As
everywhere
in his key novel, Bronnen is ex-
tremely well informed.
tremely well informed.
Kittler-Gramophone-Film-Typewriter
In his own language, the French painter Pierre Auguste Renoir, who died in 19 19, is promoting an exhibition of impressionist paintings.
Renoir's ghostly voice was captured on tape by scientists of the Japan Acoustic Research Laboratory-with the help of computers.
The computer seance is based on electronic voice simulation and anatomical measurements: according to the researchers, various vocal features can be reconstructed from the charac- teristics of a person's nasopharyngeal cavity.
In the case of Renoir, the voice of a French native speaker was gradually modulated according to the characteristics of Renoir's nasopharyngeal cavity.
Japanese vocal experts, at least, consider the result to be 'pure Renoir'" ?
(Der Spiegei 40, no.
I [1986]: 137).
Unlike Pschorr, the Japan Acoustic Research Laboratory has kept silent about the acquisition of Renoir's nasopharyngeal cavity.
106. I08. IIO. II2. I I 3 . II4?
Foucault I969ir972, 27. Friedlaender 1922, 326.
Ibid. , 326.
O. Wiener 1900, 23-24.
"The New Phonograph" 1 8 87, 422. Gelatt 1977, IOO-IOI.
107. Ibid. , 103 . I09? Ibid. , 327. III. Ibid.
I I 5 . Bruch 1979, 24?
II6. See Lerg 1970, 29-34. In the name of all German engineers, Slaby ( 19 I I , 3 69-70) found the exalting words: "At the turn of the century, words of deliverance resounding from the heights of the throne opened the path leading up- ward to the hallowed peaks of science . . . For whom do our hearts in this hour beat more passionately than for our emperor? He endowed us with rights and
privileges in the world of supreme intellectual life, he made us a full part of the struggle for the glory of the fatherland, and at its deepest roots he provided the blooming science of engineering with new ideal incentives. "
II7. For details, see Kittler 1984a, 42. [AVUS: Autoverkehrs- und Ubungs- strasse, a famous speedway in Berlin. -Trans. ]
I I 8 . Wildenbruch, 1 897, quoted in Bruch 1979, 20.
II9. Nietzsche/1882-1887ir974, 138. Hobbes stated more prosaically that "in ancient times, (before letters were in common use, the laws were many times put into verse, that the rude people taking pleasure in singing or reciting them might the more easily retain them in memory" (Hobbes 16sr/r994, 178).
1 20. See Mallarme 1 897/r94 5 , 4 5 5 . This poet's only "innovation" was
for the first time, the empty spaces between words or letters were granted typo- graphic "weight"-typewriter poetics.
121. Jensen 1917, 53.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
1 27.
128.
129.
1 30.
1 3 1 . Freud, "Fragments of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria," 1905, in
idem 1962, 7: 77-78.
132. Stern 1908, 432.
133. See Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson 1967, 54-55. 134. See Stern 19? 8, 432.
135. See Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson 1967, 72n.
147. Freud, "Recommendations to Physicans Practising Psycho-Analysis," 1912, in idem 1962, 12: II5-16. Since the study in the Berggasse was not cabled, the telephony Freud describes must have been wireless: radio avant la lettre. On the analogy between psychic and technological media, see also Freud, New In- troductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1933, in idem 1962, 22: 55. "And par- ticularly so far as thought-transference is concerned, it seems actually to favour
Kracauer 1930ir971-79, I: 262. Keun 1932ir979b, 194.
Ibid. , 8.
Ibid. , 58, 95.
Siemsen, 1926, in Kaes, Jay, and Dimendberg 1994, 664.
Wilde, 1890, in idem 1966, I091.
Benn 1959-61, 3: 474. For the same in prose, see Benn 1959-61, I: 518. Zumthor 1985, 368.
"The New Phonograph" 1 8 87, 422.
