man, birdè, and beste
Of flour and gras and roote and rinde
And every thing by way of kinde
Shall sterve, and erthe it shall become
As it was out of erthè nome,"
It shall be therthe torne ayein. ³
And thus I may by reson sein
That erthè is the most nedeles
And most men helpe it netheles;
1 Turned his attention.
2 Taken.
3 Shall turn thereto again.
## p. 6589 (#579) ###########################################
JOHN GOWER
6589
¹ Heed.
So that, my lord, touchend of this
I have answerde how that it is.
That other point I understood,
Which most is worth, and most is good,
And costeth lest a man to kepe:
My lorde, if ye woll takè kepe,¹
I say it is humilitè,
Through whichè the high Trinitè
As for desertè of pure love
Unto Mariè from above,
Of that he knewe her humble entente,
His ownè Sone adown he sente
Above all other, and her he chese
For that vertu, which bodeth pees.
So that I may by reson calle
Humilitè most worthe of alle,
And lest it costeth to mainteine
In all the worlde, as it is seine.
For who that hath humblesse on honde,
He bringeth no werres into londe,
For he desireth for the best
To setten every man in reste.
Thus with your highè reverence
Me thenketh that this evidence
As to this point is suffisaunt.
And touchend of the remenaunt,
Which is the thridde of your axinges,
What lest is worth of alle thinges,
And costeth most, I telle it pride,
Which may nought in the heven abide.
For Lucifer with hem that felle
Bar pride with him into helle.
There was pride of to grete cost
Whan he for pride hath heven lost;
And after that in Paradise
Adam for pridè lost his prise
In middel-erth. And eke also
Pride is the cause of allè wo,
That all the world ne may suffice
To staunche of pridè the reprise.
Pride is the heved' of all sinne,
Which wasteth all and may nought winne;
2 Head.
## p. 6590 (#580) ###########################################
6590
JOHN GOWER
Mischief.
2 Core.
3 Thee.
Pride is of every mis' the pricke2;
Pride is the worstè of all wicke,
And costeth most and lest is worth
In place where he hath his forth.
Thus have I said that I woll say
Of min answére, and to you pray,
My legè lorde, of your office,
That ye such grace and suche justice
Ordeignè for my fader here,
That after this, whan men it here,
The world therof may spekè good. "
The king, which reson understood,
And hath all herde how she hath said,
Was inly glad, and so well paid,
That all his wrath is over go.
And he began to lokè tho
Upon this maiden in the face,
In which he found so mochel grace,
That all his prise on her he laide
In audience, and thus he saide:-
"My fairè maidè, well the be
Of thin answére, and eke of the
Me liketh well, and as thou wilte,
Foryivè be thy faders gilte.
And if thou were of such lignage,
That thou to me were of parage,
And that thy fader were a pere,
As he is now a bachelere,
So siker as I have a life,
Thou sholdest thannè be my wife.
But this I saiè netheles,
That I woll shapè thin encrese;
What worldès good that thou wolt crave
Are of my yift, and thou shalt have. »
And she the king with wordès wise,
Knelende, thanketh in this wise:-
"My legè lord, god mot you quite. *
My fader here hath but a lite
Of warison, and that he wende
Had all be lost, but now amende
He may well through you noble grace. "
May God requite you.
5 Has had but little reward.
6 Been.
## p. 6591 (#581) ###########################################
JOHN GOWER
6591
With that the king right in his place
Anon forth in that freshè hete
An erldome, which than of eschete
Was latè falle into his honde,
Unto this knight with rent and londe
Hath yove, and with his chartre sesed,
And thus was all the noise appesed.
This maiden, which sate on her knees
To-fore the kingès charitees,
Commendeth and saith evermore:-
"My legè lord, right now to-fore
Ye saide, and it is of recorde,
That if my fader were a lorde
And pere unto these other grete,
Ye wolden for nought ellès lette,
That I ne sholdè be your wife.
And thus wote every worthy life
A kingès worde mot nede be holde.
Forthy my lord, if that ye wolde
So great a charitè fulfille,
God wotè it were well my wille.
For he which was a bachelere,
My fader, is now made a pere;
So whan as ever that I cam,
An erlès doughter nowe I am. "
This yongè king, which peisèd¹ all
Her beautè and her wit withall,
As he, which was with lovè hente,2
Anone therto gaf his assente.
He might nought the place asterte,
That she nis lady of his herte.
So that he toke her to his wife
To holde, while that he hath life.
And thus the king toward his knight
Accordeth him, as it is right.
And over this good is to wite³
In the cronique as it is write,
This noble kinge, of whom I tolde,
Of Spainè by tho daiès olde
The kingdom had in governaunce,
And as the boke maketh remeinbraunce,
Alphonse was his propre name.
1 Poised - weighed.
2 Seized.
3 Know.
## p. 6592 (#582) ###########################################
6592
JOHN GOWER
1 Destruction.
The knight also, if I shall name,
Danz Petro hight, and as men telle,
His doughter wisè Petronelle
Was clepèd, which was full of grace.
And that was sene in thilkè place,
Where she her fader out of tene¹
Hath brought and made her selfe a quene,
Of that she hath so well desclosed
The points whereof she was opposed.
## p. 6592 (#583) ###########################################
## p. 6592 (#584) ###########################################
ULYSSES S. GRANT.
## p. 6592 (#585) ###########################################
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## p. 6592 (#586) ###########################################
ES
GFANT.
## p. 6593 (#587) ###########################################
6593
ULYSSES S. GRANT
(1822-1885)
BY HAMLIN GARLAND
LYSSES GRANT was born on the 27th of April, 1822, in a small
two-room cabin situated in Point Pleasant, a village in
southern Ohio, about forty miles above Cincinnati. His
father, Jesse R. Grant, was a powerful, alert, and resolute man, ready
of speech and of fair education for the time. His family came from
Connecticut, and was of the earliest settlers in New England. Han-
nah Simpson, his wife, was of strong American stock also. The
Simpsons had been residents, for several generations, of southeastern
Pennsylvania. The Grants and the Simpsons had been redoubtable
warriors in the early wars of the republic. Hannah Simpson was a
calm, equable, self-contained young woman, as reticent and forbear-
ing as her husband was disputatious and impetuous.
