AU M is
ubiquilOWl
in the epicycles, a f.
Hart-Clive-1962-Structure-and-Motif-in-Finnegans-Wake
uisadrram,10 each p.
>" of AUM is a dn:am" tatc even 'Waking', becaUle in thaI 'tale, according 10 the cckbnttd commentator on the Upani,hads, Shankan, 'a waking of ooe', own real .
.
,If don not occur, and a false realily i.
contemplaled, as in a dreamY Inde<:d, in Ihe dreams or the early states the image> or realily an: held to be both optically and .
piritual1y inverted, while it is nOI until wt= reach the 'Fourth' that r.
.
:!
ification and clarifica_
lion occur; 'il isj",1about to roIywholyovc:r'. (597. 03)
A general correspond"""" can be tnced bctwoen lbe AU M . tatCl and the dream_I",,-ds ofF'-liUS 1I'. . u, as I bave analysed
! hem above:
A
BooQ I andII maybe. saidtodealwiththe"WakingState" not
only because or the pun involved in the fact thai they treat of
, Quoood in I'. Deu-n, TIt<f'Io;! ' tv" IN L:<,. . js'-t. , F. (! ;nbu,,,,- ,g. 06, P-30' ,
99
? The Dream-Structure
the "Wake" proper, bm abo because the principal dl"Cam. citaracter, Earwick~r, i. awake during the period they rover. They deal with universal types and sitillltion. > ("common? to? all.
men") and are largely concerned with outward appearanceo. Within the framework ofthe dl"Cam tha<: two Roo. . . tell a more or less consecutive tak of obj. ,. ;tive reality, and SO in a ""me they may be called cxtmv~rted. "A" is the creation: Rook I it the e"pooition of Fi=glit1J W4b, the cl"Calion Ii"'t of Man and then of his spou>c; Man turm the tables on God in Rook II
where, in the guise of tho Anise. Mathematician, he hilrudf Cl"Cates the universe (Shem parodi. . Plato's TI"",,,,, and fabri? cates the World. Soul').
u
Earwic. ker's dream in IIl. I-3 I"Cpr=nts the ><<CInd . tate. In it the soul "i. oomcioU! through the mind of the impl"CSSioDll which remain of the fOrmCT . taIC". ' Shaun is the youth of the aged HCE, returning to tantal;'" him u he sieepo with brighl, Yea~an dream? visions of his eclipsed vigour and IOllt oppor? tunities. Shaun, appa. . ntly extroverted in the earlier Books (although he U3ually protem hi. mental health a linle too energetically to be wholly con,-jncing), belies his extroversion ;n III. 3 by pouring forth from hi, unoomcious mind . . . . . enty. {tve pages ofTaCt: memory, al lim. . overwhelming his question? ers with flood. of near. hysteria when a thort an,wer is required, and at oth. . . . revealing inhibitions <"If p'ychotic proportions. Variously mcamcr4ed, hypnotised, functinning . . . . a medinm, or simply bemu. ed, Shann's condition establish. . a concern with mental . Iates. Termr and mffcring characterUe much of the onrutance of thi. cyde, especially in IlI. S. "Lnminosity" is
provided by Shaun'o symbolic lamp. "U" is the manifestation of a univers. : in III. I-J Shaun, symbolising the product of
Man'. u. rurpalion <"If God'. creative premgative_ Cluist-child and World. Soul-is shown forth toJey<<'. four Magi.
? The DrtQ1/I-$lrucfuTe M
1 h drop to a ciet""r level. of dn:aming in 1l1_4 brings '" to tho: third AUf,. { lIate of Ottp Sk(,p. Wilb. Earwicl",r now itt a
tboro~h alcoholic IIUpor, the consciousness whoso: duam we au exploring i. that of the dream_figuu, Shaun. 'M' is the Knower: Shaun, Lhat which was manifested at the 'U' level, has now changed . ides to become the witn. . . of diw>. lution. Gaining knowledge through the duam-expel"iet>tt, he ICeI 'the beginning and the end of~in,,' in the old and infertile COOJple
and tlu:ir children ltirring in the womblike col:! . As the SUIm. Kty putt il : 'a manifestation immcdiud y implies a kl\OWer of tbt. manifnta. tionandIbi. K~ristheSou'(pp. ,6'-2),
Shaun, though asktp, COIItinUCI his blIiTd-joumey alollJl the Lilrey, Ih", exemplifying the 'tomnambnlism' typical of this ltate. Earwickcr's vision of himself, I'ia Shaun', d",am, demon_ strates the pri ncipleofSdf<<lNCioulnCII. The wearycouplc Iym_ boIiSll: the running? down of the univcne, the dissolution which is 'M', and yet out of di>soluLion a new world i. to spring. From the aged HCE'. body an. . . an erect member: 'The dcclH'k:ep
. tate,tho:Cognitional,? ? ? verily. indeed,cl'<<lJI thiswholeworld'. SI L&,"CE: Book IV is the inlerpolatcd ""riod of Silc:ncoo. TIu: essential, limd e s 6gur a oflhis Book, and especially Anna Livia in het JaJt monologue, may rairly ~ aaid to npTW tho: Real Selfof F;~"""", WW, "beyond lhe beginning and the end of beings", The ph. asea "atman II evaB" (5g6'~4) and "adamanl evar" (6~6. 03) contain the SaNkrit expression ai"'Q . . . . , muning "becoming even the Self" and implying the
unundltion of all WJ""Oflg ideas about Ihe Self which i. a PI"C_ """Iwate or the attainment of the ~Fourth". To oonfimt that w. . have indeed rucltcrl a Jtno:r,. . ? lc-dge of Ann. . n he. . . . , Joyce i. . o-oduca the great lOnnula of Vedamie T ruth, al lcaJt 11. 1 imponanl as AUM: w _ lUi, which means "that art thou" and . il"ifin an apprehcn. >ion of tbe identity of A'man and Brahman-of the individual ooul and the World~'iolll--which i. held to be the ultimate truth. The phrase is included in translaLion 1I 6<"11. 11: "From thee to thee, thoo aft it thoo,
",
? ? The Drtam-Slru(/lI1t
that thouest theu". and it il thillame pn:>Ci2i of. piritu. J appre- bew. ion which is so irr<:v. =ntly described at 39+3~ (put IV of al,,:rc:yck):
'in the pallOlJlfl'lle ur-gc the allimmancnct: of that which h. el! i. luclf Alone (hu r, 0 hu r, Caller Emn l) a terioriseo on mia ourheNOlIOw plane in di,united solod, likeward and gushioua bodies with (science, tay ! ) perilwhitcned p_ ionpanting pugllQ- plangent intuition. of ""united selfdom (murky w~y, awtfi:w adim! ) in the highetdimi. ! siooalseU\w Allielf,thecmecngNanty JTlt'eIMeng Idol"" . . . ' Earwieker wUes inlO the golden dawn
~ may be dcstroyal and ,,-heNO Ihe. e ia IOmo: hope that hia lhaky family relariom will impn:we. Hia mn"';ollsni2i ia triumphantly proclaimed to be
0( a roe'" cycle ",? hen: faDe knowl
that of Ev~ryman: "Ei. . ,. . ,ecku 10 1M . . . . ,h1d bludyn world. 0 rally, 0 rally, 0 raUy! " (593. 0<1)
By continued meditation on AOM, the ad<:pt'. body io said by a pl'O(;Cll of g. . . . dual refinement 10 become composed in tum
of(anh, water, fire, air, and etMr. ' It will he ""memhcrcd thai thio il the _""ding order io which J~ d<:velops the clementi in Ihe te. er eyeles ofFu-gQIU WOW,' ifBook IV ;' equaled wilh Ih. ether, which would be quile co",ia~t with ilS chan cltr.
AU M is ubiquilOWl in the epicycles, a f. . . . a a mplesof which may bequotcd 10 dcmorul. . . . tc Ihe various ";0)'1 in wlUchJoyce maket use or the motif. TI\e lOur ItalCS are lia! J:<l at ~ . 03, lhe ficst th~ ;1'1 inverse ord. ,. , sirn:e the 'boots' of the Mulling,. ,. Pub io being awakened and brought back to mundane realilY: 'laid war' prised safe in bed [deep lleep] as h. dreamed [dr. :anu] that he'd wcalthc. in mormon halls when woIttnp [waking lIale] by a fourth [the ~Foorlh"l loud $:lore out of hio land of byelo [Ihe lower plane]'
Late. (:UU7) the . t<:Olence 'They are at the lurn or the l'oun h DrtI,e hurdlcs' Itt. ". to imply ,hat entering the city of Dublin (,Ford. of? Hurdks-Town'] ioequivalenttoenltring the'Fourth',
thai. Icnowledgt' of Dublin amountJ to an apprehension of Brahman.
? The Dream-Strudure
On P"'K" 308 AUM it oombined with the lrilh word for 'OIlC' (. I. on) to giw: 'Aun', the fint term of the m)"Uc decade with whichJoyc. c ends 11. 1. AUM repracnu what is ulled tile 'Creative Triad'. one of thTr:t: such triads whkh, a. ;c:ording to Blav~t! ly. ' emanau. from the U! tim~te Being, S_y:amhhouva (equivalent to the Kabbalistie En_Soph), the other two being the 'Initial Triad' and the 'M. . nifesled Triad'. All thl"<< are
compounded in theSupreme Deily. and thes<: ni,neemanations, plul Sw~yambhou. . . . . . hi. . . . . ,lf, make up . . decade similar to that of the Sephiroth which Joyce ;" parodying on page JOIl. iii. use of AUM , iuelh trinity, . . . the fm! term ofhillriad implies that thitl! nt term ;" iuelf potenti. o. ll}' diviaible into threo: paru, and 10 the proccu cl cyclic lubdivio. ion it continued. A detailed disclUliOll of J oyce'. three triads and of their relation to Ihe
Sephiroth may be found in the Shim. K'! I. '
JUltiUS coDcludes his denunciation ofSbem with the yawning
religious formula: '/. . . . . . . ,. ;", . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iootw. ot. l I - . o Wl'l'. (193. 29). No doubt without real;'in! ! " what he it doing, Shaun is intoning the holy syllable. Not only i. AU! >! dearly pruent in 'lIws ' E,. ', but the words . /. . . . -. . ;. , . . . . ;. _ _ _ ' 'eOQ1. l\d Kem to uprault respeeti""ly Ihe Waking State, Slttp (with D r e a m s ) , a n d D e e p S l e e p . } ' u r l b e r , 'A~"III<IU"III' m a y a l s o i n c l u d e the word """'''''''', meaning 'silence'-heu tbe fourth element surrounding and aJIItaining AUM_ that the wbole phrase is equivalent to AUM pi. . . ill concomitant Silence two or tI",:e dmea over. This typical oonderuation forms the silent pause
marking the end of the major cycle of chapter 1. 7.
The Gripel impertinently asks the Mook:te 10 try 10 explain the mysteries ol th~ univmc to him (1S4-~), including in the
qUeJtion alluliom both to the Female Unity, Ann. . Livia, and to the Male Trinity, AUM: 'allinall . . hout awn . . nd liseiAa~' The Moobe, ofcourse, knows IIOthing ol all uu. and will have
10 be told in 11. 2 by Dolph. , who knew the answen anyway. Earwicker claims, in hil apology, to hav~ been '10 devout q
to pronounce tile holy r. . ::ipe thrice: 'I h. . "" been r<<iping om
, Ia. u. . . wi, ~ . . . . . , Luoodoo~ ,Bn. vol. II, pp. S9-4O- ? SK ,6, 11".
"3
? The Drwm-,slruelw(
omomioou> ! ett~n', b. ,t, . . . . . . . ,al, his uncontrollable Inngue betraY' him. When he finally wakes, OM again appe3n , in the context of th~ e. . . tern philosophy which pervades the opening
ofBook IV,
'Verb umprincipiall1 through the trancitive 'pru:<3 . ? . make ,unlike sylp om this warful dune'l battam'. (594-02-1I)
OM is a . ymbol foe the ! un', which here $hin. . Out ova the yawning gap of the F. dda. a1 Earwicker u,es Sunlight Snap to wash hi, o:aggy huttocb----the 'awful Dane's bottom'.