136. Stransky 1905, 18.
138. Ibid. , 4.
140. Ibid. , 96.
142. For details, see Kittlerr982/1989-90, 143-73.
143? Stoker 1897ir965, 79? 144? See Blodgett 1890, 43. 145? Gutzmann 1908, 486-88. 146. Ibid. , 499.
Notes to Pages 78-88 279
? 137. Ibid. , 18.
139? Ibid. , 7.
141. Baade 1913, 81-82.
that
280 Notes to Pages 89-94
the extension of the scientific-or, as our opponents say, the mechanistic-mode of thought to mental phenomena which are so hard to lay hold of. The telepathic process is supposed to consist in a mental act in one person instigating the same mental act in another person. What lies between these two mental acts may eas- ily be a physical process into which the mental one is transformed at one end and which is transformed back once more into the same mental one at the other end. The analogy with other transformations, such as occur in hearing or speaking by telephone, would then be unmistakable. "
148. See Campe 1986, 88.
149. Rilke 1910ir955-66, 6: 767.
150. See Stoker 1897ir965, 70, 79.
1 5 1 . See Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 1920, in idem 19 62, 1 8 : 25. 152. Freud, "Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria," 1905, in idem
1962, 7: 10. See also Freud, New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1933, in idem 1962, 22: 5, on his writing technique: "My Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis were delivered during the two Winter Terms of 19 1 5-16 and 1916-17 in a lecture room of the Vienna Psychiatric Clinic before an audience gathered from all the Faculties of the University. The first half of the lectures were improvised, and written out immediately afterwards; drafts of the second half were made during the intervening summer vacation at Salzburg, and delivered word for word in the following winter. At that time I still possessed the gift of a phonographic memory. "
153. See Benjamin 1968, 235.
154. See Freud, Interpretation ofDreams, 1899, in idem 1962, 4: 277-78. 155? Guattari 1975?
156. Berliner quoted in Bruch 1979, 31.
1 5 7. See the endless descriptions of symptoms in Freud, Studies on Hysteria,
1895, in idem 1962, 2: 48-79.
158. Ibid. , 2: 49-50. Freud was "always vexed" by the "'sound relation-
ships' . . . because here I lack the most elementary knowledge, thanks to the atro- phy of my acoustic sensibilities" (Freud, August 31, 1898, in idem 1985, 325). 159. Freud, "An Outline ofPsycho-Analysis," 1938, in idem 1962, 23: 196. 160. See Freud, "On Beginning the Treatment," 1913, in idem 1962, 12:
134-3 5?
1 6 1 . Freud, "The Handling o f Dream-Interpretation i n Psycho-Analysis,"
1912, in idem 1962, 12: 96.
162. Freud, Interpretation ofDreams, 1899, in idem 1962, 4: 278.
? Abraham 1913, 194. 164. Ibid. , 194-95.
See Sartre 1969b, 43. 166. Ibid. , 46.
Sartre 1969a, 1 8 12. 168. Sartre 1969b, 49. Foucault 1976ir990, 150. 170. Faulstich 1979, 193. See Chapple and Garofalo 1977, 1 .
163.
165.
167.
169.
1 7 1 .
172. List, 1939, quoted in Pohle 1955, 339: "Due to newspapers, journals,
and radio, the population's leadership vacuum is relatively small. It is about 4 or 5 out of 100. . . . It must therefore be emphasized that with the exception of a rel- atively small part the population is subject to the will of the political leadership. " The logic o f world war mobilization.
Notes to Pages 94-I04 281
173. McLuhan 1964, 307. 174. Slaby 19II, VII.
175? Ibid. , 333-34? 176. Ibid. , 344?
177. See Bronnen 1935, 76.
As everywhere in his key novel, Bronnen is ex-
tremely well informed.
178. See Chapple and Garofalo 1977, 54.
179. See Briggs 1961, 27.
180. See Lerg 197? , 43.
181. See Blair 1929, 87: "From the earliest time the Army has been a pio-
neer in the development of radio as a means of communication, and more espe- cially in the development of radio equipment for use by military forces in the field. . . . During the World War there was intensive development along all lines that appeared to make for the success of armies in the field. The armies of all powers involved . . . were quick to recognize its value and to expend funds and energy lavishly in scientific radio research. One of the biggest improvements which resulted was the design of more sensitive amplifiers by using vacuum tube detectors and amplifiers. "
182. See Volckheim 1923, 14. 184. See Briggs 1961, 38. 186. See Lerg 1970, 51.
188. H6fle, December, 20, 1923, quoted in Lerg 1970, 188.
189. Bronnen 1935, 21.
190. Ibid. , 16.
191. SundayTimes,quotedinGelatt1977,234.
192. Villiers 1886iI982, 97.
194. Kafka 1924ir948, 257. For sources, see Bauer-Wabnegg 1986, 179-80. 195? Cocteau 1992, 63-64.
196. Gelatt 1977, 282.
197. von Schramm 1979, 324. For similar, though fictionalized and post
(acto, gramophone simulations of the First World War, see Fussell 1975, 227-30. 198. See Pink Floyd 1975, 77, and Kittler I984b, 145-46.
199. R. Jones 1978, 76.
200. See Chapple and Garofalo 1977, 5 3 .
201. See Stoker 1897iI965, 318. For details, see Kittler 1982iI989-90, 167-69.
202. The Beatles n. d. , 194.
203. See Villiers I886iI982, 55. Onlyone experiment, undertaken in 1881, can b e considered the source o f this scene: "A major development . . . has been the introduction of stereophonic broadcasting. Like many other scientific devel- opments it suddenly became popular after spasmodic attempts dating back to the nineteenth century. As long ago as 188I arrangements were made at the Paris opera, using ten microphones, to convey the program in stereo by line to an exhi- bition at the Palace of Industry. This demonstration showed that 'audience per- spective' can lend a touch of magic to systems of quite modest performance" (Pawley 1972, 43 2).
204. Cuishaw, 1959, quoted in Gelatt 1977, 318. 205? Wagner I854iI993, 90.
183. See Virilio 1984iI989, 69-71. 185. Wedel 1962, 12.
187. Bredow 1954, 91.
193? See Gelatt 1977, 234-35?
282 Notes to Pages I04-9
206. Nietzsche 1873-761I990, 276.
207. Chapple and Garofalo 1977, I IO. VHF's superiority comes at the price of limited transmission range.
208. Wildhagen 1970, 27.
209. Ibid. ,31.
210. Nehring quoted in Bradley 1978, 1 83 . See also van Creveld 198 5,
192-94: "Thus the credit for recognizing the importance o f the question, for the first successful attempts and its solution, and for the first brilliant demonstration of how armoured command ought to operate belongs essentially to two men: Heinz Guderian-himself, not accidentally, an ex-signals officer who entered World War I as a lieutenant in charge of a wireless station-and General Fritz [sic] Fellgiebel, commanding officer, Signals Service, German Wehrmacht during most of the Nazi era. Between them these men developed the principles of radio- command that, in somewhat modified and technically infinitely more complex form, are still very much in use today. . . . The critical importance of command in armoured warfare cannot be exaggerated and is equalled only by the lack of sys- tematic attention paid to it by military historians. "
211. Briggs 1965, 362-63. According to Pawley (1972, 387), the Allied cap- ture of the army radio station in Luxembourg yielded only tapes but no equip- ment. Only following V-day Europe did the BBC receive six magnetophones for- merly belonging to the German navy.
212. Gelatt 1977, 286-87.
213. For Germany, see Faulstich 1979, 208, 218, and for Britain, see the technical details in Pawley 1972, 178-93.
214? Pohle 1955, 87?
215. Kolb, 1933, quoted in ibid. , 18.
216. Wedel 1962, II6-17. The next sentence states that the propaganda di-
vision of the Army High Command also had special "film tanks" at its disposal. 217. Ludendorff 1935, II9? 218. Pynchon 1973, 854?