Their first child was named Hiram Ulysses Grant. Before the
child was two years of age, Jesse Grant, who was superintending a
tannery in Point Pleasant, removed to Georgetown, Brown County,
Ohio, and set up in business for himself. Georgetown was a village
in the deep woods, and in and about this village Ulysses Grant grew
to be a sturdy, self-reliant boy. He loved horses, and became a re-
markable rider and teamster at a very early age. He was not notable
as a scholar, but it was soon apparent that he had inherited the self-
poise, the reticence, and the modest demeanor of his mother. He
took part in the games and sports of the boys, but displayed no mili-
tary traits whatever. At the age of seventeen he was a fair scholar
for his opportunities, and his ambitious father procured for him an
appointment to the Military Academy at West Point. He reported at
the adjutant's desk in June 1839, where he found his name on the
register "Ulysses S. Grant" through a mistake of his Congressman,
Thomas L. Hamer. Meanwhile, to escape ridicule on the initials of
his name, which spelled "H, U,G," he had transposed his name to
Ulysses H. Grant, and at his request the adjutant changed the S to
an H; but the name on record in Washington was Ulysses S. , and
so he remained "U. S. Grant" to the government and U. H. Grant
to his friends and relatives.
His record at West Point was a good one in mathematics and fair
in most of his studies. He graduated at about the middle of his
XI-413
## p.
University of Königsberg, whither he went to pursue the study of
jurisprudence, was interrupted by the results attendant upon a youth-
ful ebullition of the spirit of freedom. His sympathy with the revo-
lutionary element was too boldly expressed,
and when in 1842 he published 'Lieder der
Gegenwart' (Songs of the Present), he found
it necessary to leave the university in order
to avert impending consequences. In the
following year he published Censurflücht-
linge (Fugitives from the Censor), a poem
of a kind not in the least likely to con-
ciliate the authorities. He remained for a
time with Count Reichenbach in Silesia, and
then went to Berlin, where he was allowed
to complete his studies. He was however
refused the privilege of becoming a univer-
sity docent, although he had regularly taken R. VON GOTTSCHALL
his degree of Dr. Juris.
He now devoted himself wholly to poetry and general literature.
For a while he held the position of stage manager in the theatre of
Königsberg, and during this period produced the dramas 'Der Blinde
von Alcalá (The Blind Man of Alcalá: 1846), and 'Lord Byron in
Italien (Lord Byron in Italy: 1848). After leaving Königsberg he
frequently changed his residence, living in Hamburg and Breslau, and
later in Posen, where in 1852 he was editor of a newspaper.
In 1853
he went to Italy, and after his return he settled in Leipzig. Here
he definitely established himself, and undertook the editing of Blätter
für Litterarische Unterhaltung (Leaves for Literary Amusement), and
also of the monthly periodical Unsere Zeit (Our Time). He wrote
## p. 6572 (#562) ###########################################
6572
RUDOLF VON GOTTSCHALL
profusely, and exerted an appreciable influence upon contemporary
literature. He was ennobled by the Emperor in 1877.
As a poet and man of letters, Gottschall possesses unusual gifts,
and is a writer of most extraordinary activity. His fecundity is aston-
ishing, and the amount of his published work fills many volumes. His
versatility is no less remarkable than his productiveness. Dramatist
and critic, novelist and poet,-- in all his various fields he is never
mediocre. Chief among his dramatic works are the tragedies Kath-
arina Howard'; 'King Carl XII. '; 'Bernhard of Weimar '; 'Amy Rob-
sart'; 'Arabella Stuart'; and the excellent comedy 'Pitt and Fox. '
Of narrative poems the best known are 'Die Göttin, ein Hohes Lied
vom Weibe' (The Goddess, a Song of Praise of Woman), 1852; 'Carlo
Zeno, 1854; and 'Sebastopol,' 1856.
He has published numerous volumes of verses which take a worthy
rank in the poetry of the time. His first 'Gedichte' (Poems) appeared
in 1849; Neue Gedichte' (New Poems) in 1858; Kriegslieder' (War
Songs) in 1870; and 'Janus' and 'Kriegs und Friedens Gedichte'
(Poems of War and Peace) in 1873. In his novels he is no less suc-
cessful, and of these may be mentioned -'Im Banne des Schwarzen
Adlers' (In the Ban of the Black Eagle: 1876); Welke Blätter' (With-
ered Leaves: 1878); and 'Das Goldene Kalb' (The Golden Calf: 1880).
It is however chiefly as critic that his power has been most widely
exerted, and prominent among the noteworthy productions of later
years stand his admirable Porträts und Studien ' (Portraits and Stud-
ies: 1870-71); and 'Die Deutsche Nationallitteratur in der Ersten
Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts' (The German National Literature in the
First Half of the Nineteenth Century: 1855), continued to the present
time in 1892, when the whole appeared as 'The German National
Literature of the Nineteenth Century. '
Α
HEINRICH HEINE
From Portraits and Studies >
BOUT no recent poet
Heinrich Heine.
has so much been said and sung as about
The youngest writer, who for the first
time tries his pen, does not neglect to sketch with uncertain
outlines the portrait of this poet; and the oldest sour-tempered
professor of literature, who turns his back upon the efforts of
the present with the most distinguished disapproval, lets fall on
the picture a few rays of light, in order to prove the degenera-
tion of modern literature in the Mephistophelean features of this
its chief. Heine's songs are everywhere at home. They are to
## p. 6573 (#563) ###########################################
RUDOLF VON GOTTSCHALL
6573
be found upon the music rack of the piano, in the school-books,
in the slender libraries of minor officers and young clerks. How-
ever difficult it may be to compile an editio castigata of his poems,
every age, every generation has selected from among them that
which has delighted it. Citations from Heine, winged words in
verse and prose, buzz through the air of the century like a swarm
of insects: splendid butterflies with gayly glistening wings, beau-
tiful day moths and ghostly night moths, tormenting gnats, and
bees armed with evil stings. Heine's works are canonical books
for the intellectual, who season their judgments with citations
from this poet, model their conversation on his style, interpret
him, expand the germ cell of his wit to a whole fabric of clever
developments. Even if he is not a companion on the way through
life, like great German poets, and smaller Brahmins who for every
day of our house-and-life calendar give us an aphorism on the
road, there are nevertheless, in the lives of most modern men,
moods with which Heine's verse harmonize with wondrous sym-
pathy; moments in which the intimacy with this poet is greater
than the friendship, even if this be of longer duration, with our
classic poets.
