1843) from a Bodleian manuscript, are three edicts Reiske supposed him to be the same person as
of Constantinus (p.
of Constantinus (p.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
) Soon afterwards, Mo sword of a conqueror: it was now both fear and
hammed made preparations for a siege of Constan- habit, and the transient impression of victory ac-
tinople, having declared that he would not make quired the strength of hereditary duty. With the
peace till he could reside in the capital of the fall of Constantinople, darkness spread over the
Greek empire.
East; but the Muses flying from the Bosporus
Constantinople was blockaded by land and by found a more genial home on the banks of the Arno
sea till the sultan's artillery was ready, which was and the Tiber. Almost four centuries have elapsed
cast at Adrianople by Urban, a Dacian* or Hun- since the first Mohammedan prayer was offered in
garian founder, and was of greater dimensions than St. Sophia ; yet all the power and glory of the
had ever been made before. While it was casting Sultans have been unable to root out of the minds
Mobammed took Mesembria, Anchialos, Byzon, of the Greeks the remembrance of their past gran-
and other towns which still belonged to the em- deur, and at the present moment the duration of
pire. On the 6th of April, 1453, Mohammed ap- the Turkish power in Constantinople is less pro
peared under the walls of Constantinople at the bable than the revival of a new Greek empire.
head of an army of 258,000 men, carrying with (Phranzes, lib. iii. , &c. ; Ducas, c. 34, &c. ; Chalco-
him, among other pieces of large size, a gun which condyles, lib. vii. , &c. ; Leonardus Chiensis, Hist.
threw a stone ball of 1200 pounds. The city was constant. u Turc. expugnatae, 1st ed. , Nürnberg,
defended by the Greeks and numerous Venetian, 1544, 4to. , a small but curious work, written a few
Genoese, and other Frankish auxiliaries or volun- months after the fall of Constantinople. ) (W. P. ]
teers; and the Christian navy was superior to the CONSTANTI'NUS ACROPOLI'TA. (ACRO-
Turkish, not in number, but in the construction of POLITA, GEORGIUS. ]
the ships and the skill of the Frankish marines. CONSTANTINUS, of ANTIOCH, also called
Our linuts do not allow us to give a history of Constantius, was a presbyter at the metropoli-
this siege.
Among the numerous works, in which tan church of Antioch, lived about A. D. 400,
the account is given with more or less truth or and was destined to succeed bishop Flavianus.
Porphyrius, however, who wished to obtain that
A Dacian (Aal) according to Chalcondylas, see, intrigued at the court of Constantinople,
and a Hungarian according to Ducas. Gibbon and succeeded in obtaining an order from the
(xii. p. 197, ed. 1815) says, “a Dane or Hunga- emperor Arcadius for the banishment of Con-
rian," —either a mistake or a typographical error. stantine. With the aid of some friends, Constan-
## p. 845 (#865) ############################################
CONSTANTINUS.
845
CONSTANTINUS.
66
tine escaped to Cyprus, where he seems to have CONSTANTI'NUS MELITENIO'TA, archi-
remained during the rest of his life. He survived | diaconus, lived about 1276, patronized the union
St. Chrysostom, who died in A. D. 407. Constan- of the Greek and Latin Churches, died in exile in
tine edited the Commentary of St. Chrysostom on Bithynia, and wrote two treatises “ De Ecclesiastica
the Epistle to the Hebrews, consisting of thirty- | Unione Latinorum et Graecorum,” and “ De Pro-
four homilies, arranged by the editor. Among the cessione Spiritus Sancti,” both, in the Greek text
Epistles of St. Chrysostom, two, viz. Ep. 221 and with a Latin translation, contained in Leo Allatius,
225, are addressed to Constantine, who is perhaps " Graecia Orthodoxa" (Cave, Hist. Lit. i. p. 738;
the author of two other Epistles commonly attri- Fabric. Bill. Gracc. xi. p. 272, 397. ) (W. P. )
buted to St. Chrysostom, viz. Ep. 237 and 238. CONSTANTI'NUS, surnamed NICAEUS from
(Cave, Hist. Lit. ii. p. 135, ad an. 404. ) [W. P. ) the place of his abode, by which surname alone he
CONSTANTI'NUS CEʻPHALAS (Kwotav- is usually designated in the Basilica, was a Graeco-
Tivos ó Kepalas), was the compiler of the most Roman jurist. (Busil. iii. p. 372. ) He was poste
important of the Greek Anthologies, the one which rior to Garidas, who flourished in the latter half of
is known by the name of the Palatine Anthology. the eleventh century of the Christian aera, for in
His personal history is entirely unknown, but in Basilica, ii. pp. 653, 654, he cites the Etoixelov of
all probability his Anthology was composed at the Garidas. He was a commentator upon the Novells
beginning of the tenth century of our era. An of Justinian (Bas. iii. p. 113), and upon the books
account of the literary history of the Greek Antho- of the Basilica. (Bas. ii. p. 65), iii. p. 240. ) Nic.
logy is given under PLANUDES. (P. S. ) Comnenus (Praenot. Mystag. p. 371) cites his ex-
CONSTANTI'NUS, DIACONUs and chartophy- position of the Novells. in Bas. iii. p. 208, he
lax at the metropolitan church of Constantinople, speaks of Stephanus as his teacher (o diddorados
wrote Oratio encomiastica in Omnes Sanctos viuwv Erépavos); but by this expression he may
Martyres," the Greek text of which is extant in have referred to the jurist Stephanus, who was a
MS. , and which is referred to in the Acts of the contemporary of Justinian, as an English lawyer
second council of Nicaea in “ Acta Patrum. ” He might call Čoke his niaster. Reiz, however (ad
lived before the eighth century. (Cave, Hist. Lit. Theopl. p. 1245), thinks it more probable, that he
ii. D. p. 10; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. X. p. 288, xi. referred to an Antonius Stephanus, judge and ma-
p. 270, xii. p. 239. )
(W. P. ) gistrate, who is said by Nic. Comnenus (Papado-
CONSTANTI'NUS HARMENOPULUS. poli) (Praenot. Mystag. p. 404) to have written
(HARMENOPULUS. )
scholia on the Ecloga of Leo; but G. E. Heimbach
CONSTANTI'NUS, a JURIST, a contemporary (Anecdotu, i. p. 221) has in this case clearly ex-
of Justinian. In A. D. 528, be was one of the posed the fabrication of Comnenus. In the scholia
commissioners appointed to form the first code of Constantinus Nicaeus appended to the Basilica
He was then, and in A. D. 529, when the first code are citations of Cyrillus, Stephanus, and Thalelaeus
was confirmed, mentioned by Justinian with se-(iii. p. 141), of Joannes Nomophylus, with whom
veral official titles : vir illustris, comes sacrarum he disagrees (ii. p. 549), of the Institutes (iii. p.
largitionum inter agentes, et magister scrinii libel-616), of the Digest (üi. p. 275, ii. p. 650), of the
lorum et sacrarum cognitionum. ” (Const. Haec Novells of Leo (iii. p. 186), and of the Basilica
quae necessario, § 1, Const. Summa Reipublicae, (ii. pp. 550, 615, 616, 619, iji. pp. 194, 240).
§ 2. )
(Reiz, ad Theoph. p. 1238; Assemani, Bibl. Jur.
A person of the same name, who is described as Orient. ii. c. 20, p. 404 ; Pohl, ad Suares. Notit.
an advocate at Constantinople, without any of Basil. p. 134, n. (o); Heimbach, de Basil. Orig.
these official titles, was one of the commissioners p. 75. )
[J. T. G. )
appointed to compile the Digest, A. D. 530 (Const. CONSTANTI'NUS RHO'DIUS (Kwvotav-
Tanta, $ 9), and was also one of the commissioners Tivos ó 'Podíos), is the author of three epigrams in
appointed to draw up that new edition of the Code the Greek Anthology (Jacobs, Paralip. e Cod. Vat.
which now forms part of the Corpus Juris. (Const. 201—203, xiii. pp. 738—740), the first of which
Cordi, § 2. )
was written, as appears from internal evidence,
In the collection of Edicta Praefectorum Prae- during the joint reign of the emperors Leo and
torio, first published by Zachariae (Anecdota, Lips. Alexander, that is, between A. D. 906 and 911.
1843) from a Bodleian manuscript, are three edicts Reiske supposed him to be the same person as
of Constantinus (p. 272). The edicts in this col. Constantinus Cephalas, who compiled the Palatine
lection belong to the time of Anastasius, Justin, Anthology. [CONSTANTINUS CEPHALAS. ] The
and Justinian. (A. D. 491-565. ) Zachariae thinks poetry of Constantine himself is barbarous in the
that the author of these three edicts was the Con- last degree. (Jacobs, Anthol. Graec. xiii. pp. 874,
stantinus who was praef. praet. of the East under 875; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. iv. 469. ) [P. S. ]
Anastasius, as appears from Cod. 8, tit. 48. s. 5, CONSTANTI'NUS SI'CULUS (Kwotavtic
and Cod. 2, tit. 7. s. 22, and that his full name vos é Luenos), is the author of an epigram in the
was Asper Alypius Constantinus. (p. 260, nn. 19, Greek Anthology on the chair (Ipóvos) from which
20. )
[J. T. G. ) he taught, which is followed in the Vatican MS.
CONSTANTI'NUS LICHUDES or LICU- by the reply of Theophanes. (Jacobs, Paralip. e
DEX, protorestiarius, became patriarch of Con- Cod. Vat. 199, 200, xiii
. pp. 737, 738. ) Since
stantinople about A. D. 1058, and died in 1066. each poet's name has the title pakapſov added to
We have two Decreta Synodalia of him, on “Cri- it, it would appear that they were both dead be-
minal Slaves," and on * Priests being arrested for fore the time when the Palatine Anthology was
Murder," which are contained with a Latin trans- compiled, that is, the beginning of the tenth cen-
lation in Leunclavius, Jus Graeco-Romanum. (Cave, tury. From the subject of the above-mentioned
Hist. Lit. i. p. 613, ad an. 1058. ) (W. P. ) epigram it is inferred, that Constantine was a
CONSTANTI'NUS MANASSES. (MA- rhetorician or philosopher. There is extant in
NASSES. ]
MS. an anacreontic poem by Constantine, a philo
## p. 846 (#866) ############################################
846
CONSTANTIUS.
CONSTANTIUS.
sopher of Sicily. (Kwotavtſvou ø1100bpov Toll | wife, Helena, whom he had repudiated. The same
Eikehoù; Lambec. Bibl. Caesar. L. V. Cod. 333, Constantine, afterwards the Great, succeeded him
p. 295; Jacobs, Anthol. Gracc. xiii. p. 874; Fa- in his share of the government. Constantius was
bric. Bibl. Graec. iv. 469. )
[P. S. ] one of the most excellent characters among the
CONSTA'NTIUS I. FLAVIUS VALE'- later Romans, and it is to be regretted that we
RIUS, surnamed CHLORUS (ó Xawpós), “ the know so little about him. His administration of
Pale,” Roman emperor, A. D. 305-306, the father his provinces procured him great honour, for he
of Constantine the Great, was the son of one Eu- took the most lively interest in the welfare of the
tropius, of a noble Dardanian family, and Claudia, people, and was so far from imitating the rapacity
the daughter of Crispus, who was the (younger ? ) of other governors, that he was not even provided
brother of the emperors Claudius II. and Quintilius. with such things as are necessary to men of his
He was probably born in 250. Distinguished rank, though a vulgar appellation calls them luxu-
by ability, valour, and virtue, Constantius became ries. In his abstinence from luxuries he seems,
governor of Dalmatia during the reign of the em- however, to have shewn some affectation. The
peror Carus, who, disgusted with the extravagant Pagans praised him for his humanity, and the
conduct of his son Carinus, intended to adopt and Christians for his impartiality and toleration.
appoint as his successor the more worthy Constan- Theophanes calls him Xplotiavóopwv, or a man of
tius. Death prevented Carus from carrying that Christian principles. His conduct during the per-
plan into execution, and the reward of Constantius secution of the Christians by Diocletian was very
was left to the emperors Diocletian and Maximian, humane. It is not known whence he received the
who had experienced that the government of the surname of Chlorus, or the Pale, which is given
immense Roman empire, in its perpetual and hos- to him only by later Byzantine writers. Gibbon
tile contact with so many barbarians, was a burden (vol. ii. p. 118, note l. ed. 1815) observes, that any
too heavy not only for one, but even for two em- remarkable degree of paleness seems inconsistent
perors, however distinguished they were. They with the rubor mentioned in the Panegyrics (v.
consequently resolved that each should appoint a 19). Besides his son and successor, Constantine,
co-regent Caesar, and their choice fell upon Con- Constantius had by his second wife, Theodora,
stantius, who was adopted by Maximian, and three sons and three daughters, who are mentioned
Galerius, who was adopted by Diocletian. Both in the genealogical table prefixed to the life of
the Caesars were obliged to repudiate their wives, CONSTANTINUS I. (Eutrop. ix. 14-23; Aurel. Vict.
and Galerius was married to Valeria, the daughter Caes. 39, &c. , Epit. 39 ; Zosim. ii. 7, &c. ; Theo
of Diocletian, while Constantius received the hand phan. pp. 4–8, ed. Paris; Panegyric. Veter. iv. 3,
of Theodora, the daughter of the wife of Maximian. vi. 4, 6; Euseb. Vit. Const. i. 13-21; Treb. Pol-
Their appointment as Caesars took place at Nico- lio, Claudius, 3. 13; Ael. Spart. Ael. Verus, 2;
medeia on the 1st of March, 292. The govern- Vopiscus, Carinus, 16, 17, Aurelianus, 44, Probus,
ment of the empire was distributed among the 22; Amm. Marc. xix. 2. )
[W. P. ]
four princes in the following manner : Constantius
was set over the provinces beyond the Alps, that
is, Gaul, Britain, and Spain (? ); Galerius received
both the Illyriae and Moesia, an extensive tract
comprising all the countries from the Inn in Ger-
many to mount Athos and the shores of the Archi-
pelago, and from the Adriatic Sea to the mouth of
the Danube ; Maximian governed Italy and Africa;
and Thrace, Egypt, and all the Asiatic provinces
COIN OP CONSTANTIUS I.
were reserved for the authority of Diocletian. The
first and most important business of Constantius CONSTA'NTIUS II. , FLAVIUS JULIUS,
was the reunion of Britain with the empire, as Roman emperor, A. D. 337–361, whose name is
Carausius bad succeeded in making himself inde sometimes written Flavius Claudius Constantius,
pendent of the authority of Diocletian and Maxi- Flavius Valerius Constantius, and Constantinus
mian. [CARAUSIUS. ] After the murder of Carau- Constantius. He was the third son of Constantine
sius by Allectus in 293, this officer seized the the Great, and the second whom he had by his se-
government; but Britain was taken from him cond wife, Fausta ; he was born at Sirmium in Pan-
after a struggle of three years [ALLECTUS], and nonia on the 6th of August, A. D. 317, in the con-
Constantius established his authority there. Some sulate of Ovidius Gallicanus and Septimius Bassus.
time afterwards, the Alemanni invaded Gaul. A He was educated with and received the same care-
pitched battle took place, in 298, between them ful education as his brothers, Constantine and Con-
and Constantius at Lingones, in Lugdunensis stans, was less proficient in learned pursuits and
Prima, now Langres: the Romans were nearly fine arts, but surpassed them in gymnastic and
routed, when Constantius restored the battle, de military exercises. He was created consul in
feated the enemy, and killed either 60,000 or 6000 326, or perhaps as early as 324, and was employed
barbarians. They suffered another defeat at Vin- by his father in the administration of the eastern
donissa, now Windish, in Switzerland : there are provinces. At the death of his father in 337,
doubts with regard to this battle. After the Constantius was in Asia, and immediately has-
abdication of Diocletian and Maximian, in 305, tened to Constantinople, where the garrison had
Constantius and Galerius assumed the title and already declared that none should reign but the
dignity of Augusti, and ruled as co-emperors. sons of Constantine, excluding thus the nephews
Constantius died fifteen months afterwards (25th of the late emperor, Dalmatius and Hannibalianus,
of July, 306) at Eboracum, now York, on an expedi- from the government of those provinces which had
tion against the Picts, in which he was accompanied been assigned to them by Constantine, who had
by his son Constantine, whom he had by his first placed Dalmatius over Greece, Macedonia, Thrace,
PASNO
## p. 847 (#867) ############################################
CONSTANTIUS.
347
CONSTANTIUS.
and part of Illyricum, and Hannibalianus over | him, proposing that he should acknowledge their
Pontus, Cappadocia, and Armenia Minor, with master as emperor, and cement their alliance by a
Caesareia as the capital. The declaration of the marriage of Constantius with the daughter of
army, whether preconcerted between them and Magnentius, and of Magnentius with Constantina,
the sons of Constantine or not, was agreeable to eldest sister of Constantius ; they threatened him
Constantius, who was apparently resolved to act with the consequences of a war should he decline
in accordance with the same views. In a whole- those propositions. Constantius dismissed the
sale murder, where the troops were the execu- ambassadors with a haughty refusal, and, sending
tioners, the male descendants of Constantius Chlo- one of them back to Magnentius, ordered the
rus by his second wife perished through the cruel others to be put in prison as the agents of a rebel.
perfidy of Constantius, who spared the lives of His conduct towards Vetranio tended to a reconci-
only two princes, Flavius Julius Gallus and Fla- liation; but while he promised to acknowledge him
vius Claudius Julianus, the sons of Flavius Julianus as co-emperor if he would join him against Mag-
Constantius, youngest son of Constantius Chlorus, nentius, he secretly planned treachery. Having
who himself became a victim of his nephew's am- bribed or persuaded the principal officers of Vetranio
bition. Besides those princes, the patrician Opta- to forsake their master if it should suit his plans,
tus and the praefectus praetorio Ablavius were he advanced towards Sardica, now Sophia, where
likewise massacred. It would be difficult to ex- he met with Vetranio, both of them being at the
culpate Constantius from the part which he took head of an army, that of Vetranio, however, being
in this bloody affair, even if it were true that his by far the stronger. Had Vetranio, a straight-
crime was not so much that of a murderer as that forward veteran, who could disobey but was not
of a cool spectator of a massacre which he could made for more refined perfidy, now acted in the
have prevented.
spirit of Constantius, he could have seized his rival
After this the three sons of Constantine the in the midst of his camp; but the result was very
Great had an interview at Sirmium in Pannonia, different. On a plain near Sardica a tribune was
and made a new division of the empire (Septem- erected, where the two emperors showed them-
ber, 337), in which Constantine, the eldest, re selves to their troops, who filled the plain ap-
ceived Gaul, Spain, Britain, and part of Africa ; parently for the purpose of being witnesses of a
Constantius, the second and the subject of this ceremony by which the empire was to have two
article, Thrace, Macedonia, Greece, 'the Asiatic lawful heads. Constantius first addressed the
provinces, and Egypt; and Constans, the youngest, armed crowd, and artfully turning upon his “ legi-
Italy, Illyricum, and the rest of Africa. The an- timate" opinion, that a son of the great Constantine
cient world was thus governed by three youths of was alone worthy to reign, suddenly met with a
twenty-one, twenty, and seventeen years of age. thunder of applause from his own troops as well as
Immediately after the death of Constantine the Great those of Vetranio, who, either spontaneously or in
a war broke out with the Persian king, Sapor II. , accordance with the instructions of their officers,
which was chiefly carried on in Mesopotamia and declared that they would obey no emperor but
on the frontiers of Syria, and, with short interrup- Constantius. Vetranio at once perceived his situ-
tions, lasted during the whole reign of Constantius. ation : he took off his diadem, knelt down before
This war was to the disadvantage of the Romans Constantius, and acknowledged him as his master,
(Greeks), who were vanquished in many battles, himself as his guilty subject. Constantius evinced
especially at Singara, in 343, where Constan- equal wisdom: he raised Vetranio from the ground,
tius commanded in person, and after having car- embraced him, and, as he despised a throne, as-
ried the day, was routed with great slaughter of signed him a pension, and allowed him to spend
his troops in the succeeding night. On the other the rest of his days at Prusa. (A. D. 351. )
hand, the Persians sustained great losses in their Constantius now turned his arms against Mag-
fruitless attempts to take the strong fortress of nentius, after having appointed his cousin Gallus
Nisibis, the key of Mesopotamia ; and as other as Caesar and commander-in-chief of the army
fortified places in that country as well as in the against the Persians. At Mursa, now Essek, a
mountains of Armenia were equally well defended, town on the river Drave in Hungary, Magnentius
Sapor gained victories without making any acqui- was routed (28th of September, A. D. 351) in a
sitions.
bloody battle, in which Constantius erinced more
Being thus engaged in the east, Constantius was piety than courage, but where the flower of both
prevented from paying due intention to the west, arnies perished. The conquest of Illyricum and
and he was obliged to be a quiet spectator of the Italy was the fruit of that victory, and Magnentius
civil war between his brothers, in which Constan-fied into Gaul. There he was attacked in the
tine was slain at Aquileia, and Constans got pos- east by the army under Constantius, and in the
session of the whole share of Constantine in the west by another army, which, after having con-
division of the empire (A. D. 340). In 350, quered Africa and Spain, crossed the Pyrenees and
Constans was murdered by the troops of Magnen- penetrated into Gaul. After another complete de-
tius, who assumed the purple and was obeyed as feat at mount Seleucus in the Cossian Alps, and
emperor in Britain, Gaul, and Spain ; at the same the rebellion of the principal cities in Gaul, Mag-
time Vetranio, commander of the legions in the nentius, reduced to extremity, put an end to his
extensive province of Illyricum, was forced by his life, and his brother Decentius followed his exam-
troops to imitate the example of Magentius, and ple.
hammed made preparations for a siege of Constan- habit, and the transient impression of victory ac-
tinople, having declared that he would not make quired the strength of hereditary duty. With the
peace till he could reside in the capital of the fall of Constantinople, darkness spread over the
Greek empire.
East; but the Muses flying from the Bosporus
Constantinople was blockaded by land and by found a more genial home on the banks of the Arno
sea till the sultan's artillery was ready, which was and the Tiber. Almost four centuries have elapsed
cast at Adrianople by Urban, a Dacian* or Hun- since the first Mohammedan prayer was offered in
garian founder, and was of greater dimensions than St. Sophia ; yet all the power and glory of the
had ever been made before. While it was casting Sultans have been unable to root out of the minds
Mobammed took Mesembria, Anchialos, Byzon, of the Greeks the remembrance of their past gran-
and other towns which still belonged to the em- deur, and at the present moment the duration of
pire. On the 6th of April, 1453, Mohammed ap- the Turkish power in Constantinople is less pro
peared under the walls of Constantinople at the bable than the revival of a new Greek empire.
head of an army of 258,000 men, carrying with (Phranzes, lib. iii. , &c. ; Ducas, c. 34, &c. ; Chalco-
him, among other pieces of large size, a gun which condyles, lib. vii. , &c. ; Leonardus Chiensis, Hist.
threw a stone ball of 1200 pounds. The city was constant. u Turc. expugnatae, 1st ed. , Nürnberg,
defended by the Greeks and numerous Venetian, 1544, 4to. , a small but curious work, written a few
Genoese, and other Frankish auxiliaries or volun- months after the fall of Constantinople. ) (W. P. ]
teers; and the Christian navy was superior to the CONSTANTI'NUS ACROPOLI'TA. (ACRO-
Turkish, not in number, but in the construction of POLITA, GEORGIUS. ]
the ships and the skill of the Frankish marines. CONSTANTINUS, of ANTIOCH, also called
Our linuts do not allow us to give a history of Constantius, was a presbyter at the metropoli-
this siege.
Among the numerous works, in which tan church of Antioch, lived about A. D. 400,
the account is given with more or less truth or and was destined to succeed bishop Flavianus.
Porphyrius, however, who wished to obtain that
A Dacian (Aal) according to Chalcondylas, see, intrigued at the court of Constantinople,
and a Hungarian according to Ducas. Gibbon and succeeded in obtaining an order from the
(xii. p. 197, ed. 1815) says, “a Dane or Hunga- emperor Arcadius for the banishment of Con-
rian," —either a mistake or a typographical error. stantine. With the aid of some friends, Constan-
## p. 845 (#865) ############################################
CONSTANTINUS.
845
CONSTANTINUS.
66
tine escaped to Cyprus, where he seems to have CONSTANTI'NUS MELITENIO'TA, archi-
remained during the rest of his life. He survived | diaconus, lived about 1276, patronized the union
St. Chrysostom, who died in A. D. 407. Constan- of the Greek and Latin Churches, died in exile in
tine edited the Commentary of St. Chrysostom on Bithynia, and wrote two treatises “ De Ecclesiastica
the Epistle to the Hebrews, consisting of thirty- | Unione Latinorum et Graecorum,” and “ De Pro-
four homilies, arranged by the editor. Among the cessione Spiritus Sancti,” both, in the Greek text
Epistles of St. Chrysostom, two, viz. Ep. 221 and with a Latin translation, contained in Leo Allatius,
225, are addressed to Constantine, who is perhaps " Graecia Orthodoxa" (Cave, Hist. Lit. i. p. 738;
the author of two other Epistles commonly attri- Fabric. Bill. Gracc. xi. p. 272, 397. ) (W. P. )
buted to St. Chrysostom, viz. Ep. 237 and 238. CONSTANTI'NUS, surnamed NICAEUS from
(Cave, Hist. Lit. ii. p. 135, ad an. 404. ) [W. P. ) the place of his abode, by which surname alone he
CONSTANTI'NUS CEʻPHALAS (Kwotav- is usually designated in the Basilica, was a Graeco-
Tivos ó Kepalas), was the compiler of the most Roman jurist. (Busil. iii. p. 372. ) He was poste
important of the Greek Anthologies, the one which rior to Garidas, who flourished in the latter half of
is known by the name of the Palatine Anthology. the eleventh century of the Christian aera, for in
His personal history is entirely unknown, but in Basilica, ii. pp. 653, 654, he cites the Etoixelov of
all probability his Anthology was composed at the Garidas. He was a commentator upon the Novells
beginning of the tenth century of our era. An of Justinian (Bas. iii. p. 113), and upon the books
account of the literary history of the Greek Antho- of the Basilica. (Bas. ii. p. 65), iii. p. 240. ) Nic.
logy is given under PLANUDES. (P. S. ) Comnenus (Praenot. Mystag. p. 371) cites his ex-
CONSTANTI'NUS, DIACONUs and chartophy- position of the Novells. in Bas. iii. p. 208, he
lax at the metropolitan church of Constantinople, speaks of Stephanus as his teacher (o diddorados
wrote Oratio encomiastica in Omnes Sanctos viuwv Erépavos); but by this expression he may
Martyres," the Greek text of which is extant in have referred to the jurist Stephanus, who was a
MS. , and which is referred to in the Acts of the contemporary of Justinian, as an English lawyer
second council of Nicaea in “ Acta Patrum. ” He might call Čoke his niaster. Reiz, however (ad
lived before the eighth century. (Cave, Hist. Lit. Theopl. p. 1245), thinks it more probable, that he
ii. D. p. 10; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. X. p. 288, xi. referred to an Antonius Stephanus, judge and ma-
p. 270, xii. p. 239. )
(W. P. ) gistrate, who is said by Nic. Comnenus (Papado-
CONSTANTI'NUS HARMENOPULUS. poli) (Praenot. Mystag. p. 404) to have written
(HARMENOPULUS. )
scholia on the Ecloga of Leo; but G. E. Heimbach
CONSTANTI'NUS, a JURIST, a contemporary (Anecdotu, i. p. 221) has in this case clearly ex-
of Justinian. In A. D. 528, be was one of the posed the fabrication of Comnenus. In the scholia
commissioners appointed to form the first code of Constantinus Nicaeus appended to the Basilica
He was then, and in A. D. 529, when the first code are citations of Cyrillus, Stephanus, and Thalelaeus
was confirmed, mentioned by Justinian with se-(iii. p. 141), of Joannes Nomophylus, with whom
veral official titles : vir illustris, comes sacrarum he disagrees (ii. p. 549), of the Institutes (iii. p.
largitionum inter agentes, et magister scrinii libel-616), of the Digest (üi. p. 275, ii. p. 650), of the
lorum et sacrarum cognitionum. ” (Const. Haec Novells of Leo (iii. p. 186), and of the Basilica
quae necessario, § 1, Const. Summa Reipublicae, (ii. pp. 550, 615, 616, 619, iji. pp. 194, 240).
§ 2. )
(Reiz, ad Theoph. p. 1238; Assemani, Bibl. Jur.
A person of the same name, who is described as Orient. ii. c. 20, p. 404 ; Pohl, ad Suares. Notit.
an advocate at Constantinople, without any of Basil. p. 134, n. (o); Heimbach, de Basil. Orig.
these official titles, was one of the commissioners p. 75. )
[J. T. G. )
appointed to compile the Digest, A. D. 530 (Const. CONSTANTI'NUS RHO'DIUS (Kwvotav-
Tanta, $ 9), and was also one of the commissioners Tivos ó 'Podíos), is the author of three epigrams in
appointed to draw up that new edition of the Code the Greek Anthology (Jacobs, Paralip. e Cod. Vat.
which now forms part of the Corpus Juris. (Const. 201—203, xiii. pp. 738—740), the first of which
Cordi, § 2. )
was written, as appears from internal evidence,
In the collection of Edicta Praefectorum Prae- during the joint reign of the emperors Leo and
torio, first published by Zachariae (Anecdota, Lips. Alexander, that is, between A. D. 906 and 911.
1843) from a Bodleian manuscript, are three edicts Reiske supposed him to be the same person as
of Constantinus (p. 272). The edicts in this col. Constantinus Cephalas, who compiled the Palatine
lection belong to the time of Anastasius, Justin, Anthology. [CONSTANTINUS CEPHALAS. ] The
and Justinian. (A. D. 491-565. ) Zachariae thinks poetry of Constantine himself is barbarous in the
that the author of these three edicts was the Con- last degree. (Jacobs, Anthol. Graec. xiii. pp. 874,
stantinus who was praef. praet. of the East under 875; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. iv. 469. ) [P. S. ]
Anastasius, as appears from Cod. 8, tit. 48. s. 5, CONSTANTI'NUS SI'CULUS (Kwotavtic
and Cod. 2, tit. 7. s. 22, and that his full name vos é Luenos), is the author of an epigram in the
was Asper Alypius Constantinus. (p. 260, nn. 19, Greek Anthology on the chair (Ipóvos) from which
20. )
[J. T. G. ) he taught, which is followed in the Vatican MS.
CONSTANTI'NUS LICHUDES or LICU- by the reply of Theophanes. (Jacobs, Paralip. e
DEX, protorestiarius, became patriarch of Con- Cod. Vat. 199, 200, xiii
. pp. 737, 738. ) Since
stantinople about A. D. 1058, and died in 1066. each poet's name has the title pakapſov added to
We have two Decreta Synodalia of him, on “Cri- it, it would appear that they were both dead be-
minal Slaves," and on * Priests being arrested for fore the time when the Palatine Anthology was
Murder," which are contained with a Latin trans- compiled, that is, the beginning of the tenth cen-
lation in Leunclavius, Jus Graeco-Romanum. (Cave, tury. From the subject of the above-mentioned
Hist. Lit. i. p. 613, ad an. 1058. ) (W. P. ) epigram it is inferred, that Constantine was a
CONSTANTI'NUS MANASSES. (MA- rhetorician or philosopher. There is extant in
NASSES. ]
MS. an anacreontic poem by Constantine, a philo
## p. 846 (#866) ############################################
846
CONSTANTIUS.
