Having endeavoured to escape to the coast of
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Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
The severity of the father's re-
proach induced the son to destroy himself.
Sceleratus, I. Campus, a plain at Rome near the
Colline gate, where the vestal Minucia was buried
alive when convicted of unchastity, and where a sim-
ilar punishment was afterward accustomed to be in-
flicted on other similarly offending vestals. (Lib , 8,
14. )--II. One of the gates of Rome was called See-
Urala, because the 300 Fahii who were killed at the
river Cremera had passed through it when they went
to attack the enemy. It was before named Carmen-
talis. --III. There was also a street at Rome which
received the name of the Sceleratus Vicus, because
there Tullia had ordered her charioteer to drive over
the body of her father, Servius Tullius. (Lib. , 1,48.
-Thid, lb. , 365. )
Sckna or Scenus, a river of Hibernia, now the
Shannon. (Oros. , 1, 2. )
Scenjt, I. a city of Mesopotamia, on the borders
of Babylonia. (Strabo, 748. )--II. Mandrae, a city of
Middle Egypt, the seat of a bishopric, between Aph-
rodltopolis and Babylon. (Iltn. Ant. , p. 163, 169. )
--III. Veteranorum, a village in Lower Egypt, on
? ? the east side of the Nile, between Heliopolis and Vi-
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? SCIPIO.
SCIPIO.
Scipio, a celebrated family at Rome, whose name
it identified with some of the most splendid triumphs
of the Roman arms. They were a branch of the
Cornelian House, and are said to have derived their
family appellation from the Latin term scipio, "a
staff," because one of their number, Cornelius, had
guided his blind father, and been to him as a staff;
or, as Macrobius expresses it, "Non alitcr dicli
Scipioncs; nisi quod Cornelius, qui cognominem pa-
srem luminibus carentem pro baculo rcgcbal, Scipio
tognominatus, nomen ex cognominc posteris dcdit. "
, {Sat. , 1,-0. )--The most eminent of the name were, I.
P. Cornelius Scipio, who served, B. C. 393, under the
. dictator Camillus, and distinguished himself at the
taking of Veii. In 392 B. C. ho was chosen military
tribune with consular power, and, in conjunction with
bis colleague Cossus, ravaged the territory of the Fa-
lisci, and compelled them to sue for peace. --II. P.
Cornelius Scipio, son of the preceding, was curule
aedile 363 B. C. --III. P. Cornelius Scipio, son of the
preceding, was master of the horse to the dictator
Camillus, 346 B. C. --IV. P. Cornelius Scipio, son of
the preceding, was dictator 305 B. C. ; having been
appointed such, not so much with a view to any war-
like operations, as for the purpose of holding the con-
sular comma, the two consuls being absent in the
field --V. L. Cornelius Scipio, son of the preceding,
was chosen interrex on the refusal of the dictator
Manlius to hold the election for consuls under the Li-
cinian law. He softened down the irritated feelings
of the commons by procuring the election of C. Mar
cius Rutilius, a plebeian, to the consulship. He ob-
tained the consulship himself 348 B. C. , but, being
prevented by severe illness from conducting the war
against the Gauls, he transferred the command to bis
plebeian colleague, M. Popilius Lsnas. -- VI. L. Cor-
nelius Scipio Barbatus, grandson of the preceding,
was consul 298 B. C. He fought a bloody but inde-
cisive battle with the Etrurians, near Volaterra. The
? nemy, however, having abandoned their camp in the
bight-season, the consul laid waste the adjacent coun-
Sry with fire and sword. He also reduced Samnium
ami Lucania. His tomb was discovered in 1780, con-
taining an epitaph in very early Latin, commemorating
the events of his life and his many virtues. (Dun-
lop's Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 62, seq. )--VII. Cn. Cor-
nelius Scipio Asina, so called from his having brought
into the forum, on the back of a she-ass (asina), the
money for a piece of ground which he had purchased,
or, according to another account, his daughter's mar-
riage-portion, in order to display it before the eyes of
suiters. He was the son of the preceding. In 260
B. C. he superintended, with Duilius the consul, the
building of the first Roman fleet, and subsequently
sailed with 17 ships, in advance of the main fleet, to
Messana in Sicily. He was taken, however, by a
Carthaginian squadron, and carried t<< Africa. Hav-
ing been at length released from cor,. 'incment in Car-
thage, he returned home and obtained the consulship;
ard he now avenged his former disgrace by taking
many places in Sicily, and particularly Panormus.
