3 ' 2 See Venerable Bede's "
Historia
Eccle- 301 See Adamnan's "Life of St.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v6
3Seelib.
ii.
, cap.
39.
274 The abode of such was called a
sSl He is called Cen CebeTJe.
*82
SeetheIrishAnnals.
l83 No more than the Deoradhs, or the
other developments of conventual obser- vance, the Culdees had no particular con- nexion with this order.
284 And chiefly from those written by Adamnan.
285 In connexion with this portion of our
narrative, it may be permitted us to observe, we have closely followed that admirable
general analysis—left us by Rev Dr. Reeves in his edition of Adamnan's work—which is
" averyresearchfuldissertationon Institutio
Hyensis. " See Additional Notes N, pp.
334 to 369.
from the Latin word desertum.
275 As a heremitical life was held in such honour among the Scotic churches, we fre- find the word Desert an element in
of heremitical life at the monastery of Mel- rose, in Venerable Bede's " Historia Eccle-
siastica Gentis Anglorum," lib. v. , cap. xii. -'7 There was a Disert, likewise, beside themonasteryofDerry,aswehaveit men- tioned in the Annals of Ulster, at a. d. ii 22. See Rev. Dr. O'Conor's " Rerum Hiberni-
carumScriptores,"tomusiv. ,p. 387.
2 ? 8 In 1101, the Four Masters record the endowmentofasimilarinstitutionatCashel,
for c]\AibT>ech or devotees.
2? 9 In Irish called the T)iret\cAc, or cenn
An 'Oirmc.
280 See the Irish Annals, at A. D. 1164.
•circle,
quently religious
nomenclature.
'i6 See an account of Drycthelm's manner
28s
"
SeeAdamnan's LifeofSt. Columba,"
lib. i. , cap. 32, lib. ii. , cap. 10. "
287SeeVenerableBede's HistoriaEccle- siastica Gentis Anglorum," lib. iii. , cap. iii.
ee Adamnan's " Life of St. Columba,"
288
p. 166, lib. i. ,cap. 2, 40, lib . ii-, cap. 4, 27,31,
,C>
4oo LIVES OFTHEIRISHSAINTS. [June 9. withdrawnfromthecaresoftheworldtoserveundertheLord'sstandard. Their
society
was known as a Coenobites' 28? a 29° or a community, monastery,
college
of monks, living under a prescribed rule, and observing a very strict disci-
were as members or brothers of the same 2? 1 pline. They regarded family,
undertheimmediatedirectionofageneralsuperior,atIona,292 andofalocal superior, in the other dependent monasteries. 2? 3 The latter superiors were usually denominated priors. In Iona, St. Columba, the founder, was the first
superior,
and called Abbot,2? * or
Father,
2? 3 or
Holy Father,
2? 6 or
Holy
2? ? as reverence for his
plied to him. After his death, as the venerable founder, he is often styled Patron. When he had settled on the Island, Iona became the mother church or parent
2? 8 where the Abbot chose to reside. The other churches and monasteries which he established in Ireland 2? 9 and in Scotland,300 or which his disciples had been commissioned to erect, were subject to his direction, astheyhadreceivedtheirchargefromhim. Thesearesometimesvisited,301 ministeredin,3°2 andregulated. 303 Still,althoughhavingsuchextensivejuris- diction and power, our holy Abbot never advanced beyond the grade of Presbyter or Priest30* This observance, which had its origin in choice,305 and its continuance in precedent,305 by no means implied a usurpation or a dis- regard of the episcopal office. However, he was accustomed to pronounce absolution,3°7 as also to celebrate the Holy Sacrifice of Mass. 308 At all times, Bishops connected with the society resided at Hy,3°? or in some dependent church, and these were subject to the Abbot's jurisdiction. 310 They rendered him conventual obedience, agreeably to their monastic vow. 31 ' Their acts were performed, on the responsibility of the Abbot, or for the service of his community. 312 They were regarded, as essential to the propagation rather than to the maintenance of the Church, and they had little authority in the internal or external economy of the society. The essential function of the episcopal office, however, was scrupulously maintained, and when a priest was for ordination, the was called in 3 ' 3 where a distant
pro-
;
vince was to be brought within the Christian pale, a Bishop was consecrated 31 *
Senior,
person
and
authority
dictated the
term,
when
ap-
establishment,
prepared bishop
lib. iii. , cap. 4, 23.