It is apparently idle to attempt to say anything new of so
much discussed a singer of modern times, since testimony favor-
able and unfavorable has been drained to exhaustion by friend
and foe. Who does not know Heine, or rather, who does
not believe that he knows him? for, as is immediately to be
added, acquaintance with this poet extends really only to a few
of his songs, and to the complete picture which is delivered
over ready-made from one history of literature into another.
Nothing, however, is more perilous and more fatal than literary
tradition! Not merely decrees and laws pass along by inherit-
ance, like a constitutional infirmity, but literary judgments too.
They form at last a subject of instruction like any other; a dead
piece of furniture in the spiritual housekeeping, which, like every-
thing that has been learned, is set as completed to one side.
We know enough of this sort of fixed pictures, which at last pass
along onward as the fixed ideas of a whole epoch, until a later
unprejudiced investigation dissolves this rigid-grown wisdom, sets
it to flowing, and forms out of a new mixture of its elements a
new and more truthful portrait.
It is not to be affirmed however that Heine's picture, as it
stands fixed and finished in the literature and the opinion of the
—
## p. 6574 (#564) ###########################################
6574
RUDOLF VON GOTTSCHALL
present, is mistaken and withdrawn. It is dead, like every pict-
ure; there is lacking the living, changing play of features. We
have of Heine only one picture before us; of our great poets
several. Goethe in his "storm and stress," in Frankfurt, Strass-
burg, and Wetzlar, the ardent lover of a Friedrike of Sesen-
heim, the handsome, joyous youth, is different in our minds
from the stiff and formal Weimar minister; the youthful Apollo
different from the Olympic Jupiter. There lies a young develop-
ment between, that we feel and are curious to know. It is sim-
ilar with Schiller. The poet of the 'Robbers' with its motto In
tyrannos, the fugitive from the military school; and the Jena pro-
fessor, the Weimar court councilor who wrote 'The Homage of
the Arts,' are two different portraits.
But Heine is to our view always the same, always the repre-
sentative of humor with "a laughing tear" in his escutcheon,
always the poetic anomaly, coquetting with his pain and scoffing
it away. Young or old, well or ill, we do not know him dif-
ferent.
――――
-
And yet this poet too had a development, upon which at
different times different influences worked.
•
«<
The first epoch in this course of development may be called
the youthful"; the Travel Pictures' and the lyrics contained.
in it form its brilliant conclusion. This is no storm-and-stress
period in the way that, as Schiller and Goethe passed through it,
completed works first issued under its clarifying influence. On
the contrary, it is characteristic of Heine that we have to thank
this youthful epoch for his best and most peculiarly national
poems. The wantonness and the sorrows of this youth, in their
piquant mixture, created these songs permeated by the breath of
original talent, whose physiognomy, more than all that follow
later, bears the mark of the kind and manner peculiar to Heine,
and which for a long time exercised in our literature through
a countless host of imitators an almost epidemic effect. But
these lyric pearls, which in their purity and their crystalline
polish are a lasting adornment of his poet's crown, and belong to
the lyric treasures of our national literature, were also gathered
in his first youthful epoch, when he still dived down into the
depths of life in the diving-bell of romanticism.
Although Heinrich Heine asserted of himself that he belonged
to the "first men of the century," since he was born in the
middle of New Year's night, 1800, more exact investigation has
## p. 6575 (#565) ###########################################
RUDOLF VON GOTTSCHALL
6575
nevertheless shown that truth is here sacrificed to a witticism.
Heine is still a child of the eighteenth century, by whose most
predominant thoughts his work too is influenced, and with whose
European coryphæus, Voltaire, he has an undeniable relationship.
He was born, as Strodtmann proves, on the 13th of December,
1799, in Düsseldorf.
His father was a plain cloth-merchant; his
mother, of the family Von Geldern, the daughter of a physician.
of repute. The opinion, however, that Heine was the fruit of a
Jewish-Christian marriage, is erroneous. The family Von Geldern
belonged to the orthodox Jewish confession. One of its early
members, according to family tradition, although he was a Jew,
had received the patent of nobility from one of the prince electors
of Jülich-Kleve-Berg, on account of a service accorded him. As,
moreover, Schiller's and Goethe's mothers worked upon their sons
an appreciable educational influence, so was this also the case with
Heine's mother, who is described as a pupil of Rousseau and an
adorer of Goethe's elegies, and thus reached far out beyond the
measure of the bourgeois conditions in which she lived.
That which however worked upon his youthful spirit, upon his
whole poetical manner, was the French sovereignty in the Rhine-
lands at the time of his childhood and youth. The Grand Duchy
of Berg, to which Düsseldorf belonged, was ruled in the French
manner; a manner which, apart from the violent conscriptions,
when compared with the Roman imperial periwig style had great
advantages, and in particular granted to Jews complete equal
rights with Christians, since the revolutionary principle of equal-
ity had outlived the destruction of freedom. Thus the Jews in
Düsseldorf in their greater part were French sympathizers, and
Heine's father too was an ardent adherent of the new régime.
This as a matter of course could not remain without influence
upon the son, so much the less as he had French instruction at
the lyceum. A vein of the lively French blood is unmistakable
in his works. It drew him later on to Paris, where he made the
martyr stations of his last years. And of all recent German
poets, Heinrich Heine is the best known in France, better known
even than our classic poets; for the French feel this vein of
related blood.
From his youth springs, too, Heine's enthusiasm for the great
Napoleon, which however he has never transmitted to the suc-
cessors of the idées Napoléoniennes. The thirteen-year-old pupil
of the gymnasium saw the Emperor in the year 1811, and then
## p. 6576 (#566) ###########################################
6576
RUDOLF VON GOTTSCHALL
again in May 1812; and later on in the 'Book Legrand' of the
"Travel Pictures' he strikes up the following dithyrambic, which,
as is always the case with Heine where the great Cæsar is con-
cerned, tones forth pure and full, with genuine poetic swing,
without those dissonances in which his inmost feelings often
flow. "What feelings came over me," he exclaims, "when I
saw him himself, with my own highly favored eyes, him himself,
Hosanna, the Emperor! It was in the avenue of the Court
garden in Düsseldorf. As I pushed myself through the gaping
people, I thought of his deeds and his battles, and my heart.