He conquered also great part of Sardinia and Corsica.
He was father to Publius and Cneus Scipio. Publius,
in the beginning of the second Punic war, was sent
with an army to Spain to oppose Hannibal; but, when
bo heard that his enemy had passed over into Italy, be
attempted, by his quick marches and secret evolutions,
? ? to stop his progress. He was conquered by Hannibal
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? scipi;,.
srif,u.
tod humiliating terms. The conqueror after this re-
lumed to Rome, where he was received with the most
unbounded applause, honoured with a triumph, and
dignified with the appellation of Africanus. Here he
enjoyed for some time the tranquillity and the honours
which his exploits merited; but in him also, as in other
great men, fortune showed herself inconstant. Scipio
offended the populace in wishing to distinguish the
senators from the rest of the people at the public ex-
hibitions; and when he canvassed for the consulship
for two of his friends, Scipio Nasica and Caius Laelius,
he had the mortification to see his application slighted,
and the honours which he claimed bestowed on a man
of no character, and recommended neither by abilities
nor meritorious actions. He retired from Rome no
longer to be a spectator of-ihe ingratitude of his coun-
trymen, and in the capacity of lieutenant he accom-
panied his brother against Antiocbus, king of Syria.
In this expedition his arms were attended with his
usual success, and the Asiatic monarch submitted to
the conditions which the conquerors dictated. At his
return to Rome Africanus found the malevolence of
his enemies still unabated. Cato, his inveterate rival,
seemed bent on his ruin; and he urged on the Petilii,
wo tribunes of the commons, to move in the senate
mat Africanus should be cited to give an account of
all the money he had received from Antiochus, to-
gether with such spoil as was taken in that war. As
soon as the Petilii had preferred their charge in the
senate, Scipio arose, and, taking a roll of papers out of
nis bosom, which had been drawn up by his brother,
be said, "In this is contained an accurate statement
of all you wish to know; in it you will find a particu-
lar account both of the money and plunder received
from Antiochus. "--"Read it aloud," was the cry of the
tribunes, "and sfterward let it be deposited in the treas-
ury. " '* That I will not do," said Scipio; "nor will I
so insult myself;" and, without saying a word more,
he toro it in pieces in the presence of all. It is not
improbable that this tearing of his accounts furnished
his enemies with the chief advantage they subsequent-
ly had against him. Not long after this, a tribune of
the name of Natvius cited Scipio to answer before the
ps jplc to the same charges as those which the Petilii
nac brought forward, and to other additional ones of a
similar purport. The first day was spent in hearing
the different charges. On the second day the trib-
unes took their seats at a very early hour. The ac-
cused soon after arrived, with a numerous train of
friends and clients; and, passing through the midst of
the assembly to the rostra, ascended without the least
emotion, and, with that air of dignity and confidence
which conscious innocence and superior virtue alone
ire able to inspire, addressed the assembly as follows:
"On this day, tribunes of the people, and you, Ro-
mans, I conquered Hannibal' ind the Carthaginians.
Is it becoming to spend a day like this in wrangling
and contention? Let us not then, I beseech you, be
ungrateful to the gods, but let us leave this man here,
and go to the Capitol, to thank them for the many fa-
vours they have vouchsafed us. " These words had
the desired effect. The tribes and all the assembly
followed Scipio; the court was deserted, and the trib-
unes were left alone in the seat of judgment. Yet,
when this memorable day was past and forgotten, Af-
ricanus was a third time summoned to appear; but
he had fled before the impending storm, and retired to
? ? bis country-house at Liternum. The accusation was
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? SCIPIO
scino.
prmyeu that an inquiry might je I lade for the pur-
poto of ascertaining what money had been received
Iron Antiochua and from his allies. The petition
was instantly received, and Asiaticus, charged with
having suffered himself to be corrupted by Antiochus,
was summoned to appear before the tribunal of Te-
rentius Culeo, who was on this occasion created prte-
tor. The judge, who was an inveterate enemy lo the
family of the Scipios, soon found Asiaticus, with his
two lieutenants and his quaestor, guilty of having re-
ceived, the first 6000 pounds' weight of gold and 480
pounds' weight of silver, and the others nearly an equal
sum, from the monarch against whom, in the name of
the Roman people, they were enjoined to make war.
They were condemned to pay large fines; but, while
the others gave security, Scipio declared that he had
accounted to the public for all the money which he
had brought from Asia, and therefore that he was
innocent. Notwithstanding this grave protestation,
the officers of justice were ordered to convey him to
prison; but, while they were in the actual discharge
of their duty, Sempronius Gracchus, one of the trib-
unes, interfered, and declared, "that he should make
no objection to their raising the money out of his ef-
fects, but that he would never suffer a Roman general
to be dragged to the common prison, wherein the lead-
ers of the enemy, that were taken in battle by him,
. lad been confined. " When the entire property of
Lucius Scipio was seized and valued, it was found in-
adequate to the payment of the sum demanded ; and
what redounded to his honour was, that, among all his
iffects, there was not found the trace of the smallest
irticle that could be considered Asiatic. His friends
mil relations, indignant at the treatment he had re-
:eived, came and offered to make compensation for
jis loss; but he refused to accept of anything except
what was barely necessary for subsistence. Whatever
was needful, says Livy, for domestic use, was pur-
chased at the sale of his property by his nearest rela-
tions; and the public hatred now recoiled on all who
were concerned in the prosecution. (Livy, 38, 60. )
Some time after he was appointed to settle the dis-
putes between Eumenes and Scleucus; and, at his re-
turn, the Romans, ashamed of their seventy towards
him, rewarded his merit with such uncommon liberal-
ity, that Asiaticus was enabled to celebrate games, in
honour of his victory over Antiochus, for ten success-
ive days at his own expense. --X. P. Cornelius Scipio
NasTca was son of Cneus Scipio, and cousin to Scipio
Africanus. He was refused the consulship, though
supported by the interest and the fame of the conquer-
or of Hannibal; but he afterward obtained it, and in
that honourable office conquered the Boii, and gained
a triumph. He was also successful in an expedition
which he undertook in Spain. When the statue of
Cybele was brought to Rome from Phrygia, the Ro-
man senate delegated one of their body, who was the
most remarkable for the purity of his manners and the
innocence of his life, to go and meet the goddess in
the harbour of Ostia. Nasica was the object of their
choice, and, as such, he was enjoined to bring the
statue of the goddess to Rome with the greatest
pomp and solemnity. Nasica also distinguished him-
? elf by the active part he took in confuting the accu-
sations laid against the two Scipios, Africanus and
Asiaticus. There was also another of the same name,
who distinguished himself by his enmity against the
? ? Gracchi, to whom he was nearly related. --(J'aterc. , 2,
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? SCI
sco
itithoul my family you were slaves. Is this Ike re-
spect you owe to your deliverers 1 Is this your affec-
tion . ' This firmness silenced the murmurs of the as-
sembly; and, some time after, Scipio retired from the
clamours of Rome to Ca'ieta, where, with his friend
Latlius, be passed the rest of his time in innocent
pleasures and amusement, in diversions which had
pleased them when children; and these two eminent
men wero often seen on the seashore picking up light
pebbles, and throwing them on the smooth surface of
the waters. Though fond of retirement and literary
ease, Scipio often interested himself in the affairs of
state. His enemies accused him of aspiring to the
dictatorship, and the clamours were most loud against
him when he had opposed the Sempronian law, and
declared himself the patron of the inhabitants of the
provinces of Italy. This active part of Scipio was
seen with pleasure by the friends of the republic ; and
not only the senate, but also the citizens, the Latins,
and the neighbouring states, conducted their illus-
trious friend and patron to his house. It seemed al-
most the universal wish that the troubles might be
quieted by the election of Scipio to the dictatorship,
and many presumed that that honour would be on the
morrow conferred upon him. In this, however, the
expectations of Rome were frustrated: Scipio was
found dead in his bed, to the astonishment of all; and
those who inquired for the causes of this sudden
death, perceived violent marks on his neck, and con-
cluded that he had been strangled, B. C. 128. This
assassination, as it was then generally believed, was
committed by the triumvirs, Papirius Carbo, C. Grac-
chus, and Fulvius Flaccus, who supported the Sem-
pronian law, and by his wife Sempronia, who is charg-
ed with introducing the murderers into his room. No
inquiries were made after the authors of his death.
