No More Learning

In this way I spent two
hours battling with the fever, which steadily increased, and call-
ing out continually, "I feel that I am dying. " My house-
keeper, who was named Mona Fiore da Castel del Rio, a very
notable manager and no less warm-hearted, kept chiding me for
my discouragement; but on the other hand, she paid me every
kind attention which was possible. However, the sight of my
physical pain and moral dejection so affected her that in spite of
that brave heart of hers, she could not refrain from shedding
tears; and yet, so far as she was able, she took care I should
not see them.
While I was thus terribly afflicted, I beheld the figure of a
man enter my chamber, twisted in his body into the form of a
capital S. He raised a lamentable, doleful voice, like one who
announces their last hour to men condemned to die upon the
scaffold, and spoke these words: "O Benvenuto! your statue
is spoiled, and there is no hope whatever of saving it. " No
sooner had I heard the shriek of that wretch than I gave a
howl which might have been heard from the sphere of flame.
Jumping from my bed, I seized my clothes and began to dress.
The maids, and my lad, and every one who came around to help
me, got kicks or blows of the fist, while I kept crying out in
lamentation, "Ah! traitors! enviers! This is an act of treason,
done by malice prepense! But I swear by God that I will sift
it to the bottom, and before I die will leave such witness to
the world of what I can do as shall make a score of mortals
marvel. "


## p. 3385 (#359) ###########################################

BENVENUTO CELLINI
3385
When I had got my clothes on, I strode with soul bent on
mischief toward the workshop; there I beheld the men whom I
had left erewhile in such high spirits, standing stupefied and
downcast. I began at once and spoke:-"Up with you! Attend
to me! Since you have not been able or willing to obey the
directions I gave you, obey me now that I am with you to con-
duct my work in person. Let no one contradict me, for in cases
like this we need the aid of hand and hearing, not of advice. "
When I had uttered these words, a certain Maestro Alessandro
Lastricati broke silence and said, "Look you, Benvenuto, you are
going to attempt an enterprise which the laws of art do not
sanction, and which cannot succeed. "
I turned upon him with such fury and so full of mischief,
that he and all the rest of them exclaimed with one voice, "On
then! Give orders! We will obey your last commands, so long
as life is left in us. " I believe they spoke thus feelingly be-
cause they thought I must fall shortly dead upon the ground. I
went immediately to inspect the furnace, and found that the
metal was all curdled; an accident which we express by "being
caked. " I told two of the hands to cross the road, and fetch
from the house of the butcher Capretta a load of young oak-
wood, which had lain dry for above a year; this wood had been
previously offered me by Madame Ginevra, wife of the said Ca
pretta.
So soon as the first armfuls arrived, I began to fill the
grate beneath the furnace. Now oak-wood of that kind heats
more powerfully than any other sort of tree; and for this rea-
son, where a slow fire is wanted, as in the case of gun-foundry,
alder or pine is preferred. Accordingly, when the logs took
fire, oh! how the cake began to stir beneath that awful heat, to
glow and sparkle in a blaze! At the same time I kept stirring
up the channels, and sent men upon the roof to stop the con-
flagration, which had gathered force from the increased combus-
tion in the furnace; also I caused boards, carpets, and other
hangings to be set up against the garden, in order to protect us
from the violence of the rain.
When I had thus provided against these several disasters, I
roared out first to one man and then to another, "Bring this
thing here! Take that thing there! " At this crisis, when the
whole gang saw the cake was on the point of melting, they did
my bidding, each fellow working with the strength of three. I
then ordered half a pig of pewter to be brought, which weighed


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3386
BENVENUTO CELLINI
about sixty pounds, and flung it into the middle of the cake
inside the furnace. By this means, and by piling on wood and
stirring now with pokers and now with iron rods, the curdled
mass rapidly began to liquefy. Then, knowing I had brought
the dead to life again, against the firm opinion of those igno-
ramuses, I felt such vigor fill my veins that all those pains of
fever, all those fears of death, were quite forgotten.
All of a sudden an explosion took place, attended by a tre-
mendous flash of flame, as though a thunderbolt had formed
and been discharged among us. Unwonted and appalling terror
astonied every one, and me more even than the rest. When the
din was over and the dazzling light extinguished, we began to
look each other in the face. Then I discovered that the cap
of the furnace had blown up, and the bronze was bubbling
over from its source beneath. So I had the mouths of my mold
immediately opened, and at the same time drove in the two
plugs which kept back the molten metal. But I noticed that it
did not flow as rapidly as usual, the reason being probably that
the fierce heat of the fire we kindled had consumed its base
alloy. Accordingly I sent for all my pewter platters, porringers,
and dishes, to the number of some two hundred pieces, and had
a portion of them cast, one by one, into the channels, the rest
into the furnace. This expedient succeeded, and every one could
now perceive that my bronze was in most perfect liquefac-
tion, and my mold was filling; whereupon they all with hearti-
ness and happy cheer assisted and obeyed my bidding, while I,
now here, now there, gave orders, helped with my own hands,
and cried aloud, "O God! thou that by thy immeasurable power
didst rise from the dead, and in thy glory didst ascend to
heaven! "
Even thus in a moment my mold was filled;
and seeing my work finished, I fell upon my knees, and with all
my heart gave thanks to God.
After all was over, I turned to a plate of salad on a bench
there, and ate with hearty appetite, and drank together with the
whole crew.
Afterwards I retired to bed, healthy and happy, for it was
now two hours before morning, and slept as sweetly as though I
had never felt a touch of illness. My good housekeeper, without
my giving any orders, had prepared a fat capon for my repast.
So that when I rose, about the hour for breaking fast, she pre-
sented herself with a smiling countenance and said, "Oh, is that


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BENVENUTO CELLINI
3387
the man who felt that he was dying? Upon my word, I think
the blows and kicks you dealt us last night, when you were
so enraged, and had that demon in your body as it seemed, must
have frightened away your mortal fever! The fever feared that
it might catch it too, as we did! » All my poor household,
relieved in like measure from anxiety and overwhelming labor,
went at once to buy earthen vessels in order to replace the
pewter I had cast away. Then we dined together joyfully; nay,
I cannot remember a day in my whole life when I dined with
greater gladness or a better appetite.
After our meal I received visits from the several men who
had assisted me. They exchanged congratulations and thanked
God for our success, saying they had learned and seen things
done which other masters judged impossible. I too grew some-
what glorious; and deeming I had shown myself a man of tal-
ent, indulged a boastful humor. So I thrust my hand into my
purse and paid them all to their full satisfaction.
That evil fellow, my mortal foe, Messer Pier Francesco Ricci,
major-domo of the Duke, took great pains to find out how the
affair had gone. In answer to his questions, the two men whom
I suspected of having caked my metal for me said I was no
man, but of a certainty some powerful devil, since I had accom-
plished what no craft of the art could do; indeed, they did not
believe a mere ordinary fiend could work such miracles as I in
other ways had shown. They exaggerated the whole affair so
much, possibly in order to excuse their own part in it, that the.
major-domo wrote an account to the Duke, who was then in
Pisa, far more marvelous and full of thrilling incidents than
what they had narrated.
After I had let my statue cool for two whole days, I began
to uncover it by slow degrees. The first thing I found was that
the head of Medusa had come out most admirably, thanks to the
air-vents; for as I had told the Duke, it is the nature of fire to
ascend. Upon advancing farther, I discovered that the other
head, that, namely, of Perseus, had succeeded no less admirably;
and this astonished me far more, because it is at a considerably
lower level than that of the Medusa. Now the mouths of the
mold were placed above the head of Perseus and behind his
shoulders; and I found that all the bronze my furnace contained
had been exhausted in the head of this figure. It was a miracle
to observe that not one fragment remained in the orifice of the


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3388
BENVENUTO CELLINI
In my
channel, and that nothing was wanting to the statue.
great astonishment I seemed to see in this the hand of God
arranging and controlling all.
I went on uncovering the statue with success, and ascertained
that everything had come out in perfect order, until I reached
the foot of the right leg on which the statue rests. There the
heel itself was formed, and going further, I found the foot
apparently complete. This gave me great joy on the one side,
but was half unwelcome to me on the other, merely because I
had told the Duke that it could not come out. However, when
I reached the end, it appeared that the toes and a little piece
above them were unfinished, so that about half the foot was
wanting. Although I knew that this would add a trifle to my
labor, I was very well pleased, because I could now prove to
the Duke how well I understood my business. It is true that
far more of the foot than I expected had been perfectly formed;
the reason of this was that, from causes I have recently de-
scribed, the bronze was hotter than our rules of art prescribe;
also that I had been obliged to supplement the alloy with my
pewter cups and platters, which no one else, I think, had ever
done before.
Having now ascertained how successfully my work had been
accomplished, I lost no time in hurrying to Pisa, where I found
the Duke. He gave me a most gracious reception, as did also
the Duchess; and although the major-domo had informed them
of the whole proceedings, their Excellencies deemed my perform-
ance far more stupendous and astonishing when they heard the
tale from my own mouth. When I arrived at the foot of Per-
seus, and said it had not come out perfect, just as I previously
warned his Excellency, I saw an expression of wonder pass over
his face, while he related to the Duchess how I had predicted
this beforehand.
Observing the Princess to be so well disposed towards me, I
begged leave from the Duke to go to Rome. He granted it in
most obliging terms, and bade me return as soon as possible to
complete his Perseus; giving me letters of recommendation mean-
while to his ambassador, Averardo Serristori. We were then
in the first years of Pope Giulio de Monti.


## p. 3389 (#363) ###########################################

BENVENUTO CELLINI
3389
A NECKLACE OF PEARLS
From the 'Memoirs': Symonds's Translation
-
I
MUST beg your attention now, most gracious reader, for a very
terrible event which happened.
I used the utmost diligence and industry to complete my
statue, and went to spend my evenings in the Duke's wardrobe,
assisting there the goldsmiths who were working for his Excel-
lency. Indeed, they labored mainly on designs which I had
given them. Noticing that the Duke took pleasure in seeing me
at work and talking with me, I took it into my head to go there
sometimes also by day. It happened upon one of those days
that his Excellency came as usual to the room where I was
occupied, and more particularly because he heard of my arrival.
His Excellency entered at once into conversation, raising several
interesting topics, upon which I gave my views so much to his
entertainment that he showed more cheerfulness than I had ever
seen in him before. All of a sudden one of his secretaries
appeared, and whispered something of importance in his ear;
whereupon the Duke rose, and retired with the official into
another chamber.
Now the Duchess had sent to see what his Excellency was
doing, and her page brought back this answer: "The Duke is
talking and laughing with Benvenuto, and is in excellent good
humor. " When the Duchess heard this, she came immediately
to the wardrobe, and not finding the Duke there, took a seat
beside us. After watching us at work a while, she turned to me
with the utmost graciousness, and showed me a necklace of large
and really very fine pearls. On being asked by her what I
thought of them, I said it was in truth a very handsome orna-
ment. Then she spoke as follows: "I should like the Duke to
buy them for me; so I beg you, my dear Benvenuto, to praise
them to him as highly as you can. ” At these words, I disclosed
my mind to the Duchess with all the respect I could, and
answered: "My lady, I thought this necklace of pearls be-
longed already to your illustrious Excellency. Now that I am
aware you have not yet acquired them, it is right, nay more, it
is my duty, to utter what I might otherwise have refrained from
saying; namely, that my mature professional experience enables
me to detect very grave faults in the pearls, and for this reason
I could never advise your Excellency to purchase them. "


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3390
BENVENUTO CELLINI
She replied: "The merchant offers them for six thousand
crowns; and were it not for some of those trifling defects you
speak of, the rope would be worth over twelve thousand. "
―――
To this I replied that, even were the necklace of quite flaw.
less quality, I could not advise any one to bid up to five thousand
crowns for it: for pearls are not gems; pearls are but fishes'
bones, which in the course of time must lose their freshness.
Diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and sapphires, on the contrary,
never grow old; these four are precious stones, and these it is
right to purchase. When I had thus spoken, the Duchess
showed some signs of irritation, and exclaimed, "I have a mind
to possess these pearls; so prithee, take them to the Duke and
praise them up to the skies; even if you have to use some words
beyond the bounds of truth, speak them to do me service; it
will be well for you! "
I have always been the greatest friend of truth and foe of
lies; yet compelled by necessity, unwilling to lose the favor of
so great a princess, I took those confounded pearls sorely against
my inclination, and went with them over to the other room,
whither the Duke had withdrawn. No sooner did he set eyes
upon me than he cried, "O Benvenuto, what are you about
here? " I uncovered the pearls and said, "My lord, I am come
to show you a most splendid necklace of pearls, of the rarest
quality, and truly worthy of your Excellency; I do not believe
it would be possible to put together eighty pearls which could
show better than these do in a necklace. My counsel therefore
is that you should buy them, for they are in good sooth miracu-
lous. " He responded on the instant, "I do not choose to buy
them; they are not pearls of the quality and goodness you
affirm; I have seen the necklace, and they do not please me. "
Then I added, "Pardon me, Prince! These pearls exceed in
rarity and beauty any which were ever brought together for a
necklace. " The Duchess had risen, and was standing behind a
door listening to all I said. Well, when I had praised the pearls
a thousandfold more warmly than I have described above, the
Duke turned toward me with a kindly look, and said, “O my
dear Benvenuto, I know that you have an excellent judgment
in all these matters. If the pearls are as rare as you certify, I
should not hesitate about their purchase; partly to gratify the
Duchess and partly to possess them, seeing I have always need
of such things, not so much for her Grace as for the various


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BENVENUTO CELLINI
3391
uses of my sons and daughters. " When I heard him speak thus,
having once begun to tell fibs, I stuck to them with even greater
boldness; I gave all the color of truth I could to my lies, con-
fiding in the promise of the Duchess to help me at the time of
need. More than two hundred crowns were to be my commis-
sion on the bargain, and the Duchess had intimated that I
should receive so much; but I was firmly resolved not to touch
a farthing, in order to secure my credit, and convince the Duke
I was not prompted by avarice. Once more his Excellency
began to address me with the greatest courtesy: "I know that
you are a consummate judge of these things; therefore, if you
are the honest man I always thought you, tell me now the
truth. " Thereat I flushed up to my eyes, which at the same
time filled with tears, and said to him, "My lord, if I tell your
most illustrious Excellency the truth, I shall make a mortal foe
of the Duchess; this will oblige me to depart from Florence,
and my enemies will begin at once to pour contempt upon my
Perseus, which I have announced as a masterpiece to the most
noble school of your illustrious Excellency. Such being the case,
I recommend myself to your most illustrious Excellency. "
The Duke was now aware that all my previous speeches had
been, as it were, forced out of me. So he rejoined, "If you
have confidence in me, you need not stand in fear of anything
whatever. " I recommenced, "Alas! my lord, what can prevent
this coming to the ears of the Duchess? » The Duke lifted his
hand in sign of troth-pledge and exclaimed, "Be assured that
what you say will be buried in a diamond casket. " To this
engagement upon honor I replied by telling the truth according
to my judgment, namely, that the pearls were not worth above
two thousand crowns. The Duchess, thinking we had stopped
talking, for we now were speaking in as low a voice as possible,
came forward and began as follows:-"My lord, do me the
favor to purchase this necklace, because I have set my heart on
them, and your Benvenuto here has said he never saw a finer
row of pearls. " The Duke replied, "I do not choose to buy
them. " "Why, my lord, will not your Excellency gratify me by
buying them? "-"Because I do not care to throw my money
out of the window. " The Duchess recommenced, "What do
you mean by throwing your money away, when Benvenuto, in
whom you place such well-merited confidence, has told me that
they would be cheap at over three thousand crowns? " Then the
―――――


## p. 3392 (#366) ###########################################

BENVENUTO CELLINI
3392
Duke said, "My lady! my Benvenuto here has told me that if I
purchase this necklace I shall be throwing my money away,
inasmuch as the pearls are neither round nor well-matched, and
some of them are quite faded. To prove that this is so, look
here! look there! consider this one and then that. The necklace
is not the sort of thing for me. " At these words the Duchess
cast a glance of bitter spite at me, and retired with a threatening
nod of her head in my direction. I felt tempted to pack off at
once and bid farewell to Italy. Yet my Perseus being all but
finished, I did not like to leave without exposing it to public
view. But I ask every one to consider in what a grievous plight
I found myself!
HOW BENVENUTO LOST HIS BROTHER
From the Memoirs: Symonds's Translation
Μ'
Y BROTHER at this period was also in Rome, serving Duke
Alessandro, on whom the Pope had recently conferred the
duchy of Penna. This prince kept in his service a multi-
tude of soldiers, worthy fellows, brought up to valor in the school
of that famous general Giovanni de' Medici; and among these
was my brother, whom the Duke esteemed as highly as the
bravest of them. One day my brother went after dinner to the
shop of a man called Baccino della Croce, in the Banchi, which
all those men-at-arms frequented. He had flung himself upon
a settee and was sleeping. Just then the guard of the Bargello
passed by; they were taking to prison a certain Captain Cisti, a
Lombard, who had also been a member of Giovanni's troop, but
was not in the service of the Duke. The captain, Cattivanza
degli Strozzi, chanced to be in the same shop; and when Cisti
caught sight of him he whispered, "I was bringing you those
crowns I owed; if you want them, come for them before they go
with me to prison. " Now Cattivanza had a way of putting his
neighbors to the push, not caring to hazard his own person. So,
finding there around him several young fellows of the highest
daring, more eager than apt for so serious an enterprise, he bade
them catch up Captain Cisti and get the money from him, and
if the guard resisted, overpower the men, provided they had pluck
enough to do so.


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BENVENUTO CELLINI
3393
The young men were but four, and all four of them without
a beard. The first was called Bertino Aldobrandi, another
Anguillotto of Lucca; I cannot recall the names of the rest.
Bertino had been trained like a pupil by my brother, and my
brother felt the most unbounded love for him. So then off
dashed the four brave lads and came up with the guard of the
Bargello,- upwards of fifty constables, counting pikes, arquebuses,
and two-handed swords. After a few words they drew their
weapons, and the four boys so harried the guard that if Captain
Cattivanza had but shown his face, without so much as drawing,
they would certainly have put the whole pack to flight. But
delay spoiled all: for Bertino received some ugly wounds and
fell; at the same time Anguillotto was also hit in the right arm,
and being unable to use his sword, got out of the fray as well
as he was able. The others did the same. Bertino Aldobrandi
was lifted from the ground seriously injured.
While these things were happening we were all at table; for
that morning we had dined more than an hour later than usual.
On hearing the commotion one of the old man's sons, the elder,
rose from table to go and look at the scuffle. He was called
Giovanni; and I said to him, "For Heaven's sake, don't go!
In such matters one is always certain to lose, while there is
nothing to be gained. " His father spoke to like purpose, "Pray,
my son, don't go! " But the lad, without heeding any one, ran
down the stairs. Reaching the Banchi, where the great scrim-
mage was, and seeing Bertino lifted from the ground, he ran
towards home, and met my brother Cecchino on the way, who
asked what was the matter. Though some of the bystanders
signed to Giovanni not to tell Cecchino, he cried out like a mad-
man how it was that Bertino Aldobrandi had been killed by the
guard. My poor brother gave vent to a bellow which might
have been heard ten miles away. Then he turned to Giovanni:
"Ah me! but could you tell me which of those men killed him
for me? " Giovanni said yes, that it was a man who had a big
two-handed sword, with a blue feather in his bonnet.
My poor
brother rushed ahead, and having recognized the homicide by
those signs, he threw himself with all his dash and spirit into
the middle of the band, and before his man could turn on guard,
ran him right through the guts, and with the sword's hilt thrust
him to the ground. Then he turned upon the rest with such
energy and daring that his one arm was on the point of putting
VI-213


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3394
BENVENUTO CELLINI
the whole band to flight, had it not been that while wheeling
round to strike an arquebusier, this man fired in self-defense and
hit the brave unfortunate young fellow above the knee of his
right leg. While he lay stretched upon the ground the con-
stables scrambled off in disorder as fast as they were able, lest a
pair to my brother should arrive upon the scene.
Noticing that the tumult was not subsiding, I too rose from
table, and girding on my sword-for everybody wore one then
-I went to the bridge of Sant' Agnolo, where I saw a group of
several men assembled. On my coming up and being recognized
by some of them, they gave way before me and showed me
what I least of all things wished to see, albeit I made mighty
haste to view the sight. On the instant I did not know Cecchino,
since he was wearing a different suit of clothes from that in
which I had lately seen him. Accordingly he recognized, me
first and said, "Dearest brother, do not be upset by my grave
accident: it is only what might be expected in my profession;
get me removed from here at once, for I have but few hours to
live. " They had acquainted me with the whole event while he
was speaking, in brief words befitting such occasion. So I
answered, “Brother, this is the greatest sorrow and the greatest
trial that could happen to me in the whole course of my life.
But be of good cheer; for before you lose sight of him who did
the mischief, you shall see yourself revenged by my hand. ”
Our words on both sides were to the purport, but of the shortest.
The guard was now about fifty paces from us; for Maffio,
their officer, had made some of them turn back to take up the
corporal my brother killed. Accordingly, I quickly traversed that
short space, wrapped in my cape, which I had tightened round.
me, and came up with Maffio, whom I should most certainly
have murdered; for there were plenty of people round, and I
had wound my way among them. With the rapidity of lightning
I had half drawn my sword from the sheath, when Berlinghier
Berlinghieri, a young man of the greatest daring and my good
friend, threw himself from behind upon my arms; he had four
other fellows of like kidney with him, who cried out to Maffio,
Away with you, for this man here alone was killing you! " He
asked, "Who is he? " and they answered, "Own brother to the
man you see there. " Without waiting to hear more, he made
haste for Torre di Nona; and they said, "Benvenuto, we pre-
vented you against your will, but did it for your good; now let


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BENVENUTO CELLINI
3395
Accordingly we
us go to succor him who must die shortly. "
turned and went back to my brother, whom I had at once
conveyed into a house. The doctors who were called in con-
sultation treated him with medicaments, but could not decide to
amputate the leg, which might perhaps have saved him.
As soon as his wound had been dressed, Duke Alessandro
appeared and most affectionately greeted him. My brother had
not as yet lost consciousness; so he said to the Duke, "My lord,
this only grieves me, that your Excellency is losing a servant
than whom you may perchance find men more valiant in the
profession of arms, but none more lovingly and loyally devoted
to your service than I have been. " The Duke bade him do all
he could to keep alive; for the rest, he well knew him to be a
man of worth and courage. He then turned to his attendants,
ordering them to see that the brave young fellow wanted for
nothing.
When he was gone, my brother lost blood so copiously—for
nothing could be done to stop it-that he went off his head and
kept raving all the following night, with the exception that once,
when they wanted to give him the communion, he said, "You
would have done well to confess me before; now it is impossible
that I should receive the divine sacrament in this already ruined
frame; it will be enough if I partake of it by the divine virtue
of the eyesight, whereby it shall be transmitted into my immortal
soul, which only prays to Him for mercy and forgiveness. "
Having spoken thus, the Host was elevated; but he straightway
relapsed into the same delirious ravings as before, pouring forth
a torrent of the most terrible frenzies and horrible imprecations
that the mind of man could imagine; nor did he cease once all
that night until the day broke.
When the sun appeared above our horizon he turned to me
and said, "Brother, I do not wish to stay here longer, for these
fellows will end by making me do something tremendous, which
may cause them to repent of the annoyance they have given me. "
Then he kicked out both his legs-the injured limb we had
inclosed in a very heavy box-and made as though he would
fling it across a horse's back. Turning his face round to me, he
called out thrice, "Farewell, farewell! " and with the last word.
that most valiant spirit passed away.
At the proper hour, toward nightfall, I had him buried with.
due ceremony in the Church of the Florentines; and afterwards I


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3396
BENVENUTO CELLINI
erected to his memory a very handsome monument of marble,
upon which I caused trophies and banners to be carved. I must
not omit to mention that one of his friends had asked him who
the man was that had killed him, and if he could recognize him;
to which he answered that he could, and gave his description.
My brother indeed attempted to prevent this coming to my ears;
but I got it very well impressed upon my mind, as will appear
in the sequel.
AN ADVENTURE IN NECROMANCY
From the Memoirs): Symonds's Translation
IT
T HAPPENED through a variety of singular accidents that I be-
came intimate with a Sicilian priest, who was a man of very
elevated genius and well instructed in both Latin and Greek
letters. In the course of conversation one day we were led to
talk about the art of necromancy, apropos of which I said,
"Throughout my whole life I have had the most intense desire
to see or learn something of this art. " Thereto the priest
replied, "A stout soul and a steadfast must the man have who
sets himself to such an enterprise. " I answered that of strength
and steadfastness of soul I should have enough and to spare,
provided I found the opportunity. Then the priest said, "If
you have the heart to dare it, I will amply satisfy your curi-
osity. " Accordingly we agreed upon attempting the adventure.
The priest one evening made his preparations, and bade me
find a comrade, or not more than two. I invited Vincenzio
Romoli, a very dear friend of mine, and the priest took with
him a native of Pistoja, who also cultivated the black art. We
went together to the Coliseum; and there the priest, having
arrayed himself in necromancer's robes, began to describe circles
on the earth with the finest ceremonies that can be imagined. I
must say that he had made us bring precious perfumes and fire,
and also drugs of fetid odor. When the preliminaries were com-
pleted he made the entrance into the circle, and taking us by
the hand, introduced us one by one inside it. Then he assigned
our several functions; to the necromancer, his comrade, he gave
the pentacle to hold; the other two of us had to look after the
fire and the perfumes; and then he began his incantations. This
lasted more than an hour and a half; when several legions


## p. 3397 (#371) ###########################################

BENVENUTO CELLINI
3397
appeared, and the Coliseum was all full of devils. I was occu-
pied with the precious perfumes, and when the priest perceived
in what numbers they were present he turned to me and said,
"Benvenuto, ask them something. " I called on them to reunite.
me with my Sicilian Angelica. That night we obtained no
answer; but I enjoyed the greatest satisfaction of my curiosity in
such matters. The necromancer said that we should have to go
a second time, and that I should obtain the full accomplishment
of my request; but he wished me to bring with me a little boy
of pure virginity.
I chose one of my shop-lads, who was about twelve years old,
and invited Vincenzio Romoli again; and we also took a certain
Agnolino Gaddi, who was a very intimate friend of both. When
we came once more to the place appointed, the necromancer
made just the same preparations, attended by the same and even
more impressive details. Then he introduced us into the circle,
which he had reconstructed with art more admirable and yet
more wondrous ceremonies. Afterwards he appointed my friend
Vincenzio to the ordering of the perfumes and the fire, and with
him Agnolino Gaddi. He next placed in my hand the pentacle,
which he bid me turn toward the points he indicated, and under
the pentacle I held the little boy, my workman. Now the necro-
mancer began to utter those awful invocations, calling by name
on multitudes of demons who are captains of their legions, and
these he summoned by the virtue and potency of God, the
Uncreated, Living, and Eternal, in phrases of the Hebrew, and
also of the Greek and Latin tongues; insomuch that in a short
space of time the whole Coliseum was full of a hundredfold
as many as had appeared upon the first occasion. Vincenzio
Romoli, together with Agnolino, tended the fire and heaped on
quantities of precious perfumes. At the advice of the necro-
mancer I again demanded to be reunited with Angelica. The
sorcerer turned to me and said, "Hear you what they have
replied that in the space of one month you will be where she
is? " Then once more he prayed me to stand firm by him,
because the legions were a thousandfold more than he had sum-
moned, and were the most dangerous of all the denizens of hell;
and now that they had settled what I asked, it behoved us to be
civil to them and dismiss them gently. On the other side, the
boy, who was beneath the pentacle, shrieked out in terror that a
million of the fiercest men were swarming round and threatening
w


## p. 3398 (#372) ###########################################

3398
BENVENUTO CELLINI
us. He said moreover that four huge giants had appeared, who
were striving to force their way inside the circle. Meanwhile
the necromancer, trembling with fear, kept doing his best with
mild and soft persuasions to dismiss them. Vinçenzio Romoli,
who quaked like an aspen-leaf, looked after the perfumes.
Though I was quite as frightened as the rest of them, I tried to
show it less, and inspired them all with marvelous courage; but
the truth is that I had given myself up for dead when I saw the
terror of the necromancer. The boy had stuck his head between
his knees, exclaiming, "This is how I will meet death, for we
are certainly dead men. " Again I said to him,
Again I said to him, "These creatures
are all inferior to us, and what you see is only smoke and
shadow; so then raise your eyes. " When he had raised them he
cried out, "The whole Coliseum is in flames, and the fire is
advancing on us;" then covering his face with his hands, he
groaned again that he was dead, and that he could not endure
the sight longer. The necromancer appealed for my support,
entreating me to stand firm by him, and to have asafetida flung
upon the coals; so I turned to Vincenzio Romoli, and told him
to make the fumigation at once. While uttering these words I
looked at Agnolino Gaddi, whose eyes were starting from their
sockets in his terror, and who was more than half dead, and said
to him, "Agnolo, in time and place like this we must not yield
to fright, but do the utmost to bestir ourselves; therefore up
at once, and fling a handful of that asafetida upon the fire. "
The boy, roused by that great stench and noise, lifted
his face a little, and hearing me laugh, he plucked up courage,
and said the devils were taking to flight tempestuously. So we
abode thus until the matin bells began to sound. Then the boy
told us again that but few remained, and those were at a dis-
tance. When the necromancer had concluded his ceremonies he
put off his wizard's robe, and packed up a great bundle of books
which he had brought with him; then all together we issued
with him from the circle, huddling as close as we could to one
another, especially the boy, who had got into the middle, and
taken the necromancer by his gown and me by the cloak. All
the while that we were going toward our houses in the Banchi
he kept saying that two of the devils he had seen in the Coliseum
were gamboling in front of us, skipping now along the roofs
and now upon the ground. The necromancer assured me that
often as he had entered magic circles, he had never met with


## p. 3399 (#373) ###########################################

BENVENUTO CELLINI
3399
such a serious affair as this. He also tried to persuade me to
assist him in consecrating a book, by means of which we should
extract immeasurable wealth, since we could call up fiends to
show us where treasures were, whereof the earth is full; and
after this wise we should become the richest of mankind: love
affairs like mine were nothing but vanities and follies without
consequence. I replied that if I were a Latin scholar I should
be very willing to do what he suggested. He continued to per-
suade me by arguing that Latin scholarship was of no import-
ance, and that if he wanted, he could have found plenty of good
Latinists; but that he had never met with a man of soul so firm
as mine, and that I ought to follow his counsel. Engaged in
this conversation, we reached our homes, and each one of us
dreamed all that night of devils.
As we were in the habit of meeting daily, the necromancer
kept urging me to join in his adventure. Accordingly I asked
him how long it would take, and where we should have to go.
To this he answered that we might get through with it in less
than a month, and that the most suitable locality for the purpose
was the hill country of Norcia: a master of his in the art had
indeed consecrated such a book quite close to Rome, at a place
called the Badia di Farfa; but he had met with some difficulties
there, which would not occur in the mountains of Norcia: the
peasants also of that district are people to be trusted, and have
some practice in these matters, so that at a pinch they are able
to render valuable assistance.
This priestly sorcerer moved me so by his persuasions that
I was well disposed to comply with his request; but I said I
wanted first to finish the medals I was making for the Pope. I
had confided what I was doing about them to him alone, beg-
ging him to keep my secret. At the same time I never stopped
asking him if he believed that I should be reunited to my
Sicilian Angelica at the time appointed; for the date was drawing.
near, and I thought it singular that I heard nothing about her.
The necromancer told me that it was quite certain I should find
myself where she was, since the devils never break their word
when they promise, as they did on that occasion; but he bade
me keep my eyes open and be on the lookout against some
accident which might happen to me in that connection, and put
restraint upon myself to endure somewhat against my inclination,
for he could discern a great and imminent danger in it: well


## p. 3400 (#374) ###########################################

BENVENUTO CELLINI
3400
would it be for me if I went with him to consecrate the book,
since this would avert the peril that menaced me and would
make us both most fortunate.
I was beginning to hanker after the adventure more than he
did; but I said that a certain Maestro Giovanni of Castel
Bolognese had just come to Rome, very ingenious in the art of
making medals of the sort I made in steel, and that I thirsted
for nothing more than to compete with him and take the world
by storm with some great masterpiece, which I hoped would
annihilate all those enemies of mine by the force of genius and
not the sword. The sorcerer on his side went on urging,
"Nay, prithee, Benvenuto, come with me and shun a great dis-
aster which I see impending over you. " However, I had made
my mind up, come what would, to finish my medal, and we
were now approaching the end of the month. I was so absorbed
and enamored by my work that I thought no more about
Angelica or anything of that kind, but gave my whole self up
to it.
BENVENUTO LOSES SELF-CONTROL UNDER SEVERE
PROVOCATION
From the Memoirs': Symonds's Translation
I
T HAPPENED one day, close on the hours of vespers, that I had
to go, at an unusual time for me, from my house to my work-
shop; for I ought to say that the latter was in the Banchi,
while I lived behind the Banchi, and went rarely to the shop;
all my business there I left in the hands of my partner, Felice.
Having stayed a short while in the workshop, I remembered.
that I had to say something to Alessandro del Bene. So I arose,
and when I reached the Banchi, I met a man called Ser Bene-
detto, who was a great friend of mine. He was a notary, born
in Florence, son of a blind man who said prayers about the
streets for alms, and a Sienese by race. This Ser Benedetto had
been very many years at Naples; afterwards he had settled in
Rome, where he transacted business for some Sienese merchants
of the Chigi. My partner had over and over again asked him
for some moneys which were due for certain little rings con-
fided to Ser Benedetto. That very day, meeting him in the
Banchi, he demanded his money rather roughly, as his wont was.


## p. 3401 (#375) ###########################################

BENVENUTO CELLINI
3401
Benedetto was walking with his masters, and they, annoyed
by the interruption, scolded him sharply, saying they would be
served by somebody else, in order not to have to listen to such.
barking.
Ser Benedetto did the best he could to excuse himself, swore
that he had paid the goldsmith, and said he had no power to
curb the rage of madmen. The Sienese took his words ill, and
dismissed him on the spot. Leaving them, he ran like an arrow
to my shop, probably to take revenge upon Felice. It chanced
that just in the middle of the street we met. I, who had heard
nothing of the matter, greeted him most kindly, according to my
custom, to which courtesy he replied with insults. Then what
the sorcerer had said flashed all at once upon my mind; and
bridling myself as well as I was able, in the way he bade me,
I answered:
"Good brother Benedetto, don't fly into a rage with me, for
I have done you no harm, nor do I know anything about these
affairs of yours.
Please go and finish what you have to do with
Felice. He is quite capable of giving you a proper answer; but
inasmuch as I know nothing about it, you are wrong to abuse me
in this way, especially as you are well aware that I am not the
man to put up with insults. "
He retorted that I knew everything, and that he was the
man to make me bear a heavier load than that, and that Felice
and I were two great rascals. By this time a crowd had gathered
round to hear the quarrel. Provoked by his ugly words, I stooped
and took up a lump of mud - for it had rained—and hurled it
with a quick and unpremeditated movement at his face. He
ducked his head, so that the mud hit him in the middle of the
skull. There was a stone in it with several sharp angles, one
of which striking him, he fell stunned like a dead man; where-
upon all the bystanders, seeing the great quantity of blood,
judged that he was really dead.
While he was still lying on the ground, and people were
preparing to carry him away, Pompeo the jeweler passed by.
The Pope had sent for him to give orders about some jewels.
Seeing the fellow in such a miserable plight, he asked who had
struck him; on which they told him, "Benvenuto did it, but the
stupid creature brought it down upon himself. " No sooner had
Pompeo reached the Pope than he began to speak: "Most
blessed Father, Benvenuto has this very moment murdered


## p. 3402 (#376) ###########################################

BENVENUTO CELLINI
3402
Tobbia; I saw it with my own eyes. " On this the Pope in a
fury ordered the Governor, who was in the presence, to take and
hang me at once in the place where the homicide had been
committed; adding that he must do all he could to catch me,
and not appear again before him until he had hanged me.


## p. 3403 (#377) ###########################################

3403
CELTIC LITERATURE
BY WILLIAM SHARP AND ERNEST RHYS
HE widespread and deepening contemporary interest in Celtic
literature is primarily due to four distinct influences. The
publication (followed by its world-wide repute and the bit-
terest literary controversy of modern days) of Macpherson's 'Ossian'
comes first. There is no inorganic development in art, whether the
art of words or any other: in the fundamental sense, there is no acci-
dent. It is a mistake therefore to speak of Macpherson's 'Ossian ›
as a startling meteor which flashed across the world of literature, a
brief apparition out of a void into which it has returned, leaving only
a mass of débris to testify to its actuality and bygone splendor: a
mistake, for this famous production was indirectly but closely related
to another literary influence, the publication of Bishop Percy's cele-
brated Reliques of Ancient English Poetry. In art there is no
room for accidents: for art is an organic development, and the most
seemingly arbitrary variations are inevitable or at least natural.
After Macpherson's 'Ossian' the next important influence is the
'Mabinogion,' as retold in English from the early Welsh originals
by Lady Charlotte Guest. The influence, as well as the inherent
beauty and interest, of each of these famous productions will be
dealt with later in these volumes.
'Ossian' and the 'Mabinogion' afforded a new standpoint. The
two heralds of the treasure we have inherited in this Celtic literature
of the past were Ernest Renan and Matthew Arnold. Renan by his
treatise on 'La Poésie des Races Celtiques,' and later Matthew
Arnold by his essay on Celtic Literature,' accomplished an almost
inestimable service. Everything that has been done since is but a
variation along the lines indicated by these two great critics; and
with this result, that it is already a commonplace to say we have in
the Celtic literature of the past not only an almost inexhaustible
mine of beauty, but the material for a new and vivid Anglo-Celtic
literature of the imagination.
In the ensuing brief sketch of some of the main features of this
subject, at once so fascinating and so important, no attempt is made
to do other than to interest, and perhaps allure further, the general
reader. For convenience's sake, this brief paper may be divided into
four sections:-Irish, Scottish, Welsh, and Cornish.


## p. 3404 (#378) ###########################################

CELTIC LITERATURE
3404
I-IRISH
"FROM what dragon's teeth, and when sown, sprang forth this
warlike crop? " asks Mr. Standish O'Grady, writing in his "History
of Ireland' of the host of famous heroic men and women whose
names have come down to us from the antique periods of the Gael.
"Out of the ground they start," he tells us, "the armies of her
demigods and champions,-beautiful heroic forms, -in the North the
Red Branch, in the South the Ernai or Clan Dega, in the West
Queen Meave and her champions, in the Southeast that mysterious
half-red Meave and her martial grooms! "
A wonderful world! that heroic Ireland, the old Ireland of Queen
Meave and Cuculain, which only now for the first time is become at
all a possible region for the most of us. It is due to the remark-
able modern band of Irish writers and scholars represented by Mr.
O'Grady in the one category, and his older namesake, Mr. Standish
Hayes O'Grady of the 'Silva Gadelica,' in the other, that this litera-
ture is at last unsealed for those readers who have no Gaelic equip-
ment to aid them. With their aid Queen Meave emerges into new
life in poetry and romance; Cuculain is seen fighting afresh his
ancient battles; and St. Patrick encounters again the primitive
Ossian: all these, fortunately, are now as much within the reach of
an American audience as their classic prototypes in Homer or in
the northern sagas. These few more familiar names, out of the vast
number which threaten confusion in the old Irish romances and
bardic books, may serve as clues in the perplexing labyrinth of a
subject which seems at first so difficult to penetrate. Take Queen
Meave, for instance: how do we arrive at her place and story, so
early in the centuries? She belongs to the second great cycle of
Irish legendary history, in which she has Cuculain, Conor mac
Nessa, Fergus, and Deirdrê, as companions in romance. In this cycle
the dramatic centre is the fierce interminable war between Con-
naught and Ulster, brought about by the treacherous murder of the
sons of Usnach. The story of their tragic end, and of the melan-
choly death of Deirdrê, is one of the most moving in all Irish tra-
dition. But the master-romance of the cycle is not that of Deirdrê,
but of Queen Meave and her foray in quest of the famous bull of
Louth; a tale familiar in Irish under its title of The Cattle-spoiling
of Cooley. '
If one is tired of the modern world and its literary interpreta-
tions, its self-conscious fictions and impressionistic poetry, one cannot
do better than dive deep into the past, where Queen Meave marches
in half-barbaric splendor and beauty across the stage of the ancient


## p. 3405 (#379) ###########################################

CELTIC LITERATURE
3405
Eri, which was approximately contemporaneous with the birth of
Christ. That was the time when the Red Branch mustered in the
north its heroic array of warriors, descendants of Ir, the son of
Milesius; and of the Red Branch came Cuculain the mighty. Con-
naught, the Ireland west of the Shannon, was Queen Meave's patri-
mony, where still lived the chief remnant of the prehistoric Firbolgs,
the race that once fought with the gods themselves. And we have
still to supply the mid-Ireland, with Tara as capital, and Cairbre as
king; the Leinster of that day, subject to Finn and Far-Cu; and the
Munster, subject to Lok and Eocha, with the children of Conairy
Mór the Beautiful, too, ranging the south in their fullness of power.
The colors to be got out of this Celtic antiquity, the spirit of life
that surges in its romantic annals, the fine fury of its heroes, the
beauty and picturesqueness of its women, combine to make a story
that only an Ireland of the first century could have inspired, and
that only an Ireland of the sixth to the ninth century could have
written.
Throughout Celtic history, the sixth century is for many reasons
a climacteric period. In Irish literature, we reach about the year
575 a first point to which we can refer approximately the more con-
scious operation of its genius. Then it was that it made its first
open claim to something like a national recognition. At the famous
conclave of that year, held at Druimceta, it attained an almost aca-
demic position and organization. In this conclave, the then king of
the Scottish Gaels, the leading King of the Irish, and St. Columcill,
assisted at the deliberations which decided the caste and privileges
of the Illuminati. There seem to have been three grades: the first,
a pseudo-Druidic order, the Gradh Ecna; the second, one of law-
makers and lawyers; the third, the Bardic order, the Gradh Fili, the
poets being termed File in Irish. Of the many degrees to which the
poets or File could attain, the highest (as in the other grades, of
Ecna, "Wisdom," and of Fene, "Law") was the Ollave, or Doctor.
These doctors of literature, so to call them, were already the con-
tinuators of a great tradition, especially in poetry. They had to
carry, written only in their heads, an immense body of bardic and
religious legendary history and philosophy. And inasmuch as they
were the sole depositories of this profound and occult learning, to
say nothing of those heroic tales and romances in which the Celtic
people so delighted, they received high honor wherever they went.
When the chief poet, the ollave, or doctor of poetry, arrived, in his
weather-beaten cloak of dark crimson trimmed with white feathers,
accompanied by his little band of disciples, at some chieftain's
house, he was received with signal hospitality and treated to the
best his host could afford.


## p. 3406 (#380) ###########################################

3406
CELTIC LITERATURE
While literature was still oral, it is clear that despite the care
used in its preservation in the bardic schools, it could not be main-
tained with the absolute accuracy of a written or a printed text.
The remoter the historical matter to be remembered, the less likely
was it to be preserved, literatim et verbatim, without those little liber-
ties of the imagination which the Celtic word-master of earlier ages
was always ready to take. Thus the first cycle of Irish legendary
history, dating back many centuries before the Christian era,- the
primitive and mythological cycle, - allows full license to the imagina-
tion, working upon a basis of semi-barbaric tradition, with a mixture
in it of nature-myths and remotest history. Both because of the
extent and the extreme difficulty of the materials afforded by this
cycle in the study of the pre-Christian religious beliefs of the Celtic
races, its stories will always form a great hunting-ground for Celtic
students. We learn from it how the Nemedians were overtaken by
the Fomorians and fought with them, almost to extermination, on
Tory Island, escaping then to the south of Europe, particularly to
Greece; and a couple of centuries later returned, under their new
name of the Firbolgs. The Nemedians meanwhile supplied similarly
a recrudescent race, the Tuatha Dé Danann, of whom came the
Dagda, the all-king, almost the Zeus of ancient Ireland. The same
cycle supplies us also with the mythical types correspondent to those
of the Greek mythology: e. g. , Ogmuir, the Irish Heracles; Lug or
Lugh, the Apollo; Diancéa, the Esculapius; Manannan, the Neptune;
and so forth. We have also Bridget, the Goddess of Poetry, the
Gaelic Muse, and the first and foremost of the many illustrious
Brians of Gaelic story. Later critics differ ingeniously about the pre-
cise origins and significations of many of these prehistoric figures.
Our own conjecture is, and it lays claim to no great originality or
finality, that we have in this Danann cycle an all-but inextricable
commixture of primitive nature-myths and folk-tales brought by
the Milesian and pre-Milesian immigrants from the Aryan cradle in
the East, together with a certain addition of confused history relat-
ing to the earliest adventures of the new-come races upon Irish
ground. But such as this traditional cycle was, it provided the
background for the much later second cycle, of which we have
already spoken, and which bears the Red Branch aloft as a sign. In
sight of the Red Branch, the darker part of the journey is over; and
the mists of mythology only form the veil shutting out all but the
mere human foreground.
We have spoken so far of two cycles-the Mythological, whose
chronology is a matter for further criticism to decide; the Heroic,
or Red Branch, which we place at the beginning of the Christian
era.


## p. 3407 (#381) ###########################################

CELTIC LITERATURE
3407
Now we come to a third cycle: the "Fenian," named after Finn
Mac Cool, according to most Irish writers; the "Ossianic," named
after Ossian, Finn's famous son, according to most Scotch. We need
only speak of it here of course on its purely Irish side and from
the Fenian aspect, as the reader will find it fully dealt with under
its Ossianic aspect elsewhere. The heroes of this cycle, if we accept
their historical existence in Ireland, lived from the second to the
fourth centuries of the Christian era. Art, his grandson Cormac,
and Cormac's son, Cairbre; Cool, his son Finn, and King Goll: these,
with Owen Mor and many another, fill the Fenian romances with
their fierce and picturesque pursuit of destiny and death. They only
await the hand of that predestined shaper into final and positive and
modernly intelligible form of the confused romances which treat of
their doings, to add a new epic to the larger literature which has the
Old World for its text and the New World for its interpreter.
These three great cycles of Irish romance by no means exhaust
the wealth of story, still lurking perdu in old MSS. or in rare and
rarely read works. Some of these additional tales have already
reached American readers under modern retellings or poetic inter-
pretations; such as, e. g. , 'The Voyage of Maeldune,' retold mem-
orably, and differently enough, in flowing hexametrical periods by
Tennyson:-
-
"And we came to the Isle of Shouting; we landed; a score of wild birds
Cried from the topmost summit with human voices and words;
Once in an hour they cried, and whenever their voices pealed,
The steer fell down at the plow and the harvest died from the field,
And the men dropt dead in the valleys, and half of the cattle went lame,
And the roof sank in on the hearth, and the dwelling broke into flame;
And the shouting of these wild birds ran into the hearts of my crew,
Till they shouted along with the shouting, and seized one another and slew;
But I drew them the one from the other; I saw that we could not stay,
And we left the dead to the birds, and we sailed with our wounded away. "
Tennyson took his version from Joyce's Early Celtic Romances. '
In this volume we have, among other legendary romances, five or
six of the most wonderful or moving tales in Celtic or any other
literature. Three of these are- -The Three Sorrowful Tales of Erin,'
comprising The Fate of the Children of Usna' (or 'Deirdrê'); (The
Fate of the Children of Lir'; and The Fate of the Children of
Tuirenn. ' The names of the three others are The Voyage of Mael-
dun' (the oldest copy of which is dated 1100), The Pursuit of
Dermot and Grania,' and 'Ossian in the Land of Youth. Of these
perhaps the story of 'Deirdrê' is the best known, and American
readers may be referred to the fine epical version by Dr. Robert D.


## p. 3408 (#382) ###########################################

3408
CELTIC LITERATURE
Joyce (Deirdrê'), published some years ago by Roberts Brothers
of Boston. Two brief examples of the short episodical narratives
which make up the marvelous 'Voyage of Maeldun' may be cited
here,- The Miller of Hell' and 'Signs of Home,' the latter giving
the return of the Celtic Ulysses and his companions.
THE MILLER OF HELL
HE next island they came to, which was not far off from the
had a large mill on it; and near the door stood the
miller, a huge-bodied, strong, burly man. They saw num-
berless crowds of men and horses laden with corn coming
towards the mill; and when their corn was ground they went
away towards the west. Great herds of all kinds of cattle cov-
ered the plain as far as the eye could reach, and among them
many wagons, laden with every kind of wealth that is produced
on the ridge of the world. All these the miller put into the
mouth of his mill to be ground; and all as they came forth went
westward.
Maeldun and his people now spoke to the miller, and asked
him the name of the mill, and the meaning of all they had seen
on the island. And he, turning quickly towards them, replied in
a few words: -
"This mill is called the Mill of Inver-tre-Kenand, and I am
the Miller of Hell. All the corn and all the riches of the world
that men are dissatisfied with, or which they complain of in any
way, are sent here to be ground; and also every precious article
and every kind of wealth which men try to conceal from God.
All these I grind in the Mill of Inver-tre-Kenand and send them
away afterwards to the west. "
He spoke no more, but turned round and busied himself
again with his mill. And the voyagers, with much wonder and
awe in their hearts, went to their curragh and sailed away.
SIGNS OF HOME
S⁰⁰
OON after they saw a beautiful verdant island, with herds of
oxen, cows, and sheep browsing all over its hills and val-
leys; but no houses nor inhabitants to be seen.