beat the general march- and nevertheless, I thought at the same
time of the police regulation that no one under a penalty of five
thalers should ride through the middle of the avenue. And the
Emperor rode quietly through the middle of the avenue;
policeman opposed him. Behind him, his suite rode proudly on
snorting horses and loaded with gold and jewels, the trumpets
sounded, and the people shouted with a thousand voices, 'Long
live the Emperor! "" To this enthusiasm for Napoleon, Heine
not long afterward gave a poetic setting in the ballad The Two
Grenadiers. '
no
The Napoleonic remembrances of his youth, which retained
that unfading freshness and enthusiasm that are wont to belong
to all youthful remembrances, were of vital influence upon Heine's
later position in literature; they formed a balance over against
the romantic tendency, and hindered him from being drawn into
it. Precisely in that epoch when the beautiful patriotism of the
Wars of Liberation went over into the weaker feeling of the
time of the restoration, and romanticism, grown over-devout, in
part abandoned itself to externals, in part became a centre of
reactionary efforts, Heine let this Napoleonic lightning play on
the sultry heavens of literature, in the most daring opposition to
the ruling disposition of the time and a school of poetry from
which he himself had proceeded; while he declared war upon its
followers. However greatly he imperiled his reputation as a
German patriot through these hosannas offered to the hereditary
enemy, just as little was it to be construed amiss that the re-
membrance of historical achievements, and of those principles of
the Revolution which even the Napoleonic despotism must repre-
sent, were a salutary ventilation in the miasmic atmosphere of
the continually decreasing circle which at that time described.
German literature. In the prose of Heine, which like Béranger
## p. 6577 (#567) ###########################################
RUDOLF VON GOTTSCHALL
6577
glorified Cæsar, slumbered the first germs of the political lyric,
which led again out of the moonlit magic realm of romanticism
into the sunny day of history.
A hopeless youthful love for a charming Hamburg maiden
was the Muse of the Heine lyric, whose escutcheon has for a
symbol "the laughing tear. " With the simplicity of Herodotus
the poet himself relates the fact, the experience, in the well-
known poem with the final strophe:-
"It is an ancient story,
But still 'tis ever new:
To whomsoe'er it happens
His heart is broken too. "
We comprehend from biographical facts the inner genesis of
the Heine lyric. Heine was in the position of Werther, but a
Werther was for the nineteenth century an anomaly; a lyric of
this sort in yellow nankeen breeches would have travestied itself.
The content of the range of thought, the circle of world-shaping
efforts, had so expanded itself since the French Revolution that
a complete dissolution into sentimental extravagance had become
an impossibility. The justification of the sentiment was not to
be denied; but it must not be regarded as the highest, as the
life-determining element. It needed a rectification which should
again rescue the freedom of the spirit. Humor alone could ac-
complish Munchausen's feat, and draw itself by its own hair out of
the morass. Heine expressed his feelings with genuine warmth;
he formed them into drawn pictures and visions; but then he
placed himself on the defensive against them. He is the mod-
ern Werther, who instead of loading his pistol with a ball, loads
it with humor. Artistic harmony suffered under this triumph of
spiritual freedom; but that which appeared in his imitators as
voluntary quibbling came from Heine of inner necessity. The
subject of his first songs is the necessary expression of a struggle
between feeling and spirit, between the often visionary dream life
of a sentiment and self-consciousness, soaring free out over the
world, which adjudged absorption in a single feeling as one-sided
and unjustified. Later on, to be sure, these subjects of youthful
inspiration became in Heine himself a satiric-humoristic manner,
which regarded as a model worked much evil in literature. In
addition to personal necessity through one's own experience, there
was for a genius such as Heine's also a literary necessity, which
XI-412
## p. 6578 (#568) ###########################################
6578
RUDOLF VON GOTTSCHALL
lay in the development of our literature in that epoch.
It was
the Indian Summer of romanticism, whose cobwebs at this time
flew over the stubble of our poetry. The vigorous onset of the
lyricists of the Wars of Liberation had again grown lame; people
reveled in the album sentiments of Tiedge and Mahlmann; the
spectres of Amadeus Hoffmann and the lovely high-born maidens
of knight Fouqué were regarded then as the noblest creations of
German fantasy. Less chosen spirits, that is to say, the entire
great reading public of the German nation, which ever felt toward
its immortals a certain aversion, refreshed itself with the luke-
warm water of the poetry of Clauren, from out of which, instead
of the Venus Anadyomene, appear a Mimili and other maiden
forms, pretty, but drawn with a stuffed-out plasticism. On the
stage reigned the "fate tragedies" upon whose lyre the strings.
were wont to break even in the first scene, and whose ghosts
slipped silently over all the German boards. In a word, spirits
controlled the poetry of the time more than spirit.
Heine however was a genuine knight of the spirit, and even
if he conjured up his lyric spectres, he demanded no serious
belief in them-they were dissolving pictures of mist; and if
he followed his overflowing feelings, the mawkish sentiments of
romanticism occurred to him and disgusted him with the extrav-
agant expression of his love pain, and he mocked himself, the
time, and the literature,-dissolved the sweet accords in glaring
dissonances, so that they should not be in tune with the senti-
mental street songs of the poets of the day. In these outer and
inner reasons lie the justification and the success of the lyric
poetry of Heine. It designates an act of self-consciousness of
the German spirit, which courageously lifts itself up out of idle.
love complainings and fantastic dream life, and at the same time
mocks them both. An original talent like Heine's was needed to
give to the derided sentiment such a transporting magic, to the
derision itself such an Attic grace, that the sphinx of his poetry,
with the beautiful face and the rending claws, always produced
the impression of a work of art. The signification in literary
history of these songs of Heine is not to be underestimated.
They indicate the dissolution of romanticism, and with them
begins the era of modern German poetry.
Translated for 'A Library of the World's Best Literature,' by William
H. Carpenter
## p. 6579 (#569) ###########################################
6579
JOHN GOWER
(1325? -1408)
INCE Caxton, the first printer of 'Confessio Amantis' (The
Confession of a Lover), described Gower as a "squyer borne
in Walys in the tyme of Kyng Richard the second," there
has been a diversity of opinion about his birthplace, and he has been
classed variously with prosperous Gowers until of late, when the
county assigned to him is Kent. His birth-year is placed approxi-
mately at 1325. We know nothing of his early life and education.
It has been guessed that he went to Oxford,
and afterwards traveled in the troubled
kingdom of France. Such a course might
have been followed by a man of his estate.