Gracchus was the favourite of the mob, and the only
atonement which the populace made for the death of
Scipio was to attend his funeral, and to show their
concern by their loud lamentations. iEmilianus, like
his grandfather, was fond of literature, and he is said
to have saved from the flames of Carthage many val-
uable compositions, written by Phoenician and Punic
luthors. In the midst of his greatneas he died poor;
and his nephew, Q. Fabius Maximus, who inherited
his estate, scarce found in his house thirty-two pounds'
weight of silver and two and. a half of gold. His
liberality to his brother and to his sisters deserves the
greatest commendations; and, indeed, no higher enco-
mium can be passed upon his character, private as
well as public, than the words of his rival Meteltus,
who told his sons, at the death of Scipio, to go and
attend the funeral of the greatest man that ever lived
or should live in Rome. --XII. Q. Metellus Scipio,
adopted son of Quintns Csecilius Metellus. His pre-
vious name was P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica. Metel-
lus Scipio was consul with Pompey, his son-in-law,
towards the close of the year 52 B. C. , the latter hav-
ing been sole consul previously. Metellus and Pom-
pey re-established the consulship, which had been
completely prostrated by Clodius; and the former
was afterward sent into Syria as proconsul, having
? ided, of course, with Pompey against Caesar. After
the battle of Pharsalia he passed into A frica to Juba,
essomHed a body of troops there along with that
prince and Cato, and finally engaged with Caesar in
the battle of Thapsus, but was totally defeated, 46
? ? B. C.
Having endeavoured to escape to the coast of
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? SC Y
scr
Scormsci, a numerous and powerful tribe of Illy-
ria, in the interior of the country, and reaching as far
as the Danube. Strabo divides them into the greater
and the less, and places the former between the Noaras
or Gurck, and the river Margua. The latter adjoined
the Triballi and Mysi of Thrace. The Scordisci hav-
ing successively subdued the nations around them,
extended their dominion from the borders of Thrace
to the Adriatic. They were, however, in their turn
conquered by the Romans, though not without numer-
ous struggles and much bloodshed. Though Strabo
classes the Scordisci with the Illyrian nations, he seems
also to acknowledge them as of Gallic origin: they
were probably of the same race as the Taurisci and
Carni, both Celtic people. (Strab. , 313-- Id. , 318. --
Flor. , 3, 4. --Liv. , Epit. , 63. --Cramer's Anc. Greece,
vol. 1, p. 46. )
Scon, the ancient inhabitants of Scotland. It is
generally conceded that the earliest inhabitants of
Caledonia were of Celtic origin. According to Scot-
tish traditions, the Scoti came from Spain, and were
one people with the Silures, who occupied what now
answers to Wales. They first possessed themselves
of Ireland, which from them received the name of Sco-
tia, and for some time retained the appellation. They
afterward passed over into what was called from them
Scotland. (Ammian. Marcell. , 20, 1. -- Id. , 26, 4 --
Id. , 27, 8. -- Beda, Hit. Eccles. , 1, l. --Adclung,
Mitkradates, vol. 2, p. 84. --Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 1,
pt. 2, p. 92, seqq. )
Scribonia, a daughter of Scriboniua, who married
Augustus after he had divorced Claudia. He had by
her a daughter, the celebrated Julia. Scribonia was
some time after repudiated that Augustus might marry
Livia. She had been married twice before she be-
came the wife of the emperor. (Suet. , Vtt. Aug. , 62. )
Scrieonius, I. L. I. ibo, a Roman historian, author
of Annals cited by Cicero (Ep. ad All. , 13, 31). --
II. Largus Designatianus, a physician, born at Rome,
or in the island of Sicily. In A. D. 43 he accompanied
the Emperor Claudius on his expediton into Britain.
