Stricter
oversight on consumer lending is likely with the new government to curb the rapid pace and protect unwary borrowers who blame banks for misrepresenting installment credit procedures.
Kleiman International
Asia could see the greatest spike followed by EMEA, which has so far borne the brunt of the Eurozone crisis, but Latin America will not be spared although its comparatively harsher blow could come from falling commodity prices in a terms-of-trade shock.
Bank capital adequacy may be insufficient to absorb these swings, and economic conditions may be less favorable to immediate redress than during the post-Lehman period.
The accompanying World Economic Outlook publication has cut developing countries’ GDP growth outlook, and structural fiscal deficits remain large amid climbing inflation and leverage and often “stretched” securities market valuations.
Capital controls that have proliferated as an anti-overheating and exchange rate management tool may be “of limited use” in the current risk-averse and pressing financial institution oversight environment, the authors recommend, with “time running out” to properly mobilize political will and policy priorities.
A separate chapter in the document probes hundreds of long-term institutional investors about their post-crisis lessons and preferences, and underscores an emphasis on sovereign credit quality and instrument liquidity and “back to basics” derivatives approach for straightforward hedging. An “ongoing” trend toward emerging market diversification has resumed with equity ahead of debt, but with discrimination rather than a homogeneous segment view. A complementary focus in the alternatives category is commodities and infrastructure, although the ability to exit in all these areas is a lingering impediment that could be further spotlighted with the launch of the latest round of stricter insurance and pension fund guidelines for Europe’s single market as monetary integration otherwise may slacken.
South Africa’s Dangling Discipline Dodges
2011 October 14 by admin
Posted in: Africa
South African shares doubled yearly losses to 25 percent on slumping growth and fiscal signals and the “trial” of firebrand ANC youth leader Malema, who faces punishment for inflammatory race and nationalization rhetoric as President Zuma struggles to define his party and business community positions. His diplomacy has also come under fire as advocacy at the African Union for continental solutions sided with the status quo Qaddafi regime including refusing access to confiscated funds before the rebels took key centers. His call for a cease-fire and “inclusive” government was overtaken by events and challenged national liberation credentials at the same time militant labor and political flanks are promoting massive job creation and wealth redistribution schemes. However mining and manufacturing stagnation aggravated by strikes has pulled GDP growth below 3 percent as inflation and the budget deficit touch 5 percent. The central bank has been on hold with the repo rate at 5. 5 percent as foreign bond-buying halves from last year’s pace with net outflows for equities. The rand has fallen back to 8 to the dollar on ambivalent support and the European crisis connection, and the sovereign BBB+ rating could be undermined by new calculations of near-term public debt reaching 45 percent of output with another 20 percent in quasi-sovereign obligations, mainly from electricity company borrowing. FDI was a meager $1. 5 billion in 2010 and the collective bargaining pact for the textile industry which dropped thousands of jobs this year will set a tone for union relations and competitiveness that could seal the fate of multiple sectors that have already relocated elsewhere in Africa and other regions
Big Sub-Sahara destination Nigeria had been down 20 percent through September as more banks were taken over and the central bank continued to hike rates to keep inflation under 10 percent and preserve a narrow naira-dollar bond around 150 for exchange rate stability. A parallel market premium has resurfaced despite reserve rebuilding to $35 billion which noticeably lags the oil revenue surge. Governors are fighting the replacement of the excess crude account that had been emptied prior to elections with a formal sovereign wealth fund, and argue they are further burdened with a recent minimum wage increase that could send the eventual fiscal gap to 4 percent of GDP, excluding a request from the asset management agency AMCON for additional bad loan resolution resources. President Jonathan, upon winning office in his own right, has assembled a so-called economic dream team at the ministries of Finance, Trade and Petroleum to advance reforms, but the Nigerian World Bank Vice President for Africa regularly refers to the nightmare of “vested interests” against their vision.
Capital Flows’ Capped Wellspring Whirl
2011 October 14 by admin
Posted in: Fund Flows
The IIF’s September Capital Flows survey kept the 2011 total for 30 emerging markets roughly constant at $1. 05 trillion while reshuffling the portfolio debt-equity mix in favor of the former, given the push from interest rates on industrial country instruments “cut to the bone. ” The 2012 prediction is for the same amount, although with another year of 6 percent-range economic growth the portion will decline relative to GDP to 4 percent. FDI will be almost half the sum at $450 billion, overwhelmingly going to China, whose direct investment outflows at $100 billion also reflect the net creditor status of a large swathe of the tracked universe. In contrast, the MENA and Europe regions have been further downgraded, with the latter hit in particular by stock and bond sputtering in Turkey over its record current account deficit and credit expansion. A secular trend toward greater exposure should not be halted by recent selloffs as sovereign re-ratings will continue to elevate developing relative to developed credits, according to the report. In addition to traditional risk metrics, the emerging world no longer seems as historically prone to crises, while the institutional quality in advanced counterparts cannot be automatically presumed as evidenced by the Eurozone rescue and US budget ceiling debates.
In Asia share allocation will slip from 2010’s $120 billion to $70 billion, but private debt components, equally bank and non-bank, will come to $250 billion. India is alone in running a current account deficit while Indonesia’s FDI has quadrupled since 2009. In Europe Swiss-franc borrowing vulnerability is an obstacle in Hungary, Poland and Romania, and Ukraine remains out of compliance with its IMF program and Russia’s election calendar injects unease even with Putin’s intention to reclaim the presidency. Latin America’s overall “resilience” with net private inflows over $250 billion will be tested by Brazil’s continued capital control use, Mexico’s trade and remittance ties to the US and Argentina’s likely extension of the state intervention model into a second President Fernandez term with worsening external accounts and capital flight already features. Monetary policy in the region could switch toward cuts particularly if commodity prices weaken, which is also a danger for Persian Gulf destinations and South Africa. High oil and metals revenue are needed to sustain infrastructure and social spending, and nonresident bond purchases of $4 billion through the first half serve to offset the perennial balance of payments gap despite their consequences for rand volatility.
In a companion annual update on its stable capital flow and debt negotiation principles the group hails the top information dissemination and investor relations scores of Latin American and other issuers and examines restructuring cases in Greece, Dubai, Iceland and Cote d’Ivoire. In Greece the assessment may be complicated by its own role in offering a reduction menu to European authorities to meet desired private sector involvement. The package calculates the principal and interest haircut at 21 percent in a deeper concession than original French and German bank-backed proposals, and while self-congratulations are in order for following the “good faith” guidelines the episode may be far more involved in terms of potential conflict and Eurozone repercussions.
Egypt’s Deauville Declaration Muttering
2011 October 5 by admin
Posted in: MENA
Egyptian stocks budged from their rear MSCI roster position as international and Arab official lenders reaffirmed a previous commitment in Deauville, France for $30-40 billion in near-term aid for MENA political and economic transition, and formally recognized the Libyan interim authority which just before held its own reconstruction meeting. Cairo’s army-controlled government, which has faced renewed street protests as it prepares to stage parliamentary and presidential elections, originally spurned IMF budget and balance of payments funding with minimal conditionality for Gulf cash but has received only $500 million, according to officials, as domestic debt yields have touched the sensitive 13 percent mark in several failed auctions. GDP will contract at least 3 percent this fiscal year and unemployment is at a 5-year high although the tourism slump was only 30 percent in the latest month. Investment was down 25 percent in the most recent quarter, despite a decision by Scandinavia’s Electrolux to carry through with a Mubarak-era deal to acquire a stake in a big listed group. Local retail investors are the dominant bourse presence with lackluster company earnings and thin trading, with circuit breakers prevailing on periodic 10 percent daily declines. Big foreign holdings of both debt and equity have reversed to paltry amounts amid concerns about private sector direction and former regime ally investigations, and a budget deficit due to top 10 percent of GDP on the heavy social subsidy burden and a civil service salary hike. Double-digit inflation has eased with commodity retrenchment, and the current account will again be in shortfall despite foreign reserve depletion having stabilized at $500 million monthly. Banks are the main Treasury-bill buyers and the system has been under negative credit rating review notwithstanding a cautious 50 percent loan-deposit ratio. At the Deauville gathering in May the G-8 pledged $20 billion roughly equaling Arab lines, including $3 billion in Saudi ones which have only partially materialized.
Tunisia, where the stock market is also off has gotten World Bank and EU money, but a $25 billion 5-year plan presented by the Finance Minister, a former Citigroup executive, for infrastructure and job creation was not specifically endorsed. Elections have been delayed with the previously-banned Islamic party ahead in opinion polls, and GDP growth will be barely positive this year. With the troubled Eurozone as its chief trading partner, the current account gap will reach 5 percent of output even with the gradual return of remittances and visits from Libya. External debt is primarily on concessional terms, but additional Eurobond redemption comes in 2012, and the sovereign rating was downgraded in July with a negative outlook on a “cloud of uncertainties” which may also derive from summit puffery.
China’s Spirited Local Aloha Gestures
2011 October 5 by admin
Posted in: Asia
Chinese stocks and bonds sustained their slump as the national auditor, which had found RMB 11 trillion in authorized local government loans outstanding, reported detailed debt-GDP ratios in Hawaii resort-like Hainan and other provinces ranging from 50-70 percent. In northeast Liaoining the office revealed that 85 percent of funding platforms missed payments last year. A small portion through separate commercial structures issued bonds even with official bans on municipal engagement, and creditors have complained of asset diversion and forcible restructuring on problem projects. Banking stocks have been battered on the mutually-reinforcing combination of property and provincial exposure, although the regulator has blurred the classification standard in setting the respective totals within the overall NPL number under 5 percent. The low-cost housing campaign announced in the latest economic plan could aggravate potential danger according to the major rating agencies, with Fitch warning of an outright downgrade after shifting the local currency outlook to negative and Moody’s estimating that the amount at risk could be 30 percent higher than Beijing’s prevailing tally. While investors have shunned the big four giants, privately-run commercial and dedicated regional institutions could be facing the greatest risks. The fear contributed to a lack of foreign buyers for Bank of America’s original stake in CCB, and also may have facilitated Canada-based Scotiabank’s 20 percent acquisition of Guangzhou Bank. Trusts, which had been modernized after prominent collapses during the 1990s Asian crisis, have also been an intermediation tool and many listed companies are believed to have direct local debt commitments through financing arms. Chinese bank P/E measures lag BRIC counterparts, and with inflation stuck at 6 percent monetary tightening in new forms should undermine profitability, with reserve requirement breakdowns recently stiffened.
External borrowing access which was previously seen as a backup channel to lift capital minimums above the Basle III threshold has been curtailed at the same time as high-yield real estate developers and fraudulent firms like Sino Forest head toward default. Corporate governance abuse allegations have resulted in a bevy of US SEC and mainland investigations of so-called “reverse mergers” which have been backed by specialist investment banks and auditors as mainstream allocation alternatives. In Sino Forest’s case, prosecutors in Ontario, which was the listing domicile outside New York, have led the crackdown as bonds fell to 30 cents on the dollar in advance of the inability to honor over $1 billion owed. GDP growth despite solid retail sales and fixed-investment components is now put at 7-7. 5 percent, as the sovereign wealth fund with key export destinations in mind is considering emergency purchase of European peripheral debt as core domestic parallels loom.
Commodities’ Speculative Froth Skimming
2011 October 5 by admin
Posted in: IFIs
In response to France’s call as current G-20 chair for insight and recommendations on the overlap between commodity and financial markets and in particular the impact on price volatility and food security several task forces have reported back with proposed measures. Since 2008 the GSCI Index aggregating energy, agriculture and metals has doubled and assets under management through ETFs and dedicated funds and accounts have reached almost half a trillion dollars. By volume gold listings are the top exchange-traded products and in the US the CFTC regulator had concluded after oil investment investigations that stricter position limits could be needed affecting both industry and portfolio players. Developing and industrial country officials have met twice on the subject and asked groups like the IIF and IOSCO to weigh in on aspects from better data and information to anti-speculative and stabilization mechanisms. The securities supervisors have endorsed greater transparency and access and margin controls in principle without stipulating specific steps. The bankers’ trade association has spurned allocation restrictions while citing overwhelming evidence that swings results from underlying physical imbalances and that “long” index tendencies offset the short price-fall hedges of end-users. The World Bank agreed in a June report that the empirical case for defining and dampening so-called commodity “financialization” was weak and that exchange practice in Chicago and elsewhere for spot and futures activity also introduces distortions. Increased correlation between asset classes throughout the past five year crisis period has heightened correction severity generally. Emerging economies led by China have become leading raw material consumers, and food availability has been impaired by poor harvests and distribution channels as well as competing demand for grain-based fuel. Export bans in Asia and Europe have also hindered supply, while “resource nationalism” changing mining rules for foreign producers has affected metal values.
Developing countries acting through UNCTAD have nonetheless insisted on stricter financial intermediary oversight and an outright ban on proprietary dealing in the commodities space and urged reconsideration of 1980s vintage global price-stabilization arrangements which unwound at the time of the debt crisis which then almost sank major banks. The UK and EU are reviewing their approaches with the MiFID guidelines on cross-border investment likely to incorporate specialist adjustments for derivatives exposure and reporting. The World Bank’s IFC arm has meanwhile sponsored an agricultural risk management instrument that will allow up to $4 billion in farmer hedging, following President Zoellick’s prompt to “better use and not block markets. ” As with the Basle III capital and liquidity standards the IIF has warned of higher costs and “unintended consequences” from new rules that may match commodities’ sudden sweep.
Brazil’s Surreal Salvation Script
2011 September 22 by admin
Posted in: Latin America/Caribbean
Brazil’s currency and capital markets careened as the central bank after official and exporter hectoring abruptly slashed the benchmark interest rate 50 basis points and raised the inflation forecast to 5 percent as GDP growth expectations were pared to the 4 percent range, despite upbeat labor and retail indicators. The Rousseff Administration had already been criticized for a stream of cabinet departures which has conveyed endless reshuffling and seeming contradictions between commitments to restore a 4 percent of GDP primary fiscal surplus and launch new industrial policy measures including trade restrictions and targeted credit to help designated sector competitiveness. Governor Tombini couched the turnaround in terms of a revised policy methodology according greater weight to the deteriorating global economic outlook, but many investors who have pared debt and equity positions following the Finance Minister’s serial imposition of taxes fretted that the government’s short-term popular overtures had again held sway, and that the monetary authority had relinquished a longstanding autonomous and liberal reputation. They note that full currency convertibility has disappeared from the agenda and that the body was silent on a proposal to gather other BRIC members in a European-bond buying operation when the domestic debt level is still steep and even the most conservative foreign players, the Japanese investment trusts, are reducing exposure. Banks, in particular, have been shunned on the exchange as NPLs creep over 5 percent with many listings off 25 percent as macro-prudential limits on credit card issuance go into effect with repayment burdens eroding household spending power. In the space, BTG Pactual however generated excitement with a plan to go public and expand cross-border through tie-ups with Chilean and Colombian brokers. Skeptics fired back that numerous IPOs have been withdrawn in recent months and that the move outside Brazil could also be to escape worsening asset management and underwriting foundations.
Neighboring Argentina has frowned on the possible real-weakening impact and Mexico has also hinted it could cut rates as both countries head into their own presidential election cycles. In a national primary Argentine incumbent Fernandez took a commanding 50 percent after earlier provincial setbacks, paving the way for a cinched second term despite relentless capital flight and inflation. With pre-poll budget outlays increased 30 percent, tariffs have just been raised against Brazilian goods to win voter support. Mexican Finance Minister Cordero has quit to seek his party’s nod although the once dominant PRI is set to return to power, according to current opinion readings. In the 2012 fiscal blueprint just submitted no major tax reforms are contemplated even as the US-linked security and export design remains sketchy.
