There would have been less controversy about the proper method of Homeric translation, if critics had recognized that the
question
is a purely relative one, that of Homer there can be no final translation.
Universal Anthology - v02
I had no relief but in my work and books of devotion ; with these alone I had a gleam of happiness.
Helen — Alas ! one need not have married a great monarch for that.
Maintenon — But deign to inform me, Helen, if you were really as beautiful as fame reports ; for, to say truth, I cannot in your shade see the beauty which for nine long years had set the world in arms.
Helen — Honestly, no. I was rather low, and something sun burnt : but I had the good fortune to please ; that was all. I was greatly obliged to Homer.
Maintenon — And did you live tolerably with Menelaus after all your adventures?
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
217
Helen — As well as possible. Menelaus was a good-natured, domestic man, and was glad to sit down and end his days in quiet. I persuaded him that Venus and the Fates were the cause of all my irregularities, which he complaisantly believed. Besides, I was not sorry to return home : for, to tell you a secret, Paris had been unfaithful to me long before his death, and was fond of a little Trojan brunette whose office it was to hold up my train ; but it was thought dishonorable to give me up. I
I became a great housekeeper, worked the battles of Troy in tapestry, and spun
with my maids by the side of Menelaus, who was so satisfied with my conduct, and behaved, good man, with so much fond ness, that I verily think this was the happiest period of my life.
Maintenon — Nothing more likely ; but the most obscure wife in Greece could rival you there. Adieu ! You have convinced me how little fame and greatness conduce to happiness.
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE. (Translation of Parnell, corrected by Pope. )
[This delightful burlesque on the Iliad was anciently and most absurdly attributed to Homer himself. It cannot be earlier than the sixth century, and there was a tradition that the author was Plgres, brother of Queen Artemisia, who fought at Salamis, b. c. 480. — The translation is a loose paraphrase from a very inaccurate text, but is still the most spirited and entertaining yet made, and gives the mock-heroic tone perfectly. We have corrected the spelling of the names. ]
began to think love a very foolish thing :
Names ofthe Mice.
Psicharpax, Crumb-stealer. Tboxartes, Gnaw-bread. Lichomyle, Lick-meal. Ptbbkotroctes, Bacon-gnawer. Lichofinax, Lick-plate. Embasichytros, Go-in-the-pot. Lichbnor, Lickman. Troglodytes, Hole-dweller. Artophagus, Bread-eater. Tyrophaous, Cheese-eater. Pternoglyphus, Bacon-tearer. Cnisodioctes, Fat-hunter. Sitophagus, Wheat-eater. Meridarpax, Scrap-stealer.
Names ofthe Frogs.
Physignathus, Puff-cheek.
Peleus, Pelion, Pelusius, Clay-born.
Hydromeduse, Water-Queen. Hypsiboas, Loud Bawler. Seutl. sus, Beet-born. Polyphonus, Chatterbox. Limnocharib, Marsh-Grace. Crambophagus, Cabbage-eater. Limnisius, Marsh-born. Calaminthius, Mint-born. Hydrocharis, Water-Grace. Borboroccetes, Mud-nester. Prassophaqus, Leek -eater. Pelobatbs, Clay-goer. Prass^us, Leek-green. Crauqabides, Croiikerson.
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
Book L
To fill my rising song with sacred fire,
Ye tuneful Nine, ye sweet celestial quire,
From Helicon's imbow'ring height repair,
Attend my labors, and reward my prayer.
The dreadful toils of raging Mars I write,
The springs of contest, and the fields of fight ;
How threat'ning mice advanced with warlike grace, And waged dire combats with the croaking race. Not louder tumults shook Olympus' towers,
When earth-born giants dared immortal powers. These equal acts an equal glory claim,
And thus the Muse records the tale of fame.
Once on a time, fatigued and out of breath, And just escaped the stretching claws of death, A gentle mouse, whom cats pursued in vain, Flies swift of foot across the neighboring plain, Hangs o'er a brink his eager thirst to cool,
And dips his whiskers in the standing pool ; When near a courteous frog advanced his head, And from the waters, hoarse resounding, said :
" What art thou, stranger ? what the line you boast What chance hath cast thee panting on our coast ? With strictest truth let all thy words agree,
Nor let me fiud a faithless mouse in thee.
If worthy friendship, proffered friendship take, And entering view the pleasurable lake :
Range o'er my palace, in my bounty share,
And glad return from hospitable fare.
This silver realm extends beneath my sway, And me their monarch, all its frogs obey. Great Physignathus I, from Peleus' race, Begot in fair Hydromeduse' embrace,
Where by the nuptial bank that paints his side, The swift Eridanus delights to glide.
Thee too thy form, thy strength, and port proclaim A sceptered king ; a son of martial fame :
Then trace thy line, and aid my guessing eyes. " Thus ceased the frog, and thus the mouse replies : " Known to the gods, the men, the birds that fly
Through wild expanses of the midway sky, My name resounds ; and if unknown to thee, The soul of great Psicharpax lives in me.
Of brave Troxartes' line, whose sleeky down In love compressed Lichomyle the brown.
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
My mother she, and princess of the plains Where'er her father Pternotroctes reigns :
Born where a cabin lifts its airy shed,
With figs, with nuts, with varied dainties fed. But since our natures naught in common know, From what foundation can a friendship grow ? These curling waters o'er thy palace roll ;
But man's high food supports my princely soul. In vain the circled loaves attempt to lie Concealed in flaskets from my curious eye ;
In vain the tripe that boasts the whitest hue, In vain the gilded bacon shuns my view ;
In vain the cheeses, offspring of the pail,
Or honeyed cakes which gods themselves regale. And as in arts I shine, in arms I fight,
Mixed with the bravest, and unknown to flight. Though large to mine the human form appear,
Not man himself can smite my soul with fear ;
Sly to the bed with silent steps I go,
Attempt his finger, or attack his toe,
And fix indented wounds with dexterous skill ; Sleeping he feels, and only seems to feel.
Yet have we foes which direful dangers cause,
Grim owls with talons armed, and cats with claws ! And that false trap, the den of silent fate,
Where death his ambush plants around the bait ; All dreaded these, and dreadful o'er the rest
The potent warriors of the tabby vest :
If to the dark we fly, the dark they trace,
And rend our heroes of the nibbling race.
But me, nor stalks nor wat'rish herbs delight,
Nor can the crimson radish charm my sight,
The lake-resounding frogs' selected fare,
Which not a mouse of any taste can bear. "
" Thy words luxuriant on thy dainties rove ;
And, stranger, we can boast of bounteous Jove :
We sport in water, or we dance on land,
And, born amphibious, food from both command. But trust thyself where wonders ask thy view,
And safely tempt those seas I'll bear thee through : Ascend my shoulders, firmly keep thy seat,
And reach my marshy court, and feast in state. "
He said, and lent his back ; with nimble bound Leaps the light mouse, and clasps his arms around,
As thus the downy prince his mind expressed, His answer thus the croaking king addressed:
220
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
Then wond'ring floats, and sees with glad survey The winding banks dissemble ports at sea.
But when aloft the curling water rides,
And wets with azure wave his downy sides,
His thoughts grow conscious of approaching woe, His idle tears with vain repentance flow.
His locks he rends, his trembling feet he rears, Thick beats his heart with unaccustomed fears ;
He sighs, and, chilled with danger, longs for shore ; His tail, extended, forms a fruitless oar.
Half drenched in liquid death, his prayers he spake, And thus bemoaned him from the dreadful lake :
" So passed Europa through the rapid sea, Trembling and fainting all the vent'rous way ; With oary feet the bull triumphant rode,
And safe in Crete deposed his lovely load.
Ah, safe at last may thus the frog support " My trembling limbs to reach his ample court !
As thus he sorrows, death ambiguous grows :
Lo ! from the deep a water hydra rose :
He rolls his sanguined eyes, his bosom heaves,
And darts with active rage along the waves. Confused, the monarch sees his hissing foe,
And dives to shun the sable fates below.
Forgetful frog ! the friend thy shoulders bore, Unskilled in swimming, floats remote from shore He grasps with fruitless hands to find relief, Supinely falls, and grinds his teeth with grief ; Plunging he sinks, and struggling mounts again, And sinks, and strives, but strives with fate in vain. The weighty moisture clogs his hairy vest,
And thus the prince his dying rage expressed :
" Nor thou that fling'st me flound'ring from thy back,
As from hard rocks rebounds the shattering wrack, Nor thou shalt 'scape thy due, perfidious king ! Pursued by vengeance on the swiftest wing :
At land thy strength could never equal mine,
At sea to conquer, and by craft, was thine.
But Heaven has gods, and gods have searching eyes : Ye mice, ye mice, my great avengers, rise ! "
This said, he sighing gasped, and gasping died. His death the young Lichopinax espied,
As on the flowery brink he passed the day, Basked in the beam, and loitered life away.
Loud shrieks the mouse, his shrieks the shores repeat ! The nibbling nation learn their hero's fate ;
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
Grief, dismal grief, ensues ; deep murmurs sound, And shriller fury fills the deafened ground ;
From lodge to lodge the sacred heralds run,
To fix their council with the rising sun ;
Where great Troxartes, crowned in glory, reigns, And winds his lengthening court beneath the plains : Psicharpax' father, father now no more I
For poor Psicharpax lies remote from shore :
Supine he lies ! the silent waters stand,
And no kind billow wafts the dead to land !
Book II.
When rosy-fingered morn had tinged the clouds, Around their monarch mouse the nation crowds. Slow rose the monarch, heaved his anxious breast, And thus the council, filled with rage, addressed :
" For lost Psicharpax much my soul endures ; 'Tis mine the private grief, the public, yours : Three warlike sons adorned my nuptial bed, Three sons, alas, before their father dead !
Our eldest perished by the rav'ning cat,
As near my court the prince unheedful sat.
Our next, an engine fraught with danger drew, The portal gaped, the bait was hung in view, Dire arts assist the trap, the fates decoy,
And men unpitying killed my gallant boy.
The last, his country's hope, his parent's pride, Plunged in the lake by Physignathus died. Rouse all the war, my friends ! avenge the deed, And bleed that monarch, and his nation bleed. "
His words in every breast inspired alarms, And careful Mars supplied their host with arms. In verdant hulls despoiled of all their beans,
The buskined warriors stalked along the plains ; Quills aptly bound their bracing corselet made, Faced with the plunder of a cat they flayed ;
The lamp's round boss affords their ample shield, Large shells of nuts their covering helmet yield ; And o'er the region, with reflected rays,
Tall groves of needles for their lances blaze. Dreadful in arms the marching mice appear : The wond'ring frogs perceive the tumult near, Forsake the waters, thick'ning form a ring.
And ask, and hearken, whence the noises spring, When near the crowd, disclosed to public view, The valiant chief Embasichytros drew :
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
The sacred herald's scepter graced his hand,
And thus his words expressed his king's command :
" Ye frogs ! the mice, with vengeance fired, advance, And decked in armor shake the shining lance;
Their hapless prince, by Physignathus slain,
Extends incumbent on the watery plain.
Then arm your host, the doubtful battle try ; Lead forth those frogs that have the soul to die. "
The chief retires ; the crowd the challenge hear, And proudly swelling, yet perplexed appear: Much they resent, yet much their monarch blame, Who, rising, spoke to clear his tainted fame :
I never forced the mouse to death, Nor saw the gaspings of his latest breath.
" O friends !
He, vain of youth, our art of swimming tried, And venturous in the lake the wanton died; To vengeance now by false appearance led, They point their anger at my guiltless head. But wage the rising war by deep device,
And turn its fury on the crafty mice.
Your king directs the way ; my thoughts, elate With hopes of conquest, form designs of fate. Where high the banks their verdant surface heave, And the steep sides confine the sleeping wave, There, near the margin, and in armor bright, Sustain the first impetuous shocks of fight ;
Then, where the dancing feather joins the crest, Let each brave frog his obvious mouse arrest ; Each strongly grasping headlong plunge a foe,
Till countless circles whirl the lake below;
Down sink the mice in yielding waters drowned ; Loud flash the waters, echoing shores resound : The frogs triumphant tread the conquered plain, And raise their glorious trophies of the slain. "
He spake no more, his prudent scheme imparts Redoubling ardor to the boldest hearts.