He had means, for English property records
(in this instance the rolls of Chancery, the
parchment foundation of English society)
still preserve deeds of his holdings in Kent
and Essex and elsewhere.
JOHN GOWER
His life lay along with that of Chaucer's,
in the time when Edward III. and his son
the Black Prince were carrying war into
France, and the English Parliament were
taking pay in plain speaking for what they
granted in supplies, and wresting at the
same time promises of reform from the royal hand. But Gower and
Chaucer were not only contemporaries: they were of like pursuit,
tastes, and residence; they were friends; and when Chaucer under
Richard II. , the grandson and successor of Edward, went to France
upon the mission of which Froissart speaks, he named John Gower as
one of his two attorneys while he should be away. Notice of Gower's
marriage to Agnes Groundolf late in life-in 1397-is still preserved.
Three years after this he became blind,-it was the year 1400, in
which Chaucer died, and in 1408 he died.
Pos
"The infirm poet," says Morley, "spent the evening of his life at St. Mary
Overies [St. Mary-over-the-River], in retirement from all worldly affairs except
pious and liberal support of the advancing building works in the priory, and
in the church now known as St. Saviour's [Southwark], to which he bequeathed
his body. His will, made not long before death, bequeathed his soul to God,
## p. 6580 (#570) ###########################################
6580
JOHN GOWER
his body to be buried in St. Mary Overies. The poet bequeathed also 135. 4ď.
to each of the four parish churches of Southwark for ornaments and lights,
besides 6s. 8d. for prayers to each of their curates. It is not less character-
istic that he left also 40s. for prayers to the master of St. Thomas's Hospital,
and, still for prayers, 6s. 8d. to each of its priests, 3s. 4d. to each Sister in
the hospital, twenty pence to each nurse of the infirm there, and to each of
the infirm twelve pence. There were similar bequests to St. Thomas Elsing
Spital, a priory and hospital that stood where now stands Sion College. St.
Thomas Elsing Spital, founded in 1329 by William Elsing, was especially
commended to the sympathies of the blind old poet, as it consisted of a col-
lege for a warden, four priests, and two clerks, who had care of one hundred
old, blind, and poor persons of both sexes, preference being given to blind,
paralytic, and disabled priests. Like legacies were bequeathed also to Bedlam-
without-Bishopsgate, and to St. Mary's Hospital, Westminster. Also there
were bequests of ten shillings to each of the leper-nurses. Two robes (one of
white silk, the other of blue baudekin,-a costly stuff with web of gold and
woof of silk), also a new dish and chalice, and a new missal, were bequeathed
to the perpetual service of the altar of the chapel of St. John the Baptist, in
which his body was to be buried. To the prior and convent he left a great
book, a 'Martyrology,' which had been composed and written for them at his
expense. To his wife Agnes he left a hundred pounds, three cups, che cover-
let, two salt-cellars, and a dozen silver spoons; also all his beds and chests,
with the furnishings of hall, pantry, and kitchen; also a chalice and robe for
the altar of the chapel of their house; and she was to have for life all rents
due to him from his manors of Southwell (in Nottingham) and Moulton (in
Suffolk). »
The will is still preserved at
His wife was one of his executors.
Lambeth Palace.
Gower's tomb and monument may also still be seen at St. Saviour's,
where the description Berthelet gave of them in 1532 is, aside from
the deadening of the paintings, true:- "Somewhat after the olde
ffashion he lyeth ryght sumptuously buryed, with a garland on his
head, in token that he in his lyfe dayes flouryshed freshely in liter-
ature and science. " The head of his stone effigy lies upon three
volumes representing Gower's three great works; the hair falls in long
curls; the robe is closely buttoned to the feet, which rest upon a
lion, and the neck is encircled with a collar, from which a chain held
a small swan, the badge of Henry IV. "Besyde on the wall where
as he lyeth," continues Berthelet, "there be peynted three virgins,
with crownes on theyr heades; one of the which is written Charitie,
and she holdeth this devise in her hande:-
――
'En toy qui fitz de Dieu le Pere
Sauve soit que gist souz cest piere. '
(In thee, who art Son of God the Father,
Be he saved who lieth under this stone. )
## p. 6581 (#571) ###########################################
JOHN GOWER
6581
"The second is wrytten Mercye, which holdeth in her hande this
devise:-
O bone Jesu fait ta mercy
Al alme dont le corps gist icy. '
(O good Jesus, grant thy mercy
To the soul whose body lies here. )
"The thyrde of them is wrytten Pity, which holdeth in her hand
this devise :-
-
'Pur ta pite, Jesu regarde,
Et met cest alme en sauve garde. »»
(For thy pity, Jesus, see;
And take this soul in thy safe guard. )
The monument was repaired in 1615, 1764, and 1830.
The three works which pillow the head of the effigy indicate
Gower's 'Speculum Meditantis' (The Looking-Glass of One Meditat-
ing), which the poet wrote in French; the 'Vox Clamantis' (The Voice
of One Crying), in Latin; and the 'Confessio Amantis,' in English. It
should be remembered in noting this mixture of tongues, that in
Gower's early life the English had no national speech. The court,
Parliament, nobles, and the courts of law used French; the Church
held its service in Latin; while the inhabitants of Anglo-Saxon blood
clung to the language of their fathers, which they had modified by
additions from the Norman tongue. It was not until 1362 that Parlia-
ment was opened by a speech in English. "There is," says Dr. Pauli,
"no better illustration of the singular transition to the English lang-
uage than a short enumeration and description of Gower's writings. "
Of the 'Speculum Meditantis,' a treatise in ten books on the duties
of married life, no copy is known to exist. The Vox Clamantis >
was the voice of the poet, singing in Latin elegiac of the terrible
evils which led to the rise of the commons and their march to Lon-
don under Wat Tyler and Jack Straw in 1381. It is doubtless a true
picture of the excesses and miseries of the day. The remedy, the
poet says, is in reform-right living and love of England. Simony
in the prelates, avarice and drunkenness in the libidinous priests,
wealth and luxury in the mendicant orders, miscarrying of justice in
the courts, enrichment of individuals by excessive taxes, - these are
the subjects of the voice crying in the wilderness.