Turkey Flotilla Flotsam Formation
2011 September 22 by admin
Posted in: Europe, MENA
Turkish shares continued as emerging Europe’s worst as the Finance Minister characterized the 10 percent of GDP current account deficit with the lira’s 20 percent slump as “yesterday’s problem,” and geopolitical anxiety spread with ruptured Israeli ties over past treatment of a seized Palestinian aid ship. Erratic central bank policy has been rattling investors as an innovative mix strives to slow credit growth and discourage high-yield debt inflows, while preserving domestic demand and balance of payments coverage with the surrounding Eurozone debacle. Consumer loan growth has been just over 1 percent monthly pointing to success, but Q2 GDP was up again at a torrid 10 percent pace and repatriation of Turkish capital from abroad has supplemented decreased foreign allocation. A dollar intervention fund had been suspended but was recently reactivated not to curb appreciation but to support levels officials argue are 10 percent undervalued. President Erdogan after comfortable re-election has injected his administration heartily into Mideast tumult with criticism of Syria’s repression and praise for Libya’s Qaddafi ouster in addition to the dispute with Tel Aviv, which has hurt the exchange there alongside a domestic protest movement over housing costs and international controversy over a UN bid for Palestinian Authority statehood. The Israeli economy has softened to a 3 percent growth clip and the shekel has slid as a round of rate cuts is previewed. The heavy export reliance on high-tech and defense goods could suffer under global cutbacks, and at home the Netanyahu team is under pressure to break-up family conglomerates which dominate business and finance.
Relations have also frayed with Arab neighbors in transition, including Egypt now under military rule, where Sinai border attacks have been mounted, and Jordan and Lebanon with their own fragile governments. King Abdullah has introduced constitutional changes to give parliament more power, but has turned to $10 billion in Gulf aid to plug a runaway budget gap. Lebanon’s triple-digit sovereign debt load depends on bank placement, and deposits have flat-lined with GDP growth at only 1. 5 percent and the Syrian spillover. The Hezbollah faction in the coalition has refused to hand over accused killers of former Prime Minister Hariri named in a years-long international investigation. Iran’s role in the area hangs over the interplay with the US army also due to exit Iraq by year-end where a new hydrocarbons law was just endorsed after 5 years of negotiations. Production has reached almost 2. 5 million barrels/day and additional licenses have been awarded to multinational drillers looking to find eventual transition fortune.
Central Europe’s Scant Swiss Miss
2011 September 15 by admin
Posted in: Europe
Shares in Hungary and Poland, and to a lesser extent in the Czech Republic and Slovakia won a brief respite from year-to-date losses with the Swiss central bank’s determination to cap the franc’s regional currency appreciation at a headline 1. 2 to the euro, as the countries’ corporate and mortgage borrowers pled for succor from already 50 percent higher debt loads. The Budapest and Warsaw exchanges were down over 10 percent as governments with fiscal deficit vises nonetheless offered relief programs. The Orban administration rushed to finalize an outline proposal to fix the forint exchange rate at 20 percent below the current level which will allow eligible applicants to repay their outstanding balance immediately, while the majority can refinance in installments over time. Trading was suspended in the benchmark bank listings OTP and FHB during the announcement, and the former embarked on a buyback scheme to support its price after a 15 percent drop. Austrian-owned units slammed the action as “destabilizing with serious macroeconomic consequences” as diplomats threatened to take their case to EU tribunals for alleged repudiation of legal contracts. Hungarian officials, who previously dismissed objections to the special profits tax, responded that the mechanism would “split losses” on the 15 percent of GDP Swiss franc debt as they rejiggered budget and growth targets straining under the larger Eurozone crisis. The 3 percent output forecast has been nearly halved, although inflation is also subdued and the private pension takeover provides quick treasury injections. Non-residents, with a one-third ownership position, have continued to buy domestic paper, but yields have crept up toward 6 percent in recent auctions and their preference has skewed toward shorter-term maturities as during the pre-IMF rescue late 2008 period. Credit default swap spreads above 450 basis points are at a 2-year high, as ratings agencies are reportedly preparing further sovereign downgrades.
In Poland, where franc-denominated housing loans are half the total, central bank head Belka described foreign exchange exposure as poison, while providing assurances over system safety and expanding Swiss currency access through banks and money exchanges under a new law allowing repayment in that unit. The zloty dropped to fresh lows against the euro and dollar despite another 4. 5 percent GDP growth figure in Q2 on domestic demand with inflation around the same level. The budget deficit will exceed 5 percent of output and the current account gap is at that proportion after statistical revisions, but voters appear content with the Tusk government’s economic handling with re-election imminent. The bourse postponed a privatization sale in number two Bank PKO but continues to seek sub-regional listings from Ukraine and elsewhere as antidotes.
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India’s Groaning Anti-Graft Chasms
2011 September 14 by admin
Posted in: Asia
Indian stocks continued their malaise as the region’s laggard as monthly industrial growth halved, confirming the latest quarter’s slower 7. 5 percent GDP gain, and anti-corruption campaigner Hazare won government concessions after a hunger strike mobilized followers disappointed by Prime Minister Singh’s Independence Day speech acknowledgement that he lacked a “magic wand” against the scourge. His address endorsed strict punishment and legal and regulatory strengthening as opinion surveys charted a 5 percent swing away from ruling coalition backing. Business and financial commentators have drawn unfavorable contrasts between Singh’s current tenure and his bold liberalization strides two decades ago in office, while speculation also mounts about the future relationship with the Congress Party, with its leader Gandhi receiving medical treatment abroad for an undisclosed ailment. Her son Rahul may take charge to help regain economic policy momentum and also counter terrorism jitters following another bombing at a prominent Mumbai site well before scheduled 2014 parliamentary elections. The exchange showed $1. 5 billion in August portfolio outflows as earnings fell short of still steep average valuations and the rupee also slid beneath 45 to the dollar despite central bank intervention and a firm interest rate stance determined to quash 9-percent inflation. Family conglomerates like Ambani have delivered lower returns and encounter regular controversy with conduct at home and abroad, while banks have also come under the microscope with a spike in nonperforming loans thought to be far above the reported 3 percent of the total with lenient accounting and provisioning rules. New consumer focus has just begun to sputter, and wholesale borrowing overseas has become constricted with Asia debt market reversal. Plans to open the sector to greater private and international participation have sparked worker protests and been diluted, although a shift could boost efficiency and infrastructure finance scope. Proposals to diversify pension fund allocation from state bonds have been sidetracked as well, with the fiscal deficit again due to breach the original target and hit 5 percent of GDP on subsidy and tax reform delays. Oil price falls should cushion the effect on both the budget and balance of payments, although FDI weakness still hobbles the capital inflow needed to offset the chronic goods trade gap.
Diplomatic sparring with Pakistan despite cordial bilateral visits has endured in the wake of economic and security worries as the stock market there has also descended into the doldrums, with the US threatening to suspend military aid post-Bin Laden, and Karachi still experiencing widespread power cuts and violence prompting talk of a military takeover of the commercial capital. The IMF has refused to extend new lines and the Obama Administration is mulling assistance overhaul that may follow recommendations outlined in a recent think tank document which mentions the importance of engaging fund managers and private creditors to preserve precarious partnership.
The Gulf’s Uphill Upgrade
2011 August 18 by admin
Posted in: MENA
With the Ramadan fasting season underway, Gulf equity markets UAE and Qatar sputtered in their quest to enter the MSCI core roster on respective trade settlement and foreign share ownership shortfalls that will be revisited at year-end. While the denial on technical factors was unsurprising, dedicated MENA investors have cast the decision as a near-miss positive story amid a welter of regional reverses, and cited much more sophisticated Korea’s failure as well to move from emerging to developed designation. The Emirates’ exchanges outside Nasdaq Dubai have just introduced a delivery-versus-payment system, while Qatari officials have refused to relax access and minority stake limits on key listed companies. Such firms recently committed to $10 billion in projects to support Egypt’s transition, including a port around Alexandria. Saudi Arabia had before deposited $1 billion at the central bank there and pledged $500 million in bond buying, while the US offered $1 billion in debt relief and the same amount to guarantee new external borrowing. The coming fiscal year from July projects a $10 billion-plus financing gap which another IMF facility in addition to freshly-planned EBRD lending would have helped bridge but was rejected. The Gulf Cooperation Council’s individual member aid to Cairo coincided with an invitation by the group for Jordan and Morocco to join. The 30-year old club had previously extended a $20 billion economic package to Bahrain and Oman to quell unrest, and endorsed the dispatch of Saudi forces across the strait to Manama. The Jordanian and Moroccan kings unveiled designs for more popular government participation alongside increased social and subsidy spending to discourage protests, and King Abdullah was praised during a Washington visit for the moderate steps. The Casablanca exchange in turn hewed to positive territory until mid-year despite continued street unrest and terrorist incidents that cramp mainstay tourism. In Tunisia where the so-called Arab Spring originated, a $25 billion investment program was presented at the G-8 summit in France to a lukewarm response as participants deferred to the private sector to consider the infrastructure and modernization blueprints. The ousted Ben Ali family was found guilty in absentia of embezzlement and corruption as the thinly-traded bourse remained down.
For Bahraini paper the rating tendency has been opposite as banks joined the sovereign in May credit downgrades on financial services, real estate and hospitality weakness “in light of recent political turmoil,” according to Moody’s. A $1 billion international bond has been delayed after a $200 million issue early in 2011, which contributed to a Q1 $30 billion regional sukuk tally as compared with $50 billion for all of 2010. Egypt and Jordan had started to implement Islamic finance rules before their violence erupted and upgrades to other traditional structures took precedence.
The Caribbean’s Debt Shoal Shuffle
2011 August 2 by admin
Posted in: Latin America/Caribbean
Tiny Eastern Caribbean Currency Union member St. Kitts and Nevis became the latest defaulter on public debt at almost 200 percent of GDP, with only Treasury bills to be excluded from a $1 billion restructuring after “sharp” tourism and FDI falls, according to the prime minister’s office. Medium-term government finance reforms will be supported by a $85 million 3-year IMF standby loan as officials work with creditors toward a “credible and definitive solution” to the immediate crunch. In the region in the past few years Grenada, Dominica and Belize followed this path, while Jamaica narrowly avoided the fate with a comprehensive local bond swap emphasizing maturity extension. The blow came as the Fund hailed the islands’ “turning the corner” from recession in its April Western Hemisphere economic outlook. Two percent average GDP growth is forecast on better visitor and remittance numbers and fiscal consolidation. High commodity import prices remain an obstacle with limited scope for subsidy cushions, and labor productivity and overall competitiveness lag. Cross-border contagion lingers from the collapse of the Trinidad and Tobago-based CL Financial Group where contingent liabilities could reach 10 percent of output there and insurance subsidiaries in Barbados and elsewhere struggle with outstanding claims. The report urged export diversification and cited the importance of meeting international prudential, tax and anti-money laundering standards in the area’s 15 offshore financial centers. Only Montserrat is on the FATF “grey” list, with the other jurisdictions now all with “white” status including half a dozen UK overseas territories. With improved domestic and global standing, rater Moody’s recently issued a “favorable” prognosis for major banks with some caveats for Jamaican players with high government paper asset concentration.
National income turned positive in Q1 as an aluminum plant reopened but the primary budget surplus target was missed under Jamaica’s IMF arrangement although the overall deficit was constant. Remittances from North America and Europe were up double-digits, bringing foreign reserves to a record $2. 5 billion. The local dollar has been stable even as the current account gap could approach 10 percent of GDP on imported petroleum costs. Both the stock and bond markets were LAC outperformers in the first half, although momentum has started to flag. Trinidad and Tobago securities have not fared as well on 10 percent inflation and a 6 percent of GDP fiscal deficit despite hydrocarbon exporter rebound, while in Barbados additional domestic placement sent the island’s debt level to near 105 percent of output to overshadow sunnier tourist diversification progress.
Debt Managers’ Stockholm Syndrome Symptoms
2011 August 1 by admin
Posted in: IFIs
As European governments individually and collectively scramble to overcome liquidity, rollover and other risks associated with classic debt crises, the IMF lauded emerging market lessons in a regular roundup of compliance with the so-called best practice Stockholm Principles. In particular capital inflows have extended local currency maturities over the past decade, causing “less severe stress” in the immediate post-2008 crunch. The average sovereign bond tenor is 4 years, and floating and foreign currency-linked versions account for under 20 percent of the amount outstanding. Non-resident holdings have grown from one-quarter to one-third of the total, as net credit rating changes have been overwhelmingly positive in contrast with advanced economies. The paper urges low-income countries to embrace such steps as they become increasingly eligible and equipped for commercial borrowing. In the Lehman bankruptcy wake foreign buyers “abruptly departed,” compelling issuers like Hungary, Poland and Mexico to resort to shorter-term and adjustable placement features. In Central Europe the primary dealer auction process was also modified, syndicates were supplemental agents, and calendars were accelerated. Liability management operations were mounted to smooth repayment and yield curve characteristics, and cross-border investor diversification was emphasized with outreach to Asia and the Middle East. Over-reliance on outside appetite should be avoided however as put into “sharp focus” by current euro area emergency facilities to Greece, Ireland and Portugal. The entire portfolio should be subject to mutually-reinforcing sovereign and financial sector balance sheet worst-case scenarios as outlined in guidelines dating from the 1990s Asian financial crisis. A low rollover profile is welcome and has distinguished UK requirements from continental Europe. In cases like Chile and Russia national wealth funds can be tapped for additional liquidity, and retail and institutional investors can be further targeted through smaller lots and innovations including inflation-linked paper.
Brazil and Mexico had managed to lengthen maturities and also offer a range of exchange-traded and over-the-counter derivatives for hedging prior to the 2009 squeeze. Turkey’s finance ministry has actively run debt exchanges, and even irregular sponsors like the Philippines have recently completed large longer-dated swap exercises. The analysis concludes however that the proposed Basle III regulatory changes beyond capital for liquidity and leverage ratios could “create problems” in countries where debt markets are thin especially in relation to banking size. Repos and secondary activity could be constrained, and financial institution warehousing of safe instruments could interfere with normal lending patterns. Before the euro-zone crisis worsened the BIS estimated that over EUR 1. 5 trillion would be needed to meet the new standards that no longer hold sympathy for ailing banks as well as nonbanks which could be hostage.
East Africa’s Ignited Inflation Sparks
2011 June 20 by admin
Posted in: Africa
The Kenyan shilling fell to a record low 90/dollar as food prices jumped 20 percent and Ugandan regime opponents and the central bank head also railed against double-digit inflation as the two East African community linchpins postponed integration initiatives to concentrate on individual stabilization plans. The Nairobi exchange has been down all year as the GDP growth forecast lagged the Sub-Sahara average at 4-5 percent and political positioning began for 2012 presidential elections which seek to avoid repeating the tribal carnage of the previous disputed race. The ICC has questioned leading officials, including Finance Minister Kenyatta, about their role in fomenting violence then which could result in formal indictments. The benchmark rate was initially increased 25 basis points on the inflation spurt but the monetary authority has since been criticized for slow reaction as bond yields widen several hundred ticks with auctions undersubscribed. Debt market turnover had quadrupled to 20 percent of GDP in 2010 as intermediaries and regulators introduced numerous operating and systems upgrades. An over-the-counter framework will supplement prior mandatory exchange trading and be run by designated primary dealers; central depository automation has improved; and short-selling will soon be permitted. Equities have embraced their own moves such as transition to a shorter T+3 settlement cycle. Despite the revisions, investment will be cramped by indefinitely higher agricultural and imported oil costs, with the energy commission recently imposing hefty rises for consumers and businesses alike. Labor unions have responded to the living standard erosion by demanding 50-60 percent wage increases which the government claims would worsen the fiscal deficit and domestic debt load as a maiden external bond issue is contemplated with a B+ sovereign rating.
Neighboring Uganda has discovered oil but food crop inflation hit a regional high at 45 percent in May, as just re-elected President Museveni who has ruled for 25 years jailed his main opponent after prolonged street fighting over economic and political direction. European donors have suspended aid in view of alleged poll fraud and the harsh crackdown, and the longstanding central bank governor has also criticized fiscal indiscipline which caused the IMF to assign unsatisfactory marks in its latest program review. $750 million was spent for a fighter jet and a supplementary budget was passed during the campaign with ample voter largesse. Foreign reserves, after post-crisis rebuilding, have now been commandeered to defend the shilling, and although the official poverty rate has dipped to 25 percent, population growth has not abated leaving a large cohort of angry youth with scant income and formal employment prospects to resort to their own guerilla tactics against the former anti-Amin rebel chief.
Peru’s Milastone Mining Militants
2011 June 20 by admin
Posted in: Latin America/Caribbean
Former Peruvian army general Humala’s surprise win in the second-round presidential runoff triggered brief investor panic as the Lima exchange’s double digit year to date slide equaled Egypt’s at the bottom of the core universe heap on his calls for a tougher mining regime and greater anti-poverty push to accompany the country’s torrid GDP growth. Through June cross border inflows into bonds and equities were both modestly positive according to fund trackers, aided by enthusiasm over a formal merger with Colombia and Chile in the combined MILA platform. However upon securing victory Humala advisers immediately proposed revamping the arrangement, which they claimed unduly favored the other parties. Officials in Bogota where a first-stage integration was due rejected the charge as the local business and financial community, which heavily voted for his opponent Fujimori, awaited formal cabinet picks for key economic posts that were predicted to be centrists to project transition confidence. The central bank head may remain in place after meeting with incoming administration representatives and signaling no abrupt further tightening moves with steady inflation and currency readings.
Stricter oversight on consumer lending is likely with the new government to curb the rapid pace and protect unwary borrowers who blame banks for misrepresenting installment credit procedures. In the minerals sector, royalty and tax treatment may be changed to maintain a fiscal surplus with workers and communities to receive higher project proceeds. During the campaign the refashioned socialist candidate pledged that state control and interference would not drive such departures which would be negotiated with private operators in commercial fashion.
Nonetheless Venezuelan President Chavez was among the first to congratulate his old ally despite traveling to Cuba for emergency surgery. His undisclosed condition was preceded by weeks of walking with a cane for an ailing knee, raising medical doubts about running for another term next year, especially with his popular approval barely at a majority. Inflation tops the region at almost 30 percent, and GDP growth will be in the 2 percent range this year after 2010’s recession as housing and power shortages linger. Humala has hinted once in office his model may be labor activist turned conservative manager Lula in Brazil, which has experienced serial setbacks since his successor Dilma assumed power. Chief of staff Palocci was again forced to resign over suspect influence peddling enrichment after a brief rehabilitation, and bank listings have suffered in an overall 5 percent stock market decline on warning that personal bad loan levels could hit 10 percent of the total soon, as regulators otherwise attempt to curtail hefty credit growth even through the state lending giant BNDES as that carnival season fades into memory.
Europe’s Original Rescue Return Reticence
2011 June 15 by admin
Posted in: Europe
After years under official IMF and Euro-zone lifelines Iceland, Latvia and Romania returned to external bond markets almost the same week in well-subscribed efforts despite lingering doubts about output and banking sector recovery and currency and structural reform paths. The first two countries are in battles with creditors over bank resolution, with the Icesave UK and Dutch depositor claims now referred to the European Court of Justice after reimbursement was again rejected in a national referendum, and Latvia’s Parex has been challenged by foreign hedge funds over minority shareholder rights. Capital controls remain in place to prevent a run on the krona, while the lat peg has stayed intact without an updated timetable for joining Baltic neighbor Estonia in outright euro membership. Romania’s leu has strengthened as the current account deficit will slim to 4. 5 percent of GDP after years in double-digits and a successor Fund/EU standby facility was agreed. Bucharest and the tiny Sofia stock exchange next-door with 25 percent gains continue to lead the frontier Europe pack despite jitters over the fate of Greek-owned local financial groups. Bulgaria is on track for 3 percent GDP growth as the unpopular government faces another parliamentary confidence vote on a fiscal squeeze to safeguard the currency board and avoid resort to outside international help. The central bank reported accelerated capital outflows in Q1, and although exports and FDI have progressed a property overhang weighs on business and consumer sentiment. The main ethnic Turk political party has been critical of tight-fisted policies and anti-corruption strides and draws a contrast with the middle-class economic success of Turkey proper, where the Islamic-oriented AKP just won another mandate after a decade in power short of the majority to unilaterally change the constitution.
Its stated commitment to fiscal-monetary and religious moderation is regularly cited by foreign investors, who await a similar signal in Egypt during a precarious transition. The stock market there is stuck at a 25 percent decline despite multi-billion dollar pledges by the Bretton Woods institutions and Arab and African sources to cover budget and balance of payments deficits this year. Inflation is at 12 percent as Treasury bond yields hover at the same level on lackluster auctions exclusively relying on domestic banks. Many listed companies are under investigation for previous regime ties and are also suffering earnings setbacks from travails elsewhere in the MENA region. Corporate and personal accounts have reportedly been shifted to Dubai institutions as the city-state plans again to tap voluntary bond markets as well when reflexes are temporarily nimble.
China’s Local Sewage Streams
2011 June 12 by admin
Posted in: Asia
Chinese shares were down after early year gains as bank worries were added to macroeconomic and corporate governance ones with regulators reportedly preparing for a one-third or over $450 billion local government bad loan scenario without property or other collateral payment coverage. They are attempting to boost municipal bond and secondary trading channels to cushion portfolio fallout as existing investors have questioned use of project funding for stated purposes with alleged diversion of large infrastructure outlays. Repeated reserve requirement hikes have slowed still double-digit money supply growth as both inflation and GDP expansion have tapered on a lower trade surplus and commodity prices. Ratings agencies predict that the NPL ratio for state commercial banks already planning to raise additional capital could hit 10 percent next year. After successful ipos in the US mainly through so-called reverse mergers many Chinese companies have been accused by research houses and investigators of disclosure lapses and balance sheet manipulations choking the pipeline as mainland and Hong Kong placements also languish after initial enthusiasm. With unsettled conditions real estate issuers that had frequented the high-yield external bond market have been absent, as buyers fear another round of unfriendly negotiations around looming defaults. In Shanghai both A and B shares are in the negative column, and the slide has implicated Taiwan as cross-strait ties again prove menacing. However performance has been worse in the other Asian BRIC India, off 10 percent on the MSCI Index, where foreign investors overwhelmingly prefer corporate and government debt in their $3 billion net allocation through June with the central bank on a prolonged tightening cycle. The Singh coalition is fighting to re-establish momentum after a string of corruption scandals sparking a national protest movement led by a prominent faith healer. Private banks may be given more competitive leeway provided they set up separately-capitalized subsidiaries to redeem the prime minister’s promise immediately after securing a second term.
Neighboring big regional exposure South Korea has ceded ground on lackluster domestic demand to supplement exports and steep household debt at almost 150 percent of income with rising adjustable rate mortgages. The North Korean dynastic succession has been bumpy and presidential elections are due next year with the unpopular incumbent, who had originally been praised for his business rather than political background, unlikely to benefit any designated candidate. The Philippine and Thailand are struggling in part due to dual Chinese and Japanese squeezes, in addition to fiscal and monetary policy shadows that already obscure Asia’s giants.
Fund Flows’ Roped Pool Lane Refuge
2011 June 10 by admin
Posted in: Fund Flows
Through June tracked fund divergence intensified according to EPFR collection as equity outflows at $7. 5 billion hit all major regions as debt moved $4. 5 billion in the opposite direction with all core countries getting inflows. In the former category Asian dedicated funds represented over half of flight, led by Chinese ETF escape, and Russia reversed a previous positive allocation course with year to date overall capital exit exceeding $30 billion by central bank calculation as inflation hovers stubbornly at 10 heading into the presidential election season. By region only Africa has seen a minor infusion, along with a smattering of frontier and long-established markets in Europe and East Asia. On the bond side Brazil and Mexico have topped the pack with around $1. 5 billion each received, with local currency and blended versions fare exceeding traditional dollar and euro-denominated vehicles. Japanese retail investment trusts with assets of $65 billion have become large players in their own right with heavy Brazilian concentration. The fixed-income allocation has been driven by poorer industrial production and retail sales data cramping GDP growth forecasts, exchange and interest rate tightening expectations as commodity price inflation may have peaked this cycle, and peripheral Europe aversion as the Greek default saga lingers and Portuguese 10-year yields score records even as the center-right free market oriented oppositions won a convincing election victory. Spain may soon join Ireland in the ailing more developed contingent with regions declaring their precarious solvency after recent national polls as they breached the 2. 5 percent of GDP ceiling agreed with the central government. In Central Europe long considered stability bastions have also lost favor as Poland may have finessed observation of the 55 percent of GDP public debt limit with derivative transactions and the Czech Republic’s ruling coalition continues infighting that compromises promised budget cuts.
For stock funds Korea commitments have waned as the central bank extends rate hikes with household borrowing at 150 percent of income and floating rate mortgages the standard. Africa structures have taken in $35 million after last year’s billion-dollar bonanza but Kenya’s shilling has plummeted to near 90 on double-digit inflation and drought bringing GDP growth under 5 percent. Ghana’s exchange is up over 30 percent but the cedi continues to depreciate as the fiscal deficit overshoot provoked IMF criticism in the latest review of its post-crisis $600 million program. Oil will spur historic economic expansion this year even as fund conduits spring unaccustomed leaks.
Hungary’s Household Help Chores
2011 May 31 by admin
Posted in: Europe
Hungarian shares fell after a Central Europe-beating spurt as the government unveiled medium-term foreign currency mortgage borrower relief and reacquired control of big listed oil company MOL after paying EUR 2 billion for a Russian company stake taken during the 2009 crisis. The homeowner deal will freeze the forint-Swiss franc rate at 180 for several years to aid servicing and lift a foreclosure moratorium although repossession will be confined to just a fraction of the pending portfolio. State financing will be available for family relocation to smaller properties to reduce the overhang and real estate bad asset vehicles could be established by separate legislation. The biggest local bank OTP was lukewarm on the plan as it grapples with a consolidated 15 percent non-performing loan load, while foreign-owned units criticized it as distorting and delaying cleanup as they also bridled at official suggestion of extending special taxes to shrink the budget deficit through mid-decade. Without the levies and commandeering of private pension funds the shortfall would be 7 percent of GDP this year rather than 3 percent, according to statistics. The costs of mortgage assistance and the MOL purchase have yet to be fully delineated as public debt stands at 75 percent of output with a recently-enacted constitutional edict to cap it at 50 percent through slashing judicial review seen as much as an assertion of ruling party dominance as a commitment to fiscal prudence. It will also introduce a new central bank statute with greater political accountability to redeem a campaign pledge which may spark loosening as rates remain on hold despite above-target 4 percent inflation. Q1 GDP growth was 2. 5 percent, double last year’s pace, but industrial production remains sluggish and business and consumer confidence readings are low. Crossover buyers have supported local and external debt prices as CDS spreads have converged with pan-European levels, but erratic policy jitters post-IMF program exit have resurfaced according to auction and issue organizers and participants.
Latvia too, which is approaching graduation and successfully returned to the Eurobond market, has unnerved investors with an inflation spike to 4. 5 percent and call for new elections after anti-corruption investigations in parliament encountered roadblocks. Q1 GDP growth slowed to 3. 5 percent, and unemployment is still 15 percent. Parex Bank which had to be rescued by the authorities and EBRD has experiencing difficulties reimbursing a syndicated loan as the Finance Ministry has confessed to fiscal consolidation “fatigue” which may tire allocation appetite.
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Serbia’s Kindled Capture Attention
2011 May 27 by admin
Posted in: Europe
Serbian shares up 30 percent as MSCI frontier leaders were boosted further along with the currency by the arrest after a 15-year pursuit of accused war crime mastermind Mladic, who apparently lived unnoticed in a remote farming village. His apprehension was a precondition in formal EU accession talks which have proceeded slowly with Brussels’ preoccupation with member debt crisis and pending crime and anti-corruption and Kosovo relations strides. Portfolio investment leapt tenfold in the first quarter from the previous one to 2 percent of GDP as the last installment of the IMF’s EUR 3 billion standby was given and the government laid the groundwork for another arrangement heading into 2012 elections. Q1 economic growth was 3 percent underpinned by exports, but inflation touched 15 percent due in part to bad weather food costs as the central bank lifted its benchmark rate to 12. 5 percent. The current account deficit has worsened slightly from last year’s 7 percent of output on external debt at 70 percent of GDP. Bank credit to businesses and households is again expanding at double-digits on a system loan/deposit ratio of 135 percent, as the EBRD warned at its annual meeting of potential Greek network spillover. Although the privatization and pension reform record has been mixed under the Fund program, ratings agencies have praised fiscal consolidation in awarding recent sovereign upgrades. As a tiny EMBI slice foreign investors have taken positions in external bonds and also moved into local T-bills. The exchange along with other ex-Yugoslav ones shares data with the Vienna bourse under an information and commercial partnership, and Austrian units control 40 percent of Serbia’s financial services. As it bids for official EU candidate status WTO negotiations are also proceeding with a target entry date of early next year.
Croatian shares in comparison are ahead modestly as under its own economic recovery plan the government seeks to escape recession and pare the 5 percent of GDP budget gap. The coalition remains weak with end-year elections in sight, and ship-building in particular has slumped. Slovenia ended its hold on the country’s EU submission, but popular support for inclusion sank according to opinion polls after wartime generals were sentenced by the Hague’s International Criminal Tribunal. 30 of 35 chapters have been closed but formal admission has likely been postponed past mid-decade. Competition policy is a key sticking point with many state firms still receiving preferences and subsidies and anti-monopoly laws lacking as the Balkans’ heavy history relinquishes longstanding protections.
Kazakhstan’s Acclaimed Candidate Cant
2011 May 26 by admin
Posted in: Asia
Kazakhstan’s veteran central bank head Marchenko was proposed by the prime minister as an IMF managing director nominee with Russia’s endorsement against emerging market candidates from other regions, as President Nazarbaev, after winning re-election with a 95 percent margin, hosted the annual EBRD conference in Astana. Marchenko’s chances were immediately dismissed by global succession-race watchers, and he admitted scant enthusiasm for returning to Washington after a brief study spell in the 1990s. The President’s victory on reported 90 percent turnout was tainted by “serious irregularities,” according to an international observer mission from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe which he chaired under a regular rotation. Originally the exercise was a referendum on indefinite term extension, but a last-minute runoff was called giving the limited legal opposition little scope to compete. Parliamentary polls are due by next year which will give challengers another chance, regime supporters pointed out during the EBRD’s session, which focused on potential loan and technical assistance expansion to the “democratizing” MENA area. Kazakh authorities have already backed new client activity in nearby Mongolia in cooperation with China, which has large mining investments and a yuan trade settlement facility there in a similar relationship. National oil production is 1. 5 million barrels/day although the Kashagan field project remains stuck in environmental and royalty clashes with foreign partners. Kazmunaigas has doubled its stake in the consortium after previous disputes, and a partial sale is possible under upcoming “people’s IPO” which have buoyed the stock exchange and will be dual-listed in London under preliminary privatization plans.
The sovereign wealth fund S-K is trying to unload holdings after injecting $6 billion in BTA and Alliance Banks during the crisis, as the sector still struggles with a 30 percent bad loan portion concentrated in real estate and consumer lines. Even with another year of commodity driven 7 percent level GDP growth, credit provision is flat. Tax law changes may facilitate write-offs, and the central bank may establish a separate distressed asset vehicle to aid workouts. Post-2008 deleveraging has halved the loan-deposit ratio to below one, and despite regular intervention to brake appreciation the currency is heading toward 140 to the dollar. Foreign exchange reserves have been rebuilt to near $40 billion on a 4 percent of GDP current account surplus, although inflation is again veering toward double-digits on higher food prices. Neighboring Russia is also battling that scourge as it enters its own presidential election season, with the candidate crop still on the vine as earlier equity gains wither.
The World Bank’s Multi-Polar Disorder Prescription
2011 May 25 by admin
Posted in: IFIs
The World Bank, under the auspices of its chief economist well-known in Chinese policymaking circles, published the first in a coming series of long-range Development Horizons studies predicting multi-currency use in 2025 based on emerging market-led commercial and financial “poles” guided by the BRICs. Developing countries now account for half of international trade and one-third of their FDI is “South-South. ” Two-thirds of official foreign exchange reserves are outside the industrial world, and related sovereign wealth funds are among the largest institutional investor sources. Borrowers such as Chile, Turkey, and Brazil command lower spreads than European counterparts, yet since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system 40 years ago no reserve currency from these jurisdictions has entered the mix with the dollar, euro, yen, and pound, and the IMF-created SDR likewise lacks such a component. Over the next decade and a half emerging economies’ GDP growth over an average 4. 5 percent will be double the advanced country norm, and the half dozen biggest ones will power the majority of global output. They have moved to the faster trajectory initially through total factor productivity — in land, labor and capital — gains that may soon join with innovation strides, as “rebalancing” occurs through switches from external to domestic demand. In China consumption will rise to over 50 percent of GDP during the period, with Latin America’s share already at 65 percent. Cross-border M&A from emerging market firms was one-third the world figure in 2010, and many active acquirers are able to tap billions of dollars through international bank loans and debt and equity financing, as well as access comparable sums in local capital markets. The net creditor position of major EMs will exceed $15 trillion under the study’s baseline scenario, setting the stage for a multi-polar monetary system to accompany trade and investment flows.
The renimbi will likely feature at the forefront of new entrants, according to the authors, as convertibility restrictions are progressively removed. Commercial trade settlement and bilateral and multilateral central bank arrangements have proliferated under incremental liberalization, and the currency could first be adopted as an Asian standard before receiving more widespread acceptance. The yuan could join with other emerging market units in a redefined SDR with the endorsement of G-20 Fund shareholders, who could also encourage private circulation of the synthetic denomination as an alternative to national and regional offerings. In this more diverse future, however, the preponderance of developing countries with their small heft will remain at risk of foreign currency mismatches and vulnerabilities even as the “fortress dollar” cedes impregnability.
Vietnam’s Wavering Resolution
2011 May 25 by admin
Posted in: Asia
Vietnamese stocks deepened their loss string despite Hanoi’s hosting of the annual Asian Development Bank gathering as inflation burst past 20 percent to challenge the recent “resolution 11” fiscal and monetary tightening package. The measures originally triggered brief equity and bond rallies as the benchmark interest rate was taken to almost 15 percent and officials vowed otherwise to throttle runaway credit at 120 percent of GDP. At the same time to revive currency confidence, they suspended further devaluation while cracking down on informal dollar and gold trading. However ADB participants were told that economic growth would likely slow to 5 percent as the trade deficit continued to widen to 15 percent of output, with international reserves not reported but estimated at around $12 billion. To cut the budget deficit, fuel and electricity prices were lifted, and food also jumped on anxiety ahead of the spring harvest season. Ratings agencies, after pausing from last year’s downgrades, reinforced jitters with calculations that sovereign contingent liabilities could hit 60 percent of GDP under the weight of state bank recapitalization and bad loan coverage. NPLs using local standards are under 5 percent, and after repeated criticism of data and transparency the central bank has agreed to a formal IMF-World Bank comprehensive financial sector assessment to identify prevailing conditions. The default by shipbuilder Vinashin has not been addressed despite a stream of creditor requests for meetings and negotiations. Companies have been unable to tap the external debt market despite the success of neighboring high-yield borrowers such as Chinese property developers. Regional and US-European individuals and institutions have heavily subscribed these double-digit return issues which increasingly feature “perpetual” structures. In a much-noticed example, unrated Sino-Ocean Land completed a $400 million 10 percent deal in the wake of fraud found at other lesser-known mainland placements like China Forestry, which had partnered with the Washington, DC-based Carlyle buyout firm. Asia dollar-denominated activity was at $35 billion in May, with medium-term projections by underwriters for $100 billion annually.
The Philippines exchange has also been floundering after the central bank raised rates on consecutive occasions to keep inflation below 5 percent, despite fiscal improvement which may limit the deficit to 2 percent of GDP should current patterns hold, even with a new public transport cash transfer program for operators and riders. Remittances which undergird the balance of payments have dropped on troubles in Japan and the Middle East, and should they spread to core Gulf locations Manila may have to form its own resolution stance.
South Africa’s Stalwart Alliance
2011 May 20 by admin
Posted in: Africa
South African shares slid clearly into the negative column after the opposition Democratic Alliance held the ruling ANC to a 60 percent popular vote in local elections and diversified its support base beyond better-off white citizens. National opinion surveys revealed routine dissatisfaction with public service delivery which DA control in Cape Town had worked to rectify, and poor marks assigned to President Zuma’s anti-poverty and unemployment record since taking office. The ANC’s Youth League has mounted its own attack on the government for shrinking from stronger state economic intervention including nationalization and capital controls, while the labor union federation has assailed its “corruption and greed” as it presses for wage rises above current 4 percent inflation. Planning Minister Manuel has openly warned of reverse racism affecting business policy, with black majority interest groups accusing successful Indians of “colonial” behavior. Despite the commodity boom in gold, platinum and other minerals, GDP growth at 4 percent lags Sub-Saharan neighbors as household debt and lackluster private investment weigh on prospects. The PMI hovers at 55 with ample slack in manufacturing capacity, although auto activity has recently picked up in contrast with the moribund clothing sector. The rand remains a favorite carry currency with benchmark bond yields at 8 percent, but has tumbled to 7 against the dollar as the current account deficit is set to widen to 3. 5 percent of GDP. Inflation, pushed by oil import costs, is due to touch the upper 5-6 percent target range, but the central bank has paused in its hiking cycle. Europe’s and Japan’s difficulties are choking exports, as trade and financial ties with fellow Brics deepen following the country’s debut at an April summit in China. Local fund managers have already redirected debt and equity allocation to these outside big emerging market destinations following capital account liberalization in the last budget.
Firms have also signed up for a major foreign investment conference in Zimbabwe as octogenarian President Mugabe calls for fresh elections to end the teetering coalition and immediate implementation of the indigenization law mandating 51 percent ownership of multinational operations. Discussions with Western official lenders on clearing $7 billion in accumulated debt are at a standstill, as domestic banks also grapple with non-performing portfolios at one-third the total. The central bank itself had to be recapitalized and no longer manages exchange rate policy with the multiple circulation of the dollar, euro and rand. Despite the political push by ZANU-PF loyalists, economic officials have questioned whether the $500 million estimated expense of new polls is affordable as democracy and free-market campaigners are crushed by mounting bills.
The Pacific Alliance’s Bellicose Bluster
2011 May 18 by admin
Posted in: Latin America/Caribbean
Stocks were unmoved from slides to date as Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru formally joined in a “Pacific Alliance” representing one-third of Latin American output and half of exports. The three outside Mexico had previously linked up through the MILA joint exchange which will be second in size to Brazil’s at $700 billion. The broader initiative will extend free trade and labor movement multilaterally to complement bilateral pacts. Lima’s index has been down over 20 percent with the even match between leftist Humala and conservative Fujimori for the presidency after the business community’s favorite candidates faded. GDP growth could fall by one quarter to 6. 5 percent this year on softer construction and manufacturing despite 20 percent annual credit expansion, according to officials. Inflation is over 3 percent, and the central bank has continued 25 basis point interest rate rises as rater Moody’s recently warned of overheating. Humala’s original campaign platform vowed renegotiation of mining agreements and higher corporate taxes to fight poverty, while Fujimori’s stressed her father’s law and order legacy and open market-privatization push which risks alienating powerful labor groups. In Chile, worker wage demands have sent inflation to the same level, with the monetary authority lifting the benchmark to 5 percent from the previous near-zero rate under quantitative easing. Domestic demand is up 15 percent from the year-ago quake period, while copper-related inflows have resulted in record peso strength despite $4 billion already used for intervention. As an oil importer, fuel subsidies have caused a 1 percent of GDP fiscal deficit which may worsen with reconstruction spending.
Colombia’s sovereign investment grade return has brought decent cross-border bond and equity allocation according to fund monitors, as private foreign debt has almost doubled to $28 billion the past year. The Santos Administration predicts 5 percent GDP growth aided by likely imminent passage of a US free trade deal, as $20 million daily entry under an inherited smoothing program has not broken the peso’s rise. Flooding has lifted food prices, as the central bank’s progressive “normalization” leaves the policy rate at 4 percent. Mexico’s bourse has seen $400 million in outflows, although long-term Treasury bond commitments remain solid at $1 billion. The currency has soared past the 12 to the dollar barrier on historic international reserves of $125 billion supplemented by a 2-year $70 billion IMF flexible credit line. The government rejects resort to capital controls, and has imposed anti-monopoly penalties on phone magnate Slim. However auto production slipped in April on Japan’s supply disappearance and oil capacity is also dwindling as the next presidential election cycle approaches, with fiscal reform on hold as a bitter aftertaste to the current sweet spot.
Haiti’s Musical Chair Chafing
2011 May 16 by admin
Posted in: Latin America/Caribbean
Haitian musician Martelly was inaugurated as President after an outsize election victory despite slim turnout and declared the island “open for business” in his accompanying address as an historic first peaceful party transfer took place. However, as he names his government and attempts to introduce new laws and policies to reinvigorate immediate rebuilding and long-term anti-poverty efforts, his grouping is a minority in parliament and more forceful judicial review could also act as a check. As he entered office the IMF, which extended a $40 million adjustment loan as part of donors’ 2-year $5. 5 billion package, completed an initial assessment of program implementation which cited delays despite overall solid commitment and performance. Outside debt relief, less than one-third of the aid has been disbursed awaiting the poll results, and dedicated reconstruction has been “slow,” according to the document. GDP decline in fiscal year 2010 was 5 percent compared with the original 8. 5 percent estimate as agriculture stabilized, while inflation is over 7 percent on higher food and fuel costs which spurred riots under the Preval administration. The budget deficit excluding grants was 5 percent on better tax collection, and the current account gap also improved to 2. 5 percent of GDP as international reserves topped $1 billion. Since last September the currency has appreciated 5 percent, and private sector credit has increased by the same figure on good bank liquidity and profitability indicators. Retail petroleum costs were hiked 30 percent in March to reflect global trends without social unrest, although inflationary pressure and exchange rate softening could follow. Next year’s public investment spending for post-earthquake related and humanitarian purposes will be financed in part from the Petrocaribe loan arrangement with Venezuela, with $200 million still in the account after Caracas cancelled twice that amount in outstanding obligations.
The central bank will be repaid through special bond issuance for old finance ministry borrowing as Treasury bill and broader government securities markets take shape with outside technical assistance. Foreign exchange trading will also be modernized, and a law on monetary authority independence will be introduced by year-end. A medium-term debt strategy should be devised as non-concessional access evolves, and officials have already committed to overhauling the state electricity network to stem losses and prepare for a new Northern industrial park which has emerged as the main showpiece post-disaster venture. Land title and business registration reform are likewise on the priority list to move up in World Bank rankings as President Martelly presses to realize a campaign promise of moving voters into durable housing and jobs.
The EU’s Naked Derivatives Ambitions
2011 May 15 by admin
Posted in: Europe
French and German officials lauded the near-completion of rules limiting “naked” CDS positions, where the buyer does not own the underlying bond, which were originally blamed for magnifying Greece’s sovereign distress last year to compel unprecedented outside bilateral and multilateral credit lines. Subsequent investigations absolved the shorting technique as the main cause of double-digit Greek yields and long-term market access loss which have persisted amid continued private restructuring and official program expansion talk. The tools, which had been subject to temporary national bans, did not feature as prominently in the ensuing Irish and Portugal debt sagas, and US counterparts have argued that restrictions would undermine liquidity and standard business hedging. The European approach tends to presume a speculative bias and also affords less flexibility in moving permitted derivatives activity generally to mandatory clearinghouses. For foreign exchange trading in contrast Washington regulators have agreed to broad exemptions, while newer EU members in the East trying to develop and deepen futures and swap capability have questioned the balance between commercial growth and prudential stability. Transatlantic differences have likewise been pronounced in areas like securitization, credit ratings, compensation, and proprietary dealing. Brussels requires issuers to retain 5 percent of securitizations and strict disclosure. Ratings agency oversight has been transferred to the new European Securities Market Authority, which has proposed changing the issuer-pays model and opening competition to a broader range of industrial and emerging economy-based firms. Under the 2010 revised Capital Requirements Directive, banker bonuses must observe a detailed formula proportionate to salaries with provisions for up-front and deferred versions and claw-backs upon performance decline. With their traditional universal banking framework European supervisors do not subscribe to the so-called Volcker Rule, named after the former US Federal Reserve head, which seeks to circumscribe securities portfolio scope in affiliates. However in the stand-alone hedge fund and private equity sphere which New York and London-based managers dominate recently-added European Commission controls that cover valuation, leverage, marketing, and remuneration are much tougher than in other jurisdictions.
In accounting, in turn, the US GAAP is slowly converging with Europe-designed international practice that has spread to the wider G-2O group now debating a range of global system protection measures. The specific breakdown of capital and liquidity ratios under Basel III, too-big to fail designation and cross-border resolution methods, and creation of multilateral cooperation bodies beyond the IMF-located Financial Stability Board are among other issues where despite mutual solidarity pledges member countries and regions prefer to pursue their own naked interests.
Cyprus’ Daunting Greek Debt Divides
2011 May 12 by admin
Posted in: Europe
The Cyprus stock exchange and external bonds shuddered as Euro-zone authorities scrambled to salvage Greece’s unraveling rescue package agreed a year ago with missed fiscal targets and credit default swaps and 2-year market yields at ultra-distressed readings. The island heads into parliamentary elections with the economy “in grave risk,” according to the central bank head, following rating agency bank and sovereign downgrades during the first quarter on Greek public and private sector credit exposure and fiscal slippage. GDP growth was a meager 1 percent in 2010 after the double-digit tempo of the previous decade, as the budget deficit topped 5 percent and will again match that “worst-case scenario” range this year, in the words of the Finance Minister. Government debt is at the 60 percent of GDP Maastricht threshold, but excludes contingent liabilities at the two main listed financial groups Bank of Cyprus and Marfin whose capital could be erased with a sizeable haircut on Greek instruments and spike in nonperforming loans there. The sector as a whole has lines outstanding of $10 billion, equivalent to one-third of output, as of the end of last year, the BIS reports, with the stated capital/assets at 10 percent. To raise revenue and protect account-holders, the parliament recently approved a deposit tax to bring in $100 million and cushion potential system-support costs. Deposits are four times GDP, at almost EUR 70 billion, and have fallen in the past few months on the direct cross-Mediterranean fallout and as Russian offshore wealth is repatriated with booming commodities lifting currency and securities values at home. Nominally Cypriot firms have been among the largest foreign direct investors in Russia and Central Asia in recent years in transactions designed to avoid tax and ownership disclosure burdens.
Despite the extension of VAT to food purchases, the Q1 fiscal gap was over 1. 5 percent of GDP on a 50 percent jump in interest payments and additional aid to the state airline which is still banned from flying in northern Turkish airspace. Opposition parties blame corruption for spending overruns which have already caused the government to backtrack on promised 2010 civil servant salary increases. An overlooked issue in reunification talks is the dual currency, with the euro adopted in 2008 and the lira still circulating in Turkey’s zone. Istanbul has reportedly taken some tourism business from Cyprus and Athens with their troubles, although banks there are also in prudential sights for breakneck consumer and mortgage activity as the ruling party goes to the polls with a comfortable lead and a ticket of identified overheating discomforts.
Ecuador’s Raffish Referendum Riffs
2011 May 10 by admin
Posted in: Latin America/Caribbean
Ecuadorean President Correa notched another referendum win extending constitutional revisions with a judiciary to executive anti-crime power transfer and stripping of media ownership interests from family-run financial-industrial conglomerates.
A separate chapter in the document probes hundreds of long-term institutional investors about their post-crisis lessons and preferences, and underscores an emphasis on sovereign credit quality and instrument liquidity and “back to basics” derivatives approach for straightforward hedging. An “ongoing” trend toward emerging market diversification has resumed with equity ahead of debt, but with discrimination rather than a homogeneous segment view. A complementary focus in the alternatives category is commodities and infrastructure, although the ability to exit in all these areas is a lingering impediment that could be further spotlighted with the launch of the latest round of stricter insurance and pension fund guidelines for Europe’s single market as monetary integration otherwise may slacken.
South Africa’s Dangling Discipline Dodges
2011 October 14 by admin
Posted in: Africa
South African shares doubled yearly losses to 25 percent on slumping growth and fiscal signals and the “trial” of firebrand ANC youth leader Malema, who faces punishment for inflammatory race and nationalization rhetoric as President Zuma struggles to define his party and business community positions. His diplomacy has also come under fire as advocacy at the African Union for continental solutions sided with the status quo Qaddafi regime including refusing access to confiscated funds before the rebels took key centers. His call for a cease-fire and “inclusive” government was overtaken by events and challenged national liberation credentials at the same time militant labor and political flanks are promoting massive job creation and wealth redistribution schemes. However mining and manufacturing stagnation aggravated by strikes has pulled GDP growth below 3 percent as inflation and the budget deficit touch 5 percent. The central bank has been on hold with the repo rate at 5. 5 percent as foreign bond-buying halves from last year’s pace with net outflows for equities. The rand has fallen back to 8 to the dollar on ambivalent support and the European crisis connection, and the sovereign BBB+ rating could be undermined by new calculations of near-term public debt reaching 45 percent of output with another 20 percent in quasi-sovereign obligations, mainly from electricity company borrowing. FDI was a meager $1. 5 billion in 2010 and the collective bargaining pact for the textile industry which dropped thousands of jobs this year will set a tone for union relations and competitiveness that could seal the fate of multiple sectors that have already relocated elsewhere in Africa and other regions
Big Sub-Sahara destination Nigeria had been down 20 percent through September as more banks were taken over and the central bank continued to hike rates to keep inflation under 10 percent and preserve a narrow naira-dollar bond around 150 for exchange rate stability. A parallel market premium has resurfaced despite reserve rebuilding to $35 billion which noticeably lags the oil revenue surge. Governors are fighting the replacement of the excess crude account that had been emptied prior to elections with a formal sovereign wealth fund, and argue they are further burdened with a recent minimum wage increase that could send the eventual fiscal gap to 4 percent of GDP, excluding a request from the asset management agency AMCON for additional bad loan resolution resources. President Jonathan, upon winning office in his own right, has assembled a so-called economic dream team at the ministries of Finance, Trade and Petroleum to advance reforms, but the Nigerian World Bank Vice President for Africa regularly refers to the nightmare of “vested interests” against their vision.
Capital Flows’ Capped Wellspring Whirl
2011 October 14 by admin
Posted in: Fund Flows
The IIF’s September Capital Flows survey kept the 2011 total for 30 emerging markets roughly constant at $1. 05 trillion while reshuffling the portfolio debt-equity mix in favor of the former, given the push from interest rates on industrial country instruments “cut to the bone. ” The 2012 prediction is for the same amount, although with another year of 6 percent-range economic growth the portion will decline relative to GDP to 4 percent. FDI will be almost half the sum at $450 billion, overwhelmingly going to China, whose direct investment outflows at $100 billion also reflect the net creditor status of a large swathe of the tracked universe. In contrast, the MENA and Europe regions have been further downgraded, with the latter hit in particular by stock and bond sputtering in Turkey over its record current account deficit and credit expansion. A secular trend toward greater exposure should not be halted by recent selloffs as sovereign re-ratings will continue to elevate developing relative to developed credits, according to the report. In addition to traditional risk metrics, the emerging world no longer seems as historically prone to crises, while the institutional quality in advanced counterparts cannot be automatically presumed as evidenced by the Eurozone rescue and US budget ceiling debates.
In Asia share allocation will slip from 2010’s $120 billion to $70 billion, but private debt components, equally bank and non-bank, will come to $250 billion. India is alone in running a current account deficit while Indonesia’s FDI has quadrupled since 2009. In Europe Swiss-franc borrowing vulnerability is an obstacle in Hungary, Poland and Romania, and Ukraine remains out of compliance with its IMF program and Russia’s election calendar injects unease even with Putin’s intention to reclaim the presidency. Latin America’s overall “resilience” with net private inflows over $250 billion will be tested by Brazil’s continued capital control use, Mexico’s trade and remittance ties to the US and Argentina’s likely extension of the state intervention model into a second President Fernandez term with worsening external accounts and capital flight already features. Monetary policy in the region could switch toward cuts particularly if commodity prices weaken, which is also a danger for Persian Gulf destinations and South Africa. High oil and metals revenue are needed to sustain infrastructure and social spending, and nonresident bond purchases of $4 billion through the first half serve to offset the perennial balance of payments gap despite their consequences for rand volatility.
In a companion annual update on its stable capital flow and debt negotiation principles the group hails the top information dissemination and investor relations scores of Latin American and other issuers and examines restructuring cases in Greece, Dubai, Iceland and Cote d’Ivoire. In Greece the assessment may be complicated by its own role in offering a reduction menu to European authorities to meet desired private sector involvement. The package calculates the principal and interest haircut at 21 percent in a deeper concession than original French and German bank-backed proposals, and while self-congratulations are in order for following the “good faith” guidelines the episode may be far more involved in terms of potential conflict and Eurozone repercussions.
Egypt’s Deauville Declaration Muttering
2011 October 5 by admin
Posted in: MENA
Egyptian stocks budged from their rear MSCI roster position as international and Arab official lenders reaffirmed a previous commitment in Deauville, France for $30-40 billion in near-term aid for MENA political and economic transition, and formally recognized the Libyan interim authority which just before held its own reconstruction meeting. Cairo’s army-controlled government, which has faced renewed street protests as it prepares to stage parliamentary and presidential elections, originally spurned IMF budget and balance of payments funding with minimal conditionality for Gulf cash but has received only $500 million, according to officials, as domestic debt yields have touched the sensitive 13 percent mark in several failed auctions. GDP will contract at least 3 percent this fiscal year and unemployment is at a 5-year high although the tourism slump was only 30 percent in the latest month. Investment was down 25 percent in the most recent quarter, despite a decision by Scandinavia’s Electrolux to carry through with a Mubarak-era deal to acquire a stake in a big listed group. Local retail investors are the dominant bourse presence with lackluster company earnings and thin trading, with circuit breakers prevailing on periodic 10 percent daily declines. Big foreign holdings of both debt and equity have reversed to paltry amounts amid concerns about private sector direction and former regime ally investigations, and a budget deficit due to top 10 percent of GDP on the heavy social subsidy burden and a civil service salary hike. Double-digit inflation has eased with commodity retrenchment, and the current account will again be in shortfall despite foreign reserve depletion having stabilized at $500 million monthly. Banks are the main Treasury-bill buyers and the system has been under negative credit rating review notwithstanding a cautious 50 percent loan-deposit ratio. At the Deauville gathering in May the G-8 pledged $20 billion roughly equaling Arab lines, including $3 billion in Saudi ones which have only partially materialized.
Tunisia, where the stock market is also off has gotten World Bank and EU money, but a $25 billion 5-year plan presented by the Finance Minister, a former Citigroup executive, for infrastructure and job creation was not specifically endorsed. Elections have been delayed with the previously-banned Islamic party ahead in opinion polls, and GDP growth will be barely positive this year. With the troubled Eurozone as its chief trading partner, the current account gap will reach 5 percent of output even with the gradual return of remittances and visits from Libya. External debt is primarily on concessional terms, but additional Eurobond redemption comes in 2012, and the sovereign rating was downgraded in July with a negative outlook on a “cloud of uncertainties” which may also derive from summit puffery.
China’s Spirited Local Aloha Gestures
2011 October 5 by admin
Posted in: Asia
Chinese stocks and bonds sustained their slump as the national auditor, which had found RMB 11 trillion in authorized local government loans outstanding, reported detailed debt-GDP ratios in Hawaii resort-like Hainan and other provinces ranging from 50-70 percent. In northeast Liaoining the office revealed that 85 percent of funding platforms missed payments last year. A small portion through separate commercial structures issued bonds even with official bans on municipal engagement, and creditors have complained of asset diversion and forcible restructuring on problem projects. Banking stocks have been battered on the mutually-reinforcing combination of property and provincial exposure, although the regulator has blurred the classification standard in setting the respective totals within the overall NPL number under 5 percent. The low-cost housing campaign announced in the latest economic plan could aggravate potential danger according to the major rating agencies, with Fitch warning of an outright downgrade after shifting the local currency outlook to negative and Moody’s estimating that the amount at risk could be 30 percent higher than Beijing’s prevailing tally. While investors have shunned the big four giants, privately-run commercial and dedicated regional institutions could be facing the greatest risks. The fear contributed to a lack of foreign buyers for Bank of America’s original stake in CCB, and also may have facilitated Canada-based Scotiabank’s 20 percent acquisition of Guangzhou Bank. Trusts, which had been modernized after prominent collapses during the 1990s Asian crisis, have also been an intermediation tool and many listed companies are believed to have direct local debt commitments through financing arms. Chinese bank P/E measures lag BRIC counterparts, and with inflation stuck at 6 percent monetary tightening in new forms should undermine profitability, with reserve requirement breakdowns recently stiffened.
External borrowing access which was previously seen as a backup channel to lift capital minimums above the Basle III threshold has been curtailed at the same time as high-yield real estate developers and fraudulent firms like Sino Forest head toward default. Corporate governance abuse allegations have resulted in a bevy of US SEC and mainland investigations of so-called “reverse mergers” which have been backed by specialist investment banks and auditors as mainstream allocation alternatives. In Sino Forest’s case, prosecutors in Ontario, which was the listing domicile outside New York, have led the crackdown as bonds fell to 30 cents on the dollar in advance of the inability to honor over $1 billion owed. GDP growth despite solid retail sales and fixed-investment components is now put at 7-7. 5 percent, as the sovereign wealth fund with key export destinations in mind is considering emergency purchase of European peripheral debt as core domestic parallels loom.
Commodities’ Speculative Froth Skimming
2011 October 5 by admin
Posted in: IFIs
In response to France’s call as current G-20 chair for insight and recommendations on the overlap between commodity and financial markets and in particular the impact on price volatility and food security several task forces have reported back with proposed measures. Since 2008 the GSCI Index aggregating energy, agriculture and metals has doubled and assets under management through ETFs and dedicated funds and accounts have reached almost half a trillion dollars. By volume gold listings are the top exchange-traded products and in the US the CFTC regulator had concluded after oil investment investigations that stricter position limits could be needed affecting both industry and portfolio players. Developing and industrial country officials have met twice on the subject and asked groups like the IIF and IOSCO to weigh in on aspects from better data and information to anti-speculative and stabilization mechanisms. The securities supervisors have endorsed greater transparency and access and margin controls in principle without stipulating specific steps. The bankers’ trade association has spurned allocation restrictions while citing overwhelming evidence that swings results from underlying physical imbalances and that “long” index tendencies offset the short price-fall hedges of end-users. The World Bank agreed in a June report that the empirical case for defining and dampening so-called commodity “financialization” was weak and that exchange practice in Chicago and elsewhere for spot and futures activity also introduces distortions. Increased correlation between asset classes throughout the past five year crisis period has heightened correction severity generally. Emerging economies led by China have become leading raw material consumers, and food availability has been impaired by poor harvests and distribution channels as well as competing demand for grain-based fuel. Export bans in Asia and Europe have also hindered supply, while “resource nationalism” changing mining rules for foreign producers has affected metal values.
Developing countries acting through UNCTAD have nonetheless insisted on stricter financial intermediary oversight and an outright ban on proprietary dealing in the commodities space and urged reconsideration of 1980s vintage global price-stabilization arrangements which unwound at the time of the debt crisis which then almost sank major banks. The UK and EU are reviewing their approaches with the MiFID guidelines on cross-border investment likely to incorporate specialist adjustments for derivatives exposure and reporting. The World Bank’s IFC arm has meanwhile sponsored an agricultural risk management instrument that will allow up to $4 billion in farmer hedging, following President Zoellick’s prompt to “better use and not block markets. ” As with the Basle III capital and liquidity standards the IIF has warned of higher costs and “unintended consequences” from new rules that may match commodities’ sudden sweep.
Brazil’s Surreal Salvation Script
2011 September 22 by admin
Posted in: Latin America/Caribbean
Brazil’s currency and capital markets careened as the central bank after official and exporter hectoring abruptly slashed the benchmark interest rate 50 basis points and raised the inflation forecast to 5 percent as GDP growth expectations were pared to the 4 percent range, despite upbeat labor and retail indicators. The Rousseff Administration had already been criticized for a stream of cabinet departures which has conveyed endless reshuffling and seeming contradictions between commitments to restore a 4 percent of GDP primary fiscal surplus and launch new industrial policy measures including trade restrictions and targeted credit to help designated sector competitiveness. Governor Tombini couched the turnaround in terms of a revised policy methodology according greater weight to the deteriorating global economic outlook, but many investors who have pared debt and equity positions following the Finance Minister’s serial imposition of taxes fretted that the government’s short-term popular overtures had again held sway, and that the monetary authority had relinquished a longstanding autonomous and liberal reputation. They note that full currency convertibility has disappeared from the agenda and that the body was silent on a proposal to gather other BRIC members in a European-bond buying operation when the domestic debt level is still steep and even the most conservative foreign players, the Japanese investment trusts, are reducing exposure. Banks, in particular, have been shunned on the exchange as NPLs creep over 5 percent with many listings off 25 percent as macro-prudential limits on credit card issuance go into effect with repayment burdens eroding household spending power. In the space, BTG Pactual however generated excitement with a plan to go public and expand cross-border through tie-ups with Chilean and Colombian brokers. Skeptics fired back that numerous IPOs have been withdrawn in recent months and that the move outside Brazil could also be to escape worsening asset management and underwriting foundations.
Neighboring Argentina has frowned on the possible real-weakening impact and Mexico has also hinted it could cut rates as both countries head into their own presidential election cycles. In a national primary Argentine incumbent Fernandez took a commanding 50 percent after earlier provincial setbacks, paving the way for a cinched second term despite relentless capital flight and inflation. With pre-poll budget outlays increased 30 percent, tariffs have just been raised against Brazilian goods to win voter support. Mexican Finance Minister Cordero has quit to seek his party’s nod although the once dominant PRI is set to return to power, according to current opinion readings. In the 2012 fiscal blueprint just submitted no major tax reforms are contemplated even as the US-linked security and export design remains sketchy.
Turkey Flotilla Flotsam Formation
2011 September 22 by admin
Posted in: Europe, MENA
Turkish shares continued as emerging Europe’s worst as the Finance Minister characterized the 10 percent of GDP current account deficit with the lira’s 20 percent slump as “yesterday’s problem,” and geopolitical anxiety spread with ruptured Israeli ties over past treatment of a seized Palestinian aid ship. Erratic central bank policy has been rattling investors as an innovative mix strives to slow credit growth and discourage high-yield debt inflows, while preserving domestic demand and balance of payments coverage with the surrounding Eurozone debacle. Consumer loan growth has been just over 1 percent monthly pointing to success, but Q2 GDP was up again at a torrid 10 percent pace and repatriation of Turkish capital from abroad has supplemented decreased foreign allocation. A dollar intervention fund had been suspended but was recently reactivated not to curb appreciation but to support levels officials argue are 10 percent undervalued. President Erdogan after comfortable re-election has injected his administration heartily into Mideast tumult with criticism of Syria’s repression and praise for Libya’s Qaddafi ouster in addition to the dispute with Tel Aviv, which has hurt the exchange there alongside a domestic protest movement over housing costs and international controversy over a UN bid for Palestinian Authority statehood. The Israeli economy has softened to a 3 percent growth clip and the shekel has slid as a round of rate cuts is previewed. The heavy export reliance on high-tech and defense goods could suffer under global cutbacks, and at home the Netanyahu team is under pressure to break-up family conglomerates which dominate business and finance.
Relations have also frayed with Arab neighbors in transition, including Egypt now under military rule, where Sinai border attacks have been mounted, and Jordan and Lebanon with their own fragile governments. King Abdullah has introduced constitutional changes to give parliament more power, but has turned to $10 billion in Gulf aid to plug a runaway budget gap. Lebanon’s triple-digit sovereign debt load depends on bank placement, and deposits have flat-lined with GDP growth at only 1. 5 percent and the Syrian spillover. The Hezbollah faction in the coalition has refused to hand over accused killers of former Prime Minister Hariri named in a years-long international investigation. Iran’s role in the area hangs over the interplay with the US army also due to exit Iraq by year-end where a new hydrocarbons law was just endorsed after 5 years of negotiations. Production has reached almost 2. 5 million barrels/day and additional licenses have been awarded to multinational drillers looking to find eventual transition fortune.
Central Europe’s Scant Swiss Miss
2011 September 15 by admin
Posted in: Europe
Shares in Hungary and Poland, and to a lesser extent in the Czech Republic and Slovakia won a brief respite from year-to-date losses with the Swiss central bank’s determination to cap the franc’s regional currency appreciation at a headline 1. 2 to the euro, as the countries’ corporate and mortgage borrowers pled for succor from already 50 percent higher debt loads. The Budapest and Warsaw exchanges were down over 10 percent as governments with fiscal deficit vises nonetheless offered relief programs. The Orban administration rushed to finalize an outline proposal to fix the forint exchange rate at 20 percent below the current level which will allow eligible applicants to repay their outstanding balance immediately, while the majority can refinance in installments over time. Trading was suspended in the benchmark bank listings OTP and FHB during the announcement, and the former embarked on a buyback scheme to support its price after a 15 percent drop. Austrian-owned units slammed the action as “destabilizing with serious macroeconomic consequences” as diplomats threatened to take their case to EU tribunals for alleged repudiation of legal contracts. Hungarian officials, who previously dismissed objections to the special profits tax, responded that the mechanism would “split losses” on the 15 percent of GDP Swiss franc debt as they rejiggered budget and growth targets straining under the larger Eurozone crisis. The 3 percent output forecast has been nearly halved, although inflation is also subdued and the private pension takeover provides quick treasury injections. Non-residents, with a one-third ownership position, have continued to buy domestic paper, but yields have crept up toward 6 percent in recent auctions and their preference has skewed toward shorter-term maturities as during the pre-IMF rescue late 2008 period. Credit default swap spreads above 450 basis points are at a 2-year high, as ratings agencies are reportedly preparing further sovereign downgrades.
In Poland, where franc-denominated housing loans are half the total, central bank head Belka described foreign exchange exposure as poison, while providing assurances over system safety and expanding Swiss currency access through banks and money exchanges under a new law allowing repayment in that unit. The zloty dropped to fresh lows against the euro and dollar despite another 4. 5 percent GDP growth figure in Q2 on domestic demand with inflation around the same level. The budget deficit will exceed 5 percent of output and the current account gap is at that proportion after statistical revisions, but voters appear content with the Tusk government’s economic handling with re-election imminent. The bourse postponed a privatization sale in number two Bank PKO but continues to seek sub-regional listings from Ukraine and elsewhere as antidotes.
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India’s Groaning Anti-Graft Chasms
2011 September 14 by admin
Posted in: Asia
Indian stocks continued their malaise as the region’s laggard as monthly industrial growth halved, confirming the latest quarter’s slower 7. 5 percent GDP gain, and anti-corruption campaigner Hazare won government concessions after a hunger strike mobilized followers disappointed by Prime Minister Singh’s Independence Day speech acknowledgement that he lacked a “magic wand” against the scourge. His address endorsed strict punishment and legal and regulatory strengthening as opinion surveys charted a 5 percent swing away from ruling coalition backing. Business and financial commentators have drawn unfavorable contrasts between Singh’s current tenure and his bold liberalization strides two decades ago in office, while speculation also mounts about the future relationship with the Congress Party, with its leader Gandhi receiving medical treatment abroad for an undisclosed ailment. Her son Rahul may take charge to help regain economic policy momentum and also counter terrorism jitters following another bombing at a prominent Mumbai site well before scheduled 2014 parliamentary elections. The exchange showed $1. 5 billion in August portfolio outflows as earnings fell short of still steep average valuations and the rupee also slid beneath 45 to the dollar despite central bank intervention and a firm interest rate stance determined to quash 9-percent inflation. Family conglomerates like Ambani have delivered lower returns and encounter regular controversy with conduct at home and abroad, while banks have also come under the microscope with a spike in nonperforming loans thought to be far above the reported 3 percent of the total with lenient accounting and provisioning rules. New consumer focus has just begun to sputter, and wholesale borrowing overseas has become constricted with Asia debt market reversal. Plans to open the sector to greater private and international participation have sparked worker protests and been diluted, although a shift could boost efficiency and infrastructure finance scope. Proposals to diversify pension fund allocation from state bonds have been sidetracked as well, with the fiscal deficit again due to breach the original target and hit 5 percent of GDP on subsidy and tax reform delays. Oil price falls should cushion the effect on both the budget and balance of payments, although FDI weakness still hobbles the capital inflow needed to offset the chronic goods trade gap.
Diplomatic sparring with Pakistan despite cordial bilateral visits has endured in the wake of economic and security worries as the stock market there has also descended into the doldrums, with the US threatening to suspend military aid post-Bin Laden, and Karachi still experiencing widespread power cuts and violence prompting talk of a military takeover of the commercial capital. The IMF has refused to extend new lines and the Obama Administration is mulling assistance overhaul that may follow recommendations outlined in a recent think tank document which mentions the importance of engaging fund managers and private creditors to preserve precarious partnership.
The Gulf’s Uphill Upgrade
2011 August 18 by admin
Posted in: MENA
With the Ramadan fasting season underway, Gulf equity markets UAE and Qatar sputtered in their quest to enter the MSCI core roster on respective trade settlement and foreign share ownership shortfalls that will be revisited at year-end. While the denial on technical factors was unsurprising, dedicated MENA investors have cast the decision as a near-miss positive story amid a welter of regional reverses, and cited much more sophisticated Korea’s failure as well to move from emerging to developed designation. The Emirates’ exchanges outside Nasdaq Dubai have just introduced a delivery-versus-payment system, while Qatari officials have refused to relax access and minority stake limits on key listed companies. Such firms recently committed to $10 billion in projects to support Egypt’s transition, including a port around Alexandria. Saudi Arabia had before deposited $1 billion at the central bank there and pledged $500 million in bond buying, while the US offered $1 billion in debt relief and the same amount to guarantee new external borrowing. The coming fiscal year from July projects a $10 billion-plus financing gap which another IMF facility in addition to freshly-planned EBRD lending would have helped bridge but was rejected. The Gulf Cooperation Council’s individual member aid to Cairo coincided with an invitation by the group for Jordan and Morocco to join. The 30-year old club had previously extended a $20 billion economic package to Bahrain and Oman to quell unrest, and endorsed the dispatch of Saudi forces across the strait to Manama. The Jordanian and Moroccan kings unveiled designs for more popular government participation alongside increased social and subsidy spending to discourage protests, and King Abdullah was praised during a Washington visit for the moderate steps. The Casablanca exchange in turn hewed to positive territory until mid-year despite continued street unrest and terrorist incidents that cramp mainstay tourism. In Tunisia where the so-called Arab Spring originated, a $25 billion investment program was presented at the G-8 summit in France to a lukewarm response as participants deferred to the private sector to consider the infrastructure and modernization blueprints. The ousted Ben Ali family was found guilty in absentia of embezzlement and corruption as the thinly-traded bourse remained down.
For Bahraini paper the rating tendency has been opposite as banks joined the sovereign in May credit downgrades on financial services, real estate and hospitality weakness “in light of recent political turmoil,” according to Moody’s. A $1 billion international bond has been delayed after a $200 million issue early in 2011, which contributed to a Q1 $30 billion regional sukuk tally as compared with $50 billion for all of 2010. Egypt and Jordan had started to implement Islamic finance rules before their violence erupted and upgrades to other traditional structures took precedence.
The Caribbean’s Debt Shoal Shuffle
2011 August 2 by admin
Posted in: Latin America/Caribbean
Tiny Eastern Caribbean Currency Union member St. Kitts and Nevis became the latest defaulter on public debt at almost 200 percent of GDP, with only Treasury bills to be excluded from a $1 billion restructuring after “sharp” tourism and FDI falls, according to the prime minister’s office. Medium-term government finance reforms will be supported by a $85 million 3-year IMF standby loan as officials work with creditors toward a “credible and definitive solution” to the immediate crunch. In the region in the past few years Grenada, Dominica and Belize followed this path, while Jamaica narrowly avoided the fate with a comprehensive local bond swap emphasizing maturity extension. The blow came as the Fund hailed the islands’ “turning the corner” from recession in its April Western Hemisphere economic outlook. Two percent average GDP growth is forecast on better visitor and remittance numbers and fiscal consolidation. High commodity import prices remain an obstacle with limited scope for subsidy cushions, and labor productivity and overall competitiveness lag. Cross-border contagion lingers from the collapse of the Trinidad and Tobago-based CL Financial Group where contingent liabilities could reach 10 percent of output there and insurance subsidiaries in Barbados and elsewhere struggle with outstanding claims. The report urged export diversification and cited the importance of meeting international prudential, tax and anti-money laundering standards in the area’s 15 offshore financial centers. Only Montserrat is on the FATF “grey” list, with the other jurisdictions now all with “white” status including half a dozen UK overseas territories. With improved domestic and global standing, rater Moody’s recently issued a “favorable” prognosis for major banks with some caveats for Jamaican players with high government paper asset concentration.
National income turned positive in Q1 as an aluminum plant reopened but the primary budget surplus target was missed under Jamaica’s IMF arrangement although the overall deficit was constant. Remittances from North America and Europe were up double-digits, bringing foreign reserves to a record $2. 5 billion. The local dollar has been stable even as the current account gap could approach 10 percent of GDP on imported petroleum costs. Both the stock and bond markets were LAC outperformers in the first half, although momentum has started to flag. Trinidad and Tobago securities have not fared as well on 10 percent inflation and a 6 percent of GDP fiscal deficit despite hydrocarbon exporter rebound, while in Barbados additional domestic placement sent the island’s debt level to near 105 percent of output to overshadow sunnier tourist diversification progress.
Debt Managers’ Stockholm Syndrome Symptoms
2011 August 1 by admin
Posted in: IFIs
As European governments individually and collectively scramble to overcome liquidity, rollover and other risks associated with classic debt crises, the IMF lauded emerging market lessons in a regular roundup of compliance with the so-called best practice Stockholm Principles. In particular capital inflows have extended local currency maturities over the past decade, causing “less severe stress” in the immediate post-2008 crunch. The average sovereign bond tenor is 4 years, and floating and foreign currency-linked versions account for under 20 percent of the amount outstanding. Non-resident holdings have grown from one-quarter to one-third of the total, as net credit rating changes have been overwhelmingly positive in contrast with advanced economies. The paper urges low-income countries to embrace such steps as they become increasingly eligible and equipped for commercial borrowing. In the Lehman bankruptcy wake foreign buyers “abruptly departed,” compelling issuers like Hungary, Poland and Mexico to resort to shorter-term and adjustable placement features. In Central Europe the primary dealer auction process was also modified, syndicates were supplemental agents, and calendars were accelerated. Liability management operations were mounted to smooth repayment and yield curve characteristics, and cross-border investor diversification was emphasized with outreach to Asia and the Middle East. Over-reliance on outside appetite should be avoided however as put into “sharp focus” by current euro area emergency facilities to Greece, Ireland and Portugal. The entire portfolio should be subject to mutually-reinforcing sovereign and financial sector balance sheet worst-case scenarios as outlined in guidelines dating from the 1990s Asian financial crisis. A low rollover profile is welcome and has distinguished UK requirements from continental Europe. In cases like Chile and Russia national wealth funds can be tapped for additional liquidity, and retail and institutional investors can be further targeted through smaller lots and innovations including inflation-linked paper.
Brazil and Mexico had managed to lengthen maturities and also offer a range of exchange-traded and over-the-counter derivatives for hedging prior to the 2009 squeeze. Turkey’s finance ministry has actively run debt exchanges, and even irregular sponsors like the Philippines have recently completed large longer-dated swap exercises. The analysis concludes however that the proposed Basle III regulatory changes beyond capital for liquidity and leverage ratios could “create problems” in countries where debt markets are thin especially in relation to banking size. Repos and secondary activity could be constrained, and financial institution warehousing of safe instruments could interfere with normal lending patterns. Before the euro-zone crisis worsened the BIS estimated that over EUR 1. 5 trillion would be needed to meet the new standards that no longer hold sympathy for ailing banks as well as nonbanks which could be hostage.
East Africa’s Ignited Inflation Sparks
2011 June 20 by admin
Posted in: Africa
The Kenyan shilling fell to a record low 90/dollar as food prices jumped 20 percent and Ugandan regime opponents and the central bank head also railed against double-digit inflation as the two East African community linchpins postponed integration initiatives to concentrate on individual stabilization plans. The Nairobi exchange has been down all year as the GDP growth forecast lagged the Sub-Sahara average at 4-5 percent and political positioning began for 2012 presidential elections which seek to avoid repeating the tribal carnage of the previous disputed race. The ICC has questioned leading officials, including Finance Minister Kenyatta, about their role in fomenting violence then which could result in formal indictments. The benchmark rate was initially increased 25 basis points on the inflation spurt but the monetary authority has since been criticized for slow reaction as bond yields widen several hundred ticks with auctions undersubscribed. Debt market turnover had quadrupled to 20 percent of GDP in 2010 as intermediaries and regulators introduced numerous operating and systems upgrades. An over-the-counter framework will supplement prior mandatory exchange trading and be run by designated primary dealers; central depository automation has improved; and short-selling will soon be permitted. Equities have embraced their own moves such as transition to a shorter T+3 settlement cycle. Despite the revisions, investment will be cramped by indefinitely higher agricultural and imported oil costs, with the energy commission recently imposing hefty rises for consumers and businesses alike. Labor unions have responded to the living standard erosion by demanding 50-60 percent wage increases which the government claims would worsen the fiscal deficit and domestic debt load as a maiden external bond issue is contemplated with a B+ sovereign rating.
Neighboring Uganda has discovered oil but food crop inflation hit a regional high at 45 percent in May, as just re-elected President Museveni who has ruled for 25 years jailed his main opponent after prolonged street fighting over economic and political direction. European donors have suspended aid in view of alleged poll fraud and the harsh crackdown, and the longstanding central bank governor has also criticized fiscal indiscipline which caused the IMF to assign unsatisfactory marks in its latest program review. $750 million was spent for a fighter jet and a supplementary budget was passed during the campaign with ample voter largesse. Foreign reserves, after post-crisis rebuilding, have now been commandeered to defend the shilling, and although the official poverty rate has dipped to 25 percent, population growth has not abated leaving a large cohort of angry youth with scant income and formal employment prospects to resort to their own guerilla tactics against the former anti-Amin rebel chief.
Peru’s Milastone Mining Militants
2011 June 20 by admin
Posted in: Latin America/Caribbean
Former Peruvian army general Humala’s surprise win in the second-round presidential runoff triggered brief investor panic as the Lima exchange’s double digit year to date slide equaled Egypt’s at the bottom of the core universe heap on his calls for a tougher mining regime and greater anti-poverty push to accompany the country’s torrid GDP growth. Through June cross border inflows into bonds and equities were both modestly positive according to fund trackers, aided by enthusiasm over a formal merger with Colombia and Chile in the combined MILA platform. However upon securing victory Humala advisers immediately proposed revamping the arrangement, which they claimed unduly favored the other parties. Officials in Bogota where a first-stage integration was due rejected the charge as the local business and financial community, which heavily voted for his opponent Fujimori, awaited formal cabinet picks for key economic posts that were predicted to be centrists to project transition confidence. The central bank head may remain in place after meeting with incoming administration representatives and signaling no abrupt further tightening moves with steady inflation and currency readings.
Stricter oversight on consumer lending is likely with the new government to curb the rapid pace and protect unwary borrowers who blame banks for misrepresenting installment credit procedures. In the minerals sector, royalty and tax treatment may be changed to maintain a fiscal surplus with workers and communities to receive higher project proceeds. During the campaign the refashioned socialist candidate pledged that state control and interference would not drive such departures which would be negotiated with private operators in commercial fashion.
Nonetheless Venezuelan President Chavez was among the first to congratulate his old ally despite traveling to Cuba for emergency surgery. His undisclosed condition was preceded by weeks of walking with a cane for an ailing knee, raising medical doubts about running for another term next year, especially with his popular approval barely at a majority. Inflation tops the region at almost 30 percent, and GDP growth will be in the 2 percent range this year after 2010’s recession as housing and power shortages linger. Humala has hinted once in office his model may be labor activist turned conservative manager Lula in Brazil, which has experienced serial setbacks since his successor Dilma assumed power. Chief of staff Palocci was again forced to resign over suspect influence peddling enrichment after a brief rehabilitation, and bank listings have suffered in an overall 5 percent stock market decline on warning that personal bad loan levels could hit 10 percent of the total soon, as regulators otherwise attempt to curtail hefty credit growth even through the state lending giant BNDES as that carnival season fades into memory.
Europe’s Original Rescue Return Reticence
2011 June 15 by admin
Posted in: Europe
After years under official IMF and Euro-zone lifelines Iceland, Latvia and Romania returned to external bond markets almost the same week in well-subscribed efforts despite lingering doubts about output and banking sector recovery and currency and structural reform paths. The first two countries are in battles with creditors over bank resolution, with the Icesave UK and Dutch depositor claims now referred to the European Court of Justice after reimbursement was again rejected in a national referendum, and Latvia’s Parex has been challenged by foreign hedge funds over minority shareholder rights. Capital controls remain in place to prevent a run on the krona, while the lat peg has stayed intact without an updated timetable for joining Baltic neighbor Estonia in outright euro membership. Romania’s leu has strengthened as the current account deficit will slim to 4. 5 percent of GDP after years in double-digits and a successor Fund/EU standby facility was agreed. Bucharest and the tiny Sofia stock exchange next-door with 25 percent gains continue to lead the frontier Europe pack despite jitters over the fate of Greek-owned local financial groups. Bulgaria is on track for 3 percent GDP growth as the unpopular government faces another parliamentary confidence vote on a fiscal squeeze to safeguard the currency board and avoid resort to outside international help. The central bank reported accelerated capital outflows in Q1, and although exports and FDI have progressed a property overhang weighs on business and consumer sentiment. The main ethnic Turk political party has been critical of tight-fisted policies and anti-corruption strides and draws a contrast with the middle-class economic success of Turkey proper, where the Islamic-oriented AKP just won another mandate after a decade in power short of the majority to unilaterally change the constitution.
Its stated commitment to fiscal-monetary and religious moderation is regularly cited by foreign investors, who await a similar signal in Egypt during a precarious transition. The stock market there is stuck at a 25 percent decline despite multi-billion dollar pledges by the Bretton Woods institutions and Arab and African sources to cover budget and balance of payments deficits this year. Inflation is at 12 percent as Treasury bond yields hover at the same level on lackluster auctions exclusively relying on domestic banks. Many listed companies are under investigation for previous regime ties and are also suffering earnings setbacks from travails elsewhere in the MENA region. Corporate and personal accounts have reportedly been shifted to Dubai institutions as the city-state plans again to tap voluntary bond markets as well when reflexes are temporarily nimble.
China’s Local Sewage Streams
2011 June 12 by admin
Posted in: Asia
Chinese shares were down after early year gains as bank worries were added to macroeconomic and corporate governance ones with regulators reportedly preparing for a one-third or over $450 billion local government bad loan scenario without property or other collateral payment coverage. They are attempting to boost municipal bond and secondary trading channels to cushion portfolio fallout as existing investors have questioned use of project funding for stated purposes with alleged diversion of large infrastructure outlays. Repeated reserve requirement hikes have slowed still double-digit money supply growth as both inflation and GDP expansion have tapered on a lower trade surplus and commodity prices. Ratings agencies predict that the NPL ratio for state commercial banks already planning to raise additional capital could hit 10 percent next year. After successful ipos in the US mainly through so-called reverse mergers many Chinese companies have been accused by research houses and investigators of disclosure lapses and balance sheet manipulations choking the pipeline as mainland and Hong Kong placements also languish after initial enthusiasm. With unsettled conditions real estate issuers that had frequented the high-yield external bond market have been absent, as buyers fear another round of unfriendly negotiations around looming defaults. In Shanghai both A and B shares are in the negative column, and the slide has implicated Taiwan as cross-strait ties again prove menacing. However performance has been worse in the other Asian BRIC India, off 10 percent on the MSCI Index, where foreign investors overwhelmingly prefer corporate and government debt in their $3 billion net allocation through June with the central bank on a prolonged tightening cycle. The Singh coalition is fighting to re-establish momentum after a string of corruption scandals sparking a national protest movement led by a prominent faith healer. Private banks may be given more competitive leeway provided they set up separately-capitalized subsidiaries to redeem the prime minister’s promise immediately after securing a second term.
Neighboring big regional exposure South Korea has ceded ground on lackluster domestic demand to supplement exports and steep household debt at almost 150 percent of income with rising adjustable rate mortgages. The North Korean dynastic succession has been bumpy and presidential elections are due next year with the unpopular incumbent, who had originally been praised for his business rather than political background, unlikely to benefit any designated candidate. The Philippine and Thailand are struggling in part due to dual Chinese and Japanese squeezes, in addition to fiscal and monetary policy shadows that already obscure Asia’s giants.
Fund Flows’ Roped Pool Lane Refuge
2011 June 10 by admin
Posted in: Fund Flows
Through June tracked fund divergence intensified according to EPFR collection as equity outflows at $7. 5 billion hit all major regions as debt moved $4. 5 billion in the opposite direction with all core countries getting inflows. In the former category Asian dedicated funds represented over half of flight, led by Chinese ETF escape, and Russia reversed a previous positive allocation course with year to date overall capital exit exceeding $30 billion by central bank calculation as inflation hovers stubbornly at 10 heading into the presidential election season. By region only Africa has seen a minor infusion, along with a smattering of frontier and long-established markets in Europe and East Asia. On the bond side Brazil and Mexico have topped the pack with around $1. 5 billion each received, with local currency and blended versions fare exceeding traditional dollar and euro-denominated vehicles. Japanese retail investment trusts with assets of $65 billion have become large players in their own right with heavy Brazilian concentration. The fixed-income allocation has been driven by poorer industrial production and retail sales data cramping GDP growth forecasts, exchange and interest rate tightening expectations as commodity price inflation may have peaked this cycle, and peripheral Europe aversion as the Greek default saga lingers and Portuguese 10-year yields score records even as the center-right free market oriented oppositions won a convincing election victory. Spain may soon join Ireland in the ailing more developed contingent with regions declaring their precarious solvency after recent national polls as they breached the 2. 5 percent of GDP ceiling agreed with the central government. In Central Europe long considered stability bastions have also lost favor as Poland may have finessed observation of the 55 percent of GDP public debt limit with derivative transactions and the Czech Republic’s ruling coalition continues infighting that compromises promised budget cuts.
For stock funds Korea commitments have waned as the central bank extends rate hikes with household borrowing at 150 percent of income and floating rate mortgages the standard. Africa structures have taken in $35 million after last year’s billion-dollar bonanza but Kenya’s shilling has plummeted to near 90 on double-digit inflation and drought bringing GDP growth under 5 percent. Ghana’s exchange is up over 30 percent but the cedi continues to depreciate as the fiscal deficit overshoot provoked IMF criticism in the latest review of its post-crisis $600 million program. Oil will spur historic economic expansion this year even as fund conduits spring unaccustomed leaks.
Hungary’s Household Help Chores
2011 May 31 by admin
Posted in: Europe
Hungarian shares fell after a Central Europe-beating spurt as the government unveiled medium-term foreign currency mortgage borrower relief and reacquired control of big listed oil company MOL after paying EUR 2 billion for a Russian company stake taken during the 2009 crisis. The homeowner deal will freeze the forint-Swiss franc rate at 180 for several years to aid servicing and lift a foreclosure moratorium although repossession will be confined to just a fraction of the pending portfolio. State financing will be available for family relocation to smaller properties to reduce the overhang and real estate bad asset vehicles could be established by separate legislation. The biggest local bank OTP was lukewarm on the plan as it grapples with a consolidated 15 percent non-performing loan load, while foreign-owned units criticized it as distorting and delaying cleanup as they also bridled at official suggestion of extending special taxes to shrink the budget deficit through mid-decade. Without the levies and commandeering of private pension funds the shortfall would be 7 percent of GDP this year rather than 3 percent, according to statistics. The costs of mortgage assistance and the MOL purchase have yet to be fully delineated as public debt stands at 75 percent of output with a recently-enacted constitutional edict to cap it at 50 percent through slashing judicial review seen as much as an assertion of ruling party dominance as a commitment to fiscal prudence. It will also introduce a new central bank statute with greater political accountability to redeem a campaign pledge which may spark loosening as rates remain on hold despite above-target 4 percent inflation. Q1 GDP growth was 2. 5 percent, double last year’s pace, but industrial production remains sluggish and business and consumer confidence readings are low. Crossover buyers have supported local and external debt prices as CDS spreads have converged with pan-European levels, but erratic policy jitters post-IMF program exit have resurfaced according to auction and issue organizers and participants.
Latvia too, which is approaching graduation and successfully returned to the Eurobond market, has unnerved investors with an inflation spike to 4. 5 percent and call for new elections after anti-corruption investigations in parliament encountered roadblocks. Q1 GDP growth slowed to 3. 5 percent, and unemployment is still 15 percent. Parex Bank which had to be rescued by the authorities and EBRD has experiencing difficulties reimbursing a syndicated loan as the Finance Ministry has confessed to fiscal consolidation “fatigue” which may tire allocation appetite.
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Serbia’s Kindled Capture Attention
2011 May 27 by admin
Posted in: Europe
Serbian shares up 30 percent as MSCI frontier leaders were boosted further along with the currency by the arrest after a 15-year pursuit of accused war crime mastermind Mladic, who apparently lived unnoticed in a remote farming village. His apprehension was a precondition in formal EU accession talks which have proceeded slowly with Brussels’ preoccupation with member debt crisis and pending crime and anti-corruption and Kosovo relations strides. Portfolio investment leapt tenfold in the first quarter from the previous one to 2 percent of GDP as the last installment of the IMF’s EUR 3 billion standby was given and the government laid the groundwork for another arrangement heading into 2012 elections. Q1 economic growth was 3 percent underpinned by exports, but inflation touched 15 percent due in part to bad weather food costs as the central bank lifted its benchmark rate to 12. 5 percent. The current account deficit has worsened slightly from last year’s 7 percent of output on external debt at 70 percent of GDP. Bank credit to businesses and households is again expanding at double-digits on a system loan/deposit ratio of 135 percent, as the EBRD warned at its annual meeting of potential Greek network spillover. Although the privatization and pension reform record has been mixed under the Fund program, ratings agencies have praised fiscal consolidation in awarding recent sovereign upgrades. As a tiny EMBI slice foreign investors have taken positions in external bonds and also moved into local T-bills. The exchange along with other ex-Yugoslav ones shares data with the Vienna bourse under an information and commercial partnership, and Austrian units control 40 percent of Serbia’s financial services. As it bids for official EU candidate status WTO negotiations are also proceeding with a target entry date of early next year.
Croatian shares in comparison are ahead modestly as under its own economic recovery plan the government seeks to escape recession and pare the 5 percent of GDP budget gap. The coalition remains weak with end-year elections in sight, and ship-building in particular has slumped. Slovenia ended its hold on the country’s EU submission, but popular support for inclusion sank according to opinion polls after wartime generals were sentenced by the Hague’s International Criminal Tribunal. 30 of 35 chapters have been closed but formal admission has likely been postponed past mid-decade. Competition policy is a key sticking point with many state firms still receiving preferences and subsidies and anti-monopoly laws lacking as the Balkans’ heavy history relinquishes longstanding protections.
Kazakhstan’s Acclaimed Candidate Cant
2011 May 26 by admin
Posted in: Asia
Kazakhstan’s veteran central bank head Marchenko was proposed by the prime minister as an IMF managing director nominee with Russia’s endorsement against emerging market candidates from other regions, as President Nazarbaev, after winning re-election with a 95 percent margin, hosted the annual EBRD conference in Astana. Marchenko’s chances were immediately dismissed by global succession-race watchers, and he admitted scant enthusiasm for returning to Washington after a brief study spell in the 1990s. The President’s victory on reported 90 percent turnout was tainted by “serious irregularities,” according to an international observer mission from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe which he chaired under a regular rotation. Originally the exercise was a referendum on indefinite term extension, but a last-minute runoff was called giving the limited legal opposition little scope to compete. Parliamentary polls are due by next year which will give challengers another chance, regime supporters pointed out during the EBRD’s session, which focused on potential loan and technical assistance expansion to the “democratizing” MENA area. Kazakh authorities have already backed new client activity in nearby Mongolia in cooperation with China, which has large mining investments and a yuan trade settlement facility there in a similar relationship. National oil production is 1. 5 million barrels/day although the Kashagan field project remains stuck in environmental and royalty clashes with foreign partners. Kazmunaigas has doubled its stake in the consortium after previous disputes, and a partial sale is possible under upcoming “people’s IPO” which have buoyed the stock exchange and will be dual-listed in London under preliminary privatization plans.
The sovereign wealth fund S-K is trying to unload holdings after injecting $6 billion in BTA and Alliance Banks during the crisis, as the sector still struggles with a 30 percent bad loan portion concentrated in real estate and consumer lines. Even with another year of commodity driven 7 percent level GDP growth, credit provision is flat. Tax law changes may facilitate write-offs, and the central bank may establish a separate distressed asset vehicle to aid workouts. Post-2008 deleveraging has halved the loan-deposit ratio to below one, and despite regular intervention to brake appreciation the currency is heading toward 140 to the dollar. Foreign exchange reserves have been rebuilt to near $40 billion on a 4 percent of GDP current account surplus, although inflation is again veering toward double-digits on higher food prices. Neighboring Russia is also battling that scourge as it enters its own presidential election season, with the candidate crop still on the vine as earlier equity gains wither.
The World Bank’s Multi-Polar Disorder Prescription
2011 May 25 by admin
Posted in: IFIs
The World Bank, under the auspices of its chief economist well-known in Chinese policymaking circles, published the first in a coming series of long-range Development Horizons studies predicting multi-currency use in 2025 based on emerging market-led commercial and financial “poles” guided by the BRICs. Developing countries now account for half of international trade and one-third of their FDI is “South-South. ” Two-thirds of official foreign exchange reserves are outside the industrial world, and related sovereign wealth funds are among the largest institutional investor sources. Borrowers such as Chile, Turkey, and Brazil command lower spreads than European counterparts, yet since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system 40 years ago no reserve currency from these jurisdictions has entered the mix with the dollar, euro, yen, and pound, and the IMF-created SDR likewise lacks such a component. Over the next decade and a half emerging economies’ GDP growth over an average 4. 5 percent will be double the advanced country norm, and the half dozen biggest ones will power the majority of global output. They have moved to the faster trajectory initially through total factor productivity — in land, labor and capital — gains that may soon join with innovation strides, as “rebalancing” occurs through switches from external to domestic demand. In China consumption will rise to over 50 percent of GDP during the period, with Latin America’s share already at 65 percent. Cross-border M&A from emerging market firms was one-third the world figure in 2010, and many active acquirers are able to tap billions of dollars through international bank loans and debt and equity financing, as well as access comparable sums in local capital markets. The net creditor position of major EMs will exceed $15 trillion under the study’s baseline scenario, setting the stage for a multi-polar monetary system to accompany trade and investment flows.
The renimbi will likely feature at the forefront of new entrants, according to the authors, as convertibility restrictions are progressively removed. Commercial trade settlement and bilateral and multilateral central bank arrangements have proliferated under incremental liberalization, and the currency could first be adopted as an Asian standard before receiving more widespread acceptance. The yuan could join with other emerging market units in a redefined SDR with the endorsement of G-20 Fund shareholders, who could also encourage private circulation of the synthetic denomination as an alternative to national and regional offerings. In this more diverse future, however, the preponderance of developing countries with their small heft will remain at risk of foreign currency mismatches and vulnerabilities even as the “fortress dollar” cedes impregnability.
Vietnam’s Wavering Resolution
2011 May 25 by admin
Posted in: Asia
Vietnamese stocks deepened their loss string despite Hanoi’s hosting of the annual Asian Development Bank gathering as inflation burst past 20 percent to challenge the recent “resolution 11” fiscal and monetary tightening package. The measures originally triggered brief equity and bond rallies as the benchmark interest rate was taken to almost 15 percent and officials vowed otherwise to throttle runaway credit at 120 percent of GDP. At the same time to revive currency confidence, they suspended further devaluation while cracking down on informal dollar and gold trading. However ADB participants were told that economic growth would likely slow to 5 percent as the trade deficit continued to widen to 15 percent of output, with international reserves not reported but estimated at around $12 billion. To cut the budget deficit, fuel and electricity prices were lifted, and food also jumped on anxiety ahead of the spring harvest season. Ratings agencies, after pausing from last year’s downgrades, reinforced jitters with calculations that sovereign contingent liabilities could hit 60 percent of GDP under the weight of state bank recapitalization and bad loan coverage. NPLs using local standards are under 5 percent, and after repeated criticism of data and transparency the central bank has agreed to a formal IMF-World Bank comprehensive financial sector assessment to identify prevailing conditions. The default by shipbuilder Vinashin has not been addressed despite a stream of creditor requests for meetings and negotiations. Companies have been unable to tap the external debt market despite the success of neighboring high-yield borrowers such as Chinese property developers. Regional and US-European individuals and institutions have heavily subscribed these double-digit return issues which increasingly feature “perpetual” structures. In a much-noticed example, unrated Sino-Ocean Land completed a $400 million 10 percent deal in the wake of fraud found at other lesser-known mainland placements like China Forestry, which had partnered with the Washington, DC-based Carlyle buyout firm. Asia dollar-denominated activity was at $35 billion in May, with medium-term projections by underwriters for $100 billion annually.
The Philippines exchange has also been floundering after the central bank raised rates on consecutive occasions to keep inflation below 5 percent, despite fiscal improvement which may limit the deficit to 2 percent of GDP should current patterns hold, even with a new public transport cash transfer program for operators and riders. Remittances which undergird the balance of payments have dropped on troubles in Japan and the Middle East, and should they spread to core Gulf locations Manila may have to form its own resolution stance.
South Africa’s Stalwart Alliance
2011 May 20 by admin
Posted in: Africa
South African shares slid clearly into the negative column after the opposition Democratic Alliance held the ruling ANC to a 60 percent popular vote in local elections and diversified its support base beyond better-off white citizens. National opinion surveys revealed routine dissatisfaction with public service delivery which DA control in Cape Town had worked to rectify, and poor marks assigned to President Zuma’s anti-poverty and unemployment record since taking office. The ANC’s Youth League has mounted its own attack on the government for shrinking from stronger state economic intervention including nationalization and capital controls, while the labor union federation has assailed its “corruption and greed” as it presses for wage rises above current 4 percent inflation. Planning Minister Manuel has openly warned of reverse racism affecting business policy, with black majority interest groups accusing successful Indians of “colonial” behavior. Despite the commodity boom in gold, platinum and other minerals, GDP growth at 4 percent lags Sub-Saharan neighbors as household debt and lackluster private investment weigh on prospects. The PMI hovers at 55 with ample slack in manufacturing capacity, although auto activity has recently picked up in contrast with the moribund clothing sector. The rand remains a favorite carry currency with benchmark bond yields at 8 percent, but has tumbled to 7 against the dollar as the current account deficit is set to widen to 3. 5 percent of GDP. Inflation, pushed by oil import costs, is due to touch the upper 5-6 percent target range, but the central bank has paused in its hiking cycle. Europe’s and Japan’s difficulties are choking exports, as trade and financial ties with fellow Brics deepen following the country’s debut at an April summit in China. Local fund managers have already redirected debt and equity allocation to these outside big emerging market destinations following capital account liberalization in the last budget.
Firms have also signed up for a major foreign investment conference in Zimbabwe as octogenarian President Mugabe calls for fresh elections to end the teetering coalition and immediate implementation of the indigenization law mandating 51 percent ownership of multinational operations. Discussions with Western official lenders on clearing $7 billion in accumulated debt are at a standstill, as domestic banks also grapple with non-performing portfolios at one-third the total. The central bank itself had to be recapitalized and no longer manages exchange rate policy with the multiple circulation of the dollar, euro and rand. Despite the political push by ZANU-PF loyalists, economic officials have questioned whether the $500 million estimated expense of new polls is affordable as democracy and free-market campaigners are crushed by mounting bills.
The Pacific Alliance’s Bellicose Bluster
2011 May 18 by admin
Posted in: Latin America/Caribbean
Stocks were unmoved from slides to date as Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru formally joined in a “Pacific Alliance” representing one-third of Latin American output and half of exports. The three outside Mexico had previously linked up through the MILA joint exchange which will be second in size to Brazil’s at $700 billion. The broader initiative will extend free trade and labor movement multilaterally to complement bilateral pacts. Lima’s index has been down over 20 percent with the even match between leftist Humala and conservative Fujimori for the presidency after the business community’s favorite candidates faded. GDP growth could fall by one quarter to 6. 5 percent this year on softer construction and manufacturing despite 20 percent annual credit expansion, according to officials. Inflation is over 3 percent, and the central bank has continued 25 basis point interest rate rises as rater Moody’s recently warned of overheating. Humala’s original campaign platform vowed renegotiation of mining agreements and higher corporate taxes to fight poverty, while Fujimori’s stressed her father’s law and order legacy and open market-privatization push which risks alienating powerful labor groups. In Chile, worker wage demands have sent inflation to the same level, with the monetary authority lifting the benchmark to 5 percent from the previous near-zero rate under quantitative easing. Domestic demand is up 15 percent from the year-ago quake period, while copper-related inflows have resulted in record peso strength despite $4 billion already used for intervention. As an oil importer, fuel subsidies have caused a 1 percent of GDP fiscal deficit which may worsen with reconstruction spending.
Colombia’s sovereign investment grade return has brought decent cross-border bond and equity allocation according to fund monitors, as private foreign debt has almost doubled to $28 billion the past year. The Santos Administration predicts 5 percent GDP growth aided by likely imminent passage of a US free trade deal, as $20 million daily entry under an inherited smoothing program has not broken the peso’s rise. Flooding has lifted food prices, as the central bank’s progressive “normalization” leaves the policy rate at 4 percent. Mexico’s bourse has seen $400 million in outflows, although long-term Treasury bond commitments remain solid at $1 billion. The currency has soared past the 12 to the dollar barrier on historic international reserves of $125 billion supplemented by a 2-year $70 billion IMF flexible credit line. The government rejects resort to capital controls, and has imposed anti-monopoly penalties on phone magnate Slim. However auto production slipped in April on Japan’s supply disappearance and oil capacity is also dwindling as the next presidential election cycle approaches, with fiscal reform on hold as a bitter aftertaste to the current sweet spot.
Haiti’s Musical Chair Chafing
2011 May 16 by admin
Posted in: Latin America/Caribbean
Haitian musician Martelly was inaugurated as President after an outsize election victory despite slim turnout and declared the island “open for business” in his accompanying address as an historic first peaceful party transfer took place. However, as he names his government and attempts to introduce new laws and policies to reinvigorate immediate rebuilding and long-term anti-poverty efforts, his grouping is a minority in parliament and more forceful judicial review could also act as a check. As he entered office the IMF, which extended a $40 million adjustment loan as part of donors’ 2-year $5. 5 billion package, completed an initial assessment of program implementation which cited delays despite overall solid commitment and performance. Outside debt relief, less than one-third of the aid has been disbursed awaiting the poll results, and dedicated reconstruction has been “slow,” according to the document. GDP decline in fiscal year 2010 was 5 percent compared with the original 8. 5 percent estimate as agriculture stabilized, while inflation is over 7 percent on higher food and fuel costs which spurred riots under the Preval administration. The budget deficit excluding grants was 5 percent on better tax collection, and the current account gap also improved to 2. 5 percent of GDP as international reserves topped $1 billion. Since last September the currency has appreciated 5 percent, and private sector credit has increased by the same figure on good bank liquidity and profitability indicators. Retail petroleum costs were hiked 30 percent in March to reflect global trends without social unrest, although inflationary pressure and exchange rate softening could follow. Next year’s public investment spending for post-earthquake related and humanitarian purposes will be financed in part from the Petrocaribe loan arrangement with Venezuela, with $200 million still in the account after Caracas cancelled twice that amount in outstanding obligations.
The central bank will be repaid through special bond issuance for old finance ministry borrowing as Treasury bill and broader government securities markets take shape with outside technical assistance. Foreign exchange trading will also be modernized, and a law on monetary authority independence will be introduced by year-end. A medium-term debt strategy should be devised as non-concessional access evolves, and officials have already committed to overhauling the state electricity network to stem losses and prepare for a new Northern industrial park which has emerged as the main showpiece post-disaster venture. Land title and business registration reform are likewise on the priority list to move up in World Bank rankings as President Martelly presses to realize a campaign promise of moving voters into durable housing and jobs.
The EU’s Naked Derivatives Ambitions
2011 May 15 by admin
Posted in: Europe
French and German officials lauded the near-completion of rules limiting “naked” CDS positions, where the buyer does not own the underlying bond, which were originally blamed for magnifying Greece’s sovereign distress last year to compel unprecedented outside bilateral and multilateral credit lines. Subsequent investigations absolved the shorting technique as the main cause of double-digit Greek yields and long-term market access loss which have persisted amid continued private restructuring and official program expansion talk. The tools, which had been subject to temporary national bans, did not feature as prominently in the ensuing Irish and Portugal debt sagas, and US counterparts have argued that restrictions would undermine liquidity and standard business hedging. The European approach tends to presume a speculative bias and also affords less flexibility in moving permitted derivatives activity generally to mandatory clearinghouses. For foreign exchange trading in contrast Washington regulators have agreed to broad exemptions, while newer EU members in the East trying to develop and deepen futures and swap capability have questioned the balance between commercial growth and prudential stability. Transatlantic differences have likewise been pronounced in areas like securitization, credit ratings, compensation, and proprietary dealing. Brussels requires issuers to retain 5 percent of securitizations and strict disclosure. Ratings agency oversight has been transferred to the new European Securities Market Authority, which has proposed changing the issuer-pays model and opening competition to a broader range of industrial and emerging economy-based firms. Under the 2010 revised Capital Requirements Directive, banker bonuses must observe a detailed formula proportionate to salaries with provisions for up-front and deferred versions and claw-backs upon performance decline. With their traditional universal banking framework European supervisors do not subscribe to the so-called Volcker Rule, named after the former US Federal Reserve head, which seeks to circumscribe securities portfolio scope in affiliates. However in the stand-alone hedge fund and private equity sphere which New York and London-based managers dominate recently-added European Commission controls that cover valuation, leverage, marketing, and remuneration are much tougher than in other jurisdictions.
In accounting, in turn, the US GAAP is slowly converging with Europe-designed international practice that has spread to the wider G-2O group now debating a range of global system protection measures. The specific breakdown of capital and liquidity ratios under Basel III, too-big to fail designation and cross-border resolution methods, and creation of multilateral cooperation bodies beyond the IMF-located Financial Stability Board are among other issues where despite mutual solidarity pledges member countries and regions prefer to pursue their own naked interests.
Cyprus’ Daunting Greek Debt Divides
2011 May 12 by admin
Posted in: Europe
The Cyprus stock exchange and external bonds shuddered as Euro-zone authorities scrambled to salvage Greece’s unraveling rescue package agreed a year ago with missed fiscal targets and credit default swaps and 2-year market yields at ultra-distressed readings. The island heads into parliamentary elections with the economy “in grave risk,” according to the central bank head, following rating agency bank and sovereign downgrades during the first quarter on Greek public and private sector credit exposure and fiscal slippage. GDP growth was a meager 1 percent in 2010 after the double-digit tempo of the previous decade, as the budget deficit topped 5 percent and will again match that “worst-case scenario” range this year, in the words of the Finance Minister. Government debt is at the 60 percent of GDP Maastricht threshold, but excludes contingent liabilities at the two main listed financial groups Bank of Cyprus and Marfin whose capital could be erased with a sizeable haircut on Greek instruments and spike in nonperforming loans there. The sector as a whole has lines outstanding of $10 billion, equivalent to one-third of output, as of the end of last year, the BIS reports, with the stated capital/assets at 10 percent. To raise revenue and protect account-holders, the parliament recently approved a deposit tax to bring in $100 million and cushion potential system-support costs. Deposits are four times GDP, at almost EUR 70 billion, and have fallen in the past few months on the direct cross-Mediterranean fallout and as Russian offshore wealth is repatriated with booming commodities lifting currency and securities values at home. Nominally Cypriot firms have been among the largest foreign direct investors in Russia and Central Asia in recent years in transactions designed to avoid tax and ownership disclosure burdens.
Despite the extension of VAT to food purchases, the Q1 fiscal gap was over 1. 5 percent of GDP on a 50 percent jump in interest payments and additional aid to the state airline which is still banned from flying in northern Turkish airspace. Opposition parties blame corruption for spending overruns which have already caused the government to backtrack on promised 2010 civil servant salary increases. An overlooked issue in reunification talks is the dual currency, with the euro adopted in 2008 and the lira still circulating in Turkey’s zone. Istanbul has reportedly taken some tourism business from Cyprus and Athens with their troubles, although banks there are also in prudential sights for breakneck consumer and mortgage activity as the ruling party goes to the polls with a comfortable lead and a ticket of identified overheating discomforts.
Ecuador’s Raffish Referendum Riffs
2011 May 10 by admin
Posted in: Latin America/Caribbean
Ecuadorean President Correa notched another referendum win extending constitutional revisions with a judiciary to executive anti-crime power transfer and stripping of media ownership interests from family-run financial-industrial conglomerates.