Green was the suit his arming heroes chose, Around their legs the greaves of mallows close ; Green were the beets about their shoulders laid, And green the colewort which the target made ; Formed of the varied shells the waters yield, Their glossy helmets glistened o'er the field ; And tapering sea reeds for the polished spear, With upright order pierce the ambient air :
Thus dressed for war, they take th' appointed height, Poise the long arms, and urge the promised fight.
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
But, now, where Jove's irradiate spires arise,
With stars surrounded in ethereal skies,
(A solemn council called,) the brazen gates
Unbar; the gods assume their golden seats:
The sire superior leans, and points to show
What wondrous combats mortals wage below:
How strong, how large, the numerous heroes stride ; What length of lance they shake with warlike pride; What eager fire their rapid march reveals !
So the fierce Centaurs ravaged o'er the dales ; And so confirmed the daring Titans rose,
Heaped hills on hills, and bade the gods be foes.
This seen, the power his sacred visage rears ; He casts a pitying smile on worldly cares,
And asks what heavenly guardians take the list, Or who the mice, or who the frogs assist ?
If my daughter's mind
Then thus to Pallas : "
Have joined the mice, why stays she still behind ? Drawn forth by savory steams, they wind their way, And sure attendance round thine altar pay,
Where, while the victims gratify their taste,
They sport to please the goddess of the feast. "
Thus spake the ruler of the spacious skies ; When thus, resolved, the blue-eyed maid replies : "In vain, my father! all their dangers plead;
To such, thy Pallas never grants her aid.
My flowery wreaths they petulantly spoil,
And rob my crystal lamps of feeding oil
(Ills following ills) ; but what afflicts me more,
My veil that idle race profanely tore.
The web was curious, wrought with art divine ; Relentless wretches I all the work was mine : Along the loom the purple warp I spread,
Cast the light shoot, and crossed the silver thread. In this their teeth a thousand breaches tear;
The thousand breaches skillful hands repair;
For which, vile earthly duns thy daughter grieve ; But gods, that use no coin, have none to give;
And learning's goddess never less can owe; Neglected learning gets no wealth below.
Nor let the frogs to gain my succor sue,
Those clam'rous fools have lost my favor too.
For late, when all the conflict ceased at night, When my stretched sinews ached with eager fight ; When spent with glorious toil I left the field,
And sunk for slumber on my swelling shield ;
224
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
Lo, from the deep, repelling sweet repose,
With noisy croakings half the nation rose : Devoid of rest, with aching brows I lay
Till cocks proclaimed the crimson dawn of day. Let all, like me, from either host forbear,
Nor tempt the flying furies of the spear.
Let heavenly blood (or what for blood may flow) Adorn the conquest of a nobler foe,
Who, wildly rushing, meet the wondrous odds, Though gods oppose, and brave the wounded gods. O'er gilded clouds reclined, the danger view,
And be the wars of mortals scenes for you. "
So moved the blue-eyed queen, her words persuade ; Great Jove assented, and the rest obeyed.
Book III.
Now front to front the marching armies shine,
Halt ere they meet, and form the length'ning line ; The chiefs, conspicuous seen, and heard afar,
Give the loud sign to loose the rushing war ;
Their dreadful trumpets deep-mouthed hornets sound, The sounded charge remurmurs o'er the ground ;
Ev'n Jove proclaims a field of horror nigh,
And rolls low thunder through the troubled sky.
First to the fight the large Hypsiboas flew, And brave Lichenor with a javelin slew ;
The luckless warrior, filled with gen'rous flame, Stood foremost glitt'ring in the post of fame, When, in his liver struck, the javelin hung ;
The mouse fell thundering, and the target rung : Prone to the ground he sinks his closing eye, And, soiled in dust, his lovely tresses lie.
A spear at Pelion, Troglodytes cast ;
The missive spear within the bosom passed ; Death's sable shades the fainting frog surround, And life's red tide runs ebbing from the wound. Embasichytros felt Seutlaeus' dart
Transfix, and quiver in his panting heart ;
But great Artophagus avenged the slain,
And big Seutlaeus tumbling loads the plain.
And Polyphonus dies, a frog renowned
For boastful speech, and turbulence of sound ; Deep through the belly pierced, supine he lay, And breathed his soul against the face of day.
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
The strong Limnocharis, who viewed with ire A victor triumph, and a friend expire ;
With heaving arms a rocky fragment caught, And fiercely flung where Troglodytes fought,
A warrior versed in arts of sure retreat,
Yet arts in vain elude impending fate:
Full on his sinewy neck the fragment fell,
And o'er his eyelids clouds eternal dwell.
Lichenor (second of the glorious name)
Striding advanced, and took no wandering aim, Through all the frog the shining javelin flies,
And near the vanquished mouse the victor dies.
The dreadful stroke Crambophagus affrights,
Long bred to banquets, less inured to fights ;
Heedless he runs, and stumbles o'er the steep,
And wildly floundering, flashes up the deep: Lichenor, following, with a downward blow
Reached, in the lake, his unrecovered foe ;
Gasping he rolls, a purple stream of blood
Distains the surface of the silver flood ;
Through the wide wound the rushing entrails throng, And slow the breathless carcass floats along.
Limnisius good Tyrophagus assails,
Prince of the mice that haunt the flowery vales ; Lost to the milky fares and rural seat,
He came to perish on the bank of fate.
The dread Pternoglyphus demands the fight,
Which tender Calaminthius shuns by flight,
Drops the green target, springing quits the foe, Glides through the lake, and safely dives below.
The dire Pternophagus divides his way
Through breaking ranks, and leads the dreadful day; No nibbling prince excelled in fierceness more ;
His parents fed him on the savage boar :
But where his lance the field with blood imbrued, Swift as he moved Hydrocharis pursued,
Till fallen in death he lies ; a shattering stone Sounds on the neck, and crushes all the bone ;
His blood pollutes the verdure of the plain,
And from his nostrils bursts the gushing brain.
Lichopinax with Borborocoetes fights,
A blameless frog, whom humbler life delights ; The fatal javelin unrelenting flies,
And darkness seals the gentle croaker's eyes. Incensed Prassophagus, with sprightly bound, Bears Cnisodioctes off the rising ground ;
vol. n. — 15
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
Then drags him o'er the lake, deprived of breath ; And downward plunging, sinks his soul to death. But now the great Psicharpax shines afar
(Scarce he so great whose loss provoked the war). Swift to revenge his fatal javelin fled,
And through the liver struck Pelusius [Prassophagus] dead His freckled corse before the victor fell,
His soul indignant sought the shades of hell.
This saw Pelobates, and from the flood
Lifts with both hands a monstrous mass of mud: The cloud obscene o'er all the warrior flies, Dishonors his brown face, and blots his eyes. Enraged, and wildly sputtering from the shore, A stone immense of size the warrior bore,
A load for laboring earth, whose bulk to raise, Asks ten degenerate mice of modern days :
Full to the leg arrives the crushing wound ; The frog, supportless, writhes upon the ground.
Thus flushed, the victor wars with matchless force, Till loud Craugasides arrests his course:
Hoarse croaking threats precede ; with fatal speed Deep through the belly runs the pointed reed,
Then, strongly tugged, returned imbrued with gore, And on the pile his reeking entrails bore.
The lame Sitophagus, oppressed with pain,
Creeps from the desperate dangers of the plain : And where the ditches rising weeds supply,
To spread the lowly shades beneath the sky ; There lurks the silent mouse, relieved of heat, And, safe embowered, avoids the chance of fate.
But here Troxartes, Physignathus there, Whirl the dire furies of the pointed spear: Then where the foot around its ankle plies, Troxartes wounds, and Physignathus flies,
Halts to the pool, a safe retreat to find,
And trails a dangling length of leg behind.
The mouse still urges, still the frog retires,
And half in anguish of the flight expires.
Then pious ardor young Prassaeus brings, Betwixt the fortunes of contending kings : Lank, harmless frog! with forces hardly grown, He darts the reed in combats not his own, Which faintly tinkling on Troxartes' shield, Hangs at the point, and drops upon the field.
Now nobly towering o'er the rest appears
A gallant prince that far transcends his years,
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
Pride of his sire, and glory of his house,
And more a Mars in combat than a mouse:
His action bold, robust his ample frame,
And Meridarpax his resounding name.
The warrior, singled from the fighting crowd, Boasts the dire honors of his arms aloud ;
Then strutting near the lake, with looks elate, Threats all its nations with approaching fate. And such his strength, the silver lakes around Might roll their waters o'er unpeopled ground, But powerful Jove, who shows no less his grace To frogs that perish than to human race,
Felt soft compassion rising in his soul,
And shook his sacred head, that shook the pole. Then thus to all the gazing powers began
The sire of gods, and frogs, and mouse, and man :
" What seas of blood I view, what worlds of slain ! An Iliad rising from a day's campaign !
How fierce his javelin, o'er the trembling lakes,
The black furred hero, Meridarpax, shakes I
Unless some favoring deity descend,
Soon will the frogs' loquacious empire end. Let dreadful Pallas winged with pity fly, And make her aegis blaze before his eye : While Mars, refulgent on his rattling car, Arrests his raging rival of the war. "
He ceased, reclining with attending head, When thus the glorious god of combats said :
" Not Pallas, Jove ! though Pallas take the field, With all the terrors of her hissing shield ;
Nor Mars himself, though Mars in armor bright Ascends his car, and wheel amidst the fight : Not these can drive the desperate mouse afar,
And change the fortunes of the bleeding war. Let all go forth, all heaven in arms arise ;
Or launch thy own red thunder from the skies ; Such ardent bolts as flew that wondrous day, When heaps of Titans mixed with mountains lay When all the giant race enormous fell ;
And huge Enceladus was hurled to hell. " 'Twas thus th' armipotent advised the gods,
When from his throne the cloud compeller nods ; Deep-lengthening thunders run from pole to pole, Olympus trembles as the thunders roll.
Then swift he whirls the brandished bolt around, And headlong darts it at the distant ground ;
228
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
The bolt discharged, inwrapped with lightning flies, And rends its flaming passage through the skies : The earth's inhabitants, the nibblers, shake ;
And frogs, the dwellers in the waters, quake.
Yet still the mice advance their dread design, And the last danger threats the croaking line ; Till Jove, that inly mourned the loss they bore, With strange assistance filled the frighted shore.
Poured from the neighboring strand, deformed to view, They march, a sudden unexpected crew.
Strong suits of armor round their bodies close,
Which like thick anvils blunt the force of blows ;
In wheeling marches turned, oblique they go ;
With harpy claws their limbs divide below ;
Fell shears the passage to their mouth command ; From out the flesh the bones by nature stand ;
Broad spread their backs, their shining shoulders rise, Unnumbered joints distort their lengthened thighs ; With nervous cords their hands are firmly braced, Their round black eyeballs in their bosom placed ;
On eight long feet the wondrous warriors tread, And either hand alike supplies a head.
These to call crabs mere mortal wits agree ;
But gods have other names for things than we.
Now, where the jointures from their loins depend, The heroes' tails with severing grasps they rend. Here, short of feet, deprived the power to fly ;
There, without hands, upon the field they lie. Wrenched from their holds, and scattered all around, The blended lances heap the cumbered ground. Helpless amazement, fear pursuing fear,
And mad confusion through their host appear. O'er the wild waste with headlong flight they go, Or creep concealed in vaulted holes below.
But down Olympus, to the western seas, Far-shooting Phoebus drove with fainter rays : And a whole war (so Jove ordained) begun, Was fought, and ceased, in one revolving sun.