CONSTANTIUS.
sopher of Sicily. (Kwotavtſvou ø1100bpov Toll | wife, Helena, whom he had repudiated. The same
Eikehoù; Lambec. Bibl. Caesar. L. V. Cod. 333, Constantine, afterwards the Great, succeeded him
p. 295; Jacobs, Anthol. Gracc. xiii. p. 874; Fa- in his share of the government. Constantius was
bric. Bibl. Graec. iv. 469. )
[P. S. ] one of the most excellent characters among the
CONSTA'NTIUS I. FLAVIUS VALE'- later Romans, and it is to be regretted that we
RIUS, surnamed CHLORUS (ó Xawpós), “ the know so little about him. His administration of
Pale,” Roman emperor, A. D. 305-306, the father his provinces procured him great honour, for he
of Constantine the Great, was the son of one Eu- took the most lively interest in the welfare of the
tropius, of a noble Dardanian family, and Claudia, people, and was so far from imitating the rapacity
the daughter of Crispus, who was the (younger ? ) of other governors, that he was not even provided
brother of the emperors Claudius II. and Quintilius. with such things as are necessary to men of his
He was probably born in 250. Distinguished rank, though a vulgar appellation calls them luxu-
by ability, valour, and virtue, Constantius became ries. In his abstinence from luxuries he seems,
governor of Dalmatia during the reign of the em- however, to have shewn some affectation. The
peror Carus, who, disgusted with the extravagant Pagans praised him for his humanity, and the
conduct of his son Carinus, intended to adopt and Christians for his impartiality and toleration.
appoint as his successor the more worthy Constan- Theophanes calls him Xplotiavóopwv, or a man of
tius. Death prevented Carus from carrying that Christian principles. His conduct during the per-
plan into execution, and the reward of Constantius secution of the Christians by Diocletian was very
was left to the emperors Diocletian and Maximian, humane. It is not known whence he received the
who had experienced that the government of the surname of Chlorus, or the Pale, which is given
immense Roman empire, in its perpetual and hos- to him only by later Byzantine writers. Gibbon
tile contact with so many barbarians, was a burden (vol. ii. p. 118, note l. ed. 1815) observes, that any
too heavy not only for one, but even for two em- remarkable degree of paleness seems inconsistent
perors, however distinguished they were. They with the rubor mentioned in the Panegyrics (v.
consequently resolved that each should appoint a 19). Besides his son and successor, Constantine,
co-regent Caesar, and their choice fell upon Con- Constantius had by his second wife, Theodora,
stantius, who was adopted by Maximian, and three sons and three daughters, who are mentioned
Galerius, who was adopted by Diocletian. Both in the genealogical table prefixed to the life of
the Caesars were obliged to repudiate their wives, CONSTANTINUS I. (Eutrop. ix. 14-23; Aurel. Vict.
and Galerius was married to Valeria, the daughter Caes. 39, &c. , Epit. 39 ; Zosim. ii. 7, &c. ; Theo
of Diocletian, while Constantius received the hand phan. pp. 4–8, ed. Paris; Panegyric. Veter. iv. 3,
of Theodora, the daughter of the wife of Maximian. vi. 4, 6; Euseb. Vit. Const. i. 13-21; Treb. Pol-
Their appointment as Caesars took place at Nico- lio, Claudius, 3. 13; Ael. Spart. Ael. Verus, 2;
medeia on the 1st of March, 292. The govern- Vopiscus, Carinus, 16, 17, Aurelianus, 44, Probus,
ment of the empire was distributed among the 22; Amm. Marc. xix. 2. )
[W. P. ]
four princes in the following manner : Constantius
was set over the provinces beyond the Alps, that
is, Gaul, Britain, and Spain (? ); Galerius received
both the Illyriae and Moesia, an extensive tract
comprising all the countries from the Inn in Ger-
many to mount Athos and the shores of the Archi-
pelago, and from the Adriatic Sea to the mouth of
the Danube ; Maximian governed Italy and Africa;
and Thrace, Egypt, and all the Asiatic provinces
COIN OP CONSTANTIUS I.
were reserved for the authority of Diocletian. The
first and most important business of Constantius CONSTA'NTIUS II. , FLAVIUS JULIUS,
was the reunion of Britain with the empire, as Roman emperor, A. D. 337–361, whose name is
Carausius bad succeeded in making himself inde sometimes written Flavius Claudius Constantius,
pendent of the authority of Diocletian and Maxi- Flavius Valerius Constantius, and Constantinus
mian. [CARAUSIUS. ] After the murder of Carau- Constantius. He was the third son of Constantine
sius by Allectus in 293, this officer seized the the Great, and the second whom he had by his se-
government; but Britain was taken from him cond wife, Fausta ; he was born at Sirmium in Pan-
after a struggle of three years [ALLECTUS], and nonia on the 6th of August, A. D. 317, in the con-
Constantius established his authority there. Some sulate of Ovidius Gallicanus and Septimius Bassus.
time afterwards, the Alemanni invaded Gaul. A He was educated with and received the same care-
pitched battle took place, in 298, between them ful education as his brothers, Constantine and Con-
and Constantius at Lingones, in Lugdunensis stans, was less proficient in learned pursuits and
Prima, now Langres: the Romans were nearly fine arts, but surpassed them in gymnastic and
routed, when Constantius restored the battle, de military exercises. He was created consul in
feated the enemy, and killed either 60,000 or 6000 326, or perhaps as early as 324, and was employed
barbarians. They suffered another defeat at Vin- by his father in the administration of the eastern
donissa, now Windish, in Switzerland : there are provinces. At the death of his father in 337,
doubts with regard to this battle. After the Constantius was in Asia, and immediately has-
abdication of Diocletian and Maximian, in 305, tened to Constantinople, where the garrison had
Constantius and Galerius assumed the title and already declared that none should reign but the
dignity of Augusti, and ruled as co-emperors. sons of Constantine, excluding thus the nephews
Constantius died fifteen months afterwards (25th of the late emperor, Dalmatius and Hannibalianus,
of July, 306) at Eboracum, now York, on an expedi- from the government of those provinces which had
tion against the Picts, in which he was accompanied been assigned to them by Constantine, who had
by his son Constantine, whom he had by his first placed Dalmatius over Greece, Macedonia, Thrace,
PASNO
## p. 847 (#867) ############################################
CONSTANTIUS.
