, Dictionnaire des
Philosophes
Anciens, vol.
Hadot - The Inner Citadel The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius
36. J. -P. deJoly, Pensees de Marc Aurele, pp. xiv-xliii.
37. Brunt, "Marcus Aurelius," pp. 1-15; G. Cortasso, Filosofo, i libri, la
memoria. Poeti e. loso nei Pensieri di Marco Aurelio (Turin, 1989), pp. 60; Ia n. I I (bibliography) .
3 . The Meditations as Spiritual Exercises
I. Epictetus, Discourses, I, 3, 1; I, 18, 20; II, 16 (title); III, IO, I. 2 . Victor Hugo, Quatre-vingt-treize, III, 2 , 7.
3. Stoi. ciens, pp. 48 (§§I00--I01)[= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, IOI-102], 271 [= Cicero, On Ends, III, 8, 27 ]; S , vol. III, §§29-48; Epictetus, Dis courses, IV, I, I33.
4 . I am llowing here the division of the text proposed by Theiler, but I retain, with Dalfen, the reading mimos.
5. Stoi. ciens, p. 97 [= Plutarch, On Stoic Se -Contradictions, 9, I035A ] =SVF, vol. III, §68.
6. Cicero, On the Laws, I, 7, 33; I, 12, 33, carries out the same linkage between the idea of common law and that of the community among reasonable beings .
7. Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, III, I024-I052; F. Villon, Ballade des dames du temps Jadis, in Villon, Poesies completes (Paris, Livre de poche, Lettres gothiques, 1991), p. I I7. Cf G. B. Conte, "Il trion della Morte e la galleria dei grandi trapassati in Lucrezio III, I024-I053," Studi italiani di lologia classica, NS, 37 (1965): II4-132, especially p. 131 n. 2.
8. Stoi iens, p. 58 (§134) [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, 134]; SVF, vol. II, §§299-305.
9. On the use ofGreek in Rome, cf Quintillian, Instit. , I, I, 12; I. Hadot, Arts liberaux etphilosophie dans lapensee antique (Paris, 1984), p. 248.
IO. As is the view of]. M. Rist, "Are You a Stoic? " in Meyer and Sanders, eds. ,Jewish and Christian Se -De nition.
I I . Aulus Gellius, Attic N hts, VII, I , 7; VII, 2, I .
Notes to Pages 54-58 323
4 . The Philosopher-Slave and the Emperor-Philosopher
r . On quotations in Marcus Aurelius, see the excellent study by G. Cortassa, Filos o, i libri, la memoria. Poeti e. los nei Pensieri di Marco Aurelio (Turin, 1989).
2. See, r example, A. A. Long, "Heraclitus and Stoicism," Philosophia, 5-6 (1975-1976): 133-153.
3. Cf M. Conche, He clite, Fragmen (Paris, 1986), pp. 68-69 ( . II Con che = . 73 Diels/Kranz). See G. Cortassa, Filos o, pp. 41-54. [Cf Charles H. Kahn, The Art and Thought ofHeraclitus (Cambridge, 1979), . v. , pp. 30-3r. -Trans. ]
4. Cf Conche, p. 333 ( . 96 Conche = 71 Diels/Kranz) [= . cvi, pp. 76-77 Kahn -Trans. ].
5. Ibid. , p. 71 ( . 12 Conche = 75 Diels/Kranz) [= . xci, pp. 70-71 Kahn]. 6. Ibid. , p. 65 ( . IO Conche = 72 Diels/Kranz) [= . v, pp. 30-3l Kahn].
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid. , p. 297 ( . 85 Conche = 76 Diels/Kranz) [= . , pp. 46-7 Kahn]. 9. We could add to this list the theme ofthe cosmic seasons: IV, 23; IX, 3;
IX, IO (a reminiscence of Heraclitus); cf Conche, p. 198 ( . 51 = IOO Diels/Kranz) [= . xlii, pp. 48- Kahn].
IO. Cortassa, n Filosofo, pp. 65-70: Empedocles, . 27-28 Diels/Kranz. Cf Horace's well-known remark about the Sage (Satires, II, 7, 86): "And, round and spherical, he nds everything within himself "
lr. Cf Cortassa, II Filosofo, pp. I07-113; Democritus, . 3 Diels/Kranz. Analogous criticisms ofthis dictum are to be und in Seneca, On Peace ofMind, 1 3 , l ; On Anger, III, 6, 3 ; as well as in Plutarch, On Peace ofMind, 465c.
12. Democritus, . I I 5 Diels/Kranz. Cf Cortassa, n Filosofo, pp. u 5-I I7.
l 3 . D e m o c r i t u s , t e s t i m o n y 4 9 D i e l s / K r a n z = G a l e n , D e e l e m e n t i s e x Hipp o c r a t e , libri , ed. G. Helmreich, E angen 1878, I, 2, p. 3, 20 (Vol. I, p. 417 K hn).
14. This is the interpretation ofCortassa, Filosofo, pp. I09-1 13.
l 5. This is the inte retation given by Theiler in his translation ofthis passage. 16. Diogenes Laertius, VI, 83. The translation proposed by L. Paquet, "Every
human undertaking is naught but smoke" (Les Cyniques grecs: F gments et temoig nages [Paris: Livre de Poche, 1992], p. 164), certainly does not correspond to what Marcus understood.
17. It is not known to which precise anecdote Marcus is alluding; cf Cortassa, F i l o s o fo , p . 5 7 .
18. Cortassa, n Filosofo, pp. 129-139·
19. Ibid. , pp. 141-145.
20. On the possibility ofmoral progress, see I. Hadot, Seneca, pp. 76-77; and
on the di erence in the seriousness of ults, ibid. , pp. 144-152. Cf Seneca, On Clemency, IV, 3 : "Pe avimus omnes, alii g via, alii leviora. "
2r. Cortassa, Filosofo, pp. 125-128. 22. Ibid. , pp. 147-162.
324 Notes to Pages 59-65
23. C P. Hadot, '"Only the Present Is Our Happiness': The Value ofthe Present Instant in Goethe and in Ancient Philosophy, " in Philosophy As a Way of L e, pp. 2I7-237.
24. Aulus Gellius, AtticNights, I, 2, I-I3; II, I8, II; XV, II, 5; XVII, I9, I; XIX, I, I4.
2 5 . Lucian, The Ignorant Book- Collector, § I 3 , in Loeb Classical Library edition, vol. 3, p. I92.
26. Galen, De librispropriis, in era omnia, vol. XX, p. 44, IO K hn.
27. Origen, Against Celsus, III, 54, 23; VI, 2, I5; VII, 53, I3; 54, 24.
28. Simplicius, In Epicteti Enchiridion, pp. 45, 35; I I6, 48 D bner.
29. Lucian, Demonax, § 5 5 , in Loeb Classical Library edition, vol. I , p. I 6 8 . 30. See the excellent article by S. Follet, "Arrien de Nicomedie," in
R. Goulet, ed.
, Dictionnaire des Philosophes Anciens, vol. I (Paris, I989), pp. 597- 604; see also P. A. Stadter, Arrian ofNicomedia (Chapel Hill: University ofNorth Carolina Press, I98o). Some ofArrian's works may be und in A. G. Roos and G. Wirth, eds. , Flavii Arriani quae extant omnia, vol. II: Scripta minora etfragmenta (Leipzig: Teubner, I968).
3 I . P. A. Stadter, Arrian, p. I4; J. H. Oliver, "Arrian in Two Roles, " in Hesperia, Suppl. XIX: Studies in Attic Epigraphy, History, and Topography presented to Eugene Vanderpool (Princeton, I982), pp. I22-I29.
32. Follet, in Dictionnaire des Philosophes Anciens, vol. I, p. 597; Suidae Lexikon, vol. II,p. II7Adler.
3 3 . A new edition of the Greek text is currently being prepared by G. Boter. The text and English translation, ed. and trans. W. A. Old ther, is available in the Loeb Classical Library.
34. See Follet, p. 602.
35. Ibid. , p. 599.
36. Themistius, Oratio 34.
37. [A consul sujfectus was one elected upon the death or abdication of a
regularly elected consul. -Trans. ]
38. A summary ofthe various positions adopted, as well as a bibliography on
the question, may be und in Follet, in Dictionnaire des Philosophes Anciens, vol. I, p. 602.
39. J. Souilhe, Epictete, Entretiens, vol. I, Introduction, p. xxix.
40. [The French words used here are "lecture" and "le on" respectively; they both derive om the Latin lectio, "reading. " -Trans. ]
41. Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, I, 26, I-II.
42. Photius, Lib ry, codex 250, III, vol. VII, p. I89 Henry.
43. This too o en repeated opinion is re ted by I. Hadot, "Epictete," in
Encyclopedia Universalis, p. 36.
44. Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, XIX, I, 14. 45. Ibid. , I, 2, 6.
46. Farquharson, vol. II, p. 446.
Notes to Pages 66-80 325
47. On the quotations ofEpictetus in the Meditations, see G. Breithaupt, De Marci Aurelii Antonini commentariis quaestiones selectae (Gottingen, I9I3), pp. 45- 64.
48. H. Frankel, "Ein Epiktet agment," Philologus, So (I925): 22r.
49. In my rthcoming edition of Marcus Aurelius, I hope to retu to Frankel's demonstration, as well as to the more general problem ofthe agments ofEpictetus in Marcus.
50. "La physique comme exercice spirituel, ou pessimisme et optimisme chez Marc Aurele," Revue de theologie et dephilosophic (I972), pp. 225-239, reprinted w i t h c o r r e c t i o n s i n P . H a d o t , E x e r c i c e s sp i r i t u e l s , p p . r r 9 - I 3 3 .
5 r . Philo ofAlexandria, On the Special Laws, II, §46.
52. SVF, vol. I, §360 = Clement ofAlexandria, Stromata, II, 2I, I29, 5.
53. I, 12; III, I, 2; III, I6, 2; VI, 22; VI, 26, 3.
54. S , vol. I, §§35I-357; cf Stoi iens, p. 68 [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives,
VII, I6o -Trans. ].
55. H. Gorgemanns, "Die BekehrungsbriefMarc Aurels," Rheinisches Museum
fiir Philologie, I34 (I99I): ro8, is ofthe view that the name ofAristo- mous r his eloquence and there re nicknamed "the Siren"-is only emphasized in the letter to Fronto which speaks ofMarcus' "conversion" to philosophy in order not to hurt Fronto's feelings. Fronto, on this hypothesis, would have been more o ended to hear of his rival Junius Rusticus or of the Discourses of Epictetus, which Fronto's literary taste held in low esteem.
5. The Stoicism efEpictetus
I. Emile Brehier, Histoire de laphilosophic, vol. I (Paris, I928; reprinted I99I), p. 266.
2. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 20, 2-5.
3. SVF, vol. I, §179 (= Johannes Stobaeus, Anthologium, II, 7, 6, vol. II, p. 75, I I Wachsmuth). On the transcendence of the accord with oneself in comparison with the things with which the living being is in accordance, cf Victor Goldsch dt, Le Systeme stoi"cien et l'idee de temps (Paris, I9794), p. I29.
4. SVF, vol. II, §§625; 596-632.
5. Cf P. Hadot, "La gure du sage ans l'Antiquite greco-latine," in Les Sagesses du monde, ed. G. Gado re (Paris, I99I), pp. I I-IS.
6 . Cf 0 . Luschnat, " Das Problem des ethischen Fortschritts in der alten Stoa," Philologus, ro2 (I958): I78-2I4; I. Hadot, Seneca, pp. 72-78.
7. Cf P. Hadot, "La division des parties de la philosophie ans l'Antiquite, " Museum Helveticum, 36 (I979): 20I-223.
8. Brehier, Histoire de laphilosophic, vol. I, p. 266.
9. Cf Cicero, On the Limits Goods and Evils, III, 2I, 72-73.
ro. Plutarch, On Stoic Se -Contradictions, 9, ro35a = SVF, vol. II, no. 42 =
Stoiciens, pp. 96-97.
326 Notes to Pages 8l-99
l I . S VF I I , n o . 4 1 = D i o g e n e s L a e r t i u s , V I I , 4 0 , 9 - 1 0 .
12. SVF II, 38 = Posidonius ap. Sextus Empiricus, Adversus mathematicos, VII, 19, l-2 = Against the Logicians, I, 19, vol. II, p. I O Bury.
13. S II, 53 = Chrysippus ap. Plutarch, On Stoic Se Contradictions, IX, 1035e2-4.
14. Diogenes Laertius, VII, 4I. See also ibid. , 39, where mention is made of philosophical doctrine, and not ofphilosophy. Cf P. Hadot, "Philosophie, discours philosophique et divisions de la philosophie chez les sto! ciens, " Revue inte ation ale dephilosophie (1991), pp. 205-219.
l5. See Plutarch, On Stoic Se -Contradictions, 9, 1035a
1 6 . Emile Brehier, in his " Pre ce " to A. Virieux-Reymond, logique et l'epistemologie des Stoi iens (Chambery, n. d. ), p. v.
17. A. Bonho er, Die Ethik des Stoikers Epictet (Stuttgart, 1894; reprinted 1968), pp. iii-iv; Bonho er, Epictet und die Stoa (Stuttgart, 1890; reprinted 1968), p. v.
18. Epictetus, Discourses, II, 17, 40; II, 19, 9; III, 2, 13-16; 21, 7.
19. Epictetus, Manual, I, I.
20. [Throughout, the term which Pierre Hadot has rendered in French as
"domaine" or " rme" is the Greek word topos. Topos literally means "place," but the ancient rhetorico-philosophical discipline of topics (one thinks of the works entitled "Topics" by Aristotle and Cicero) has been excellently de ned as llows by the Swiss philosopher A. -J. Voelke: "A discipline which permits the orator to nd what it is appropriate to say, in accordance with the situation in which he nds himsel and the goal he has set himself In particular, topics provided a repertoire ofpoints ofview, or places, susceptible ofproviding a basis r a variety of rms ofarguments. " La Philosophie comme therapie de l'ame: Etudes dephilosophie antique (Fribourg, Suisse/Paris, 1993), p. 2. -Trans. ]
2I. Plato, Republic, IV, 436b
22. Plutarch, On Moral rtue, III, 441 C-D.
23 . See Epictetus, Discourses, I, 4, 12; III, 2, I .
24. Stoi iens, p . 3 0 (§39) [= Diogenes Laertius VII, 40, vol. II, p .