That J oyce ,bould h"", 'uch important $tructul"al patterns a. the d,. . ,am-cyc1es on 110 little-known a model a, the syllable AUM will of oouru o<:ca. <ion no "'rprise. It is hardly more recondite than Vico', tll~Oru:. and, when undentood, serves to give valuable new dimemioru to the reiativityofFiMtgans W. . . . . . The interplay bety;een individnality and univenality in the AUM Itate, ,. . ,-emph:uiwl the importance of ,ubjeetivity and ambiguity in the book and ultimately alto". , the 'ymbolism of
Book IV to e:<pand toward cosmic proportions, 110 making that final chapter the apoth<:mi. \ of the spirit of mankind that J oyce inlend~d it to be.
lion occur; 'il isj",1about to roIywholyovc:r'. (597. 03)
A general correspond"""" can be tnced bctwoen lbe AU M . tatCl and the dream_I",,-ds ofF'-liUS 1I'. . u, as I bave analysed
! hem above:
A
BooQ I andII maybe. saidtodealwiththe"WakingState" not
only because or the pun involved in the fact thai they treat of
, Quoood in I'. Deu-n, TIt<f'Io;! ' tv" IN L:<,. . js'-t. , F. (! ;nbu,,,,- ,g. 06, P-30' ,
99
? The Dream-Structure
the "Wake" proper, bm abo because the principal dl"Cam. citaracter, Earwick~r, i. awake during the period they rover. They deal with universal types and sitillltion. > ("common? to? all.
men") and are largely concerned with outward appearanceo. Within the framework ofthe dl"Cam tha<: two Roo. . . tell a more or less consecutive tak of obj. ,. ;tive reality, and SO in a ""me they may be called cxtmv~rted. "A" is the creation: Rook I it the e"pooition of Fi=glit1J W4b, the cl"Calion Ii"'t of Man and then of his spou>c; Man turm the tables on God in Rook II
where, in the guise of tho Anise. Mathematician, he hilrudf Cl"Cates the universe (Shem parodi. . Plato's TI"",,,,, and fabri? cates the World. Soul').
u
Earwic. ker's dream in IIl. I-3 I"Cpr=nts the ><<CInd . tate. In it the soul "i. oomcioU! through the mind of the impl"CSSioDll which remain of the fOrmCT . taIC". ' Shaun is the youth of the aged HCE, returning to tantal;'" him u he sieepo with brighl, Yea~an dream? visions of his eclipsed vigour and IOllt oppor? tunities. Shaun, appa. . ntly extroverted in the earlier Books (although he U3ually protem hi. mental health a linle too energetically to be wholly con,-jncing), belies his extroversion ;n III. 3 by pouring forth from hi, unoomcious mind . . . . . enty. {tve pages ofTaCt: memory, al lim. . overwhelming his question? ers with flood. of near. hysteria when a thort an,wer is required, and at oth. . . . revealing inhibitions <"If p'ychotic proportions. Variously mcamcr4ed, hypnotised, functinning . . . . a medinm, or simply bemu. ed, Shann's condition establish. . a concern with mental . Iates. Termr and mffcring characterUe much of the onrutance of thi. cyde, especially in IlI. S. "Lnminosity" is
provided by Shaun'o symbolic lamp. "U" is the manifestation of a univers. : in III. I-J Shaun, symbolising the product of
Man'. u. rurpalion <"If God'. creative premgative_ Cluist-child and World. Soul-is shown forth toJey<<'. four Magi.