347
CONSTANTIUS.
and part of Illyricum, and Hannibalianus over | him, proposing that he should acknowledge their
Pontus, Cappadocia, and Armenia Minor, with master as emperor, and cement their alliance by a
Caesareia as the capital. The declaration of the marriage of Constantius with the daughter of
army, whether preconcerted between them and Magnentius, and of Magnentius with Constantina,
the sons of Constantine or not, was agreeable to eldest sister of Constantius ; they threatened him
Constantius, who was apparently resolved to act with the consequences of a war should he decline
in accordance with the same views. In a whole- those propositions. Constantius dismissed the
sale murder, where the troops were the execu- ambassadors with a haughty refusal, and, sending
tioners, the male descendants of Constantius Chlo- one of them back to Magnentius, ordered the
rus by his second wife perished through the cruel others to be put in prison as the agents of a rebel.
perfidy of Constantius, who spared the lives of His conduct towards Vetranio tended to a reconci-
only two princes, Flavius Julius Gallus and Fla- liation; but while he promised to acknowledge him
vius Claudius Julianus, the sons of Flavius Julianus as co-emperor if he would join him against Mag-
Constantius, youngest son of Constantius Chlorus, nentius, he secretly planned treachery. Having
who himself became a victim of his nephew's am- bribed or persuaded the principal officers of Vetranio
bition. Besides those princes, the patrician Opta- to forsake their master if it should suit his plans,
tus and the praefectus praetorio Ablavius were he advanced towards Sardica, now Sophia, where
likewise massacred. It would be difficult to ex- he met with Vetranio, both of them being at the
culpate Constantius from the part which he took head of an army, that of Vetranio, however, being
in this bloody affair, even if it were true that his by far the stronger. Had Vetranio, a straight-
crime was not so much that of a murderer as that forward veteran, who could disobey but was not
of a cool spectator of a massacre which he could made for more refined perfidy, now acted in the
have prevented.
spirit of Constantius, he could have seized his rival
After this the three sons of Constantine the in the midst of his camp; but the result was very
Great had an interview at Sirmium in Pannonia, different. On a plain near Sardica a tribune was
and made a new division of the empire (Septem- erected, where the two emperors showed them-
ber, 337), in which Constantine, the eldest, re selves to their troops, who filled the plain ap-
ceived Gaul, Spain, Britain, and part of Africa ; parently for the purpose of being witnesses of a
Constantius, the second and the subject of this ceremony by which the empire was to have two
article, Thrace, Macedonia, Greece, 'the Asiatic lawful heads. Constantius first addressed the
provinces, and Egypt; and Constans, the youngest, armed crowd, and artfully turning upon his “ legi-
Italy, Illyricum, and the rest of Africa. The an- timate" opinion, that a son of the great Constantine
cient world was thus governed by three youths of was alone worthy to reign, suddenly met with a
twenty-one, twenty, and seventeen years of age. thunder of applause from his own troops as well as
Immediately after the death of Constantine the Great those of Vetranio, who, either spontaneously or in
a war broke out with the Persian king, Sapor II. , accordance with the instructions of their officers,
which was chiefly carried on in Mesopotamia and declared that they would obey no emperor but
on the frontiers of Syria, and, with short interrup- Constantius. Vetranio at once perceived his situ-
tions, lasted during the whole reign of Constantius. ation : he took off his diadem, knelt down before
This war was to the disadvantage of the Romans Constantius, and acknowledged him as his master,
(Greeks), who were vanquished in many battles, himself as his guilty subject. Constantius evinced
especially at Singara, in 343, where Constan- equal wisdom: he raised Vetranio from the ground,
tius commanded in person, and after having car- embraced him, and, as he despised a throne, as-
ried the day, was routed with great slaughter of signed him a pension, and allowed him to spend
his troops in the succeeding night. On the other the rest of his days at Prusa. (A. D. 351. )
hand, the Persians sustained great losses in their Constantius now turned his arms against Mag-
fruitless attempts to take the strong fortress of nentius, after having appointed his cousin Gallus
Nisibis, the key of Mesopotamia ; and as other as Caesar and commander-in-chief of the army
fortified places in that country as well as in the against the Persians. At Mursa, now Essek, a
mountains of Armenia were equally well defended, town on the river Drave in Hungary, Magnentius
Sapor gained victories without making any acqui- was routed (28th of September, A. D. 351) in a
sitions.
bloody battle, in which Constantius erinced more
Being thus engaged in the east, Constantius was piety than courage, but where the flower of both
prevented from paying due intention to the west, arnies perished. The conquest of Illyricum and
and he was obliged to be a quiet spectator of the Italy was the fruit of that victory, and Magnentius
civil war between his brothers, in which Constan-fied into Gaul. There he was attacked in the
tine was slain at Aquileia, and Constans got pos- east by the army under Constantius, and in the
session of the whole share of Constantine in the west by another army, which, after having con-
division of the empire (A. D. 340). In 350, quered Africa and Spain, crossed the Pyrenees and
Constans was murdered by the troops of Magnen- penetrated into Gaul. After another complete de-
tius, who assumed the purple and was obeyed as feat at mount Seleucus in the Cossian Alps, and
emperor in Britain, Gaul, and Spain ; at the same the rebellion of the principal cities in Gaul, Mag-
time Vetranio, commander of the legions in the nentius, reduced to extremity, put an end to his
extensive province of Illyricum, was forced by his life, and his brother Decentius followed his exam-
troops to imitate the example of Magentius, and ple.