NO FINAL TRANSLATION OF HOMER POSSIBLE. 229
NO FINAL TRANSLATION OF HOMER POSSIBLE. By BUTCHER and LANG.
There would have been less controversy about the proper method of Homeric translation, if critics had recognized that the question is a purely relative one, that of Homer there can be no final translation. The taste and the literary habits of each age demand different qualities in poetry, and therefore a different sort of rendering of Homer. To the men of the time of Elizabeth, Homer would have appeared bald, it seems, and lacking in ingenuity, if he had been presented in his antique simplicity. For the Elizabethan age, Chapman supplied what was then necessary, and the mannerisms that were then deemed of the essence of poetry, — namely, daring and luxurious con ceits. Thus in Chapman's verse Troy must " shed her towers for tears of overthrow"; and when the winds toss Odysseus about, their sport must be called " the horrid tennis. "
In the age of Anne, "dignity" and "correctness " had to be given to Homer, and Pope gave them by aid of his dazzling rhetoric, his antitheses, his nettetS, his command of every con ventional and favorite artifice. Without Chapman's conceits, Homer's poems would hardly have been what the Elizabethans took for poetry ; without Pope's smoothness, and Pope's points, the Iliad and Odyssey would have seemed tame, rude, and harsh in the age of Anne. These great translations must always live as English poems. As transcripts of Homer they are like pictures drawn from alost point of view. Again, when Europe woke to a sense, an almost exaggerated and certainly uncritical sense, of the value of her songs of the people, of all the ballads that Herder, Scott, Lonnrot, and the rest collected, it was commonly said that Homer was a ballad minstrel ; that the translator must imitate the simplicity, and even adopt the formulae, of the ballad. Hence came the renderings of Maginn, the experiments of Mr. Gladstone, and others. There was some excuse for the error of critics who asked for a Homer in ballad rhyme. The epic poet, the poet of gods and heroes, did indeed inherit some of the formulae of the earlier Volks-lied. Homer, like"the author of " The Song of Roland," like the sing ers of the Kalevala," uses constantly recurring epithets, and
230 NO FINAL TRANSLATION OF HOMER POSSIBLE.
repeats, word for word, certain emphatic passages, messages, and so on. That custom is essential in the ballad ; it is an accident, not the essence, of the epic. The epic is a poem of consummate and supreme art ; but it still bears some birth marks, some signs of the early popular chant, out of which it sprung, as the garden rose springs from the wild stock. When this is recognized, the demand for balladlike simplicity and " ballad slang " ceases to exist, and then all Homeric transla tions in the ballad manner cease to represent our conception of Homer. After the belief in the ballad manner follows the rec ognition of the romantic vein in Homer ; and as a result came Mr. Worsley's admirable Odyssey. This masterly translation does all that can be done for the Odyssey in the romantic style. The liquid lapses of the verse, the wonderful closeness to the original, reproduce all of Homer, in music and in meaning, that can be rendered in English verse. There still, however, seems an aspect of the Homeric poems, and a demand in connection with Homer, to be recognized and to be satisfied.
Sainte-Beuve says, with reference probably to M. Leconte de Lisle's prose version of the epics, that some people treat the epics too much as if they were sagas. Now the Homeric epics are sagas ; but then they are the sagas of the divine heroic age of Greece, and thus are told with an art which is not the art of the Northern poets. The epics are stories about the adventures of men living in most respects like the men of our own race who dwelt in Iceland, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. The epics are, in a way, and as far as manners and institutions are concerned, historical documents. Whoever regards them in this way must wish to read them exactly as they have reached us, without modern ornament, with nothing added or omitted. He must recognize, with Mr. Matthew Arnold, that what he now wants — namely, the simple truth about the matter of the poem —can only be given in prose, "for in a verse translation no original work is any longer recognizable. " It is for this reason that we have attempted to tell once more, in simple prose, the story of Odysseus. We have tried to transfer, not all the truth about the poem, but the historical truth, into English. In this process Homer must lose at least half his charm : his bright and equable speed, the musical current of that narrative, which, like the river of Egypt, flows from an indiscoverable source, and mirrors the temples and the palaces of unforgotten gods and kings. Without this music of verse, only a half truth about
NO FINAL TRANSLATION OF HOMER POSSIBLE. 231
Homer can be told ; but then it is that half of the truth which at this moment it seems most necessary to tell. This is the half of the truth that the translators who use verse cannot easily tell. They must be adding to Homer, talking with Pope about "tracing the mazy lev'ret o'er the lawn," or with Mr. Worsley about the islands that are " stars of the blue ^Egaean," or with Dr. Hawtrey about " the earth's soft arms," when Homer says nothing at all about the " mazy lev'ret," or the " stars of the blue Jigssan," or the " soft arms " of earth. It would be imper tinent indeed to blame any of these translations in their place. They give that which the romantic reader of poetry, or the stu dent of the age of Anne, looks for in verse ; and without tags of this sort, a translation of Homer in verse cannot well be made to hold together.
There can be then, it appears, no final English translation of Homer. In each there must be, in addition to what is Greek and eternal, the element of what is modern, personal, and fleet ing. Thus we trust that there may be room for " the pale and far-off shadow of a prose translation," of which the aim is lim ited and humble. A prose translation cannot give the move ment and the fire of a successful translation in verse ; it only gathers, as it were, the crumbs which fall from the richer table, only tells the story without the song. Yet to a prose transla tion is permitted, perhaps, that close adherence to the archaisms of the epic, which in verse become mere oddities. The double epithets, the recurring epithets of Homer, if rendered into verse, delay and puzzle the reader, as the Greek does not delay nor puzzle him. In prose he may endure them, or even care to study them as the survivals of a stage of taste which is found in its prime in the sagas. These double and recurring epithets of Homer are a softer form of the quaint Northern periphrases, which make the sea the "swan's bath," gold the "dragon's hoard," men the " ring givers," and so on. We do not know whether it is necessary to defend our choice of a somewhat anti quated prose. Homer has no ideas which cannot be expressed in words that are "old and plain"; and to words that are old and plain, and as a rule, to such terms as, being used by the translators of the Bible, are still not unfamiliar, we have tried to restrict ourselves. It may be objected, that the employment of language which does not come spontaneously to the lips is an affectation out of place in a version of the Odyssey. To this we may answer that the Greek Epic dialect, like the English of
»
232 CALYPSO.
our Bible, was a thing of slow growth and composite nature ; that it was never a spoken language, nor, except for certain poetical purposes, a written language. Thus the Biblical Eng lish seems as nearly analogous to the Epic Greek, as anything that our tongue has to offer.
THE ODYSSEY. By ANDREW LANG.
As one that for a weary space has lain Lulled by the song of Circe and her wine In gardens near the pale of Proserpine,
Where that Mae&a isle forgets the main, And only the low lutes of love complain, And only shadows of wan lovers pine,
As such an one were glad to know the brine Salt on his lips, and the large air again,
So gladly, from the songs of modern speech
Men turn, and see the stars, and feel the free Shrill wind beyond the close of heavy flowers ; And through the music of the languid hours,
They hear like ocean on a western beach The surge and thunder of the Odyssey.
CALYPSO.
(From the Odyssey of Homer : translated by S. H. Butcher and Andrew Lang. )
[Andrew Lang : English man of letters ; bom in Scotland, March 31, 1844 ; educated at St. Andrews and at Balliol College. His writings have been of im mense variety : best known are those on folklore and kindred subjects, as " Custom and Myth," " Cock Lane and Common Sense," his collections of "Fairy Books," etc. ; his prose translations (with collaborators) of the Iliad and Odyssey; and his poems, in "Ballades in Blue China" and many other places. ]
I.
Now the Dawn arose from her couch, from the side of the lordly Tithonus, to bear light to the immortals and to mortal
CALYPSO. 233
men. And lo, the gods were gathering to session, and among them Zeus, that thunders on high, whose might is above all. And Athene told them the tale of the many woes of Odysseus, recalling them to mind ; for near her heart was he that then abode in the dwelling of the nymph : —
" Father Zeus, and all ye other blessed gods that live for ever, henceforth let not any sceptered king be kind and gentle with all his heart, nor minded to do righteously, but let him alway be a hard man and work unrighteousness, for behold, there is none that remembereth divine Odysseus of the people whose lord he was, and was gentle as a father. Howbeit, as for him he lieth in an island suffering strong pains, in the halls of the nymph Calypso, who holdeth him perforce ; so he may not reach his own country, for he hath no ships by him with oars, and no companions to send him on his way over the broad back of the sea. And now, again, they are set on slaying his beloved son on his homeward way, for he is gone to fair Pylos and to goodly Lacedaemon, to seek tidings of his father. "
And Zeus, gatherer of the clouds, answered and spake unto her : " My child, what word hath escaped the door of thy lips ? Nay, didst thou not thyself plan this device, that Odysseus may assuredly take vengeance on those men at his coming? As for Telemachus, do thou guide him by thine art, as well thou mayest, that so he may come to his own country all unharmed, and the wooers may return in their ship with their labor all in vain. "
Therewith he spake to Hermes, his dear son: "Hermes, forasmuch as even in all else thou art our herald, tell unto the nymph of the braided tresses my unerring counsel, even the return of the patient Odysseus, how he is to come to his home, with no furtherance of gods or of mortal men. Nay, he shall sail on a well-bound raft, in sore distress, and on the twentieth day arrive at fertile Scheria, even at the land of the Phaeacians, who are near of kin to the gods. And they shall give him all worship heartily as to a god, and send him on his way in a ship to his own dear country, with gifts of bronze and gold, and raiment in plenty, much store, such as never would Odysseus have won for himself out of Troy, yea, though he had returned unhurt with the share of the spoil that fell to him. On such wise is he fated to see his friends, and come to his high-roofed home and his own country. "
So spake he, nor heedless was the messenger, the slayer of
234 CALYPSO.
Argos. Straightway he bound beneath his feet his lovely golden sandals, that wax not old, that bare him alike over the wet sea and over the limitless land, swift as the breath of the wind. And he took the wand wherewith he lulls the eyes of whomso he will, while others again he even wakes from out of sleep. With this rod in his hand flew the strong slayer of Argos. Above Pieria he passed and leapt from the upper air into the deep. Then he sped along the wave like the cormorant, that chaseth the fishes through the perilous gulfs of the unharvested sea, and wetteth his thick plumage in the brine. Such like did Hermes ride upon the press of the waves. But when he had now reached that far-off isle, he went forth from the sea of violet blue to get him up into the land, till he came to a great cave, wherein dwelt the nymph of the braided tresses : and he found her within. And on the hearth there was a great fire burning, and from afar through the isle was smelt the fragrance of cleft cedar blazing, and of sandalwood. And the nymph within was singing with a sweet voice as she fared to and fro before the loom, and wove with a shuttle of gold. And round about the cave there was a wood blossoming, alder and poplar and sweet-smelling cypress. And therein roosted birds long of wing, owls and falcons and chattering sea crows, which have their business in the waters. And lo, there about the hollow cave trailed a gadding garden vine, all rich with clusters. And fountains four set orderly were running with clear water, hard by one another, turned each to his own course. And all around soft meadows bloomed of violets and parsley, yea, even a deathless god who came thither might wonder at the sight and be glad at heart. There the messenger, the slayer of Argos, stood and wondered. Now when he had gazed at all with wonder, anon he went into the wide cave ; nor did Calypso, that fair goddess, fail to know him, when she saw him face to face ; for the gods use not to be strange one to another, the immortals, not though one have his habitation far away. But he found not Odysseus, the great-hearted, within the cave, who sat weeping on the shore even as aforetime, straining his soul with tears and groans and griefs, and as he wept he looked wistfully over the unharvested deep. And Calypso, that fair goddess, questioned Hermes, when she had made him sit on a bright shining seat : —
" Wherefore, I pray thee, Hermes, of the golden wand, hast thou come hither, worshipful and welcome, whereas as of old
CALYPSO. 235
thou wert not wont to visit me ? Tell me all thy thought ; my heart is set on fulfilling it, if fulfill it I may, and if it hath been fulfilled in the counsel of fate. But now follow me further, that I may set before thee the entertainment of strangers. "
Therewith the goddess spread a table with ambrosia and set it by him, and mixed the ruddy nectar. So the messenger, the slayer of Argos, did eat and drink. Now after he had supped and comforted his soul with food, at the last he answered, and spake to her on this wise : —
"Thou makest question of me on my coming, a goddess of a god, and I will tell thee this my saying truly, at thy com mand. 'Twas Zeus that bade me come hither, by no will of mine ; nay, who of his free will would speed over such a won drous space of brine, whereby is no city of mortals that do sac rifice to the gods, and offer choice hecatombs? But surely it is in no wise possible for another god to go beyond or to make void the purpose of Zeus, lord of the aegis. He saith that thou hast with thee a man most wretched beyond his fellows, be yond those men that round the burg of Priam for nine years fought, and in the tenth year sacked the city and departed homeward. Yet on the way they sinned against Athene, and she raised upon them an evil blast and long waves of the sea. Then all the rest of his good company was lost, but it came to pass that the wind bare and the wave brought him hither. And now Zeus biddeth thee send him hence with what speed thou mayest, for it is not ordained that he die away from his friends, but rather it is his fate to look on them even yet, and to come to his high-roofed home and his own country. "
So spake he, and Calypso, that fair goddess, shuddered and uttered her voice, and spake unto him winged words : " Hard are ye gods and jealous exceeding, who ever grudge goddesses openly to mate with men, if any make a mortal her dear bed fellow. Even so when rosy-fingered Dawn took Orion for her lover, ye gods that live at ease were jealous thereof, till chaste Artemis, of the golden throne, slew him in Ortygia with the visitation of her gentle shafts. So too when fair-tressed Deme- ter yielded to her love, and lay with Iasion in the thrice- plowed fallow field, Zeus was not long without tidings thereof, and cast at him with his white bolt and slew him. So again ye gods now grudge that a mortal man should dwell with me. Him I saved as he went all alone bestriding the keel of a bark, for that Zeus had crushed and cleft his swift ship with a white