? The DrtQ1/I-$lrucfuTe M
1 h drop to a ciet""r level. of dn:aming in 1l1_4 brings '" to tho: third AUf,. { lIate of Ottp Sk(,p. Wilb. Earwicl",r now itt a
tboro~h alcoholic IIUpor, the consciousness whoso: duam we au exploring i. that of the dream_figuu, Shaun. 'M' is the Knower: Shaun, Lhat which was manifested at the 'U' level, has now changed . ides to become the witn. . . of diw>. lution. Gaining knowledge through the duam-expel"iet>tt, he ICeI 'the beginning and the end of~in,,' in the old and infertile COOJple
and tlu:ir children ltirring in the womblike col:! . As the SUIm. Kty putt il : 'a manifestation immcdiud y implies a kl\OWer of tbt. manifnta. tionandIbi. K~ristheSou'(pp. ,6'-2),
Shaun, though asktp, COIItinUCI his blIiTd-joumey alollJl the Lilrey, Ih", exemplifying the 'tomnambnlism' typical of this ltate. Earwickcr's vision of himself, I'ia Shaun', d",am, demon_ strates the pri ncipleofSdf<<lNCioulnCII. The wearycouplc Iym_ boIiSll: the running? down of the univcne, the dissolution which is 'M', and yet out of di>soluLion a new world i. to spring. From the aged HCE'. body an. . . an erect member: 'The dcclH'k:ep
. tate,tho:Cognitional,? ? ? verily. indeed,cl'<<lJI thiswholeworld'. SI L&,"CE: Book IV is the inlerpolatcd ""riod of Silc:ncoo. TIu: essential, limd e s 6gur a oflhis Book, and especially Anna Livia in het JaJt monologue, may rairly ~ aaid to npTW tho: Real Selfof F;~"""", WW, "beyond lhe beginning and the end of beings", The ph. asea "atman II evaB" (5g6'~4) and "adamanl evar" (6~6. 03) contain the SaNkrit expression ai"'Q . . . . , muning "becoming even the Self" and implying the
unundltion of all WJ""Oflg ideas about Ihe Self which i. a PI"C_ """Iwate or the attainment of the ~Fourth". To oonfimt that w. . have indeed rucltcrl a Jtno:r,. . ? lc-dge of Ann. . n he. . . . , Joyce i. . o-oduca the great lOnnula of Vedamie T ruth, al lcaJt 11. 1 imponanl as AUM: w _ lUi, which means "that art thou" and . il"ifin an apprehcn. >ion of tbe identity of A'man and Brahman-of the individual ooul and the World~'iolll--which i. held to be the ultimate truth. The phrase is included in translaLion 1I 6<"11. 11: "From thee to thee, thoo aft it thoo,
",
? ? The Drtam-Slru(/lI1t
that thouest theu". and it il thillame pn:>Ci2i of. piritu. J appre- bew. ion which is so irr<:v. =ntly described at 39+3~ (put IV of al,,:rc:yck):
'in the pallOlJlfl'lle ur-gc the allimmancnct: of that which h. el! i. luclf Alone (hu r, 0 hu r, Caller Emn l) a terioriseo on mia ourheNOlIOw plane in di,united solod, likeward and gushioua bodies with (science, tay ! ) perilwhitcned p_ ionpanting pugllQ- plangent intuition. of ""united selfdom (murky w~y, awtfi:w adim! ) in the highetdimi. ! siooalseU\w Allielf,thecmecngNanty JTlt'eIMeng Idol"" . . . ' Earwieker wUes inlO the golden dawn
~ may be dcstroyal and ,,-heNO Ihe. e ia IOmo: hope that hia lhaky family relariom will impn:we. Hia mn"';ollsni2i ia triumphantly proclaimed to be
0( a roe'" cycle ",? hen: faDe knowl
that of Ev~ryman: "Ei. . ,. . ,ecku 10 1M . . . . ,h1d bludyn world. 0 rally, 0 rally, 0 raUy! " (593. 0<1)
By continued meditation on AOM, the ad<:pt'. body io said by a pl'O(;Cll of g. . . . dual refinement 10 become composed in tum
of(anh, water, fire, air, and etMr. ' It will he ""memhcrcd thai thio il the _""ding order io which J~ d<:velops the clementi in Ihe te. er eyeles ofFu-gQIU WOW,' ifBook IV ;' equaled wilh Ih. ether, which would be quile co",ia~t with ilS chan cltr.
AU M is ubiquilOWl in the epicycles, a f. . . . a a mplesof which may bequotcd 10 dcmorul. . . . tc Ihe various ";0)'1 in wlUchJoyce maket use or the motif. TI\e lOur ItalCS are lia! J:<l at ~ . 03, lhe ficst th~ ;1'1 inverse ord. ,. , sirn:e the 'boots' of the Mulling,. ,. Pub io being awakened and brought back to mundane realilY: 'laid war' prised safe in bed [deep lleep] as h. dreamed [dr. :anu] that he'd wcalthc. in mormon halls when woIttnp [waking lIale] by a fourth [the ~Foorlh"l loud $:lore out of hio land of byelo [Ihe lower plane]'
Late. (:UU7) the . t<:Olence 'They are at the lurn or the l'oun h DrtI,e hurdlcs' Itt. ". to imply ,hat entering the city of Dublin (,Ford. of? Hurdks-Town'] ioequivalenttoenltring the'Fourth',
thai. Icnowledgt' of Dublin amountJ to an apprehension of Brahman.