Ho was a physician of the Eclectic school, and wrote
a treatise De Compositione medicamentorum. As this
work is written in very inferior Latin, some critics
have supposed that it was originally composed in
Greek, and afterward translated into Latin. Scribo-
niua ha8 copied from Nicander, and has also derived
manv absurd and superstitious remedies from other
medical writers. The best edition of this work is that
of Rhodius, I'alav. , 1655, 4to.
Scultenna, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising on the
northern confinea of Etruria, and flowing from the east
of Mutina into the Padus. It is now the Panaro.
(Strab. , 218. --Lis. , 41, 12 )
ScYLicinii, a Greek city, on the coast of the Bruttii,
in a southwest direction from Crotona, and communi-
cating its name to the adjacent gulf (Sinus Scylacius).
According to Strabo, it was colonized by the Atheni-
ans under Mnestheus; but he neither mentions the
time, nor the circumstances which led to its estab-
lishment. (Strab. , 361. ) Servius, however, observes,
that these Athenians were returning from Africa {ad
,En. , 3, 552). At a later period it received a Roman
colony. (Veu. Paterc, 1, 15. ) Scylacium was the
birthplace of Cassiodorus. It is now Squillace. The
epithet narrifragum is applied by Virgil to this place.
(. Eh , 3, 553. ) Heyne considers the appellation to
? ? allude to the rocky and dangerous shore in its vicinity,
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? SC V
8CY
these necks and catches the porpoises, seadogs, and
other large animals of the sea which swim by, and out
of every ship that passes each mouth lakes a man.
The opposite rock, the goddess informs him, is much
lower, lor a man could shoot over it. A wild fig-tree
grows on it, stretching its branches down to the wa-
ter; but beneath, " divine Charybdis" three times each
dav absorbs and regorges the dark water. It is much
more dangerous, she adds, to pass Charybdis than Scyl-
la. As Ulysses sailed by, Scylla took six of his crew;
and when, after he had lost his ship and companions,
he waa carried by wind and wave, as he floated on a
part of the wreck between the monsters, the mast by
which he supported himself was sucked in by Charyb-
dis, and he held by the wild fig-tree till it was thrown out
again, when ho resumed his voyage. --Such is the ear-
liest account we have of these monsters, in which,
indeed, it may be doubted if Charybdis is to be regard-
ed as an animate being. The ancients, who were so
anxious to localize all the wonders of Homer, made
the Straits of Messina the abode of Scylla and Charyb-
dis. The whole fable has been explained by Spallan-
zani, according to whom Scylla is a lofty rock on the
Calabrian shore, with some caverns at the bottom,
which, by the agitation of the waves, emit sounds re-
sembling the barking of dogs. The only danger is
when the current and wind are in opposition, so that
vessels arc impelled towards the rock. Charybdis is
not a whirlpool or involving vortex, but a spot where
the waves are greatly agitated by pointed rocks, and
the depth docs not exceed 500 feet. (Spallanz. , 3,
p. 99. )--In Homer the molher of Scylla is named Cra-
ueia {Oil. , 12, 124), but her sire is not spoken of.
Stesichorus called her mother Lamia (Eudocia, 377);
Hesiod said she was the daughter of Phorbas and Hec-
ate (Schol. ad Apoll. Khod. , 4, 828); Arcesilaus said,
of Phorcys and Hecate (Schol. ad Od. , 12, 85); oth-
ers asserted that Triton was her aire. {Eudocia, 377 )
Later poets feigned that Scylla was once a beautiful
maiden, who was fond of associating with the Nere-
ids. The seagod Glaucus beheld and fell in love with
her, and, being rejected, applied to Circe to exercise
her magic arts in his favour. Circe wished him to
transfer his affections to herself; and, filled with rage
at his refusal, she infected with noxious juices the
water in which Scylla was wont to bathe, and thus
transformed her into a monster. {Ovid, Met. , 14, 1,
scqq--Hygin. , fab. , 199. ) According lo another ac-
count, the change in Scylla's form was effected by
Ampuitrite, in consequence of her intimacy with Nep-
tune. (Tzctz. ad Lycophr. , 650. ) Charybdis was
said to have been a woman who stole the oxen of Her-
cules, and who was, in consequence, struck with thun-
der by Jupiter, and turned into a whirlpool. (Serv.
ad AEn. ,3,420. --Keightiey'sMythology, p. 21\,scqq. )
ScYLLiEUH, a promontory of Argolis, opposite the
Attic promontory of Sunium, and said to have derived
its name from Scylla, the daughter of Nisus. It
formed, together with the promontory of Sunium, the
entrance of the Saronic Gulf, and closed, also, the
Bay of Hermione. (Strab. , 373. )
Scvhnus, a Greek geographer, a native of Chios,
who flourished about 80 B. C. , during the reign of
Nicomedes II. , king of Bithynia. He dedicated to
this monarch his work entitled Pcriegesis (Xlepiqytj-
aic\ or Description of tlie World, written in Greek
Iambics. We have remaining of this the first 741
? ? lines, and fragments of 236 others, which together
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? KKl>
8V I
tarnish also the root of the name Slavi; and if the the-
ory of another writer be admitted, the Saxones will be
descended from the Sac>>. (Compare B'ahr, ad Ctes. ,
p. 97. )--The earliest detailed account of the Scyth-
ian race is given by Herodotus, who states, as has
already been remarked, that they called themselves by
the general name of Scoloti (ZKoXoroi). The appel-
lation of Scythians (XKv$ai) originated with the Greeks
along the Euxinc. Their primitive seats were in the
vicinity of the Caspian ; but, being driven from these
by the MassageUe, they migrated to the countries
around the Tana'is and north of the Euxine, and the
head settlement of the race, according to Herodotus,
was now between the Tanais and Borysthenes. Only
a few tribes attended to agricultural pursuits and had
fixed abodes; the greater part were of nomadic hab-
ita, and roamed about in their wagons, which served
them for abodes. These last subsisted on the produce
? >f their flocks and herds. Herodotus divides them
into Royal Scythians (KaoAi/ioi Xniidat), the Noma-
dic Scythians (So/idiec), and the Agricultural (Teup-
yoi). Besides these, there were other tribes living to
the west of the Borysthenes, and separated from the
main body of the race, such as the Callipoda and
Alazones. Until the time of Ptolemy, but little was
known respecting the Scythians except what had been
obtained from the narrative of Herodotus. In the
day* of Ptolemy, Scythia, as known to Herodotus,
had changed its name to that of Sarmatia (compare
Plir, . 4, 12), and the northern part of Asia above the
Sacc and beyond Sogdiana, with an indefinite extent
towards the east, was now denominated Scythia. The
range of Mount Imaus was considered as dividing this
extensive region into two parts, and hence arose the
two divisions of Scythia intra Imaum and Scyth-
ia extra Imaum, or Scythia within and without the
range of Imaus. The former of these, