While we were confulting, what Arguments
we fhould ufe, and Cymon declared he was apprehcnfive, that
Philip would prove too powerful for us in pleading his own
Caufe, Demofthenes promifed us fuch copious Fountains of
Eloquence, and aflured us, he had fuch things to urge vvdth
regard to the Juftice of our Claim to Amphipolis, and the Be-
ginning of the War, as would ftitch up Philip's Mouth with a
dry Reed; (10) perfuadethe Republic to recall Leofthenes from
Exile, and Philip to reftore AmphipoHs.
we fhould ufe, and Cymon declared he was apprehcnfive, that
Philip would prove too powerful for us in pleading his own
Caufe, Demofthenes promifed us fuch copious Fountains of
Eloquence, and aflured us, he had fuch things to urge vvdth
regard to the Juftice of our Claim to Amphipolis, and the Be-
ginning of the War, as would ftitch up Philip's Mouth with a
dry Reed; (10) perfuadethe Republic to recall Leofthenes from
Exile, and Philip to reftore AmphipoHs.
Demosthenes - Orations - v2
IL.
X.
dcftr.
o)^=
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? 154- ORATIONS, &c.
deftroy this fingle Traitor. For if they have a6led in this Man-
ner under the Apprehenfion of being punifhed, what Crimes,
. do you imagine, will they not commit, when no longer appre-
henfive of yoitr Vengeance? What Kind of Euthycrates?
What Kind of Lafthenes? What Betrayer will they not excell
in Villainy ? Will not your Citizens become the moft abandon-
ed of all Mankind, when they behold the Wretches, who have
fold their Country, enjoying Riches, Authority, and Impunity,
by the Friendfhip of Philip, while they, who preferve their
Integrity, and fpend their Fortunes in the Service of the Public,
are purfued with Vexations, Hatred, Envy? May this never
happen. Never can it promote your Glory, your Piety, your
Security, nor anfwer any other valuable Purpofe, to acquit this
Traitor; but to render him an Example of your Juftice, both
to your own Citizens, and to all the other States of Greece, will
beft promote the Interefts of the Republic.
End of the ORATION.
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? (! ^(r? ^(lHS)(! r(C)(^(C)(R),(2K5(^'I^(l^(|HD(^^
THE
ORATION
OF
AE S C H I N E
agalnft the Charge of Mifconduel: in his Embafly.
C! ;(C)(! J(R)(5^(MXM)(M)i(R)3)(R)^^:^(R)(R)S^
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? THE
ORAT ION
OF
iESCHINES.
IDo implore you, Athenians, to hear me with a favourable
Attention; to confider the Greatnefs of my Danger; the
Multitude of Crimes, againft which I muft now make my
Defence ; the Arts, and Arguments of my Accufer, and even
his Cruelty, who hath prefumed to exhort our Judges, Men
fworn to hear the contending Parties with Impartiality, not
to endure even the Voice of the accufed. (i) Neither did
he utter this Sentiment in Anger ; for the Profecutor, who is
confcious of his own Falfehood, can have no Refentment a-
gainft the Man, who is unjuftly impeached; nor does he, who
urges nothing but Truth, ever forbid the Criminal to make his
Defence, becaufe the AccuHition hath no Effe6l upon an Audi-
ence, until the accufed hath obtained Liberty to make his
Apology,
It were nnneceiTary to prefix an Ar- ufeful to point out the particular Paf-
gument to this Oration. The Readier, fages in the lafl: Oration, which iEfchi-
v,'ho has been in any Meafure attentive nes reprefents as Proofs of the Malignity
to the -Profecution, will be able to form and Injuftice of his Accufer.
his own Judgement on the Merit of the (i) Thefe lad Words do not appear in
Defence. It may not, howcver, be un- the Oration of Demolthenes. Wolfk's.
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? 158 ORATIONOF
Apology, and^s unable to refute^. the Crimes, laid to his Charge,
But Dcmofthenes, I appreTiend, takes no Pleafure, nor indeed
is he formed to take Pleafure in the Language of Juftice, but
would willingly call forth your Indignation, and hath impeach-
ed me of Corruption, himfelf moft unfit to urge a Sufpicion
of this Kind. Becaufe, whoever impels his Judges to be angry
with the corrupt, fhould himfelf be moft diftant from fucli
Pradlices.
It happened, O Men of Athens, (2) that while I heard De-
mofthencs accuiing me, never was I under greater Apprehen-
lions, never more provoked, nor ever fo tranfported with
Pleafure. I was terrified, and even now am greatly alarmed,
left any of you, who know me not, fhould be influenced in
his Judgement by thofe infidious and malevolent Antithefes. (3)
Then I was rapt with Aftonifhment, and with Difficulty fup-
ported the Accufation, that charged me with Outrage, and
drunken Violence to a free-born Woman, and an Olynthian.
But I was delighted, when you with Indignation rejefled the
Charge, and I confefs, the modeft Deportment of my whole
Life was then repaid with Gratitude. (4)
I THERE-
(2) Perhaps, the finglc Inftance of (4) Ulpian tells us, that the Judges
this Addrefs, O Men of Athens, either rofe from the Bench with Refentment
in this, or the next Oration of iEfchines. and Indignation, when Demofthenes told
(3) The Reader may turn to Page 67. the Story of the Olynthian Woman, and
Wolfius thinks thefe Antithefes mean the that Eubulus, the Advocate of ^fchi-
Oppofition of Charafters between Philon nes, cried out. Can you endure to hear
and Alfchines, Page 6^. him uttering fuch Impurities ?
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 159
I THEREFORE hoiioiir, and with fiagular Affedlion love yau
for giving Credit rather to the Lives of the accufcd, than to
the Accufations of their Enemies, ye% I would not decline
making my Defence againft this Charge ; becaufc if any of our
Citizens, who now furround this Court in Multitudes^ if any of
my Judges could believe I had committed fuch an Outrage,
not upon a free-born Woman only, but upon any other, I
fliould think the Remainder of my Life, a Life of Mifery : and
if, in the Progrefs of my Apology, I do not clearly prove,
that the Accufation itfelf is falfe, and that he, who aflerted it,
is an unhallowed Calumniator, I will acknowledge myfelf
worthy of Death, although I fhoiild not appear guilty of any
other Crime.
But his Declamation appeared to me mofl: unaccountable,
and cruelly unjuft, when he afked you, whether it were pof-
fible, that, in the very fame City, Philocrates fhould be con-
demned to die, becaufe, in the Confcioufnefs of his Crimes, he
would not venture to ftand his Trial, and that I fliould be acquit-
ted. But I imagine, I ought in Juftice, according to this very
reafoning, to be acquitted; for if he, who is confcious of his
Crimes, and does not appear, be deemed guilty, certainly the
Man, who is confcious of his Innocence, and delivers up his
Perfon to the Laws, and his Fellow-Citizens, cannot be guilty.
Let
(5) In regular Conclufion, camot he here draws a pofitive Conclufion of bh
deemed guiliy. But Orators have long Innocence from Premifles of meer Pro-
claimed a Privilege of departing from the bability.
fcvere Rules of Logic j and ^fchines
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? a6o . ORATIONOF
Let mc, however, implore you, that, during this whole
Profecution, if I fhould omit or forget any Circumftances of
Importance, you will afk and defire me to explain whatever
you defire to know, and hear me with an impartial Attention
and without Prejudice of my being guilty. Yet I am extremely-
doubtful, from thf Irregularity of the Profecution, from whence
I fhould begin my Defence. It is yours to confider, whether
my Doubts appear reafonable. I am now tried for a Crime,
that may affeft my Life, yet the greateft Part of the Profecu-
tion is employed in accufing Philocrates and Phrynon, and our
other Colleagues, and Philip, and the Peace, and the Adminif-
tration of Eubulus, but in every one of thefe I am included^
while Demofthenes alone, through his whole Oration, is anxious-
for tlie Republic, and all others are Traitors. Nor hath he
ceafed from infulting, and pouring forth his lying Inved:ives,
not againft me only, but againft the other AmbafTadors. Yet
while in general he treats me with Ignominy and Contempt,
upon any fudden Alteration of his Opinion, from whatfoever
Caufe it happen, as if heprofecuted an Alcibiades or a Themif-
tocles, who exceeded all our other Grecians in Authority, (6)
he charges me with deilroying the Cities of the Phocaeans, ali-
enating the whole Region of Thrace. , and expelling Cherfobleptes,
an Ally and Confedot^te of thcRepubHc, from his. Kingdom.
He
(6) Ot TTXiTg-ov Tuv EXXrivuv So^ri Reafonlng of ouj Orator does not dqjend
StriveyKctv, tranHated by Uodor Taylor, upon the Fame and Reputation of A1--
ja; Gracis longe fama pracslluere, yet the cibiades or Themiftocles, but upon their
Authoiity and Power.
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? iE S C H I N E S. i6i
He then attempted to compare me to Dionyfius, the Sicilian
Tyrant, (7) and afterwards with Violence and Clamour bids you
beware of that wild Monfter, -ffifchines. Then he repeated
the Dream of the Woman of Himera, yet when he had carried
the Affair to fuch a pitch of Extravagance, he envied me the
Honour of thefe Calumnies, and afcribed the Caufe of all our
Misfortunes, not to my Orations, but to the Arms of Philip.
But befides his Impudence, and the portentous Falfehoods
he utters, it is difficult to recoiled: every thing he faid, and
dangerous to anfwer fuch unexpedled Calumnies. Yet in what-
ever Inftance I can imagine this Difcourfe will be mofl clear,
moft informing to you, and in itfelf moft juft, I fhall begin
from thence ; from his reafoning upon the Peace, and the
Eledion of your AmbalTadors. Thus fhall I be better able to
recolledt, and to anfwer, and you be better informed.
I Believe you all remember, that the Eub^ean AmbaiTadors,
after they had finifhed their Negotiations with the People upon
the Peace they propofed for themfelves, informed you, that
Philip had empowered them to declare, that he was deiirous of
putting an End to the War, and concluding a Peace. Not long
Vol. II. Y after-
(7) We cannot form a Judgement of imus and Plutarch give us the Story of
tills Comparifon between ^fchines and this Woman ; that fhe dreamt fhe was
Dionyfius, or the Ridicule of mention- carried to Heaven, and there faw a Man
ing this Himerian Woman's Dream, chained under the Throne of Jupiter j
fince neither of them appear in the and when flie afterwards faw Dionyfius,
Oration of Demofthenes. Valerius Max- flie cried out, '1 hat is tlie Man.
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? i62 ORATIONOF
afterwards Phrynon was taken Prifoner by fonie Macedonian;
Robbers, during the Truce proclaimed at the Olympic Games,,
as he himfelf complained. (8) When he returned hither, after
having paid his Ranfom, he implored you to fend him in the
Charafter of an AmbaiTador to Philip, that, if pofTible, he
might recover the Money he had paid for his Liberty. Yield-
ing to his Entreaties you joined Ctefiphon with him in the
Embafly, who made his Report when he returned, concerning
the Affair, for which he was fent, and then added, that Philip
had affured him, he very unwillingly continued the War, from
v/hich he would now gladly be relieved. When Ctefiphork
made this Declaration, and mentioned befides the exceeding
Humanity of Philip; when the People greatly applauded Cte-
fiphon and approved of his Condud:; when no one role in
Oppofition ; Philocrates moved for a Decree, which the whole
People unanimoully confirmed, that Philip might be permitted
to fend Heralds and Ambaffadors hither to negotiate a Peace.
This Meafure had before been oppofed by fome certain Perfons,,
who were very folicitous about it, as the Fadt itfelf evinced. .
They preferred a Decree againft Philocrates, for enading new
Laws in contradiction to thofe already in Force; they infcribed
upon it the Name of Lycinus; marked it at an hundred Ta-
lents, and entered it in Court. Philocrates being in an ill State
of Health, called upon Demofthenes, not me, to be his Advo-
cate.
(8) The Reader may find fome on the firft Volume, Page 178.
Faniculars of this Story in the Notes
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? iE S C H I N E S. 163
cate. This Philip- Hater advanced, and confumed the whole
Day in the Defence of his Client, who was at length acquitted,
and Lycinus, who fubfcribed the Decree, had not the fifth Part
of the Suffrages ; thefe Circumftances you all know.
About this Time Olynthus was reduced, and many of our
Citizens taken Prifoners, among whom were Stratocles and
Eucratus. Their Relations addrefled you in the cuftomary
Forms of Supplication for them, and implored your Protedion.
Demofthenes and Philocrates, not i^fchines, appeared their
Advocates, and they fent Ariftodemus, the Comedian, Ambaf-
fador to Philip, by whom he was known, and received with
Indulgence, on Account of his Profeffion. When he returned
from his Embafly, being detained by his own private Bufinefs
he did not attend the Senate, and Stratocles, having been fet
at Liberty by Philip without a Ranfom, arrived before him from
Macedonia. The People in general, when they heard that Stra. -
tocles brought the fame Declarations from Philip, Vv^ere angry,
that Ariftodemus had not made a Report of his Emhaffy. At
length Democrates entered the Senate, and moved, that Arif-
todemus might be fent for. Demofthenes, who is now my
Profecutor, was then a Senator. Ariftodemus being introduced,
declared the good Intentions of Philip towards the Republic,
and added, that he was extremely well inclined to become a
Confederate of the Athenian People. Nor did he make this
Declaration in the Senate only, but in a general AflembJ'y,
Y 2 whifc
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? 164 O R A T I O N O F
while Demofthenes never offered any Oppolition, but on the
contrary, preferred a Decree to crown Ariflodemus.
While thefe Declarations were made in your AfTembly,
Philocrates propofed a Decree, to fend ten Ambafladors to Philip,
who might enter into a Negotiation upon the Peace, and fome
other Articles of mutual Advantage to both Parties. When
thefe Ambaffadors were appointed, I was propofed by Nauficles,
and Demofthenes, who now accufes Philocrates, was however
nominated by Philocrates. So earneft was he in the Affair,
that he moved the Senate to indemnify Ariftodemus, and fend
him as a Colleague of the Embafly, and to appoint other Am-
baffadors to the Cities, in which he had engaged to a6t, who
fhould folicit an Alleviation of his Fine. (9) In Proof of thefe
Affertions, take the Decrees, and read the Teftimony of Arif-
todemus, taken when he was abroad, and then call the Perfons,
who witneffed it, that the Judges may know, who was the
Friend of Philocrates, and who promifed to perfuade the People
to give Ariftodemus Prefents of Indemnification.
The Decrees. The Testimonies.
Such was the Beginning of this whole Affair, not directed by
me, but by Demofthenes and Philocrates.
During
(9) Ariftodemus had engaged to aft Account, propores to take him with them
in fome of the Cities of Greece, under in their Embaffy, and either to folicit
the Penalty of a certain Fine ? , the Scho- thofe Cities for an Alleviation of his Fine,
liaft fays, double the Sum he was to re- or to make him Prefents to indemnify
ceive for ading. Demofthenes, by this him for any Lofs he ftiould fuftain.
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 165
During our Embafly Demoflhenes was very follcitous to be
received into our Mefs, nor was he admitted by me, but by my
Companions, latroclcs and Aglaocreon, the Tenedian, whom
you had chofen from among our Allies. He then affirms,
that I preffed him, while we were traveling, with the Necefl'ity
of our mutually guarding againft that Monfter Philocrates.
This Story is a moft improbable Fidtion. For how could I
have urged Demofthenss to be cautious of Philocrates, when I
was confcious he had been his Advocate in the Profecution
againft him for enading new Laws in Oppofition to thofe al-
ready eftabliftied; and had been nominated by him to this
Embafly. Befides, we, who were his Colleagues, were not
engaged with him in Difcourfes of this Kind, but were compel-
led, through our whole Journey, to fuffer his impradicable,
gloomy Temper.
While we were confulting, what Arguments
we fhould ufe, and Cymon declared he was apprehcnfive, that
Philip would prove too powerful for us in pleading his own
Caufe, Demofthenes promifed us fuch copious Fountains of
Eloquence, and aflured us, he had fuch things to urge vvdth
regard to the Juftice of our Claim to Amphipolis, and the Be-
ginning of the War, as would ftitch up Philip's Mouth with a
dry Reed; (10) perfuadethe Republic to recall Leofthenes from
Exile, and Philip to reftore AmphipoHs.
But
(10) A low, proverbial Expreffion, ufed in makiiig Ropes or Matts, they
fignifying to do any Thing with Eafe. were iifually moiftened in Water toren-
A dry Reed \ becaiife when Reeds were der them more pliable. Stephans,
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? i66 ORATIONOF
But that I may not grow tedious in the Defcription of his
exceffive Arrogance, as foon as we arrived in Macedonia, we
agreed among ourfelves, that when we approached PhiHp, the
eldeft of us iLould fpeak firft, and the reft in order of Seniority.
It happened, that Demofthenes, as he affured us, was the
youngeft, but when we were fumraoned to our Audience (i i)
Give me now your moft ferious Attention to the following Cir-
cumftances, by which you will perceive the unmeafurable Envy
of the Man; his fervile Timidity, and, at the fame Time, his
Malignity of Spirit, with fuch pernicious Schemes againft his
Companions and Colleagues in Embafly, as no other Man
would have inhumanly formed even againft his greateft Enemies.
He profefTes to pay the higheft Reverence to the Rights of
Hofpitality, and thofe Entertainments appointed by the Repub-
lic for her Ambaffadors, although he be neither a Citizen of
Athens, nor, I dare affirm it, allied to you by Blood: while
we, who have the facred Monuments and Sepulchres of our
Anceftors in this our native Country ; who have lived with you
in Friend rhip and Familiarity, formed upon a Likenefs of
Manners, and the Principles of Liberty; whofe Marriages have
been
(ii) Wolfius imagines the Remainder feems a fuddcn Starting to fome new
of tills Paragraph is to be included in a Matter -, or rather an oratorial Breaking
Parenthefis. His Editors and Stephans away trom his Subjeft, more Itrongly to
are of the fame Opinion. Yet there is catch that Attention of his Judges, which
jio Connexion, as there {houid be if a he with Eafneftnefs demands, as he is
Parenthefis intervenes, between when ive now entering more regularly into his
ivere fum. moned to our Audience, and. Defence. Such a long Parenthefis would
jtlear therefore the Oratiom ive made. It here be moft injudicious.
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? ^. S C H I N E S. 167
|)eeii legally folemnlzed; who have Relations and Children;
who vyere, at Athens, efteemed worthy of your Confidence,
for otherwife you would not have chofen us to this Truft, yet
arriving in Macedonia we fuddenly become Traitors : while he,
who hath not any one Part about him unfold, not even the
Mouth, from whence he utters thefe Sounds, as if he were an
Ariftides directing the Revenues of Greece, and diftinguifhed
by the Surname of Juft, detefls and defpifes Corruption and
Venality.
Hear therefore the Orations we made in Support of your
Interefts, and thofe, which this Pillar of the State, Demoft-
henes, pronounced, that I may regularly and pundlually make my
Defence againft every feparate Article of this Profecution. Let
me, however, exceedingly commend you all, for hearing me
with Silence and Impartiality ; from whence, if I do not acquit
me of thefe Crimes, I fhall not blame you, but myfelf. When
our AmbafTadors according to their Seniority had delivered their
Sentiments, the Subjed: defcended to me, and though I have
already laid before the general Allembly of the People every
Particular, that I myfelf had urged, and what Philip had re-
plied, yet I fhall now endeavour, in a fummary Way, to recall
them to your Remembrance. Firft, I mentioned to him, that
Amity you had entertained for his Father, Amyntas, and the
Obligations you had conferred on him, without omitting a
fingle Inftance, but repeating them all in their Order. I then
de&cd
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? i68 O R A T I O N O F
deflred him to remember fome Circumftances, of which he wa>>
himfelf a Witnefs, and had happily felt the good EfFeds. For
when Amyntas was juft deceafed, and Alexander, the eldeft
Brother, Perdiccas and Philip were Infants; when their Mother
Euridice was deferted by thofe, whom fhe had efteemed Friends
to her Children; when Paufanias had feized upon their Throne,
and although he was an Exile, had grown powerful by fome
favourable Conjundures, and gained a numerous Party to fupport
him ; when he commanded a Body of Grecian Troops, and had
made himfelf Mafter of feveral ftrong Fortrefles in Macedonia;
when the Macedonians themfelves were divided, yet in general
favoured Paufanias ; at this Time the Athenians fent Iphicrates
with the Command of their Forces to Amphipolis, for the
Amphipolitans were then pofTefTed of a very ftrong City, and the
Revenues of a condderable Territory. When Iphicrates arrived
upon their Coaft with only a few Ships, as intending rather to
difcover the Situation of AiFairs in Amphipolis, than to befiege
it, your Mother Euridice fent for him immediately, and as the
Perfons, who were prefent, declare, jQie delivered Perdiccas into
his Arras, and having placed you, who were yet an Infant,
upon his Knees, fhe thus addrefied him; '<< Amyntas, the Father
*' of thefe Children, while he was alive, made you his Son by
*' Adoption, (12) and always maintained a friendly Correfpon-
" dence
(12) Here Wolfiusafks, with his ufual crates inherit ? His Editors and Com-
Honefty and Simplicity, how could A- mentators have not thought proper to
myntas, wh n he had already three Sons, anfwer thefe Quertions.
adopt Ipliicrates, and why did not Iphi-
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? -ffi S C H I N E S. 169
*< dence with the Athenians. You are therefore Brother to
" thefe Children in your private Charader, and in your public,
** our Ally. *' She then added the moft earneft Supplications,
with regard to your Glory, to herfelf, to the Kingdom, and
laftly to the Safety of her Cliildren. Iphicrates complied with
her Requeft ; drove Paufanias out of Macedonia, and preferved
the Government to You.
I SPOKE afterwards of Ptolemy, who was appointed Regent
of the Kingdom; how ungrateful and iniquitous his Condud.
I fhewed, firft, the Attempts he had formed againft Amphi-
polis, and the League he had entered into with your declared
Enemies, the Thebans ; and then convinced him, that Perdic-
cas, when he was placed upon the Throne, had invaded
Amphipolis, though under your JurifdiAion. I proved the
Humanity, with which you always aded, even when you were
injured, by fhewing, that when you had gained, under the
Command of Callifthenes, fome confiderable Advantages in the
War againft Perdiccas, you granted him a Truce, in Hopes of
obtaining your juft Demands. I endeavoured to refute the
Calumny with regard to Callifthenes, by proving, that the
People did not condemn him to fufFer Death, for granting a
Truce to Perdiccas, but for other Crimes. Neither did I he-
fitate to blame the Conduft of Philip himfelf, who fucceeded
Perdiccas in continuing the War againft the Republic. In
Proof of whatever I aflerted, I produced their own Letters in
Vol. IL Z Evidence,
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? I70 ORATIONSOF
Evidence, vvith our Decrees, and the Truce of Calliflhenes,
Concerning the original PofTefHon of the Territories, and City
of Amphipolis, anciently called the City of the nine Roads, and
concerning the Sons of Thefeus, one of whom, Acamas, was
reported to have received that Country in Dowery with his Wife,
it was then moft fitting to fpeak, and I fpoke with all pofiible
Accuracy, although perhaps it may be necefiary at prefent to
Shorten my Difcourfe. But whatever Proofs appeared, not from
ancient Fables, but from Fads within our own Memory, thofe
I mentioned. For Inftance, when the Lacedaemonians, and all
the other Powers of Greece had formed a general Confederacy,
Amy ntas, the Father of Philip, fent his Minifter to the Congrefsj^
and, as far as he could influence the Suflrages, propofed a?
Decree, that Amphipolis, which rightfully belonged to the
Athenians, fhould be conquered for them by the united Forces
of Greece. The Decree itfelf, founded on the common Con-
fent of all the Grecians, and the Names of the Perfons, who
fiibfcribed it, I produced,, as my Witnefles to the Fad:, out of
the public Records. Thofe Poffeflions therefore, which your
Father (thus I told him) ceded in the Prefence of all Greece, not
in fimple Expreffion only, but by Decree, it were moft unfitting
for you, his Son, to refume. If you refume them by Right of
Conqueft, we fliould acknowledge the Juflice of your Title, if
you had reduced that City to your Obedience, after a regular De-
claration of War againft us>> You had then-been its rightful Lord,,
and poffeQl'd it according to tlie Laws of War. But if you have
taken
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? iE S C H I N E S. ,71
taken from the Amphipolitans a City, that belonged to t-hc
Athenians, you hold Poflcflion, not of their Territories, but
thofe of the Athenians.
My Oration, and thofe of your other Ambafiadors being
ended, this Part of his Embafly devolved to Demofthenes.
Every one was attentive, in expe(5lation of hearing fome Pro-
digies of the Power of Eloquence. For fome over-abundant
Affurances of this Kind, as we were afterwards informed, had
been given to Philip and his Courtiers. While we were all
thus difpofed to hear, the Savage pronounces a ProcEmium,
obicure, and lifelefs, through Fear; and when he had advanced
a little Way towards the State of Affairs, on a fudden he was
filent, and hefitated in Confufion. (13) At length, he totally
loft the very Power of fpeaking. Philip feeing him thus dlf-
concerted, defired him to be confident, and not to imagine,
that any thing difagreeable fhould happen to him, as in a
Theatre, from his Misfortune: that he {hould take Time, and
recoiled himfelf by Degrees, and then pronounce the Oration he
had prepared. As he was once confufed, and had wandered from
his Notes, it was impoflible for him to recover himfelf. How-,
Z 2 everj.
(13) For the Honour of Demofthe- has not given it the moft favourable
nes, Plutarch tells us, that Philip an- Appearance. What Philip probably laid
fwered his Arguments with more Ear- with Humanity and Goodnature, is re-
neftnefs, than thofe of his Colleagues, al- prefented, by the Circumftance of men-
though he treated him with lefs perfonal tioning the Theatre, witli an Air of De-
AfFability. If tb. ere be any Truth in this rifion, very little becoming the Charac-
Srory, we may believe, that iEfchines ter of that Monarch.
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? 172 ORATIONOF
ever, he again attempted to fpeak, and the fame Accident
happened. A profound Silence followed, and an Herald
ordered us to depart.
When we afterwards aflembled among ourfelves, this inef-
timable Demofthenes, with an Afped: horribly gloomy, declared,
that I had ruined the Commonwealth, and her Confederates. .
Not I alone, but all our Colleagues being ftruck with Amaze-
ment, and demanding the Reafon of fuch an Aflertion, he
alked me, whether I had forgotten the Situation of Affairs in
Athens, or whether I remembered, that the People were ex-
haufted by their Misfortunes, and vehemently defirous of Peace.
" Or are you greatly elated upon having fifty Gallies, indeed
*' appointed by Decree, but never to be compleated? For
" you have fo provoked Philip,, and faid fuch things, that Peace
" never can rife out of the prelent War, but out of the prefent
*' Peace an implacable War. " While I was preparing to anfwer
this Charge, Philip's Minifters called us to attend him. When
we went, and had taken our Seats, Philip attempted to make
fome particular Objedion to every Argument, we had ufed,
but dwelt a longer Time, and with Reafon, upon my Oration,
becaufe, perhaps, I had negleded nothing, that could pofTibly,
at leaft in my Opinion, have been proper to mention. He
frequently named me in his Difcourfe, but, if I remember
rightly, never once turned his Refledions towards Demofthenes,
who had fo ridiculoully made his Retreat. This Circumftance
was
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? iE S C H I N E S. 173
was a fuffocatlng Agony and Sorrow to him. But when Philip
altered his Language to Expreflions of Philanthropy and Love
of Peace; when the Calumny, with which Demofthenes had
accufed me, in the Prefence of our Colleagues, of being the
Caufe of the War, could no longer be fupported, he appeared
perfectly difordered in his Senfes, fo very grofsly did he behave
himfelf, when we were invited to the ufual Feaft of Hofpitality.
When we were preparing to return, on a fudden, and con-
trary to his Nature, he converfed with us all moft familiarly
upon the Road. Untill this Moment I never knew the Force
and Meaning of thofe Words, by which we ufually exprcfs our
Ideas of Villainy, Treachery and Bafenefs; but having Demof-
thenes for my Guide and Interpreter, I was foon inftrudled.
For taking each of us feparately aiide, to one he promifed a
public Penfion, and his AfHftance in his private Affairs ; to
another a confiderable Poft in the Army ; but me he perpetually
followed, congratulating me upon the Happinefs of my Genius,
and pouring forth Encomiums on the Orations I had fpoken,
untill he grew even troublefome in the Abundance of his Praifes.
When we were all at Supper together in Larifla, he pleafantly
ridiculed himfelf, and the Hefltation, that happened to him
when he was fpeaking, and of all Men under the Sun, pro-
nounced Philip moft eloquent. I too mentioned fomevvhat of
Philip's having anfwered all our Speeches upon Memory ; and
Ctefiphon,
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? 174 ORATIONOF
Ctefiphon, the eldeft of our AmbafTadors, fpeaking of his own'
extraordinary Age, and the Number of Years he had lived,
conchided, that in fuch a length of Time he had never feen fo
chearful, fo jovial a Companion. Our Sifyphus, after having
exprefled his Approbation by clapping his Hands, declared,
** However, Ctefiphon, neither you, nor -ffifchines, fhould
*' venture to tell the People of Athens, that Philip is fuch a
" powerful Orator, and of fuch uncommon Memory. " As we
neither perceived, nor imagined the Treachery, which you
fhall inftantly hear, he engaged us under a Kind of Compa<<5l to
give you this Charadler of Philip, and then with a certain
earneftnefs entreated me not to forget telling you, that Demof-
thenes had fomething particular to inform you of concerning
Amphipolis.
Thus far our Colleagues are my Witnefles, whom he hatli
perpetually treated with Infolence and Inveftives through his-
whole Profecution. The Orations, however, which we pro-
nounced on this Tribunal, you yourfelves have heard, and it is
therefore impoflible for me to deceive you with a Falfehood.
But 1 implore you to hear with Patience the reft of this Narra-
tion. I perceive, you are all extremely defirous of knowing
the Affair of Cherfobleptes, and the Errors, that ruined the
Phoczeans j I therefore haften to inform you. But unlefs you
hear fome Circumftances, that preceded them, you will not
clearly comprehend thofe, that followed. Befides, if you per-
I mit
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 175
mit me to make my Defence in the Manner I myfelf could wifh,
you will be able to find fufficient Reafons to acquit me, if I
am innocent, and to underftand the controverted Points, by
thofe that are acknowledged. For when we returned hither,
and had given the Senate a fummary Account of our Embafly,
and delivered Philip's Letters, Demofthenes pronounced our
Panegyric before the Senators, and fwore by the Altar ereded
in the Houfe to Jupiter the Advifer, that he congratulated the
Republic upon her fending fuch Ambafladors, who both in
Eloquence and Probity were worthy of the Commonwealth.
With regard to me particularly, he faid, I had not deceived
the Hopes of thofe, who had appointed me to the Embafly, and
concluded with a Motion, that we fhould be crowned with
Olive in Reward for our good Intentions to the Athenian
People, and invited to an Entertainment in the Prytanaeum.
In Proof of what I have aflertfed, let the Secretary take his
Decree, and then read the Teftimony of our Colleagues.
The Decree. The Testimony.
When we had reported our Embafly to the People, Ctefl-
phon, as a Privilege of his Age, rofe firfl:, and among other
Things, which he had agreed with Demofthenes to mention,
he fpoke particularly of Philip's Affability, and Urbanity in his
, Compotations. Philocrates having made a fhort Speech, and
after him. Dyrcyllus; I then came forward. When I had lightly
run over the other Circumftances of our Embafly, I proceeded
to
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? 176 ORATIONOF
to the Particulars, in which we had all agreed, and mentioned
that Strength of Memory, and Power of Eloquence, with
which Philip had anfwered us. Neither was I forgetful of the
Requeft of Demofthenes; that he was appointed, if we pafled
over any thing of Importance, to fpeak to the Affair of Am-
phipolis. Laft of all Demofthenes arofe, fafhic<<iing his Deport-
ment and his Countenance, according to his wont, in a moft
portentous Manner, and rubbing his Forehead. When perceiv-
ing the People gave Signs of their Approbation, and applauded
what I had faid, he declared himfelf much furprized both at
the Audience and at his Colleagues, who equally mifemployed.
and wafted away the Time of debating what Anfwer fliould be
given to Philip's Ambafladors, or of propofing any Meaftires
for the public Advantage; and in an Affair of domeftic Con-
cernment indulged an Impertinence of talking, totally foreign
to the Subjedl ; for that nothing was more cafy, than to give
an Accdunt of an Embaflj', But I will inform you, fays he,
in what Manner this Affair fhould be conduced. He then
ordered a particular Decree of the People to be read, and after-
wards added, " by this Decree we were appointed Ambafladors,
" and executed what it ordained. Now take the Letter we
*' brought home from Philip. " When that was read, " you
*' have now Philip's Anfwer, and it only remains for you to
*' deliberate upon it. " While the People were riftng in Tu-
mults round him, fome of them applauding him, as a nervous,
cpnpifc Speaker, but the Majority, as malignant and envious ;
Now
2
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? iE S C H I N E S. 177
Now behold, faid he, how fuccindly I fhall lay before you all
other Girciimftances of this Affair. Does Philip appear to
-^fchines a Man of extraordinary Memory, and powerfully elo-
quent ? To me far otherwife. For, in my Opinion, if any
one fliould take away from him his prefent Fortune, and give
it to another, that Perfon would not be greatly his Inferior.
Did he appear to Ctefiphon to have a certain Splendour in his
Afpedl ? To me the Q)median Ariftodemus, who was one of
our Ambafladors, had not lefs Dignity.
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? 154- ORATIONS, &c.
deftroy this fingle Traitor. For if they have a6led in this Man-
ner under the Apprehenfion of being punifhed, what Crimes,
. do you imagine, will they not commit, when no longer appre-
henfive of yoitr Vengeance? What Kind of Euthycrates?
What Kind of Lafthenes? What Betrayer will they not excell
in Villainy ? Will not your Citizens become the moft abandon-
ed of all Mankind, when they behold the Wretches, who have
fold their Country, enjoying Riches, Authority, and Impunity,
by the Friendfhip of Philip, while they, who preferve their
Integrity, and fpend their Fortunes in the Service of the Public,
are purfued with Vexations, Hatred, Envy? May this never
happen. Never can it promote your Glory, your Piety, your
Security, nor anfwer any other valuable Purpofe, to acquit this
Traitor; but to render him an Example of your Juftice, both
to your own Citizens, and to all the other States of Greece, will
beft promote the Interefts of the Republic.
End of the ORATION.
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? (! ^(r? ^(lHS)(! r(C)(^(C)(R),(2K5(^'I^(l^(|HD(^^
THE
ORATION
OF
AE S C H I N E
agalnft the Charge of Mifconduel: in his Embafly.
C! ;(C)(! J(R)(5^(MXM)(M)i(R)3)(R)^^:^(R)(R)S^
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? THE
ORAT ION
OF
iESCHINES.
IDo implore you, Athenians, to hear me with a favourable
Attention; to confider the Greatnefs of my Danger; the
Multitude of Crimes, againft which I muft now make my
Defence ; the Arts, and Arguments of my Accufer, and even
his Cruelty, who hath prefumed to exhort our Judges, Men
fworn to hear the contending Parties with Impartiality, not
to endure even the Voice of the accufed. (i) Neither did
he utter this Sentiment in Anger ; for the Profecutor, who is
confcious of his own Falfehood, can have no Refentment a-
gainft the Man, who is unjuftly impeached; nor does he, who
urges nothing but Truth, ever forbid the Criminal to make his
Defence, becaufe the AccuHition hath no Effe6l upon an Audi-
ence, until the accufed hath obtained Liberty to make his
Apology,
It were nnneceiTary to prefix an Ar- ufeful to point out the particular Paf-
gument to this Oration. The Readier, fages in the lafl: Oration, which iEfchi-
v,'ho has been in any Meafure attentive nes reprefents as Proofs of the Malignity
to the -Profecution, will be able to form and Injuftice of his Accufer.
his own Judgement on the Merit of the (i) Thefe lad Words do not appear in
Defence. It may not, howcver, be un- the Oration of Demolthenes. Wolfk's.
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? 158 ORATIONOF
Apology, and^s unable to refute^. the Crimes, laid to his Charge,
But Dcmofthenes, I appreTiend, takes no Pleafure, nor indeed
is he formed to take Pleafure in the Language of Juftice, but
would willingly call forth your Indignation, and hath impeach-
ed me of Corruption, himfelf moft unfit to urge a Sufpicion
of this Kind. Becaufe, whoever impels his Judges to be angry
with the corrupt, fhould himfelf be moft diftant from fucli
Pradlices.
It happened, O Men of Athens, (2) that while I heard De-
mofthencs accuiing me, never was I under greater Apprehen-
lions, never more provoked, nor ever fo tranfported with
Pleafure. I was terrified, and even now am greatly alarmed,
left any of you, who know me not, fhould be influenced in
his Judgement by thofe infidious and malevolent Antithefes. (3)
Then I was rapt with Aftonifhment, and with Difficulty fup-
ported the Accufation, that charged me with Outrage, and
drunken Violence to a free-born Woman, and an Olynthian.
But I was delighted, when you with Indignation rejefled the
Charge, and I confefs, the modeft Deportment of my whole
Life was then repaid with Gratitude. (4)
I THERE-
(2) Perhaps, the finglc Inftance of (4) Ulpian tells us, that the Judges
this Addrefs, O Men of Athens, either rofe from the Bench with Refentment
in this, or the next Oration of iEfchines. and Indignation, when Demofthenes told
(3) The Reader may turn to Page 67. the Story of the Olynthian Woman, and
Wolfius thinks thefe Antithefes mean the that Eubulus, the Advocate of ^fchi-
Oppofition of Charafters between Philon nes, cried out. Can you endure to hear
and Alfchines, Page 6^. him uttering fuch Impurities ?
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 159
I THEREFORE hoiioiir, and with fiagular Affedlion love yau
for giving Credit rather to the Lives of the accufcd, than to
the Accufations of their Enemies, ye% I would not decline
making my Defence againft this Charge ; becaufc if any of our
Citizens, who now furround this Court in Multitudes^ if any of
my Judges could believe I had committed fuch an Outrage,
not upon a free-born Woman only, but upon any other, I
fliould think the Remainder of my Life, a Life of Mifery : and
if, in the Progrefs of my Apology, I do not clearly prove,
that the Accufation itfelf is falfe, and that he, who aflerted it,
is an unhallowed Calumniator, I will acknowledge myfelf
worthy of Death, although I fhoiild not appear guilty of any
other Crime.
But his Declamation appeared to me mofl: unaccountable,
and cruelly unjuft, when he afked you, whether it were pof-
fible, that, in the very fame City, Philocrates fhould be con-
demned to die, becaufe, in the Confcioufnefs of his Crimes, he
would not venture to ftand his Trial, and that I fliould be acquit-
ted. But I imagine, I ought in Juftice, according to this very
reafoning, to be acquitted; for if he, who is confcious of his
Crimes, and does not appear, be deemed guilty, certainly the
Man, who is confcious of his Innocence, and delivers up his
Perfon to the Laws, and his Fellow-Citizens, cannot be guilty.
Let
(5) In regular Conclufion, camot he here draws a pofitive Conclufion of bh
deemed guiliy. But Orators have long Innocence from Premifles of meer Pro-
claimed a Privilege of departing from the bability.
fcvere Rules of Logic j and ^fchines
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? a6o . ORATIONOF
Let mc, however, implore you, that, during this whole
Profecution, if I fhould omit or forget any Circumftances of
Importance, you will afk and defire me to explain whatever
you defire to know, and hear me with an impartial Attention
and without Prejudice of my being guilty. Yet I am extremely-
doubtful, from thf Irregularity of the Profecution, from whence
I fhould begin my Defence. It is yours to confider, whether
my Doubts appear reafonable. I am now tried for a Crime,
that may affeft my Life, yet the greateft Part of the Profecu-
tion is employed in accufing Philocrates and Phrynon, and our
other Colleagues, and Philip, and the Peace, and the Adminif-
tration of Eubulus, but in every one of thefe I am included^
while Demofthenes alone, through his whole Oration, is anxious-
for tlie Republic, and all others are Traitors. Nor hath he
ceafed from infulting, and pouring forth his lying Inved:ives,
not againft me only, but againft the other AmbafTadors. Yet
while in general he treats me with Ignominy and Contempt,
upon any fudden Alteration of his Opinion, from whatfoever
Caufe it happen, as if heprofecuted an Alcibiades or a Themif-
tocles, who exceeded all our other Grecians in Authority, (6)
he charges me with deilroying the Cities of the Phocaeans, ali-
enating the whole Region of Thrace. , and expelling Cherfobleptes,
an Ally and Confedot^te of thcRepubHc, from his. Kingdom.
He
(6) Ot TTXiTg-ov Tuv EXXrivuv So^ri Reafonlng of ouj Orator does not dqjend
StriveyKctv, tranHated by Uodor Taylor, upon the Fame and Reputation of A1--
ja; Gracis longe fama pracslluere, yet the cibiades or Themiftocles, but upon their
Authoiity and Power.
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? iE S C H I N E S. i6i
He then attempted to compare me to Dionyfius, the Sicilian
Tyrant, (7) and afterwards with Violence and Clamour bids you
beware of that wild Monfter, -ffifchines. Then he repeated
the Dream of the Woman of Himera, yet when he had carried
the Affair to fuch a pitch of Extravagance, he envied me the
Honour of thefe Calumnies, and afcribed the Caufe of all our
Misfortunes, not to my Orations, but to the Arms of Philip.
But befides his Impudence, and the portentous Falfehoods
he utters, it is difficult to recoiled: every thing he faid, and
dangerous to anfwer fuch unexpedled Calumnies. Yet in what-
ever Inftance I can imagine this Difcourfe will be mofl clear,
moft informing to you, and in itfelf moft juft, I fhall begin
from thence ; from his reafoning upon the Peace, and the
Eledion of your AmbalTadors. Thus fhall I be better able to
recolledt, and to anfwer, and you be better informed.
I Believe you all remember, that the Eub^ean AmbaiTadors,
after they had finifhed their Negotiations with the People upon
the Peace they propofed for themfelves, informed you, that
Philip had empowered them to declare, that he was deiirous of
putting an End to the War, and concluding a Peace. Not long
Vol. II. Y after-
(7) We cannot form a Judgement of imus and Plutarch give us the Story of
tills Comparifon between ^fchines and this Woman ; that fhe dreamt fhe was
Dionyfius, or the Ridicule of mention- carried to Heaven, and there faw a Man
ing this Himerian Woman's Dream, chained under the Throne of Jupiter j
fince neither of them appear in the and when flie afterwards faw Dionyfius,
Oration of Demofthenes. Valerius Max- flie cried out, '1 hat is tlie Man.
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? i62 ORATIONOF
afterwards Phrynon was taken Prifoner by fonie Macedonian;
Robbers, during the Truce proclaimed at the Olympic Games,,
as he himfelf complained. (8) When he returned hither, after
having paid his Ranfom, he implored you to fend him in the
Charafter of an AmbaiTador to Philip, that, if pofTible, he
might recover the Money he had paid for his Liberty. Yield-
ing to his Entreaties you joined Ctefiphon with him in the
Embafly, who made his Report when he returned, concerning
the Affair, for which he was fent, and then added, that Philip
had affured him, he very unwillingly continued the War, from
v/hich he would now gladly be relieved. When Ctefiphork
made this Declaration, and mentioned befides the exceeding
Humanity of Philip; when the People greatly applauded Cte-
fiphon and approved of his Condud:; when no one role in
Oppofition ; Philocrates moved for a Decree, which the whole
People unanimoully confirmed, that Philip might be permitted
to fend Heralds and Ambaffadors hither to negotiate a Peace.
This Meafure had before been oppofed by fome certain Perfons,,
who were very folicitous about it, as the Fadt itfelf evinced. .
They preferred a Decree againft Philocrates, for enading new
Laws in contradiction to thofe already in Force; they infcribed
upon it the Name of Lycinus; marked it at an hundred Ta-
lents, and entered it in Court. Philocrates being in an ill State
of Health, called upon Demofthenes, not me, to be his Advo-
cate.
(8) The Reader may find fome on the firft Volume, Page 178.
Faniculars of this Story in the Notes
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? iE S C H I N E S. 163
cate. This Philip- Hater advanced, and confumed the whole
Day in the Defence of his Client, who was at length acquitted,
and Lycinus, who fubfcribed the Decree, had not the fifth Part
of the Suffrages ; thefe Circumftances you all know.
About this Time Olynthus was reduced, and many of our
Citizens taken Prifoners, among whom were Stratocles and
Eucratus. Their Relations addrefled you in the cuftomary
Forms of Supplication for them, and implored your Protedion.
Demofthenes and Philocrates, not i^fchines, appeared their
Advocates, and they fent Ariftodemus, the Comedian, Ambaf-
fador to Philip, by whom he was known, and received with
Indulgence, on Account of his Profeffion. When he returned
from his Embafly, being detained by his own private Bufinefs
he did not attend the Senate, and Stratocles, having been fet
at Liberty by Philip without a Ranfom, arrived before him from
Macedonia. The People in general, when they heard that Stra. -
tocles brought the fame Declarations from Philip, Vv^ere angry,
that Ariftodemus had not made a Report of his Emhaffy. At
length Democrates entered the Senate, and moved, that Arif-
todemus might be fent for. Demofthenes, who is now my
Profecutor, was then a Senator. Ariftodemus being introduced,
declared the good Intentions of Philip towards the Republic,
and added, that he was extremely well inclined to become a
Confederate of the Athenian People. Nor did he make this
Declaration in the Senate only, but in a general AflembJ'y,
Y 2 whifc
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? 164 O R A T I O N O F
while Demofthenes never offered any Oppolition, but on the
contrary, preferred a Decree to crown Ariflodemus.
While thefe Declarations were made in your AfTembly,
Philocrates propofed a Decree, to fend ten Ambafladors to Philip,
who might enter into a Negotiation upon the Peace, and fome
other Articles of mutual Advantage to both Parties. When
thefe Ambaffadors were appointed, I was propofed by Nauficles,
and Demofthenes, who now accufes Philocrates, was however
nominated by Philocrates. So earneft was he in the Affair,
that he moved the Senate to indemnify Ariftodemus, and fend
him as a Colleague of the Embafly, and to appoint other Am-
baffadors to the Cities, in which he had engaged to a6t, who
fhould folicit an Alleviation of his Fine. (9) In Proof of thefe
Affertions, take the Decrees, and read the Teftimony of Arif-
todemus, taken when he was abroad, and then call the Perfons,
who witneffed it, that the Judges may know, who was the
Friend of Philocrates, and who promifed to perfuade the People
to give Ariftodemus Prefents of Indemnification.
The Decrees. The Testimonies.
Such was the Beginning of this whole Affair, not directed by
me, but by Demofthenes and Philocrates.
During
(9) Ariftodemus had engaged to aft Account, propores to take him with them
in fome of the Cities of Greece, under in their Embaffy, and either to folicit
the Penalty of a certain Fine ? , the Scho- thofe Cities for an Alleviation of his Fine,
liaft fays, double the Sum he was to re- or to make him Prefents to indemnify
ceive for ading. Demofthenes, by this him for any Lofs he ftiould fuftain.
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 165
During our Embafly Demoflhenes was very follcitous to be
received into our Mefs, nor was he admitted by me, but by my
Companions, latroclcs and Aglaocreon, the Tenedian, whom
you had chofen from among our Allies. He then affirms,
that I preffed him, while we were traveling, with the Necefl'ity
of our mutually guarding againft that Monfter Philocrates.
This Story is a moft improbable Fidtion. For how could I
have urged Demofthenss to be cautious of Philocrates, when I
was confcious he had been his Advocate in the Profecution
againft him for enading new Laws in Oppofition to thofe al-
ready eftabliftied; and had been nominated by him to this
Embafly. Befides, we, who were his Colleagues, were not
engaged with him in Difcourfes of this Kind, but were compel-
led, through our whole Journey, to fuffer his impradicable,
gloomy Temper.
While we were confulting, what Arguments
we fhould ufe, and Cymon declared he was apprehcnfive, that
Philip would prove too powerful for us in pleading his own
Caufe, Demofthenes promifed us fuch copious Fountains of
Eloquence, and aflured us, he had fuch things to urge vvdth
regard to the Juftice of our Claim to Amphipolis, and the Be-
ginning of the War, as would ftitch up Philip's Mouth with a
dry Reed; (10) perfuadethe Republic to recall Leofthenes from
Exile, and Philip to reftore AmphipoHs.
But
(10) A low, proverbial Expreffion, ufed in makiiig Ropes or Matts, they
fignifying to do any Thing with Eafe. were iifually moiftened in Water toren-
A dry Reed \ becaiife when Reeds were der them more pliable. Stephans,
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? i66 ORATIONOF
But that I may not grow tedious in the Defcription of his
exceffive Arrogance, as foon as we arrived in Macedonia, we
agreed among ourfelves, that when we approached PhiHp, the
eldeft of us iLould fpeak firft, and the reft in order of Seniority.
It happened, that Demofthenes, as he affured us, was the
youngeft, but when we were fumraoned to our Audience (i i)
Give me now your moft ferious Attention to the following Cir-
cumftances, by which you will perceive the unmeafurable Envy
of the Man; his fervile Timidity, and, at the fame Time, his
Malignity of Spirit, with fuch pernicious Schemes againft his
Companions and Colleagues in Embafly, as no other Man
would have inhumanly formed even againft his greateft Enemies.
He profefTes to pay the higheft Reverence to the Rights of
Hofpitality, and thofe Entertainments appointed by the Repub-
lic for her Ambaffadors, although he be neither a Citizen of
Athens, nor, I dare affirm it, allied to you by Blood: while
we, who have the facred Monuments and Sepulchres of our
Anceftors in this our native Country ; who have lived with you
in Friend rhip and Familiarity, formed upon a Likenefs of
Manners, and the Principles of Liberty; whofe Marriages have
been
(ii) Wolfius imagines the Remainder feems a fuddcn Starting to fome new
of tills Paragraph is to be included in a Matter -, or rather an oratorial Breaking
Parenthefis. His Editors and Stephans away trom his Subjeft, more Itrongly to
are of the fame Opinion. Yet there is catch that Attention of his Judges, which
jio Connexion, as there {houid be if a he with Eafneftnefs demands, as he is
Parenthefis intervenes, between when ive now entering more regularly into his
ivere fum. moned to our Audience, and. Defence. Such a long Parenthefis would
jtlear therefore the Oratiom ive made. It here be moft injudicious.
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? ^. S C H I N E S. 167
|)eeii legally folemnlzed; who have Relations and Children;
who vyere, at Athens, efteemed worthy of your Confidence,
for otherwife you would not have chofen us to this Truft, yet
arriving in Macedonia we fuddenly become Traitors : while he,
who hath not any one Part about him unfold, not even the
Mouth, from whence he utters thefe Sounds, as if he were an
Ariftides directing the Revenues of Greece, and diftinguifhed
by the Surname of Juft, detefls and defpifes Corruption and
Venality.
Hear therefore the Orations we made in Support of your
Interefts, and thofe, which this Pillar of the State, Demoft-
henes, pronounced, that I may regularly and pundlually make my
Defence againft every feparate Article of this Profecution. Let
me, however, exceedingly commend you all, for hearing me
with Silence and Impartiality ; from whence, if I do not acquit
me of thefe Crimes, I fhall not blame you, but myfelf. When
our AmbafTadors according to their Seniority had delivered their
Sentiments, the Subjed: defcended to me, and though I have
already laid before the general Allembly of the People every
Particular, that I myfelf had urged, and what Philip had re-
plied, yet I fhall now endeavour, in a fummary Way, to recall
them to your Remembrance. Firft, I mentioned to him, that
Amity you had entertained for his Father, Amyntas, and the
Obligations you had conferred on him, without omitting a
fingle Inftance, but repeating them all in their Order. I then
de&cd
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? i68 O R A T I O N O F
deflred him to remember fome Circumftances, of which he wa>>
himfelf a Witnefs, and had happily felt the good EfFeds. For
when Amyntas was juft deceafed, and Alexander, the eldeft
Brother, Perdiccas and Philip were Infants; when their Mother
Euridice was deferted by thofe, whom fhe had efteemed Friends
to her Children; when Paufanias had feized upon their Throne,
and although he was an Exile, had grown powerful by fome
favourable Conjundures, and gained a numerous Party to fupport
him ; when he commanded a Body of Grecian Troops, and had
made himfelf Mafter of feveral ftrong Fortrefles in Macedonia;
when the Macedonians themfelves were divided, yet in general
favoured Paufanias ; at this Time the Athenians fent Iphicrates
with the Command of their Forces to Amphipolis, for the
Amphipolitans were then pofTefTed of a very ftrong City, and the
Revenues of a condderable Territory. When Iphicrates arrived
upon their Coaft with only a few Ships, as intending rather to
difcover the Situation of AiFairs in Amphipolis, than to befiege
it, your Mother Euridice fent for him immediately, and as the
Perfons, who were prefent, declare, jQie delivered Perdiccas into
his Arras, and having placed you, who were yet an Infant,
upon his Knees, fhe thus addrefied him; '<< Amyntas, the Father
*' of thefe Children, while he was alive, made you his Son by
*' Adoption, (12) and always maintained a friendly Correfpon-
" dence
(12) Here Wolfiusafks, with his ufual crates inherit ? His Editors and Com-
Honefty and Simplicity, how could A- mentators have not thought proper to
myntas, wh n he had already three Sons, anfwer thefe Quertions.
adopt Ipliicrates, and why did not Iphi-
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? -ffi S C H I N E S. 169
*< dence with the Athenians. You are therefore Brother to
" thefe Children in your private Charader, and in your public,
** our Ally. *' She then added the moft earneft Supplications,
with regard to your Glory, to herfelf, to the Kingdom, and
laftly to the Safety of her Cliildren. Iphicrates complied with
her Requeft ; drove Paufanias out of Macedonia, and preferved
the Government to You.
I SPOKE afterwards of Ptolemy, who was appointed Regent
of the Kingdom; how ungrateful and iniquitous his Condud.
I fhewed, firft, the Attempts he had formed againft Amphi-
polis, and the League he had entered into with your declared
Enemies, the Thebans ; and then convinced him, that Perdic-
cas, when he was placed upon the Throne, had invaded
Amphipolis, though under your JurifdiAion. I proved the
Humanity, with which you always aded, even when you were
injured, by fhewing, that when you had gained, under the
Command of Callifthenes, fome confiderable Advantages in the
War againft Perdiccas, you granted him a Truce, in Hopes of
obtaining your juft Demands. I endeavoured to refute the
Calumny with regard to Callifthenes, by proving, that the
People did not condemn him to fufFer Death, for granting a
Truce to Perdiccas, but for other Crimes. Neither did I he-
fitate to blame the Conduft of Philip himfelf, who fucceeded
Perdiccas in continuing the War againft the Republic. In
Proof of whatever I aflerted, I produced their own Letters in
Vol. IL Z Evidence,
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? I70 ORATIONSOF
Evidence, vvith our Decrees, and the Truce of Calliflhenes,
Concerning the original PofTefHon of the Territories, and City
of Amphipolis, anciently called the City of the nine Roads, and
concerning the Sons of Thefeus, one of whom, Acamas, was
reported to have received that Country in Dowery with his Wife,
it was then moft fitting to fpeak, and I fpoke with all pofiible
Accuracy, although perhaps it may be necefiary at prefent to
Shorten my Difcourfe. But whatever Proofs appeared, not from
ancient Fables, but from Fads within our own Memory, thofe
I mentioned. For Inftance, when the Lacedaemonians, and all
the other Powers of Greece had formed a general Confederacy,
Amy ntas, the Father of Philip, fent his Minifter to the Congrefsj^
and, as far as he could influence the Suflrages, propofed a?
Decree, that Amphipolis, which rightfully belonged to the
Athenians, fhould be conquered for them by the united Forces
of Greece. The Decree itfelf, founded on the common Con-
fent of all the Grecians, and the Names of the Perfons, who
fiibfcribed it, I produced,, as my Witnefles to the Fad:, out of
the public Records. Thofe Poffeflions therefore, which your
Father (thus I told him) ceded in the Prefence of all Greece, not
in fimple Expreffion only, but by Decree, it were moft unfitting
for you, his Son, to refume. If you refume them by Right of
Conqueft, we fliould acknowledge the Juflice of your Title, if
you had reduced that City to your Obedience, after a regular De-
claration of War againft us>> You had then-been its rightful Lord,,
and poffeQl'd it according to tlie Laws of War. But if you have
taken
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? iE S C H I N E S. ,71
taken from the Amphipolitans a City, that belonged to t-hc
Athenians, you hold Poflcflion, not of their Territories, but
thofe of the Athenians.
My Oration, and thofe of your other Ambafiadors being
ended, this Part of his Embafly devolved to Demofthenes.
Every one was attentive, in expe(5lation of hearing fome Pro-
digies of the Power of Eloquence. For fome over-abundant
Affurances of this Kind, as we were afterwards informed, had
been given to Philip and his Courtiers. While we were all
thus difpofed to hear, the Savage pronounces a ProcEmium,
obicure, and lifelefs, through Fear; and when he had advanced
a little Way towards the State of Affairs, on a fudden he was
filent, and hefitated in Confufion. (13) At length, he totally
loft the very Power of fpeaking. Philip feeing him thus dlf-
concerted, defired him to be confident, and not to imagine,
that any thing difagreeable fhould happen to him, as in a
Theatre, from his Misfortune: that he {hould take Time, and
recoiled himfelf by Degrees, and then pronounce the Oration he
had prepared. As he was once confufed, and had wandered from
his Notes, it was impoflible for him to recover himfelf. How-,
Z 2 everj.
(13) For the Honour of Demofthe- has not given it the moft favourable
nes, Plutarch tells us, that Philip an- Appearance. What Philip probably laid
fwered his Arguments with more Ear- with Humanity and Goodnature, is re-
neftnefs, than thofe of his Colleagues, al- prefented, by the Circumftance of men-
though he treated him with lefs perfonal tioning the Theatre, witli an Air of De-
AfFability. If tb. ere be any Truth in this rifion, very little becoming the Charac-
Srory, we may believe, that iEfchines ter of that Monarch.
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? 172 ORATIONOF
ever, he again attempted to fpeak, and the fame Accident
happened. A profound Silence followed, and an Herald
ordered us to depart.
When we afterwards aflembled among ourfelves, this inef-
timable Demofthenes, with an Afped: horribly gloomy, declared,
that I had ruined the Commonwealth, and her Confederates. .
Not I alone, but all our Colleagues being ftruck with Amaze-
ment, and demanding the Reafon of fuch an Aflertion, he
alked me, whether I had forgotten the Situation of Affairs in
Athens, or whether I remembered, that the People were ex-
haufted by their Misfortunes, and vehemently defirous of Peace.
" Or are you greatly elated upon having fifty Gallies, indeed
*' appointed by Decree, but never to be compleated? For
" you have fo provoked Philip,, and faid fuch things, that Peace
" never can rife out of the prelent War, but out of the prefent
*' Peace an implacable War. " While I was preparing to anfwer
this Charge, Philip's Minifters called us to attend him. When
we went, and had taken our Seats, Philip attempted to make
fome particular Objedion to every Argument, we had ufed,
but dwelt a longer Time, and with Reafon, upon my Oration,
becaufe, perhaps, I had negleded nothing, that could pofTibly,
at leaft in my Opinion, have been proper to mention. He
frequently named me in his Difcourfe, but, if I remember
rightly, never once turned his Refledions towards Demofthenes,
who had fo ridiculoully made his Retreat. This Circumftance
was
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? iE S C H I N E S. 173
was a fuffocatlng Agony and Sorrow to him. But when Philip
altered his Language to Expreflions of Philanthropy and Love
of Peace; when the Calumny, with which Demofthenes had
accufed me, in the Prefence of our Colleagues, of being the
Caufe of the War, could no longer be fupported, he appeared
perfectly difordered in his Senfes, fo very grofsly did he behave
himfelf, when we were invited to the ufual Feaft of Hofpitality.
When we were preparing to return, on a fudden, and con-
trary to his Nature, he converfed with us all moft familiarly
upon the Road. Untill this Moment I never knew the Force
and Meaning of thofe Words, by which we ufually exprcfs our
Ideas of Villainy, Treachery and Bafenefs; but having Demof-
thenes for my Guide and Interpreter, I was foon inftrudled.
For taking each of us feparately aiide, to one he promifed a
public Penfion, and his AfHftance in his private Affairs ; to
another a confiderable Poft in the Army ; but me he perpetually
followed, congratulating me upon the Happinefs of my Genius,
and pouring forth Encomiums on the Orations I had fpoken,
untill he grew even troublefome in the Abundance of his Praifes.
When we were all at Supper together in Larifla, he pleafantly
ridiculed himfelf, and the Hefltation, that happened to him
when he was fpeaking, and of all Men under the Sun, pro-
nounced Philip moft eloquent. I too mentioned fomevvhat of
Philip's having anfwered all our Speeches upon Memory ; and
Ctefiphon,
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? 174 ORATIONOF
Ctefiphon, the eldeft of our AmbafTadors, fpeaking of his own'
extraordinary Age, and the Number of Years he had lived,
conchided, that in fuch a length of Time he had never feen fo
chearful, fo jovial a Companion. Our Sifyphus, after having
exprefled his Approbation by clapping his Hands, declared,
** However, Ctefiphon, neither you, nor -ffifchines, fhould
*' venture to tell the People of Athens, that Philip is fuch a
" powerful Orator, and of fuch uncommon Memory. " As we
neither perceived, nor imagined the Treachery, which you
fhall inftantly hear, he engaged us under a Kind of Compa<<5l to
give you this Charadler of Philip, and then with a certain
earneftnefs entreated me not to forget telling you, that Demof-
thenes had fomething particular to inform you of concerning
Amphipolis.
Thus far our Colleagues are my Witnefles, whom he hatli
perpetually treated with Infolence and Inveftives through his-
whole Profecution. The Orations, however, which we pro-
nounced on this Tribunal, you yourfelves have heard, and it is
therefore impoflible for me to deceive you with a Falfehood.
But 1 implore you to hear with Patience the reft of this Narra-
tion. I perceive, you are all extremely defirous of knowing
the Affair of Cherfobleptes, and the Errors, that ruined the
Phoczeans j I therefore haften to inform you. But unlefs you
hear fome Circumftances, that preceded them, you will not
clearly comprehend thofe, that followed. Befides, if you per-
I mit
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 175
mit me to make my Defence in the Manner I myfelf could wifh,
you will be able to find fufficient Reafons to acquit me, if I
am innocent, and to underftand the controverted Points, by
thofe that are acknowledged. For when we returned hither,
and had given the Senate a fummary Account of our Embafly,
and delivered Philip's Letters, Demofthenes pronounced our
Panegyric before the Senators, and fwore by the Altar ereded
in the Houfe to Jupiter the Advifer, that he congratulated the
Republic upon her fending fuch Ambafladors, who both in
Eloquence and Probity were worthy of the Commonwealth.
With regard to me particularly, he faid, I had not deceived
the Hopes of thofe, who had appointed me to the Embafly, and
concluded with a Motion, that we fhould be crowned with
Olive in Reward for our good Intentions to the Athenian
People, and invited to an Entertainment in the Prytanaeum.
In Proof of what I have aflertfed, let the Secretary take his
Decree, and then read the Teftimony of our Colleagues.
The Decree. The Testimony.
When we had reported our Embafly to the People, Ctefl-
phon, as a Privilege of his Age, rofe firfl:, and among other
Things, which he had agreed with Demofthenes to mention,
he fpoke particularly of Philip's Affability, and Urbanity in his
, Compotations. Philocrates having made a fhort Speech, and
after him. Dyrcyllus; I then came forward. When I had lightly
run over the other Circumftances of our Embafly, I proceeded
to
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? 176 ORATIONOF
to the Particulars, in which we had all agreed, and mentioned
that Strength of Memory, and Power of Eloquence, with
which Philip had anfwered us. Neither was I forgetful of the
Requeft of Demofthenes; that he was appointed, if we pafled
over any thing of Importance, to fpeak to the Affair of Am-
phipolis. Laft of all Demofthenes arofe, fafhic<<iing his Deport-
ment and his Countenance, according to his wont, in a moft
portentous Manner, and rubbing his Forehead. When perceiv-
ing the People gave Signs of their Approbation, and applauded
what I had faid, he declared himfelf much furprized both at
the Audience and at his Colleagues, who equally mifemployed.
and wafted away the Time of debating what Anfwer fliould be
given to Philip's Ambafladors, or of propofing any Meaftires
for the public Advantage; and in an Affair of domeftic Con-
cernment indulged an Impertinence of talking, totally foreign
to the Subjedl ; for that nothing was more cafy, than to give
an Accdunt of an Embaflj', But I will inform you, fays he,
in what Manner this Affair fhould be conduced. He then
ordered a particular Decree of the People to be read, and after-
wards added, " by this Decree we were appointed Ambafladors,
" and executed what it ordained. Now take the Letter we
*' brought home from Philip. " When that was read, " you
*' have now Philip's Anfwer, and it only remains for you to
*' deliberate upon it. " While the People were riftng in Tu-
mults round him, fome of them applauding him, as a nervous,
cpnpifc Speaker, but the Majority, as malignant and envious ;
Now
2
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? iE S C H I N E S. 177
Now behold, faid he, how fuccindly I fhall lay before you all
other Girciimftances of this Affair. Does Philip appear to
-^fchines a Man of extraordinary Memory, and powerfully elo-
quent ? To me far otherwife. For, in my Opinion, if any
one fliould take away from him his prefent Fortune, and give
it to another, that Perfon would not be greatly his Inferior.
Did he appear to Ctefiphon to have a certain Splendour in his
Afpedl ? To me the Q)median Ariftodemus, who was one of
our Ambafladors, had not lefs Dignity.