Gower's greatest work, however, is the Confessio Amantis. ' In
form it is a dialogue between a lover and his confessor, who is a
priest of Venus. In substance it is a setting-forth, with moraliz-
ings which are at times touching and elevated, of one hundred and
twelve different stories, from sources so different as the Bible, Ovid,
## p. 6582 (#572) ###########################################
6582
JOHN GOWER
Josephus, the Gesta Romanorum,' Valerius Maximus, Statius, Boc-
caccio, etc. Thirty thousand eight-syllabled rhymed lines make up
the work. There are different versions. The first was dedicated to
Richard II. , and the second to his successor, Henry of Lancaster.
Besides these large works, a number of French ballades, and also
English and Latin short poems, are preserved. "They have real and
intrinsic merit," says Todd: "they are tender, pathetic, and poet-
ical, and place our old poet Gower in a more advantageous point of
view than that in which he has heretofore been usually seen.
”
Estimates of Gower's writings are various; but even his most hos-
tile judges admit the pertinence of the epithet with which Chaucer
hails him in his dedication of Troilus and Creseide':-
"O morall Gower, this bookè I direct
To thee and to the philosophicall Strode,
To vouchsafè there need is to correct
Of your benignities and zealès good. "
Then Skelton the laureate, in his long song upon the death of
Philip Sparrow (which recalls the exquisite gem of Catullus in a like.
threnody), takes occasion to say:
And again:
"Gower's englysshe is olde,
And of no valúe is tolde;
His mattér is worth gold,
And worthy to be enrold. "
"Gower that first garnished our English rude. »
Old Puttenham also bears this testimony:-"But of them all [the
English poets] particularly this is myne opinion, that Chaucer, with
Gower, Lidgate, and Harding, for their antiquitie ought to have the
first place. "
Taine dismisses him with little more than a fillip, and Lowell,
while discoursing appreciatively on Chaucer, says:-
"Gower has positively raised tediousness to the precision of science; he has
made dullness an heirloom for the students of our literary history. As you
slip to and fro on the frozen levels of his verse, which give no foothold to the
mind; as your nervous ear awaits the inevitable recurrence of his rhyme, regu-
larly pertinacious as the tick of an eight-day clock, and reminding you of
Wordsworth's
'Once more the ass did lengthen out
The hard dry seesaw of his horrible bray,'
## p. 6583 (#573) ###########################################
JOHN GOWER
6583
you learn to dread, almost to respect, the powers of this indefatigable man.
He is the undertaker of the fair mediæval legend, and his style has the hate-
ful gloss, the seemingly unnatural length, of a coffin. "
Yet hear Morley:-
"To this day we hear among our living countrymen, as was to be heard
in Gower's time and long before, the voice passing from man to man, that in
spite of admixture with the thousand defects incident to human character, sus-
tains the keynote of our literature, and speaks from the soul of our history
the secret of our national success. It is the voice that expresses the persistent
instinct of the English mind to find out what is unjust among us and undo it,
to find out duty to be done and do it, as God's bidding. . . In his own
Old English or Anglo-Saxon way he tries to put his soul into his work. Thus
in the Vox Clamantis' we have heard him asking that the soul of his book,
not its form, be looked to; and speaking the truest English in such sentences
as that the eye is blind and the ear deaf, that convey nothing down to the
heart's depth; and the heart that does not utter what it knows is as a live coal
under ashes. If I know little, there may be another whom that little will help.
.
. . But to the man who believes in God, no power is unattainable if he
but rightly feels his work; he ever has enough, whom God increases. ' This is
the old spirit of Cædmon and of Bede; in which are laid, while the earth lasts,
the strong foundations of our literature. It was the strength of such a tem-
per in him that made Gower strong. God knows,' he says again, my
wish is to be useful; that is the prayer that directs my labor. ' And while he
thus touches the root of his country's philosophy, the form of his prayer —
that what he has written may be what he would wish it to be — is still a
thoroughly sound definition of good English writing. His prayer is that
there may be no word of untruth, and that each word may answer to the
thing it speaks of, pleasantly and fitly; that he may flatter in it no one, and
seek in it no praise above the praise of God. '»
-
The part of Gower's writing here brought before the reader is the
quaintly told and charming story of Petronella, from 'Liber Primus'
of the 'Confessio. ' It may be evidence that all the malediction upon
the poet above quoted is not deserved.
The Confessio Amantis' has been edited and collated with the
best manuscripts by Dr. Reinhold Pauli (1857). The Vox Claman-
tis' was printed for the first time in 1850, under the editorship of
H. O. Coxe and for the Roxburghe Club. The 'Balades and Other
Poems' are also included in the publication of the Roxburghe Club.
Other sources of information regarding Gower are 'Illustrations of
the Lives and Writings of Gower and Chaucer by Henry J. Todd
(1810); Henry Morley's reviews in English Writers'; and various
short articles.
(
## p. 6584 (#574) ###########################################
6584
JOHN GOWER
A
PETRONELLA
From the Confessio Amantis
KING Whilom was yonge and wise,
The which set of his wit great prise.
Of depe ymaginations
And straunge interpretations,
Problemes and demaundès eke
His wisedom was to finde and seke;
Wherof he wolde in sondry wise
Opposen hem that weren wise.
But none of hem it mightè bere
Upon his word to yive answére;¹
Out taken one, which was a knight:
To him was every thing so light,
That also sone as he hem herde
The kingès wordès he answerde,
What thing the king him axè wolde,
Whereof anone the trouth he tolde.
The king somdele had an envie,
And thought he wolde his wittès plie
To setè some conclusion,
Which shuldè be confusion
Unto this knight, so that the name
And of wisdom the highè fame
Toward him selfe he woldè winne.
And thus of all his wit withinne
This king began to studie and muse
What straungè matér he might use
The knightès wittès to confounde;
And atè last he hath it founde,
And for the knight anon he sente,
That he shall tellè what he mente.
Upon three points stood the matére,
Of questions as thou shaltè here.
The firstè pointè of all thre
Was this: what thing in his degre
Of all this world hath nedè lest,
And yet men helpe it allthermest.
The second is: what moste is worth
And of costáge is lest put forth.
1 No one could solve his puzzles.
## p. 6585 (#575) ###########################################
JOHN GOWER
6585
1 For.
The thrid is: which is of most cost,
And lest is worth, and goth to lost.
The king these thre demaundès axeth.
To the knight this law he taxeth:
That he shall gone, and comen ayein
The thriddè weke, and tell him pleine
To every point, what it amounteth.
And if so be that he miscounteth
To make in his answére a faile,
There shall none other thinge availe,
The king saith, but he shall be dede
And lese his goodès and his hede.