219. Buchheit 1966, 121. 220. Dallin 1955, 172.
221. See Hodges 1983, 3 I4. Zuse's coworkers also planned to use magnetic
tapes for the storage of computer data. See Zuse I984, 99.
222. See Chapple and Garofalo 1977, 20.
223? Ibid. , 94.
224. See Garlitz 1967, 441. "After the German General Staff had been tried
as a criminal organization at Nuremberg and acquitted, the Americans began to study the Scharnhorst staff as a model for staff management in business. " See also Overbeck 1971, 90-91.
225. See the relay in Factor 1978. Rumor has it that Australian radio sta- tions broadcast without a second's delay.
226. See Scherer I983, 91. On the origin of the Abbey Road magnetic tapes, see Southall I982, I37: "There was also one interesting development which proved that out of adversity there sometimes comes the odd bit of good. In 1946, a team of audio engineers from America and England, including Abbey Road's Berth Jones, visited Berlin to study the developments in magnetic recording which had taken place in Germany during the war. They found amongst the military equipment that had been captured, a system of monitoring using magnetic tapes
? ? ? Notes to Pages I09-20 283
which the German command had used in an effort to break codes. The informa- tion gathered from this equipment enabled EMI to manufacture tape and tape recorders, resulting in the production of the famous BTR series which remained in use at Abbey Road for over 25 years. " Ironically, the acronym BTR stood for British Tape Recorders. And the Beatles encoded secret messages using machines the Army High Command had developed for decoding secret transmissions.
227. 228. 230. 232. 234.
death . " 235.
236. 237. 238. 240. 242. 243.
by senior 244. 24 5 . 246. 247?
FILM
Gilmour, in Pink Floyd 1975, I I 5 .
229. See Burroughs 1974, 200-202. 231. Ibid. , 12.
233? Ibid. , 14.
See Gilmour, in ibid. , II9.
Ibid. , II.
Ibid. , I3?
Ibid. , 202. See also Morrison 1976, 16: "All games contain the idea of
? Onreceptionandinterception,seep. 251.
Burroughs 1974, 15?
On scramblers as army equipment, see ibid. , 176-80.
Pynchon 1973, 267-68. 239? Burroughs 1974, 202.
See Leduc 1973, 33. 241. See Burroughs 1974, 180.
See Benjamin 1968, 239-41.
Pohle 1955, 297? Virilio (1984/ 1989, 66-67) emphasizes the role played
military personnel in rock management.
Pink Floyd 1983 , side A.
Hardenberg (Novalis) I 7981I960-75, 2: 662.
106. I08. IIO. II2. I I 3 . II4?
Foucault I969ir972, 27. Friedlaender 1922, 326.
Ibid. , 326.
O. Wiener 1900, 23-24.
"The New Phonograph" 1 8 87, 422. Gelatt 1977, IOO-IOI.
107. Ibid. , 103 . I09? Ibid. , 327. III. Ibid.
I I 5 . Bruch 1979, 24?
II6. See Lerg 1970, 29-34. In the name of all German engineers, Slaby ( 19 I I , 3 69-70) found the exalting words: "At the turn of the century, words of deliverance resounding from the heights of the throne opened the path leading up- ward to the hallowed peaks of science . . . For whom do our hearts in this hour beat more passionately than for our emperor? He endowed us with rights and
privileges in the world of supreme intellectual life, he made us a full part of the struggle for the glory of the fatherland, and at its deepest roots he provided the blooming science of engineering with new ideal incentives. "
II7. For details, see Kittler 1984a, 42. [AVUS: Autoverkehrs- und Ubungs- strasse, a famous speedway in Berlin. -Trans. ]
I I 8 . Wildenbruch, 1 897, quoted in Bruch 1979, 20.
II9. Nietzsche/1882-1887ir974, 138. Hobbes stated more prosaically that "in ancient times, (before letters were in common use, the laws were many times put into verse, that the rude people taking pleasure in singing or reciting them might the more easily retain them in memory" (Hobbes 16sr/r994, 178).
1 20. See Mallarme 1 897/r94 5 , 4 5 5 . This poet's only "innovation" was
for the first time, the empty spaces between words or letters were granted typo- graphic "weight"-typewriter poetics.
121. Jensen 1917, 53.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
1 27.
128.
129.
1 30.
1 3 1 . Freud, "Fragments of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria," 1905, in
idem 1962, 7: 77-78.
132. Stern 1908, 432.
133. See Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson 1967, 54-55. 134. See Stern 19? 8, 432.
135. See Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson 1967, 72n.
147. Freud, "Recommendations to Physicans Practising Psycho-Analysis," 1912, in idem 1962, 12: II5-16. Since the study in the Berggasse was not cabled, the telephony Freud describes must have been wireless: radio avant la lettre. On the analogy between psychic and technological media, see also Freud, New In- troductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1933, in idem 1962, 22: 55. "And par- ticularly so far as thought-transference is concerned, it seems actually to favour
Kracauer 1930ir971-79, I: 262. Keun 1932ir979b, 194.
Ibid. , 8.
Ibid. , 58, 95.
Siemsen, 1926, in Kaes, Jay, and Dimendberg 1994, 664.
Wilde, 1890, in idem 1966, I091.
Benn 1959-61, 3: 474. For the same in prose, see Benn 1959-61, I: 518. Zumthor 1985, 368.
"The New Phonograph" 1 8 87, 422.
136. Stransky 1905, 18.
138. Ibid. , 4.
140. Ibid. , 96.
142. For details, see Kittlerr982/1989-90, 143-73.
143? Stoker 1897ir965, 79? 144? See Blodgett 1890, 43. 145? Gutzmann 1908, 486-88. 146. Ibid. , 499.
Notes to Pages 78-88 279
? 137. Ibid. , 18.
139? Ibid. , 7.
141. Baade 1913, 81-82.
that
280 Notes to Pages 89-94
the extension of the scientific-or, as our opponents say, the mechanistic-mode of thought to mental phenomena which are so hard to lay hold of. The telepathic process is supposed to consist in a mental act in one person instigating the same mental act in another person. What lies between these two mental acts may eas- ily be a physical process into which the mental one is transformed at one end and which is transformed back once more into the same mental one at the other end. The analogy with other transformations, such as occur in hearing or speaking by telephone, would then be unmistakable. "
148. See Campe 1986, 88.
149. Rilke 1910ir955-66, 6: 767.
150. See Stoker 1897ir965, 70, 79.
1 5 1 . See Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 1920, in idem 19 62, 1 8 : 25. 152. Freud, "Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria," 1905, in idem
1962, 7: 10. See also Freud, New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1933, in idem 1962, 22: 5, on his writing technique: "My Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis were delivered during the two Winter Terms of 19 1 5-16 and 1916-17 in a lecture room of the Vienna Psychiatric Clinic before an audience gathered from all the Faculties of the University. The first half of the lectures were improvised, and written out immediately afterwards; drafts of the second half were made during the intervening summer vacation at Salzburg, and delivered word for word in the following winter. At that time I still possessed the gift of a phonographic memory. "
153. See Benjamin 1968, 235.
154. See Freud, Interpretation ofDreams, 1899, in idem 1962, 4: 277-78. 155? Guattari 1975?
156. Berliner quoted in Bruch 1979, 31.
1 5 7. See the endless descriptions of symptoms in Freud, Studies on Hysteria,
1895, in idem 1962, 2: 48-79.
158. Ibid. , 2: 49-50. Freud was "always vexed" by the "'sound relation-
ships' . . . because here I lack the most elementary knowledge, thanks to the atro- phy of my acoustic sensibilities" (Freud, August 31, 1898, in idem 1985, 325). 159. Freud, "An Outline ofPsycho-Analysis," 1938, in idem 1962, 23: 196. 160. See Freud, "On Beginning the Treatment," 1913, in idem 1962, 12:
134-3 5?
1 6 1 . Freud, "The Handling o f Dream-Interpretation i n Psycho-Analysis,"
1912, in idem 1962, 12: 96.
162. Freud, Interpretation ofDreams, 1899, in idem 1962, 4: 278.
? Abraham 1913, 194. 164. Ibid. , 194-95.
See Sartre 1969b, 43. 166. Ibid. , 46.
Sartre 1969a, 1 8 12. 168. Sartre 1969b, 49. Foucault 1976ir990, 150. 170. Faulstich 1979, 193. See Chapple and Garofalo 1977, 1 .
163.
165.
167.
169.
1 7 1 .
172. List, 1939, quoted in Pohle 1955, 339: "Due to newspapers, journals,
and radio, the population's leadership vacuum is relatively small. It is about 4 or 5 out of 100. . . . It must therefore be emphasized that with the exception of a rel- atively small part the population is subject to the will of the political leadership. " The logic o f world war mobilization.
Notes to Pages 94-I04 281
173. McLuhan 1964, 307. 174. Slaby 19II, VII.
175? Ibid. , 333-34? 176. Ibid. , 344?
177. See Bronnen 1935, 76.
As everywhere in his key novel, Bronnen is ex-
tremely well informed.
178. See Chapple and Garofalo 1977, 54.
179. See Briggs 1961, 27.
180. See Lerg 197? , 43.
181. See Blair 1929, 87: "From the earliest time the Army has been a pio-
neer in the development of radio as a means of communication, and more espe- cially in the development of radio equipment for use by military forces in the field. . . . During the World War there was intensive development along all lines that appeared to make for the success of armies in the field. The armies of all powers involved . . . were quick to recognize its value and to expend funds and energy lavishly in scientific radio research. One of the biggest improvements which resulted was the design of more sensitive amplifiers by using vacuum tube detectors and amplifiers. "
182. See Volckheim 1923, 14. 184. See Briggs 1961, 38. 186. See Lerg 1970, 51.
188. H6fle, December, 20, 1923, quoted in Lerg 1970, 188.
189. Bronnen 1935, 21.
190. Ibid. , 16.
191. SundayTimes,quotedinGelatt1977,234.
192. Villiers 1886iI982, 97.
194. Kafka 1924ir948, 257. For sources, see Bauer-Wabnegg 1986, 179-80. 195? Cocteau 1992, 63-64.
196. Gelatt 1977, 282.
197. von Schramm 1979, 324. For similar, though fictionalized and post
(acto, gramophone simulations of the First World War, see Fussell 1975, 227-30. 198. See Pink Floyd 1975, 77, and Kittler I984b, 145-46.
199. R. Jones 1978, 76.
200. See Chapple and Garofalo 1977, 5 3 .
201. See Stoker 1897iI965, 318. For details, see Kittler 1982iI989-90, 167-69.
202. The Beatles n. d. , 194.
203. See Villiers I886iI982, 55. Onlyone experiment, undertaken in 1881, can b e considered the source o f this scene: "A major development . . . has been the introduction of stereophonic broadcasting. Like many other scientific devel- opments it suddenly became popular after spasmodic attempts dating back to the nineteenth century. As long ago as 188I arrangements were made at the Paris opera, using ten microphones, to convey the program in stereo by line to an exhi- bition at the Palace of Industry. This demonstration showed that 'audience per- spective' can lend a touch of magic to systems of quite modest performance" (Pawley 1972, 43 2).
204. Cuishaw, 1959, quoted in Gelatt 1977, 318. 205? Wagner I854iI993, 90.
183. See Virilio 1984iI989, 69-71. 185. Wedel 1962, 12.
187. Bredow 1954, 91.
193? See Gelatt 1977, 234-35?
282 Notes to Pages I04-9
206. Nietzsche 1873-761I990, 276.
207. Chapple and Garofalo 1977, I IO. VHF's superiority comes at the price of limited transmission range.
208. Wildhagen 1970, 27.
209. Ibid. ,31.
210. Nehring quoted in Bradley 1978, 1 83 . See also van Creveld 198 5,
192-94: "Thus the credit for recognizing the importance o f the question, for the first successful attempts and its solution, and for the first brilliant demonstration of how armoured command ought to operate belongs essentially to two men: Heinz Guderian-himself, not accidentally, an ex-signals officer who entered World War I as a lieutenant in charge of a wireless station-and General Fritz [sic] Fellgiebel, commanding officer, Signals Service, German Wehrmacht during most of the Nazi era. Between them these men developed the principles of radio- command that, in somewhat modified and technically infinitely more complex form, are still very much in use today. . . . The critical importance of command in armoured warfare cannot be exaggerated and is equalled only by the lack of sys- tematic attention paid to it by military historians. "
211. Briggs 1965, 362-63. According to Pawley (1972, 387), the Allied cap- ture of the army radio station in Luxembourg yielded only tapes but no equip- ment. Only following V-day Europe did the BBC receive six magnetophones for- merly belonging to the German navy.
212. Gelatt 1977, 286-87.
213. For Germany, see Faulstich 1979, 208, 218, and for Britain, see the technical details in Pawley 1972, 178-93.
214? Pohle 1955, 87?
215. Kolb, 1933, quoted in ibid. , 18.
216. Wedel 1962, II6-17. The next sentence states that the propaganda di-
vision of the Army High Command also had special "film tanks" at its disposal. 217. Ludendorff 1935, II9? 218. Pynchon 1973, 854?
219. Buchheit 1966, 121. 220. Dallin 1955, 172.
221. See Hodges 1983, 3 I4. Zuse's coworkers also planned to use magnetic
tapes for the storage of computer data. See Zuse I984, 99.
222. See Chapple and Garofalo 1977, 20.
223? Ibid. , 94.
224. See Garlitz 1967, 441. "After the German General Staff had been tried
as a criminal organization at Nuremberg and acquitted, the Americans began to study the Scharnhorst staff as a model for staff management in business. " See also Overbeck 1971, 90-91.
225. See the relay in Factor 1978. Rumor has it that Australian radio sta- tions broadcast without a second's delay.
226. See Scherer I983, 91. On the origin of the Abbey Road magnetic tapes, see Southall I982, I37: "There was also one interesting development which proved that out of adversity there sometimes comes the odd bit of good. In 1946, a team of audio engineers from America and England, including Abbey Road's Berth Jones, visited Berlin to study the developments in magnetic recording which had taken place in Germany during the war. They found amongst the military equipment that had been captured, a system of monitoring using magnetic tapes
? ? ? Notes to Pages I09-20 283
which the German command had used in an effort to break codes. The informa- tion gathered from this equipment enabled EMI to manufacture tape and tape recorders, resulting in the production of the famous BTR series which remained in use at Abbey Road for over 25 years. " Ironically, the acronym BTR stood for British Tape Recorders. And the Beatles encoded secret messages using machines the Army High Command had developed for decoding secret transmissions.
227. 228. 230. 232. 234.
death . " 235.
236. 237. 238. 240. 242. 243.
by senior 244. 24 5 . 246. 247?
FILM
Gilmour, in Pink Floyd 1975, I I 5 .
229. See Burroughs 1974, 200-202. 231. Ibid. , 12.
233? Ibid. , 14.
See Gilmour, in ibid. , II9.
Ibid. , II.
Ibid. , I3?
Ibid. , 202. See also Morrison 1976, 16: "All games contain the idea of
? Onreceptionandinterception,seep. 251.
Burroughs 1974, 15?
On scramblers as army equipment, see ibid. , 176-80.
Pynchon 1973, 267-68. 239? Burroughs 1974, 202.
See Leduc 1973, 33. 241. See Burroughs 1974, 180.
See Benjamin 1968, 239-41.
Pohle 1955, 297? Virilio (1984/ 1989, 66-67) emphasizes the role played
military personnel in rock management.
Pink Floyd 1983 , side A.
Hardenberg (Novalis) I 7981I960-75, 2: 662.