236 CALYPSO.
bolt in the midst of the wine-dark deep. There all the rest ol his good company was lost, but it came to pass that the wind bare and the wave brought him hither. And him have I loved and cherished, and I said that I would make him to know not death and age forever. Yet forasmuch as it is in no wise possible for another god to go beyond, or make void the purpose of Zeus, lord of the aegis, let him away over the unharvested seas, if the summons and the bidding be of Zeus. But I will give him no dispatch, not I, for I have no ships by me with oars, nor com pany to bare him on his way over the broad back of the sea. Yet will I be forward to put this in his mind, and will hide naught, that all unharmed he may come to his own country. "
" Then the messenger, the slayer of Argos, answered her: Yea, speed him now upon his path and have regard unto the wrath of Zeus, lest haply he be angered and bear hard on thee
hereafter. "
II.
Therewith the great slayer of Argos departed, but the lady nymph went on her way to the great-hearted Odysseus, when she had heard the message of Zeus. And there she found him sitting on the shore, and his eyes were never dry of tears, and his sweet life was ebbing away as he mourned for his return ; for the nymph no more found favor in his sight. Howsoever by night he would sleep by her, as needs he must, in the hollow caves, unwilling lover by a willing lady. And in the daytime he would sit on the rocks and on the beach, straining his soul with tears, and groans, and griefs, and through his tears he would look wistfully over the unharvested deep. So standing near him that fair goddess spake to him : —
" Hapless man, sorrow no more I pray thee in this isle, nor let thy good life waste away, for even now will I send thee hence with all my heart. Nay, arise and cut long beams, and fashion a wide raft with the ax, and lay deckings high there upon, that it may bear thee over the misty deep. And I will place therein bread and water, and red wine to thy heart's desire, to keep hunger far away. And I will put raiment upon thee, and send a fair gale in thy wake, that so thou mayest come all unharmed to thine own country, if indeed it be the good pleasure of the gods who hold wide heaven, who are stronger than I am both to will and to do. "
So she spake, and the steadfast goodly Odysseus shuddered,
CALYPSO. 237
and uttering his voice spake to her winged words : " Herein, goddess, thou hast plainly some other thought, and in no wise my furtherance, for that thou biddest me to cross in a raft the great gulf of the sea so dread and difficult, which not even the swift gallant ships pass over rejoicing in the breeze of Zeus. Nor would I go aboard a raft to displeasure thee, unless thou wilt deign, O goddess, to swear a great oath not to plan any hidden guile to mine own hurt. 7'
" Knavish thou art, and no weakling in wit, thou that hast conceived and spoken such a word. Let earth be now witness hereto, and the wide heaven above, and that water of the Styx that flows below, the greatest oath and the most terrible to the blessed gods, that I will not plan any hidden guile to thine own hurt. Nay, but my thoughts are such, and such will be my counsel, as I would devise for myself, if ever so sore a need came over me. For I too have a righteous mind, and my heart within me is not of iron, but pitiful even as thine. "
So spake he, and Calypso, the fair goddess, smiled and caressed him with her hand, and spake and hailed him : —
Therewith the fair goddess led the way quickly, and he fol lowed hard in the steps of the goddess. And they reached the hollow cave, the goddess and the man ; so he sat him down upon the chair whence Hermes had arisen, and the nymph placed by him all manner of food to eat and drink, such as is meat for men. As for her she sat over against divine Odys seus, and the handmaids placed by her ambrosia and nectar. So they put forth their hands upon the good cheer set before them. But after they had taken their fill of meat and drink, Calypso, the fair goddess, spake first and said : —
" Son of Laertes, of the seed of Zeus, Odysseus of many devices, so it is indeed thy wish to get thee home to thine own dear country even in this hour ? Good fortune go with thee even so ! Yet didst thou know in thine heart what a measure of suffering thou art ordained to fulfill, or ever thou reach thine own country, here, even here, thou wouldst abide with me and keep this house, and wouldst never taste of death, though thou longest to see thy wife, for whom thou hast ever a desire day by day. Not in sooth that I avow me to be less noble than she in form or fashion, for it is in no wise meet that mortal women should match them with immortals, in shape and comeli ness. "
And Odysseus of many counsels answered, and spake unto
238 CALYPSO.
her : " Be not wroth with me hereat, goddess and queen. Myself I know it well, how wise Penelope is meaner to look upon than thou, in comeliness and stature. But she is mortal and thou knowest not age nor death. Yet even so, I wish and long day by day to fare homeward and see the day of my returning. Yea, and if some god shall wreck me in the wine- dark deep, even so I will endure, with a heart within me patient of affliction. For already have I suffered full much, and much have I toiled in perils of waves and war ; let this be added to the tale of those. "
So spake he, and the sun sank and darkness came on. Then they twain went into the chamber of the hollow rock, and had their delight of love, abiding each by other.
So soon as early Dawn shone forth, the rosy-fingered, anon Odysseus put on him a mantle and doublet, and the nymph clad her in a great shining robe, light of woof and gracious, and about her waist she cast a fair golden girdle, and a veil withal upon her head. Then she considered of the sending of Odysseus, the great-hearted. She gave him a great ax, fitted to his grasp, an ax of bronze double-edged, and with a goodly handle of olive wood fastened well. Next she gave him a polished adz, and she led the way to the border of the isle where tall trees grew, alder and poplar, and pine that reacheth unto heaven, seasoned long since and sere, that might lightly float for him. Now after she had shown him where the tall trees grew, Calypso, the fair goddess, departed homeward. And he set to cutting timber, and his work went busily. Twenty trees in all he felled, and then trimmed them with the ax of bronze, and deftly smoothed them, and over them made straight the line. Meanwhile Calypso, the fair goddess, brought him augers ; so he bored each piece and jointed them together, and then made all fast with treenails and dowels. Wide as is the floor of a broad ship of burden, which some men well skilled in carpentry may trace him out, of such beam did Odysseus fashion his broad raft. And thereat he wrought, and set up the deckings, fitting them to the close-set uprights, and finished them off with long gunwales, and therein he set a mast, and a yardarm fitted thereto, and moreover he made him a rudder to guide the craft. And he fenced it with wattled osier withies from stem to stern, to be a bulwark against the wave, and piled up wood to back them. Meanwhile Calypso, the fair goddess, brought him web of cloth to make him sails ; and these too
CALYTSO. 239
he fashioned very skillfully. And he made fast therein braces and halyards and sheets, and at last he pushed the raft with levers down to the fair salt sea.
III.
It was the fourth day when he had accomplished all. And, lo, on the fifth, the fair Calypso sent him on his way from the island, when she had bathed him and clad him in fragrant attire. Moreover, the goddess placed on board the ship two skins, one of dark wine, and another, a great one, of water, and corn too in a wallet, and she set therein a store of dainties to his heart's desire, and sent forth a warm and gentle wind to blow. And goodly Odysseus rejoiced as he set his sails to the breeze. So he sat and cunningly guided the craft with the helm, nor did sleep fall upon his eyelids, as he viewed the Pleiads and Bootes, that setteth late, and the Bear, which they likewise call the Wain, which turneth ever in one place, and keepeth watch upon Orion, and alone hath no part in the baths of Ocean. This star, Calypso, the fair goddess, bade him to keep ever on the left as he traversed the deep. Ten days and seven he sailed traversing the deep, and on the eighteenth day appeared the shadowy hills of the land of the Phaeacians, at the point where it lay nearest to him ; and it showed like a shield in the misty deep.
Now the lord, the shaker of the earth, on his way from the Ethiopians espied him afar off from the mountains of the Solymi : even thence he saw Odysseus as he sailed over the deep ; and he was yet more angered in spirit, and wagging his head he communed with his own heart. " Lo now, it must be that the gods at the last have changed their purpose concerning Odysseus, while I was away among the Ethiopians. And now he is nigh to the Phseacian land, where it is ordained that he escape the great issues of the woe which hath come upon him. But, methinks, that even yet I will drive him far enough in the path of suffering. "
With that he gathered the clouds and troubled the waters of the deep, grasping his trident in his hands ; and he roused all storms of all manner of winds, and shrouded in clouds the land and sea : and down sped night from heaven. The East Wind and the South Wind clashed, and the stormy West, and the North, that is born in the bright air, rolling onward a great
240 CALYPSO.
last? I fear that indeed the goddess spake all things truly, who said that I should fill up the measure of sorrow on the deep, or ever I came to mine own country ; and lo, all these things have an end. In such wise doth Zeus crown the wide heaven with clouds, and hath troubled the deep, and the blasts rush on of all the winds ; yea, now is utter doom assured me. Thrice blessed those Danaans, yea, four times blessed, who per ished on a time in wide Troy-land, doing a pleasure to the sons of Atreus ! Would to God that I too had died, and met my fate on that day when the press of Trojans cast their bronze- shod spears upon me, fighting for the body of the son of Peleus ! So should I have gotten my dues of burial, and the Achaeans would have spread my fame ; but now it is my fate to be overtaken by a pitiful death. "
Even as he spake, the great wave smote down upon him, driving on in terrible wise, that the raft reeled again. And far therefrom he fell, and lost the helm from his hand ; and the fierce blast of the jostling winds came and brake his mast in the midst, and sail and yardarm fell afar into the deep. Long time the water kept him under, nor could he speedily rise from beneath the rush of the mighty wave : for the gar ments hung heavy which fair Calypso gave him. But late and at length he came up, and spat forth from his mouth the bitter salt water, which ran down in streams from his head. Yet even so forgat he not his raft, for all his wretched plight, but made a spring after it in the waves, and clutched it to him, and sat in the midst thereof, avoiding the issues of death ; and the great wave swept it hither and thither along the stream. And as the North Wind in the harvest tide sweeps the thistle down along the plain, and close the tufts cling each to other, even so the winds bare the raft hither and thither along the main. Now the South would toss it to the North to carry, and now again the East would yield it to the West to chase.
But the daughter of Cadmus marked him, Ino of the fair ankles, Leucothea, who in time past was a maiden of mortal speech, but now in the depths of the salt sea she had gotten her share of worship from the gods.
Helen — Alas ! one need not have married a great monarch for that.
Maintenon — But deign to inform me, Helen, if you were really as beautiful as fame reports ; for, to say truth, I cannot in your shade see the beauty which for nine long years had set the world in arms.
Helen — Honestly, no. I was rather low, and something sun burnt : but I had the good fortune to please ; that was all. I was greatly obliged to Homer.
Maintenon — And did you live tolerably with Menelaus after all your adventures?
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
217
Helen — As well as possible. Menelaus was a good-natured, domestic man, and was glad to sit down and end his days in quiet. I persuaded him that Venus and the Fates were the cause of all my irregularities, which he complaisantly believed. Besides, I was not sorry to return home : for, to tell you a secret, Paris had been unfaithful to me long before his death, and was fond of a little Trojan brunette whose office it was to hold up my train ; but it was thought dishonorable to give me up. I
I became a great housekeeper, worked the battles of Troy in tapestry, and spun
with my maids by the side of Menelaus, who was so satisfied with my conduct, and behaved, good man, with so much fond ness, that I verily think this was the happiest period of my life.
Maintenon — Nothing more likely ; but the most obscure wife in Greece could rival you there. Adieu ! You have convinced me how little fame and greatness conduce to happiness.
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE. (Translation of Parnell, corrected by Pope. )
[This delightful burlesque on the Iliad was anciently and most absurdly attributed to Homer himself. It cannot be earlier than the sixth century, and there was a tradition that the author was Plgres, brother of Queen Artemisia, who fought at Salamis, b. c. 480. — The translation is a loose paraphrase from a very inaccurate text, but is still the most spirited and entertaining yet made, and gives the mock-heroic tone perfectly. We have corrected the spelling of the names. ]
began to think love a very foolish thing :
Names ofthe Mice.
Psicharpax, Crumb-stealer. Tboxartes, Gnaw-bread. Lichomyle, Lick-meal. Ptbbkotroctes, Bacon-gnawer. Lichofinax, Lick-plate. Embasichytros, Go-in-the-pot. Lichbnor, Lickman. Troglodytes, Hole-dweller. Artophagus, Bread-eater. Tyrophaous, Cheese-eater. Pternoglyphus, Bacon-tearer. Cnisodioctes, Fat-hunter. Sitophagus, Wheat-eater. Meridarpax, Scrap-stealer.
Names ofthe Frogs.
Physignathus, Puff-cheek.
Peleus, Pelion, Pelusius, Clay-born.
Hydromeduse, Water-Queen. Hypsiboas, Loud Bawler. Seutl. sus, Beet-born. Polyphonus, Chatterbox. Limnocharib, Marsh-Grace. Crambophagus, Cabbage-eater. Limnisius, Marsh-born. Calaminthius, Mint-born. Hydrocharis, Water-Grace. Borboroccetes, Mud-nester. Prassophaqus, Leek -eater. Pelobatbs, Clay-goer. Prass^us, Leek-green. Crauqabides, Croiikerson.
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
Book L
To fill my rising song with sacred fire,
Ye tuneful Nine, ye sweet celestial quire,
From Helicon's imbow'ring height repair,
Attend my labors, and reward my prayer.
The dreadful toils of raging Mars I write,
The springs of contest, and the fields of fight ;
How threat'ning mice advanced with warlike grace, And waged dire combats with the croaking race. Not louder tumults shook Olympus' towers,
When earth-born giants dared immortal powers. These equal acts an equal glory claim,
And thus the Muse records the tale of fame.
Once on a time, fatigued and out of breath, And just escaped the stretching claws of death, A gentle mouse, whom cats pursued in vain, Flies swift of foot across the neighboring plain, Hangs o'er a brink his eager thirst to cool,
And dips his whiskers in the standing pool ; When near a courteous frog advanced his head, And from the waters, hoarse resounding, said :
" What art thou, stranger ? what the line you boast What chance hath cast thee panting on our coast ? With strictest truth let all thy words agree,
Nor let me fiud a faithless mouse in thee.
If worthy friendship, proffered friendship take, And entering view the pleasurable lake :
Range o'er my palace, in my bounty share,
And glad return from hospitable fare.
This silver realm extends beneath my sway, And me their monarch, all its frogs obey. Great Physignathus I, from Peleus' race, Begot in fair Hydromeduse' embrace,
Where by the nuptial bank that paints his side, The swift Eridanus delights to glide.
Thee too thy form, thy strength, and port proclaim A sceptered king ; a son of martial fame :
Then trace thy line, and aid my guessing eyes. " Thus ceased the frog, and thus the mouse replies : " Known to the gods, the men, the birds that fly
Through wild expanses of the midway sky, My name resounds ; and if unknown to thee, The soul of great Psicharpax lives in me.
Of brave Troxartes' line, whose sleeky down In love compressed Lichomyle the brown.
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
My mother she, and princess of the plains Where'er her father Pternotroctes reigns :
Born where a cabin lifts its airy shed,
With figs, with nuts, with varied dainties fed. But since our natures naught in common know, From what foundation can a friendship grow ? These curling waters o'er thy palace roll ;
But man's high food supports my princely soul. In vain the circled loaves attempt to lie Concealed in flaskets from my curious eye ;
In vain the tripe that boasts the whitest hue, In vain the gilded bacon shuns my view ;
In vain the cheeses, offspring of the pail,
Or honeyed cakes which gods themselves regale. And as in arts I shine, in arms I fight,
Mixed with the bravest, and unknown to flight. Though large to mine the human form appear,
Not man himself can smite my soul with fear ;
Sly to the bed with silent steps I go,
Attempt his finger, or attack his toe,
And fix indented wounds with dexterous skill ; Sleeping he feels, and only seems to feel.
Yet have we foes which direful dangers cause,
Grim owls with talons armed, and cats with claws ! And that false trap, the den of silent fate,
Where death his ambush plants around the bait ; All dreaded these, and dreadful o'er the rest
The potent warriors of the tabby vest :
If to the dark we fly, the dark they trace,
And rend our heroes of the nibbling race.
But me, nor stalks nor wat'rish herbs delight,
Nor can the crimson radish charm my sight,
The lake-resounding frogs' selected fare,
Which not a mouse of any taste can bear. "
" Thy words luxuriant on thy dainties rove ;
And, stranger, we can boast of bounteous Jove :
We sport in water, or we dance on land,
And, born amphibious, food from both command. But trust thyself where wonders ask thy view,
And safely tempt those seas I'll bear thee through : Ascend my shoulders, firmly keep thy seat,
And reach my marshy court, and feast in state. "
He said, and lent his back ; with nimble bound Leaps the light mouse, and clasps his arms around,
As thus the downy prince his mind expressed, His answer thus the croaking king addressed:
220
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
Then wond'ring floats, and sees with glad survey The winding banks dissemble ports at sea.
But when aloft the curling water rides,
And wets with azure wave his downy sides,
His thoughts grow conscious of approaching woe, His idle tears with vain repentance flow.
His locks he rends, his trembling feet he rears, Thick beats his heart with unaccustomed fears ;
He sighs, and, chilled with danger, longs for shore ; His tail, extended, forms a fruitless oar.
Half drenched in liquid death, his prayers he spake, And thus bemoaned him from the dreadful lake :
" So passed Europa through the rapid sea, Trembling and fainting all the vent'rous way ; With oary feet the bull triumphant rode,
And safe in Crete deposed his lovely load.
Ah, safe at last may thus the frog support " My trembling limbs to reach his ample court !
As thus he sorrows, death ambiguous grows :
Lo ! from the deep a water hydra rose :
He rolls his sanguined eyes, his bosom heaves,
And darts with active rage along the waves. Confused, the monarch sees his hissing foe,
And dives to shun the sable fates below.
Forgetful frog ! the friend thy shoulders bore, Unskilled in swimming, floats remote from shore He grasps with fruitless hands to find relief, Supinely falls, and grinds his teeth with grief ; Plunging he sinks, and struggling mounts again, And sinks, and strives, but strives with fate in vain. The weighty moisture clogs his hairy vest,
And thus the prince his dying rage expressed :
" Nor thou that fling'st me flound'ring from thy back,
As from hard rocks rebounds the shattering wrack, Nor thou shalt 'scape thy due, perfidious king ! Pursued by vengeance on the swiftest wing :
At land thy strength could never equal mine,
At sea to conquer, and by craft, was thine.
But Heaven has gods, and gods have searching eyes : Ye mice, ye mice, my great avengers, rise ! "
This said, he sighing gasped, and gasping died. His death the young Lichopinax espied,
As on the flowery brink he passed the day, Basked in the beam, and loitered life away.
Loud shrieks the mouse, his shrieks the shores repeat ! The nibbling nation learn their hero's fate ;
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
Grief, dismal grief, ensues ; deep murmurs sound, And shriller fury fills the deafened ground ;
From lodge to lodge the sacred heralds run,
To fix their council with the rising sun ;
Where great Troxartes, crowned in glory, reigns, And winds his lengthening court beneath the plains : Psicharpax' father, father now no more I
For poor Psicharpax lies remote from shore :
Supine he lies ! the silent waters stand,
And no kind billow wafts the dead to land !
Book II.
When rosy-fingered morn had tinged the clouds, Around their monarch mouse the nation crowds. Slow rose the monarch, heaved his anxious breast, And thus the council, filled with rage, addressed :
" For lost Psicharpax much my soul endures ; 'Tis mine the private grief, the public, yours : Three warlike sons adorned my nuptial bed, Three sons, alas, before their father dead !
Our eldest perished by the rav'ning cat,
As near my court the prince unheedful sat.
Our next, an engine fraught with danger drew, The portal gaped, the bait was hung in view, Dire arts assist the trap, the fates decoy,
And men unpitying killed my gallant boy.
The last, his country's hope, his parent's pride, Plunged in the lake by Physignathus died. Rouse all the war, my friends ! avenge the deed, And bleed that monarch, and his nation bleed. "
His words in every breast inspired alarms, And careful Mars supplied their host with arms. In verdant hulls despoiled of all their beans,
The buskined warriors stalked along the plains ; Quills aptly bound their bracing corselet made, Faced with the plunder of a cat they flayed ;
The lamp's round boss affords their ample shield, Large shells of nuts their covering helmet yield ; And o'er the region, with reflected rays,
Tall groves of needles for their lances blaze. Dreadful in arms the marching mice appear : The wond'ring frogs perceive the tumult near, Forsake the waters, thick'ning form a ring.
And ask, and hearken, whence the noises spring, When near the crowd, disclosed to public view, The valiant chief Embasichytros drew :
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
The sacred herald's scepter graced his hand,
And thus his words expressed his king's command :
" Ye frogs ! the mice, with vengeance fired, advance, And decked in armor shake the shining lance;
Their hapless prince, by Physignathus slain,
Extends incumbent on the watery plain.
Then arm your host, the doubtful battle try ; Lead forth those frogs that have the soul to die. "
The chief retires ; the crowd the challenge hear, And proudly swelling, yet perplexed appear: Much they resent, yet much their monarch blame, Who, rising, spoke to clear his tainted fame :
I never forced the mouse to death, Nor saw the gaspings of his latest breath.
" O friends !
He, vain of youth, our art of swimming tried, And venturous in the lake the wanton died; To vengeance now by false appearance led, They point their anger at my guiltless head. But wage the rising war by deep device,
And turn its fury on the crafty mice.
Your king directs the way ; my thoughts, elate With hopes of conquest, form designs of fate. Where high the banks their verdant surface heave, And the steep sides confine the sleeping wave, There, near the margin, and in armor bright, Sustain the first impetuous shocks of fight ;
Then, where the dancing feather joins the crest, Let each brave frog his obvious mouse arrest ; Each strongly grasping headlong plunge a foe,
Till countless circles whirl the lake below;
Down sink the mice in yielding waters drowned ; Loud flash the waters, echoing shores resound : The frogs triumphant tread the conquered plain, And raise their glorious trophies of the slain. "
He spake no more, his prudent scheme imparts Redoubling ardor to the boldest hearts.
Green was the suit his arming heroes chose, Around their legs the greaves of mallows close ; Green were the beets about their shoulders laid, And green the colewort which the target made ; Formed of the varied shells the waters yield, Their glossy helmets glistened o'er the field ; And tapering sea reeds for the polished spear, With upright order pierce the ambient air :
Thus dressed for war, they take th' appointed height, Poise the long arms, and urge the promised fight.
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
But, now, where Jove's irradiate spires arise,
With stars surrounded in ethereal skies,
(A solemn council called,) the brazen gates
Unbar; the gods assume their golden seats:
The sire superior leans, and points to show
What wondrous combats mortals wage below:
How strong, how large, the numerous heroes stride ; What length of lance they shake with warlike pride; What eager fire their rapid march reveals !
So the fierce Centaurs ravaged o'er the dales ; And so confirmed the daring Titans rose,
Heaped hills on hills, and bade the gods be foes.
This seen, the power his sacred visage rears ; He casts a pitying smile on worldly cares,
And asks what heavenly guardians take the list, Or who the mice, or who the frogs assist ?
If my daughter's mind
Then thus to Pallas : "
Have joined the mice, why stays she still behind ? Drawn forth by savory steams, they wind their way, And sure attendance round thine altar pay,
Where, while the victims gratify their taste,
They sport to please the goddess of the feast. "
Thus spake the ruler of the spacious skies ; When thus, resolved, the blue-eyed maid replies : "In vain, my father! all their dangers plead;
To such, thy Pallas never grants her aid.
My flowery wreaths they petulantly spoil,
And rob my crystal lamps of feeding oil
(Ills following ills) ; but what afflicts me more,
My veil that idle race profanely tore.
The web was curious, wrought with art divine ; Relentless wretches I all the work was mine : Along the loom the purple warp I spread,
Cast the light shoot, and crossed the silver thread. In this their teeth a thousand breaches tear;
The thousand breaches skillful hands repair;
For which, vile earthly duns thy daughter grieve ; But gods, that use no coin, have none to give;
And learning's goddess never less can owe; Neglected learning gets no wealth below.
Nor let the frogs to gain my succor sue,
Those clam'rous fools have lost my favor too.
For late, when all the conflict ceased at night, When my stretched sinews ached with eager fight ; When spent with glorious toil I left the field,
And sunk for slumber on my swelling shield ;
224
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
Lo, from the deep, repelling sweet repose,
With noisy croakings half the nation rose : Devoid of rest, with aching brows I lay
Till cocks proclaimed the crimson dawn of day. Let all, like me, from either host forbear,
Nor tempt the flying furies of the spear.
Let heavenly blood (or what for blood may flow) Adorn the conquest of a nobler foe,
Who, wildly rushing, meet the wondrous odds, Though gods oppose, and brave the wounded gods. O'er gilded clouds reclined, the danger view,
And be the wars of mortals scenes for you. "
So moved the blue-eyed queen, her words persuade ; Great Jove assented, and the rest obeyed.
Book III.
Now front to front the marching armies shine,
Halt ere they meet, and form the length'ning line ; The chiefs, conspicuous seen, and heard afar,
Give the loud sign to loose the rushing war ;
Their dreadful trumpets deep-mouthed hornets sound, The sounded charge remurmurs o'er the ground ;
Ev'n Jove proclaims a field of horror nigh,
And rolls low thunder through the troubled sky.
First to the fight the large Hypsiboas flew, And brave Lichenor with a javelin slew ;
The luckless warrior, filled with gen'rous flame, Stood foremost glitt'ring in the post of fame, When, in his liver struck, the javelin hung ;
The mouse fell thundering, and the target rung : Prone to the ground he sinks his closing eye, And, soiled in dust, his lovely tresses lie.
A spear at Pelion, Troglodytes cast ;
The missive spear within the bosom passed ; Death's sable shades the fainting frog surround, And life's red tide runs ebbing from the wound. Embasichytros felt Seutlaeus' dart
Transfix, and quiver in his panting heart ;
But great Artophagus avenged the slain,
And big Seutlaeus tumbling loads the plain.
And Polyphonus dies, a frog renowned
For boastful speech, and turbulence of sound ; Deep through the belly pierced, supine he lay, And breathed his soul against the face of day.
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
The strong Limnocharis, who viewed with ire A victor triumph, and a friend expire ;
With heaving arms a rocky fragment caught, And fiercely flung where Troglodytes fought,
A warrior versed in arts of sure retreat,
Yet arts in vain elude impending fate:
Full on his sinewy neck the fragment fell,
And o'er his eyelids clouds eternal dwell.
Lichenor (second of the glorious name)
Striding advanced, and took no wandering aim, Through all the frog the shining javelin flies,
And near the vanquished mouse the victor dies.
The dreadful stroke Crambophagus affrights,
Long bred to banquets, less inured to fights ;
Heedless he runs, and stumbles o'er the steep,
And wildly floundering, flashes up the deep: Lichenor, following, with a downward blow
Reached, in the lake, his unrecovered foe ;
Gasping he rolls, a purple stream of blood
Distains the surface of the silver flood ;
Through the wide wound the rushing entrails throng, And slow the breathless carcass floats along.
Limnisius good Tyrophagus assails,
Prince of the mice that haunt the flowery vales ; Lost to the milky fares and rural seat,
He came to perish on the bank of fate.
The dread Pternoglyphus demands the fight,
Which tender Calaminthius shuns by flight,
Drops the green target, springing quits the foe, Glides through the lake, and safely dives below.
The dire Pternophagus divides his way
Through breaking ranks, and leads the dreadful day; No nibbling prince excelled in fierceness more ;
His parents fed him on the savage boar :
But where his lance the field with blood imbrued, Swift as he moved Hydrocharis pursued,
Till fallen in death he lies ; a shattering stone Sounds on the neck, and crushes all the bone ;
His blood pollutes the verdure of the plain,
And from his nostrils bursts the gushing brain.
Lichopinax with Borborocoetes fights,
A blameless frog, whom humbler life delights ; The fatal javelin unrelenting flies,
And darkness seals the gentle croaker's eyes. Incensed Prassophagus, with sprightly bound, Bears Cnisodioctes off the rising ground ;
vol. n. — 15
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
Then drags him o'er the lake, deprived of breath ; And downward plunging, sinks his soul to death. But now the great Psicharpax shines afar
(Scarce he so great whose loss provoked the war). Swift to revenge his fatal javelin fled,
And through the liver struck Pelusius [Prassophagus] dead His freckled corse before the victor fell,
His soul indignant sought the shades of hell.
This saw Pelobates, and from the flood
Lifts with both hands a monstrous mass of mud: The cloud obscene o'er all the warrior flies, Dishonors his brown face, and blots his eyes. Enraged, and wildly sputtering from the shore, A stone immense of size the warrior bore,
A load for laboring earth, whose bulk to raise, Asks ten degenerate mice of modern days :
Full to the leg arrives the crushing wound ; The frog, supportless, writhes upon the ground.
Thus flushed, the victor wars with matchless force, Till loud Craugasides arrests his course:
Hoarse croaking threats precede ; with fatal speed Deep through the belly runs the pointed reed,
Then, strongly tugged, returned imbrued with gore, And on the pile his reeking entrails bore.
The lame Sitophagus, oppressed with pain,
Creeps from the desperate dangers of the plain : And where the ditches rising weeds supply,
To spread the lowly shades beneath the sky ; There lurks the silent mouse, relieved of heat, And, safe embowered, avoids the chance of fate.
But here Troxartes, Physignathus there, Whirl the dire furies of the pointed spear: Then where the foot around its ankle plies, Troxartes wounds, and Physignathus flies,
Halts to the pool, a safe retreat to find,
And trails a dangling length of leg behind.
The mouse still urges, still the frog retires,
And half in anguish of the flight expires.
Then pious ardor young Prassaeus brings, Betwixt the fortunes of contending kings : Lank, harmless frog! with forces hardly grown, He darts the reed in combats not his own, Which faintly tinkling on Troxartes' shield, Hangs at the point, and drops upon the field.
Now nobly towering o'er the rest appears
A gallant prince that far transcends his years,
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
Pride of his sire, and glory of his house,
And more a Mars in combat than a mouse:
His action bold, robust his ample frame,
And Meridarpax his resounding name.
The warrior, singled from the fighting crowd, Boasts the dire honors of his arms aloud ;
Then strutting near the lake, with looks elate, Threats all its nations with approaching fate. And such his strength, the silver lakes around Might roll their waters o'er unpeopled ground, But powerful Jove, who shows no less his grace To frogs that perish than to human race,
Felt soft compassion rising in his soul,
And shook his sacred head, that shook the pole. Then thus to all the gazing powers began
The sire of gods, and frogs, and mouse, and man :
" What seas of blood I view, what worlds of slain ! An Iliad rising from a day's campaign !
How fierce his javelin, o'er the trembling lakes,
The black furred hero, Meridarpax, shakes I
Unless some favoring deity descend,
Soon will the frogs' loquacious empire end. Let dreadful Pallas winged with pity fly, And make her aegis blaze before his eye : While Mars, refulgent on his rattling car, Arrests his raging rival of the war. "
He ceased, reclining with attending head, When thus the glorious god of combats said :
" Not Pallas, Jove ! though Pallas take the field, With all the terrors of her hissing shield ;
Nor Mars himself, though Mars in armor bright Ascends his car, and wheel amidst the fight : Not these can drive the desperate mouse afar,
And change the fortunes of the bleeding war. Let all go forth, all heaven in arms arise ;
Or launch thy own red thunder from the skies ; Such ardent bolts as flew that wondrous day, When heaps of Titans mixed with mountains lay When all the giant race enormous fell ;
And huge Enceladus was hurled to hell. " 'Twas thus th' armipotent advised the gods,
When from his throne the cloud compeller nods ; Deep-lengthening thunders run from pole to pole, Olympus trembles as the thunders roll.
Then swift he whirls the brandished bolt around, And headlong darts it at the distant ground ;
228
THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE.
The bolt discharged, inwrapped with lightning flies, And rends its flaming passage through the skies : The earth's inhabitants, the nibblers, shake ;
And frogs, the dwellers in the waters, quake.
Yet still the mice advance their dread design, And the last danger threats the croaking line ; Till Jove, that inly mourned the loss they bore, With strange assistance filled the frighted shore.
Poured from the neighboring strand, deformed to view, They march, a sudden unexpected crew.
Strong suits of armor round their bodies close,
Which like thick anvils blunt the force of blows ;
In wheeling marches turned, oblique they go ;
With harpy claws their limbs divide below ;
Fell shears the passage to their mouth command ; From out the flesh the bones by nature stand ;
Broad spread their backs, their shining shoulders rise, Unnumbered joints distort their lengthened thighs ; With nervous cords their hands are firmly braced, Their round black eyeballs in their bosom placed ;
On eight long feet the wondrous warriors tread, And either hand alike supplies a head.
These to call crabs mere mortal wits agree ;
But gods have other names for things than we.
Now, where the jointures from their loins depend, The heroes' tails with severing grasps they rend. Here, short of feet, deprived the power to fly ;
There, without hands, upon the field they lie. Wrenched from their holds, and scattered all around, The blended lances heap the cumbered ground. Helpless amazement, fear pursuing fear,
And mad confusion through their host appear. O'er the wild waste with headlong flight they go, Or creep concealed in vaulted holes below.
But down Olympus, to the western seas, Far-shooting Phoebus drove with fainter rays : And a whole war (so Jove ordained) begun, Was fought, and ceased, in one revolving sun.
NO FINAL TRANSLATION OF HOMER POSSIBLE. 229
NO FINAL TRANSLATION OF HOMER POSSIBLE. By BUTCHER and LANG.
There would have been less controversy about the proper method of Homeric translation, if critics had recognized that the question is a purely relative one, that of Homer there can be no final translation. The taste and the literary habits of each age demand different qualities in poetry, and therefore a different sort of rendering of Homer. To the men of the time of Elizabeth, Homer would have appeared bald, it seems, and lacking in ingenuity, if he had been presented in his antique simplicity. For the Elizabethan age, Chapman supplied what was then necessary, and the mannerisms that were then deemed of the essence of poetry, — namely, daring and luxurious con ceits. Thus in Chapman's verse Troy must " shed her towers for tears of overthrow"; and when the winds toss Odysseus about, their sport must be called " the horrid tennis. "
In the age of Anne, "dignity" and "correctness " had to be given to Homer, and Pope gave them by aid of his dazzling rhetoric, his antitheses, his nettetS, his command of every con ventional and favorite artifice. Without Chapman's conceits, Homer's poems would hardly have been what the Elizabethans took for poetry ; without Pope's smoothness, and Pope's points, the Iliad and Odyssey would have seemed tame, rude, and harsh in the age of Anne. These great translations must always live as English poems. As transcripts of Homer they are like pictures drawn from alost point of view. Again, when Europe woke to a sense, an almost exaggerated and certainly uncritical sense, of the value of her songs of the people, of all the ballads that Herder, Scott, Lonnrot, and the rest collected, it was commonly said that Homer was a ballad minstrel ; that the translator must imitate the simplicity, and even adopt the formulae, of the ballad. Hence came the renderings of Maginn, the experiments of Mr. Gladstone, and others. There was some excuse for the error of critics who asked for a Homer in ballad rhyme. The epic poet, the poet of gods and heroes, did indeed inherit some of the formulae of the earlier Volks-lied. Homer, like"the author of " The Song of Roland," like the sing ers of the Kalevala," uses constantly recurring epithets, and
230 NO FINAL TRANSLATION OF HOMER POSSIBLE.
repeats, word for word, certain emphatic passages, messages, and so on. That custom is essential in the ballad ; it is an accident, not the essence, of the epic. The epic is a poem of consummate and supreme art ; but it still bears some birth marks, some signs of the early popular chant, out of which it sprung, as the garden rose springs from the wild stock. When this is recognized, the demand for balladlike simplicity and " ballad slang " ceases to exist, and then all Homeric transla tions in the ballad manner cease to represent our conception of Homer. After the belief in the ballad manner follows the rec ognition of the romantic vein in Homer ; and as a result came Mr. Worsley's admirable Odyssey. This masterly translation does all that can be done for the Odyssey in the romantic style. The liquid lapses of the verse, the wonderful closeness to the original, reproduce all of Homer, in music and in meaning, that can be rendered in English verse. There still, however, seems an aspect of the Homeric poems, and a demand in connection with Homer, to be recognized and to be satisfied.
Sainte-Beuve says, with reference probably to M. Leconte de Lisle's prose version of the epics, that some people treat the epics too much as if they were sagas. Now the Homeric epics are sagas ; but then they are the sagas of the divine heroic age of Greece, and thus are told with an art which is not the art of the Northern poets. The epics are stories about the adventures of men living in most respects like the men of our own race who dwelt in Iceland, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. The epics are, in a way, and as far as manners and institutions are concerned, historical documents. Whoever regards them in this way must wish to read them exactly as they have reached us, without modern ornament, with nothing added or omitted. He must recognize, with Mr. Matthew Arnold, that what he now wants — namely, the simple truth about the matter of the poem —can only be given in prose, "for in a verse translation no original work is any longer recognizable. " It is for this reason that we have attempted to tell once more, in simple prose, the story of Odysseus. We have tried to transfer, not all the truth about the poem, but the historical truth, into English. In this process Homer must lose at least half his charm : his bright and equable speed, the musical current of that narrative, which, like the river of Egypt, flows from an indiscoverable source, and mirrors the temples and the palaces of unforgotten gods and kings. Without this music of verse, only a half truth about
NO FINAL TRANSLATION OF HOMER POSSIBLE. 231
Homer can be told ; but then it is that half of the truth which at this moment it seems most necessary to tell. This is the half of the truth that the translators who use verse cannot easily tell. They must be adding to Homer, talking with Pope about "tracing the mazy lev'ret o'er the lawn," or with Mr. Worsley about the islands that are " stars of the blue ^Egaean," or with Dr. Hawtrey about " the earth's soft arms," when Homer says nothing at all about the " mazy lev'ret," or the " stars of the blue Jigssan," or the " soft arms " of earth. It would be imper tinent indeed to blame any of these translations in their place. They give that which the romantic reader of poetry, or the stu dent of the age of Anne, looks for in verse ; and without tags of this sort, a translation of Homer in verse cannot well be made to hold together.
There can be then, it appears, no final English translation of Homer. In each there must be, in addition to what is Greek and eternal, the element of what is modern, personal, and fleet ing. Thus we trust that there may be room for " the pale and far-off shadow of a prose translation," of which the aim is lim ited and humble. A prose translation cannot give the move ment and the fire of a successful translation in verse ; it only gathers, as it were, the crumbs which fall from the richer table, only tells the story without the song. Yet to a prose transla tion is permitted, perhaps, that close adherence to the archaisms of the epic, which in verse become mere oddities. The double epithets, the recurring epithets of Homer, if rendered into verse, delay and puzzle the reader, as the Greek does not delay nor puzzle him. In prose he may endure them, or even care to study them as the survivals of a stage of taste which is found in its prime in the sagas. These double and recurring epithets of Homer are a softer form of the quaint Northern periphrases, which make the sea the "swan's bath," gold the "dragon's hoard," men the " ring givers," and so on. We do not know whether it is necessary to defend our choice of a somewhat anti quated prose. Homer has no ideas which cannot be expressed in words that are "old and plain"; and to words that are old and plain, and as a rule, to such terms as, being used by the translators of the Bible, are still not unfamiliar, we have tried to restrict ourselves. It may be objected, that the employment of language which does not come spontaneously to the lips is an affectation out of place in a version of the Odyssey. To this we may answer that the Greek Epic dialect, like the English of
»
232 CALYPSO.
our Bible, was a thing of slow growth and composite nature ; that it was never a spoken language, nor, except for certain poetical purposes, a written language. Thus the Biblical Eng lish seems as nearly analogous to the Epic Greek, as anything that our tongue has to offer.
THE ODYSSEY. By ANDREW LANG.
As one that for a weary space has lain Lulled by the song of Circe and her wine In gardens near the pale of Proserpine,
Where that Mae&a isle forgets the main, And only the low lutes of love complain, And only shadows of wan lovers pine,
As such an one were glad to know the brine Salt on his lips, and the large air again,
So gladly, from the songs of modern speech
Men turn, and see the stars, and feel the free Shrill wind beyond the close of heavy flowers ; And through the music of the languid hours,
They hear like ocean on a western beach The surge and thunder of the Odyssey.
CALYPSO.
(From the Odyssey of Homer : translated by S. H. Butcher and Andrew Lang. )
[Andrew Lang : English man of letters ; bom in Scotland, March 31, 1844 ; educated at St. Andrews and at Balliol College. His writings have been of im mense variety : best known are those on folklore and kindred subjects, as " Custom and Myth," " Cock Lane and Common Sense," his collections of "Fairy Books," etc. ; his prose translations (with collaborators) of the Iliad and Odyssey; and his poems, in "Ballades in Blue China" and many other places. ]
I.
Now the Dawn arose from her couch, from the side of the lordly Tithonus, to bear light to the immortals and to mortal
CALYPSO. 233
men. And lo, the gods were gathering to session, and among them Zeus, that thunders on high, whose might is above all. And Athene told them the tale of the many woes of Odysseus, recalling them to mind ; for near her heart was he that then abode in the dwelling of the nymph : —
" Father Zeus, and all ye other blessed gods that live for ever, henceforth let not any sceptered king be kind and gentle with all his heart, nor minded to do righteously, but let him alway be a hard man and work unrighteousness, for behold, there is none that remembereth divine Odysseus of the people whose lord he was, and was gentle as a father. Howbeit, as for him he lieth in an island suffering strong pains, in the halls of the nymph Calypso, who holdeth him perforce ; so he may not reach his own country, for he hath no ships by him with oars, and no companions to send him on his way over the broad back of the sea. And now, again, they are set on slaying his beloved son on his homeward way, for he is gone to fair Pylos and to goodly Lacedaemon, to seek tidings of his father. "
And Zeus, gatherer of the clouds, answered and spake unto her : " My child, what word hath escaped the door of thy lips ? Nay, didst thou not thyself plan this device, that Odysseus may assuredly take vengeance on those men at his coming? As for Telemachus, do thou guide him by thine art, as well thou mayest, that so he may come to his own country all unharmed, and the wooers may return in their ship with their labor all in vain. "
Therewith he spake to Hermes, his dear son: "Hermes, forasmuch as even in all else thou art our herald, tell unto the nymph of the braided tresses my unerring counsel, even the return of the patient Odysseus, how he is to come to his home, with no furtherance of gods or of mortal men. Nay, he shall sail on a well-bound raft, in sore distress, and on the twentieth day arrive at fertile Scheria, even at the land of the Phaeacians, who are near of kin to the gods. And they shall give him all worship heartily as to a god, and send him on his way in a ship to his own dear country, with gifts of bronze and gold, and raiment in plenty, much store, such as never would Odysseus have won for himself out of Troy, yea, though he had returned unhurt with the share of the spoil that fell to him. On such wise is he fated to see his friends, and come to his high-roofed home and his own country. "
So spake he, nor heedless was the messenger, the slayer of
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Argos. Straightway he bound beneath his feet his lovely golden sandals, that wax not old, that bare him alike over the wet sea and over the limitless land, swift as the breath of the wind. And he took the wand wherewith he lulls the eyes of whomso he will, while others again he even wakes from out of sleep. With this rod in his hand flew the strong slayer of Argos. Above Pieria he passed and leapt from the upper air into the deep. Then he sped along the wave like the cormorant, that chaseth the fishes through the perilous gulfs of the unharvested sea, and wetteth his thick plumage in the brine. Such like did Hermes ride upon the press of the waves. But when he had now reached that far-off isle, he went forth from the sea of violet blue to get him up into the land, till he came to a great cave, wherein dwelt the nymph of the braided tresses : and he found her within. And on the hearth there was a great fire burning, and from afar through the isle was smelt the fragrance of cleft cedar blazing, and of sandalwood. And the nymph within was singing with a sweet voice as she fared to and fro before the loom, and wove with a shuttle of gold. And round about the cave there was a wood blossoming, alder and poplar and sweet-smelling cypress. And therein roosted birds long of wing, owls and falcons and chattering sea crows, which have their business in the waters. And lo, there about the hollow cave trailed a gadding garden vine, all rich with clusters. And fountains four set orderly were running with clear water, hard by one another, turned each to his own course. And all around soft meadows bloomed of violets and parsley, yea, even a deathless god who came thither might wonder at the sight and be glad at heart. There the messenger, the slayer of Argos, stood and wondered. Now when he had gazed at all with wonder, anon he went into the wide cave ; nor did Calypso, that fair goddess, fail to know him, when she saw him face to face ; for the gods use not to be strange one to another, the immortals, not though one have his habitation far away. But he found not Odysseus, the great-hearted, within the cave, who sat weeping on the shore even as aforetime, straining his soul with tears and groans and griefs, and as he wept he looked wistfully over the unharvested deep. And Calypso, that fair goddess, questioned Hermes, when she had made him sit on a bright shining seat : —
" Wherefore, I pray thee, Hermes, of the golden wand, hast thou come hither, worshipful and welcome, whereas as of old
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thou wert not wont to visit me ? Tell me all thy thought ; my heart is set on fulfilling it, if fulfill it I may, and if it hath been fulfilled in the counsel of fate. But now follow me further, that I may set before thee the entertainment of strangers. "
Therewith the goddess spread a table with ambrosia and set it by him, and mixed the ruddy nectar. So the messenger, the slayer of Argos, did eat and drink. Now after he had supped and comforted his soul with food, at the last he answered, and spake to her on this wise : —
"Thou makest question of me on my coming, a goddess of a god, and I will tell thee this my saying truly, at thy com mand. 'Twas Zeus that bade me come hither, by no will of mine ; nay, who of his free will would speed over such a won drous space of brine, whereby is no city of mortals that do sac rifice to the gods, and offer choice hecatombs? But surely it is in no wise possible for another god to go beyond or to make void the purpose of Zeus, lord of the aegis. He saith that thou hast with thee a man most wretched beyond his fellows, be yond those men that round the burg of Priam for nine years fought, and in the tenth year sacked the city and departed homeward. Yet on the way they sinned against Athene, and she raised upon them an evil blast and long waves of the sea. Then all the rest of his good company was lost, but it came to pass that the wind bare and the wave brought him hither. And now Zeus biddeth thee send him hence with what speed thou mayest, for it is not ordained that he die away from his friends, but rather it is his fate to look on them even yet, and to come to his high-roofed home and his own country. "
So spake he, and Calypso, that fair goddess, shuddered and uttered her voice, and spake unto him winged words : " Hard are ye gods and jealous exceeding, who ever grudge goddesses openly to mate with men, if any make a mortal her dear bed fellow. Even so when rosy-fingered Dawn took Orion for her lover, ye gods that live at ease were jealous thereof, till chaste Artemis, of the golden throne, slew him in Ortygia with the visitation of her gentle shafts. So too when fair-tressed Deme- ter yielded to her love, and lay with Iasion in the thrice- plowed fallow field, Zeus was not long without tidings thereof, and cast at him with his white bolt and slew him. So again ye gods now grudge that a mortal man should dwell with me. Him I saved as he went all alone bestriding the keel of a bark, for that Zeus had crushed and cleft his swift ship with a white
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bolt in the midst of the wine-dark deep. There all the rest ol his good company was lost, but it came to pass that the wind bare and the wave brought him hither. And him have I loved and cherished, and I said that I would make him to know not death and age forever. Yet forasmuch as it is in no wise possible for another god to go beyond, or make void the purpose of Zeus, lord of the aegis, let him away over the unharvested seas, if the summons and the bidding be of Zeus. But I will give him no dispatch, not I, for I have no ships by me with oars, nor com pany to bare him on his way over the broad back of the sea. Yet will I be forward to put this in his mind, and will hide naught, that all unharmed he may come to his own country. "
" Then the messenger, the slayer of Argos, answered her: Yea, speed him now upon his path and have regard unto the wrath of Zeus, lest haply he be angered and bear hard on thee
hereafter. "
II.
Therewith the great slayer of Argos departed, but the lady nymph went on her way to the great-hearted Odysseus, when she had heard the message of Zeus. And there she found him sitting on the shore, and his eyes were never dry of tears, and his sweet life was ebbing away as he mourned for his return ; for the nymph no more found favor in his sight. Howsoever by night he would sleep by her, as needs he must, in the hollow caves, unwilling lover by a willing lady. And in the daytime he would sit on the rocks and on the beach, straining his soul with tears, and groans, and griefs, and through his tears he would look wistfully over the unharvested deep. So standing near him that fair goddess spake to him : —
" Hapless man, sorrow no more I pray thee in this isle, nor let thy good life waste away, for even now will I send thee hence with all my heart. Nay, arise and cut long beams, and fashion a wide raft with the ax, and lay deckings high there upon, that it may bear thee over the misty deep. And I will place therein bread and water, and red wine to thy heart's desire, to keep hunger far away. And I will put raiment upon thee, and send a fair gale in thy wake, that so thou mayest come all unharmed to thine own country, if indeed it be the good pleasure of the gods who hold wide heaven, who are stronger than I am both to will and to do. "
So she spake, and the steadfast goodly Odysseus shuddered,
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and uttering his voice spake to her winged words : " Herein, goddess, thou hast plainly some other thought, and in no wise my furtherance, for that thou biddest me to cross in a raft the great gulf of the sea so dread and difficult, which not even the swift gallant ships pass over rejoicing in the breeze of Zeus. Nor would I go aboard a raft to displeasure thee, unless thou wilt deign, O goddess, to swear a great oath not to plan any hidden guile to mine own hurt. 7'
" Knavish thou art, and no weakling in wit, thou that hast conceived and spoken such a word. Let earth be now witness hereto, and the wide heaven above, and that water of the Styx that flows below, the greatest oath and the most terrible to the blessed gods, that I will not plan any hidden guile to thine own hurt. Nay, but my thoughts are such, and such will be my counsel, as I would devise for myself, if ever so sore a need came over me. For I too have a righteous mind, and my heart within me is not of iron, but pitiful even as thine. "
So spake he, and Calypso, the fair goddess, smiled and caressed him with her hand, and spake and hailed him : —
Therewith the fair goddess led the way quickly, and he fol lowed hard in the steps of the goddess. And they reached the hollow cave, the goddess and the man ; so he sat him down upon the chair whence Hermes had arisen, and the nymph placed by him all manner of food to eat and drink, such as is meat for men. As for her she sat over against divine Odys seus, and the handmaids placed by her ambrosia and nectar. So they put forth their hands upon the good cheer set before them. But after they had taken their fill of meat and drink, Calypso, the fair goddess, spake first and said : —
" Son of Laertes, of the seed of Zeus, Odysseus of many devices, so it is indeed thy wish to get thee home to thine own dear country even in this hour ? Good fortune go with thee even so ! Yet didst thou know in thine heart what a measure of suffering thou art ordained to fulfill, or ever thou reach thine own country, here, even here, thou wouldst abide with me and keep this house, and wouldst never taste of death, though thou longest to see thy wife, for whom thou hast ever a desire day by day. Not in sooth that I avow me to be less noble than she in form or fashion, for it is in no wise meet that mortal women should match them with immortals, in shape and comeli ness. "
And Odysseus of many counsels answered, and spake unto
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her : " Be not wroth with me hereat, goddess and queen. Myself I know it well, how wise Penelope is meaner to look upon than thou, in comeliness and stature. But she is mortal and thou knowest not age nor death. Yet even so, I wish and long day by day to fare homeward and see the day of my returning. Yea, and if some god shall wreck me in the wine- dark deep, even so I will endure, with a heart within me patient of affliction. For already have I suffered full much, and much have I toiled in perils of waves and war ; let this be added to the tale of those. "
So spake he, and the sun sank and darkness came on. Then they twain went into the chamber of the hollow rock, and had their delight of love, abiding each by other.
So soon as early Dawn shone forth, the rosy-fingered, anon Odysseus put on him a mantle and doublet, and the nymph clad her in a great shining robe, light of woof and gracious, and about her waist she cast a fair golden girdle, and a veil withal upon her head. Then she considered of the sending of Odysseus, the great-hearted. She gave him a great ax, fitted to his grasp, an ax of bronze double-edged, and with a goodly handle of olive wood fastened well. Next she gave him a polished adz, and she led the way to the border of the isle where tall trees grew, alder and poplar, and pine that reacheth unto heaven, seasoned long since and sere, that might lightly float for him. Now after she had shown him where the tall trees grew, Calypso, the fair goddess, departed homeward. And he set to cutting timber, and his work went busily. Twenty trees in all he felled, and then trimmed them with the ax of bronze, and deftly smoothed them, and over them made straight the line. Meanwhile Calypso, the fair goddess, brought him augers ; so he bored each piece and jointed them together, and then made all fast with treenails and dowels. Wide as is the floor of a broad ship of burden, which some men well skilled in carpentry may trace him out, of such beam did Odysseus fashion his broad raft. And thereat he wrought, and set up the deckings, fitting them to the close-set uprights, and finished them off with long gunwales, and therein he set a mast, and a yardarm fitted thereto, and moreover he made him a rudder to guide the craft. And he fenced it with wattled osier withies from stem to stern, to be a bulwark against the wave, and piled up wood to back them. Meanwhile Calypso, the fair goddess, brought him web of cloth to make him sails ; and these too
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he fashioned very skillfully. And he made fast therein braces and halyards and sheets, and at last he pushed the raft with levers down to the fair salt sea.
III.
It was the fourth day when he had accomplished all. And, lo, on the fifth, the fair Calypso sent him on his way from the island, when she had bathed him and clad him in fragrant attire. Moreover, the goddess placed on board the ship two skins, one of dark wine, and another, a great one, of water, and corn too in a wallet, and she set therein a store of dainties to his heart's desire, and sent forth a warm and gentle wind to blow. And goodly Odysseus rejoiced as he set his sails to the breeze. So he sat and cunningly guided the craft with the helm, nor did sleep fall upon his eyelids, as he viewed the Pleiads and Bootes, that setteth late, and the Bear, which they likewise call the Wain, which turneth ever in one place, and keepeth watch upon Orion, and alone hath no part in the baths of Ocean. This star, Calypso, the fair goddess, bade him to keep ever on the left as he traversed the deep. Ten days and seven he sailed traversing the deep, and on the eighteenth day appeared the shadowy hills of the land of the Phaeacians, at the point where it lay nearest to him ; and it showed like a shield in the misty deep.
Now the lord, the shaker of the earth, on his way from the Ethiopians espied him afar off from the mountains of the Solymi : even thence he saw Odysseus as he sailed over the deep ; and he was yet more angered in spirit, and wagging his head he communed with his own heart. " Lo now, it must be that the gods at the last have changed their purpose concerning Odysseus, while I was away among the Ethiopians. And now he is nigh to the Phseacian land, where it is ordained that he escape the great issues of the woe which hath come upon him. But, methinks, that even yet I will drive him far enough in the path of suffering. "
With that he gathered the clouds and troubled the waters of the deep, grasping his trident in his hands ; and he roused all storms of all manner of winds, and shrouded in clouds the land and sea : and down sped night from heaven. The East Wind and the South Wind clashed, and the stormy West, and the North, that is born in the bright air, rolling onward a great
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last? I fear that indeed the goddess spake all things truly, who said that I should fill up the measure of sorrow on the deep, or ever I came to mine own country ; and lo, all these things have an end. In such wise doth Zeus crown the wide heaven with clouds, and hath troubled the deep, and the blasts rush on of all the winds ; yea, now is utter doom assured me. Thrice blessed those Danaans, yea, four times blessed, who per ished on a time in wide Troy-land, doing a pleasure to the sons of Atreus ! Would to God that I too had died, and met my fate on that day when the press of Trojans cast their bronze- shod spears upon me, fighting for the body of the son of Peleus ! So should I have gotten my dues of burial, and the Achaeans would have spread my fame ; but now it is my fate to be overtaken by a pitiful death. "
Even as he spake, the great wave smote down upon him, driving on in terrible wise, that the raft reeled again. And far therefrom he fell, and lost the helm from his hand ; and the fierce blast of the jostling winds came and brake his mast in the midst, and sail and yardarm fell afar into the deep. Long time the water kept him under, nor could he speedily rise from beneath the rush of the mighty wave : for the gar ments hung heavy which fair Calypso gave him. But late and at length he came up, and spat forth from his mouth the bitter salt water, which ran down in streams from his head. Yet even so forgat he not his raft, for all his wretched plight, but made a spring after it in the waves, and clutched it to him, and sat in the midst thereof, avoiding the issues of death ; and the great wave swept it hither and thither along the stream. And as the North Wind in the harvest tide sweeps the thistle down along the plain, and close the tufts cling each to other, even so the winds bare the raft hither and thither along the main. Now the South would toss it to the North to carry, and now again the East would yield it to the West to chase.
But the daughter of Cadmus marked him, Ino of the fair ankles, Leucothea, who in time past was a maiden of mortal speech, but now in the depths of the salt sea she had gotten her share of worship from the gods.