This knight was sory of this thinge,
And wolde excuse him to the kinge;
But he ne wolde him nought forbere,
And thus the knight of his answére
Goth home to take avisement.
But after his entendement
The more he cast his wit about,
The more he stant thereof in doubte.
Tho' wist he well the kingès herte,
That he the deth ne shulde asterte,2
And suche a sorroe to him hath take
That gladship he hath all forsake.
He thought first upon his life,
And after that upon his wife,
Upon his children eke also,
Of whichè he had doughteres two.
The yongest of hem had of age
Fourtene yere, and of visage
She was right faire, and of stature
Lich to an hevenlich figure,
And of manér and goodly speche,
Though men wolde all landès seche,
They shulden nought have founde her like.
3
She sigh her fader sorroe and sike,*
And wist nought the cause why.
So cam she to him prively,
And that was wher he made his mone
Within a gardin all him one. "
Upon her knees she gan down falle
With humble herte, and to him calle
'Escape.
• Sigh.
5 Own.
3 Saw.
## p. 6586 (#576) ###########################################
6586
JOHN GOWER
And saidè:-"O good fader dere,
Why make ye thus hevy chere,¹
And I wot nothinge how it is?
And well ye knowè, fader, this,
What adventurè that you felle
Ye might it saufly to me telle;
For I have oftè herd you saide,
That ye such truste have on me laide,
That to my suster ne to my brother
In all this worlde ne to none other
Ye durstè telle a privete
So well, my fader, as to me.
Forthy, my fader, I you praie
Ne casteth nought that hert³ awaie,
For I am she that woldè kepe
Your honour. " And with that to wepe
Her eye may nought be forbore;'
She wisheth for to ben unbore,"
Er that her fader so mistriste
To tellen her of that he wiste.
And ever among mercy she cride,
That he ne shulde his counseil hide
From her, that so wolde him good
And was so nigh flesshe and blood.
So that with weping, atè laste
His chere upon his childe he caste,
And sorroefully to that she praide
He tolde his tale, and thus he saide:-
"The sorroe, doughter, which I make
Is nought all only for my sake,
But for the bothe and for you alle.
For suche a chaunce is me befalle,
That I shall er this thriddè day
Lese all that ever I lesè may,
My life and all my good therto.
Therefore it is I sorroe so. "
"What is the cause, alas," quod she,
"My fader, that ye shulden be
Dede and destruied in suche a wise? "
1 Care.
2 Therefore.
3 Heart.
* Cannot endure it.
5 Unborn.
6 Ere.
In the midst of pity (for him).
In answer to her prayer.
## p. 6587 (#577) ###########################################
JOHN GOWER
6587
And he began the points devise,
Which as the king tolde him by mouthe,
And said her pleinly, that he couthe
Answeren to no point of this.
And she, that hereth howe it is,
Her counseil yaf¹ and saide tho²:-
"My fader, sithen it is so,
That ye can se none other weie,
But that ye must nedès deie,
I wolde pray you of o³ thinge,-
Let me go with you to the kinge,
And ye shall make him understonde,
How ye, my wittès for to fonde,
Have laid your answere upon me,
And telleth him in such degre
Upon my worde ye wol abide
To life or deth, what so betide.
For yet perchaunce I may purchace
With some good word the kingès grace,
Your life and eke your good to save.
For ofte shall a woman have
Thing, whiche a man may nought areche. "
The fader herd his doughters speche,
And thought there was no reson in,
And sigh his ownè life to winne
He couthè done himself no cure. ¹
So better him thought in àventure
To put his life and all his good,
Than in the manner as it stood,
His life incertein for to lese.
And thus thenkend he gan to chese
To do the counseil of this maid,
And toke the purpose which she said.
The day was comen, and forth they gone;
Unto the court they come anone,
Where as the kinge in his jugement
Was set and hath this knight assent.
Arraièd in her beste wise,
This maiden with her wordès wise
Her fader leddè by the honde
Into the place," where he fonde
1 Gave.
2 Thus.
Saw that he could do nothing to save his own life.
5 Palace.
3 One.
## p. 6588 (#578) ###########################################
6588
JOHN GOWER
The king with other which he wolde;
And to the king knelend he tolde
As he enformèd was to-fore,
And praith the king, that he therfore
His doughters wordès wolde take;
And saith, that he woll undertake
Upon her wordès for to stonde.
Tho was ther great merveile on honde,
That he, which was so wise a knight,
His life upon so yonge a wight
Besettè wolde in jeopartie,
And many it helden for folie.
But at the lastè, netheles,
The king commaundeth ben in pees,
And to this maide he cast his chere,¹
And saide he wolde her talè here,
And bad her speke; and she began:-
"My legè lord, so as I can,"
Quod she, "the pointès which I herde,
They shull of reson ben answerde.
The first I understonde is this:
What thinge of all the worlde it is,
Which men most helpe and hath lest nede.
My legè lord, this wolde I rede:
The erthe it is, which evermo
With mannès labour is bego
As well in winter as in maie.
The mannès honde doth what he may
To helpe it forth and make it riche,
And forthy men it delve and diche,
And even it with strength of plough,
Wher it hath of him self inough
So that his nede is atè leste.
For every man, birdè, and beste
Of flour and gras and roote and rinde
And every thing by way of kinde
Shall sterve, and erthe it shall become
As it was out of erthè nome,"
It shall be therthe torne ayein. ³
And thus I may by reson sein
That erthè is the most nedeles
And most men helpe it netheles;
1 Turned his attention.
2 Taken.
3 Shall turn thereto again.
## p. 6589 (#579) ###########################################
JOHN GOWER
6589
¹ Heed.
So that, my lord, touchend of this
I have answerde how that it is.
That other point I understood,
Which most is worth, and most is good,
And costeth lest a man to kepe:
My lorde, if ye woll takè kepe,¹
I say it is humilitè,
Through whichè the high Trinitè
As for desertè of pure love
Unto Mariè from above,
Of that he knewe her humble entente,
His ownè Sone adown he sente
Above all other, and her he chese
For that vertu, which bodeth pees.
So that I may by reson calle
Humilitè most worthe of alle,
And lest it costeth to mainteine
In all the worlde, as it is seine.
For who that hath humblesse on honde,
He bringeth no werres into londe,
For he desireth for the best
To setten every man in reste.
Thus with your highè reverence
Me thenketh that this evidence
As to this point is suffisaunt.