? The Dream-Strudure
On P"'K" 308 AUM it oombined with the lrilh word for 'OIlC' (. I. on) to giw: 'Aun', the fint term of the m)"Uc decade with whichJoyc. c ends 11. 1. AUM repracnu what is ulled tile 'Creative Triad'. one of thTr:t: such triads whkh, a. ;c:ording to Blav~t! ly. ' emanau. from the U! tim~te Being, S_y:amhhouva (equivalent to the Kabbalistie En_Soph), the other two being the 'Initial Triad' and the 'M. . nifesled Triad'. All thl"<< are
compounded in theSupreme Deily. and thes<: ni,neemanations, plul Sw~yambhou. . . . . . hi. . . . . ,lf, make up . . decade similar to that of the Sephiroth which Joyce ;" parodying on page JOIl. iii. use of AUM , iuelh trinity, . . . the fm! term ofhillriad implies that thitl! nt term ;" iuelf potenti. o. ll}' diviaible into threo: paru, and 10 the proccu cl cyclic lubdivio. ion it continued. A detailed disclUliOll of J oyce'. three triads and of their relation to Ihe
Sephiroth may be found in the Shim. K'! I. '
JUltiUS coDcludes his denunciation ofSbem with the yawning
religious formula: '/. . . . . . . ,. ;", . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iootw. ot. l I - . o Wl'l'. (193. 29). No doubt without real;'in! ! " what he it doing, Shaun is intoning the holy syllable. Not only i. AU! >! dearly pruent in 'lIws ' E,. ', but the words . /. . . . -. . ;. , . . . . ;. _ _ _ ' 'eOQ1. l\d Kem to uprault respeeti""ly Ihe Waking State, Slttp (with D r e a m s ) , a n d D e e p S l e e p . } ' u r l b e r , 'A~"III<IU"III' m a y a l s o i n c l u d e the word """'''''''', meaning 'silence'-heu tbe fourth element surrounding and aJIItaining AUM_ that the wbole phrase is equivalent to AUM pi. . . ill concomitant Silence two or tI",:e dmea over. This typical oonderuation forms the silent pause
marking the end of the major cycle of chapter 1. 7.
The Gripel impertinently asks the Mook:te 10 try 10 explain the mysteries ol th~ univmc to him (1S4-~), including in the
qUeJtion alluliom both to the Female Unity, Ann. . Livia, and to the Male Trinity, AUM: 'allinall . . hout awn . . nd liseiAa~' The Moobe, ofcourse, knows IIOthing ol all uu. and will have
10 be told in 11. 2 by Dolph. , who knew the answen anyway. Earwicker claims, in hil apology, to hav~ been '10 devout q
to pronounce tile holy r. . ::ipe thrice: 'I h. . "" been r<<iping om
, Ia. u. . . wi, ~ . . . . . , Luoodoo~ ,Bn. vol. II, pp. S9-4O- ? SK ,6, 11".
"3
? The Drwm-,slruelw(
omomioou> ! ett~n', b. ,t, . . . . . . . ,al, his uncontrollable Inngue betraY' him. When he finally wakes, OM again appe3n , in the context of th~ e. . . tern philosophy which pervades the opening
ofBook IV,
'Verb umprincipiall1 through the trancitive 'pru:<3 . ? . make ,unlike sylp om this warful dune'l battam'. (594-02-1I)
OM is a . ymbol foe the ! un', which here $hin. . Out ova the yawning gap of the F. dda. a1 Earwicker u,es Sunlight Snap to wash hi, o:aggy huttocb----the 'awful Dane's bottom'.
That J oyce ,bould h"", 'uch important $tructul"al patterns a. the d,. . ,am-cyc1es on 110 little-known a model a, the syllable AUM will of oouru o<:ca. <ion no "'rprise. It is hardly more recondite than Vico', tll~Oru:. and, when undentood, serves to give valuable new dimemioru to the reiativityofFiMtgans W. . . . . . The interplay bety;een individnality and univenality in the AUM Itate, ,. . ,-emph:uiwl the importance of ,ubjeetivity and ambiguity in the book and ultimately alto". , the 'ymbolism of
Book IV to e:<pand toward cosmic proportions, 110 making that final chapter the apoth<:mi. \ of the spirit of mankind that J oyce inlend~d it to be.