289 See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. i.
•5° See Venerable Bede's
"
Historia lib. iii. ,
303 See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. 21, lib. ii. , cap. 43. *^>» See ibid , lib. i. , cap. 44.
Venerable Bede observes of St. Co-
lumba: non — sed
"Qui episcopus, presbyter
Ecclesiastica Gentis
Anglorum,"
"
291 See Adamnan's Life of St. Columba," astica Gentis Anglorum," lib. iii. , cap. iv. , p.
cap. v. , p. 169.
"
extitit et monachus. ''
Historia Ecclesi-
lib. i. , cap. i. , lib. ii. , cap. 28, 39, 42, lib. iii. , 169.
cap. 20, 23. 3°6 See ibid. , lib. iii. , cap. v. , pp. 162 to
292 It is called "matrix ecclesia. " See 172, and lib. v. , cap. xv. . p. 297.
ibid. , lib. i. , cap. 5.
293 See ibid. , lib. i , cap. 3, 45, 50, lib. ii. ,
cap. 39.
994 See ibid. , Secunda Praefacio, lib. i. ,
3°? "
See Adamnan's Life of St. Columba,"
cap. i.
295 See Secunda Pra;facio.
26 3'°
* See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. i.
257 See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. 2, 37.
298 See ibid. , lib, i. , cap. i.
299 A
found in Rev. Dr. Reeves' Adamnan's Life esse subjecti. " "Historia Ecclesiastica of St. Columba," Additional Notes G, pp. Gentis Anglorum," lib. iii. , cap. iv. , p. 169.
276 to 289. 3" See ibid. , lib. iii. , cap. iii. , pp, 166, 300 For these erections see ibid. , Addi- 167. Also Vita S. Cuthberti, cap. xvi.
tional Notes H, pp. 289 to 298.
3 ' 2 See Venerable Bede's " Historia Eccle- 301 See Adamnan's "Life of St. Co- siastica Gentis Anglorum," lib. iii. , cap. v. ,
very complete
list of these will be "
etiam — ordine
ipsi episcopi, inusiiato,
debeant
lumba," lib. i. , cap. 3, 50.
pp. 169 to 1 72, and cap. xxv. , pp. 233 to 236.
302 See ibid. , lib.
iii. , cap. 17.
3I3 See Adamnan's " Lifeof St.
Columba,"
lib. i. , cap. 30.
3o8 See lib. lib. i. , cap. 44,
iii. , cap. 10, II,
17, 23.
309 No less than five Bishops of Iona are
recorded in the Annals of Ireland. Venerable Bede thus alludes to this
special kind of monastic government at
Iona:
"
Cujus juri et omnis provincia, et
June 9. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 401
for the creation of a local ministry, and successors to him were ordained and sent forth, from time to timer's and whenever an accredited candidate came from Ireland to Hy, in like manner, he was invested with the highest eccle- siastical orders. 310 The illustrious Abbot set the example ofgreat veneration
cap. 4.
a line in Latin, where the term obtrudes : " Munthir Benchuir beata. "—Muratori's
322 See ibid. , lib.
X? while, in the service of his own mother
for the
and from the altar, Columba disclaimed all pretensions to equality 3l8 with one of episcopal rank. This was no more than might be expected from—a Priest, who had served as a Deacon,310 and in a monaster—
episcopal body ;3
Church,
y where Priests called from their chief function Ministers of the Altar 32° lived under the presidency of a Bishop 321 and from one who received the hospitality of
Ireland,323 for communion and for edification.
On extraordinary occasions, the Abbot was accustomed to summon his
monks to the oratory, and to address them from the Altar, as also, often he
solicited, their prayers. 324 In the dead hour of the night, atone time, he
called them into the oratory. 323 When at home, he was attended,325 except
whenhe adesiretobealone32? and,whenabroad,hewasaccom- signified ;
paniedbyassociates. 328 Hepreached32°orbaptized,330asoccasionpresented. He had power to dispense with a fast, 331 to relax occasionally penitential dis- cipline, 332 or to regulate its intensity. 333 He had control over the temporali- ties of the monastery. 33* He despatched a brother of his own selection, sometimes to proceed on a distant mission,333 r to serve the monastic inte- rests. 330 Heforbade, at pleasure, admission to the island. 33? Healso gave a licence for departure,338 when his benediction was usually bestowed. 330 He was saluted by prostration. 34° Constituted as a Christian family,341 the monks were variedly addressed,342 as they were variously classed. The Seniors 343 were those of tried devotedness, and of long standing in the monastery. The Juniors,344 Alumni,34$ and Pueri familiares,346 were those under instruction or
;
another Bishop,322 while his own institution was frequented by Bishops from
lib. i. , cap. 36.
314 See Venerable Bede's " Historia Ec-
clesiastica Gentis Anglorum," lib. iii. ,
cap. v.
3's Seeibid. , lib. iii. , cap. 17, 21, 25, lib.
iv. , cap. 4.
316 Thus, St. Columbanus received the
episcopal grade from St. Columba, in the Island of Hy. See Colgan's "Acta Sancto-
rum Hiberniae," Jatvuarii xv. Vita S. Itse, cap. xxi. , p. 69.
317 See Adamnan's " Life of St. Columba," lib. ii. , cap. 1.
318 See lib. i. , cap. 44.
319 See Adamnan's " Life of St. Columba," lib. ii. , cap. 1, 25.
320 See ibid. , lib. ii. , cap. I.
321 See ibid. , lib. ii. , cap. I, lib. Hi. , and in the Antiphonary of Bangor, there is
i. , cap. 50.
ibid. , i. , cap. 5, 44. pars
324 See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. 8, lib. ii. , cap. 42, 248.
323 See lib. '* Annates Italics," tomus xi. , iii. ,
p.
lib. iii. , cap. 13.
325 See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. 22.
342 Sometimes they were called fratres, "brothers," commembres, •'fellow-mem-
326 Seeibid. , lib. cap. 15, 21, 22.
were
himself, meifamiliares monachi,
Columba my com-
i. , cap. 25, 29, 35,
iii. ,
they
panion monks," or mei electi monachi,
327 See ibid. , lib. iii. , cap. 16, 18, 21.
" my little chil-
328 See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. 28, 33, lib. ii. , cap. 19, 27, 31, 33, 35, lib. iii. , cap. 4, 14.
elected monks," or filioli, dren. "
329 See lib. ibid. ,
343 See Adamnan's "Life of St. Co- lumba," lib. ii. , cap. 44, lib. iii. , cap. 9.
IC
ii. , cap. 32.
330 See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. ^, lib. ii. , cap.
lib.
bers and ;"
styled by "
IO, 32, lib. iii. , cap. 14.
331 See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. 26.
332
333 See ibid. , lib. ii. , cap. 39.
334 Seeibid. , lib. i. , cap. 41, lib. ii. , cap.
274 The abode of such was called a
sSl He is called Cen CebeTJe.
*82
SeetheIrishAnnals.
l83 No more than the Deoradhs, or the
other developments of conventual obser- vance, the Culdees had no particular con- nexion with this order.
284 And chiefly from those written by Adamnan.
285 In connexion with this portion of our
narrative, it may be permitted us to observe, we have closely followed that admirable
general analysis—left us by Rev Dr. Reeves in his edition of Adamnan's work—which is
" averyresearchfuldissertationon Institutio
Hyensis. " See Additional Notes N, pp.
334 to 369.
from the Latin word desertum.
275 As a heremitical life was held in such honour among the Scotic churches, we fre- find the word Desert an element in
of heremitical life at the monastery of Mel- rose, in Venerable Bede's " Historia Eccle-
siastica Gentis Anglorum," lib. v. , cap. xii. -'7 There was a Disert, likewise, beside themonasteryofDerry,aswehaveit men- tioned in the Annals of Ulster, at a. d. ii 22. See Rev. Dr. O'Conor's " Rerum Hiberni-
carumScriptores,"tomusiv. ,p. 387.
2 ? 8 In 1101, the Four Masters record the endowmentofasimilarinstitutionatCashel,
for c]\AibT>ech or devotees.
2? 9 In Irish called the T)iret\cAc, or cenn
An 'Oirmc.
280 See the Irish Annals, at A. D. 1164.
•circle,
quently religious
nomenclature.
'i6 See an account of Drycthelm's manner
28s
"
SeeAdamnan's LifeofSt. Columba,"
lib. i. , cap. 32, lib. ii. , cap. 10. "
287SeeVenerableBede's HistoriaEccle- siastica Gentis Anglorum," lib. iii. , cap. iii.
ee Adamnan's " Life of St. Columba,"
288
p. 166, lib. i. ,cap. 2, 40, lib . ii-, cap. 4, 27,31,
,C>
4oo LIVES OFTHEIRISHSAINTS. [June 9. withdrawnfromthecaresoftheworldtoserveundertheLord'sstandard. Their
society
was known as a Coenobites' 28? a 29° or a community, monastery,
college
of monks, living under a prescribed rule, and observing a very strict disci-
were as members or brothers of the same 2? 1 pline. They regarded family,
undertheimmediatedirectionofageneralsuperior,atIona,292 andofalocal superior, in the other dependent monasteries. 2? 3 The latter superiors were usually denominated priors. In Iona, St. Columba, the founder, was the first
superior,
and called Abbot,2? * or
Father,
2? 3 or
Holy Father,
2? 6 or
Holy
2? ? as reverence for his
plied to him. After his death, as the venerable founder, he is often styled Patron. When he had settled on the Island, Iona became the mother church or parent
2? 8 where the Abbot chose to reside. The other churches and monasteries which he established in Ireland 2? 9 and in Scotland,300 or which his disciples had been commissioned to erect, were subject to his direction, astheyhadreceivedtheirchargefromhim. Thesearesometimesvisited,301 ministeredin,3°2 andregulated. 303 Still,althoughhavingsuchextensivejuris- diction and power, our holy Abbot never advanced beyond the grade of Presbyter or Priest30* This observance, which had its origin in choice,305 and its continuance in precedent,305 by no means implied a usurpation or a dis- regard of the episcopal office. However, he was accustomed to pronounce absolution,3°7 as also to celebrate the Holy Sacrifice of Mass. 308 At all times, Bishops connected with the society resided at Hy,3°? or in some dependent church, and these were subject to the Abbot's jurisdiction. 310 They rendered him conventual obedience, agreeably to their monastic vow. 31 ' Their acts were performed, on the responsibility of the Abbot, or for the service of his community. 312 They were regarded, as essential to the propagation rather than to the maintenance of the Church, and they had little authority in the internal or external economy of the society. The essential function of the episcopal office, however, was scrupulously maintained, and when a priest was for ordination, the was called in 3 ' 3 where a distant
pro-
;
vince was to be brought within the Christian pale, a Bishop was consecrated 31 *
Senior,
person
and
authority
dictated the
term,
when
ap-
establishment,
prepared bishop
lib. iii. , cap. 4, 23.
289 See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. i.
•5° See Venerable Bede's
"
Historia lib. iii. ,
303 See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. 21, lib. ii. , cap. 43. *^>» See ibid , lib. i. , cap. 44.
Venerable Bede observes of St. Co-
lumba: non — sed
"Qui episcopus, presbyter
Ecclesiastica Gentis
Anglorum,"
"
291 See Adamnan's Life of St. Columba," astica Gentis Anglorum," lib. iii. , cap. iv. , p.
cap. v. , p. 169.
"
extitit et monachus. ''
Historia Ecclesi-
lib. i. , cap. i. , lib. ii. , cap. 28, 39, 42, lib. iii. , 169.
cap. 20, 23. 3°6 See ibid. , lib. iii. , cap. v. , pp. 162 to
292 It is called "matrix ecclesia. " See 172, and lib. v. , cap. xv. . p. 297.
ibid. , lib. i. , cap. 5.
293 See ibid. , lib. i , cap. 3, 45, 50, lib. ii. ,
cap. 39.
994 See ibid. , Secunda Praefacio, lib. i. ,
3°? "
See Adamnan's Life of St. Columba,"
cap. i.
295 See Secunda Pra;facio.
26 3'°
* See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. i.
257 See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. 2, 37.
298 See ibid. , lib, i. , cap. i.
299 A
found in Rev. Dr. Reeves' Adamnan's Life esse subjecti. " "Historia Ecclesiastica of St. Columba," Additional Notes G, pp. Gentis Anglorum," lib. iii. , cap. iv. , p. 169.
276 to 289. 3" See ibid. , lib. iii. , cap. iii. , pp, 166, 300 For these erections see ibid. , Addi- 167. Also Vita S. Cuthberti, cap. xvi.
tional Notes H, pp. 289 to 298.
3 ' 2 See Venerable Bede's " Historia Eccle- 301 See Adamnan's "Life of St. Co- siastica Gentis Anglorum," lib. iii. , cap. v. ,
very complete
list of these will be "
etiam — ordine
ipsi episcopi, inusiiato,
debeant
lumba," lib. i. , cap. 3, 50.
pp. 169 to 1 72, and cap. xxv. , pp. 233 to 236.
302 See ibid. , lib.
iii. , cap. 17.
3I3 See Adamnan's " Lifeof St.
Columba,"
lib. i. , cap. 30.
3o8 See lib. lib. i. , cap. 44,
iii. , cap. 10, II,
17, 23.
309 No less than five Bishops of Iona are
recorded in the Annals of Ireland. Venerable Bede thus alludes to this
special kind of monastic government at
Iona:
"
Cujus juri et omnis provincia, et
June 9. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 401
for the creation of a local ministry, and successors to him were ordained and sent forth, from time to timer's and whenever an accredited candidate came from Ireland to Hy, in like manner, he was invested with the highest eccle- siastical orders. 310 The illustrious Abbot set the example ofgreat veneration
cap. 4.
a line in Latin, where the term obtrudes : " Munthir Benchuir beata. "—Muratori's
322 See ibid. , lib.
X? while, in the service of his own mother
for the
and from the altar, Columba disclaimed all pretensions to equality 3l8 with one of episcopal rank. This was no more than might be expected from—a Priest, who had served as a Deacon,310 and in a monaster—
episcopal body ;3
Church,
y where Priests called from their chief function Ministers of the Altar 32° lived under the presidency of a Bishop 321 and from one who received the hospitality of
Ireland,323 for communion and for edification.
On extraordinary occasions, the Abbot was accustomed to summon his
monks to the oratory, and to address them from the Altar, as also, often he
solicited, their prayers. 324 In the dead hour of the night, atone time, he
called them into the oratory. 323 When at home, he was attended,325 except
whenhe adesiretobealone32? and,whenabroad,hewasaccom- signified ;
paniedbyassociates. 328 Hepreached32°orbaptized,330asoccasionpresented. He had power to dispense with a fast, 331 to relax occasionally penitential dis- cipline, 332 or to regulate its intensity. 333 He had control over the temporali- ties of the monastery. 33* He despatched a brother of his own selection, sometimes to proceed on a distant mission,333 r to serve the monastic inte- rests. 330 Heforbade, at pleasure, admission to the island. 33? Healso gave a licence for departure,338 when his benediction was usually bestowed. 330 He was saluted by prostration. 34° Constituted as a Christian family,341 the monks were variedly addressed,342 as they were variously classed. The Seniors 343 were those of tried devotedness, and of long standing in the monastery. The Juniors,344 Alumni,34$ and Pueri familiares,346 were those under instruction or
;
another Bishop,322 while his own institution was frequented by Bishops from
lib. i. , cap. 36.
314 See Venerable Bede's " Historia Ec-
clesiastica Gentis Anglorum," lib. iii. ,
cap. v.
3's Seeibid. , lib. iii. , cap. 17, 21, 25, lib.
iv. , cap. 4.
316 Thus, St. Columbanus received the
episcopal grade from St. Columba, in the Island of Hy. See Colgan's "Acta Sancto-
rum Hiberniae," Jatvuarii xv. Vita S. Itse, cap. xxi. , p. 69.
317 See Adamnan's " Life of St. Columba," lib. ii. , cap. 1.
318 See lib. i. , cap. 44.
319 See Adamnan's " Life of St. Columba," lib. ii. , cap. 1, 25.
320 See ibid. , lib. ii. , cap. I.
321 See ibid. , lib. ii. , cap. I, lib. Hi. , and in the Antiphonary of Bangor, there is
i. , cap. 50.
ibid. , i. , cap. 5, 44. pars
324 See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. 8, lib. ii. , cap. 42, 248.
323 See lib. '* Annates Italics," tomus xi. , iii. ,
p.
lib. iii. , cap. 13.
325 See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. 22.
342 Sometimes they were called fratres, "brothers," commembres, •'fellow-mem-
326 Seeibid. , lib. cap. 15, 21, 22.
were
himself, meifamiliares monachi,
Columba my com-
i. , cap. 25, 29, 35,
iii. ,
they
panion monks," or mei electi monachi,
327 See ibid. , lib. iii. , cap. 16, 18, 21.
" my little chil-
328 See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. 28, 33, lib. ii. , cap. 19, 27, 31, 33, 35, lib. iii. , cap. 4, 14.
elected monks," or filioli, dren. "
329 See lib. ibid. ,
343 See Adamnan's "Life of St. Co- lumba," lib. ii. , cap. 44, lib. iii. , cap. 9.
IC
ii. , cap. 32.
330 See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. ^, lib. ii. , cap.
lib.
bers and ;"
styled by "
IO, 32, lib. iii. , cap. 14.
331 See ibid. , lib. i. , cap. 26.
332
333 See ibid. , lib. ii. , cap. 39.
334 Seeibid. , lib. i. , cap. 41, lib. ii. , cap.