And touchend of the remenaunt,
Which is the thridde of your axinges,
What lest is worth of alle thinges,
And costeth most, I telle it pride,
Which may nought in the heven abide.
For Lucifer with hem that felle
Bar pride with him into helle.
There was pride of to grete cost
Whan he for pride hath heven lost;
And after that in Paradise
Adam for pridè lost his prise
In middel-erth. And eke also
Pride is the cause of allè wo,
That all the world ne may suffice
To staunche of pridè the reprise.
Pride is the heved' of all sinne,
Which wasteth all and may nought winne;
2 Head.
## p. 6590 (#580) ###########################################
6590
JOHN GOWER
Mischief.
2 Core.
3 Thee.
Pride is of every mis' the pricke2;
Pride is the worstè of all wicke,
And costeth most and lest is worth
In place where he hath his forth.
Thus have I said that I woll say
Of min answére, and to you pray,
My legè lorde, of your office,
That ye such grace and suche justice
Ordeignè for my fader here,
That after this, whan men it here,
The world therof may spekè good. "
The king, which reson understood,
And hath all herde how she hath said,
Was inly glad, and so well paid,
That all his wrath is over go.
And he began to lokè tho
Upon this maiden in the face,
In which he found so mochel grace,
That all his prise on her he laide
In audience, and thus he saide:-
"My fairè maidè, well the be
Of thin answére, and eke of the
Me liketh well, and as thou wilte,
Foryivè be thy faders gilte.
And if thou were of such lignage,
That thou to me were of parage,
And that thy fader were a pere,
As he is now a bachelere,
So siker as I have a life,
Thou sholdest thannè be my wife.
But this I saiè netheles,
That I woll shapè thin encrese;
What worldès good that thou wolt crave
Are of my yift, and thou shalt have. »
And she the king with wordès wise,
Knelende, thanketh in this wise:-
"My legè lord, god mot you quite. *
My fader here hath but a lite
Of warison, and that he wende
Had all be lost, but now amende
He may well through you noble grace. "
May God requite you.
5 Has had but little reward.
6 Been.
## p. 6591 (#581) ###########################################
JOHN GOWER
6591
With that the king right in his place
Anon forth in that freshè hete
An erldome, which than of eschete
Was latè falle into his honde,
Unto this knight with rent and londe
Hath yove, and with his chartre sesed,
And thus was all the noise appesed.
This maiden, which sate on her knees
To-fore the kingès charitees,
Commendeth and saith evermore:-
"My legè lord, right now to-fore
Ye saide, and it is of recorde,
That if my fader were a lorde
And pere unto these other grete,
Ye wolden for nought ellès lette,
That I ne sholdè be your wife.
And thus wote every worthy life
A kingès worde mot nede be holde.
Forthy my lord, if that ye wolde
So great a charitè fulfille,
God wotè it were well my wille.
For he which was a bachelere,
My fader, is now made a pere;
So whan as ever that I cam,
An erlès doughter nowe I am. "
This yongè king, which peisèd¹ all
Her beautè and her wit withall,
As he, which was with lovè hente,2
Anone therto gaf his assente.
He might nought the place asterte,
That she nis lady of his herte.
So that he toke her to his wife
To holde, while that he hath life.
And thus the king toward his knight
Accordeth him, as it is right.
And over this good is to wite³
In the cronique as it is write,
This noble kinge, of whom I tolde,
Of Spainè by tho daiès olde
The kingdom had in governaunce,
And as the boke maketh remeinbraunce,
Alphonse was his propre name.
1 Poised - weighed.
2 Seized.
3 Know.
## p. 6592 (#582) ###########################################
6592
JOHN GOWER
1 Destruction.
The knight also, if I shall name,
Danz Petro hight, and as men telle,
His doughter wisè Petronelle
Was clepèd, which was full of grace.
And that was sene in thilkè place,
Where she her fader out of tene¹
Hath brought and made her selfe a quene,
Of that she hath so well desclosed
The points whereof she was opposed.
## p. 6592 (#583) ###########################################
## p. 6592 (#584) ###########################################
ULYSSES S. GRANT.
## p. 6592 (#585) ###########################################
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## p. 6592 (#586) ###########################################
ES
GFANT.
## p. 6593 (#587) ###########################################
6593
ULYSSES S. GRANT
(1822-1885)
BY HAMLIN GARLAND
LYSSES GRANT was born on the 27th of April, 1822, in a small
two-room cabin situated in Point Pleasant, a village in
southern Ohio, about forty miles above Cincinnati. His
father, Jesse R. Grant, was a powerful, alert, and resolute man, ready
of speech and of fair education for the time. His family came from
Connecticut, and was of the earliest settlers in New England. Han-
nah Simpson, his wife, was of strong American stock also. The
Simpsons had been residents, for several generations, of southeastern
Pennsylvania. The Grants and the Simpsons had been redoubtable
warriors in the early wars of the republic. Hannah Simpson was a
calm, equable, self-contained young woman, as reticent and forbear-
ing as her husband was disputatious and impetuous.
Their first child was named Hiram Ulysses Grant. Before the
child was two years of age, Jesse Grant, who was superintending a
tannery in Point Pleasant, removed to Georgetown, Brown County,
Ohio, and set up in business for himself. Georgetown was a village
in the deep woods, and in and about this village Ulysses Grant grew
to be a sturdy, self-reliant boy. He loved horses, and became a re-
markable rider and teamster at a very early age. He was not notable
as a scholar, but it was soon apparent that he had inherited the self-
poise, the reticence, and the modest demeanor of his mother. He
took part in the games and sports of the boys, but displayed no mili-
tary traits whatever. At the age of seventeen he was a fair scholar
for his opportunities, and his ambitious father procured for him an
appointment to the Military Academy at West Point. He reported at
the adjutant's desk in June 1839, where he found his name on the
register "Ulysses S. Grant" through a mistake of his Congressman,
Thomas L. Hamer. Meanwhile, to escape ridicule on the initials of
his name, which spelled "H, U,G," he had transposed his name to
Ulysses H. Grant, and at his request the adjutant changed the S to
an H; but the name on record in Washington was Ulysses S. , and
so he remained "U. S. Grant" to the government and U. H. Grant
to his friends and relatives.
His record at West Point was a good one in mathematics and fair
in most of his studies. He graduated at about the middle of his
XI-413
## p.
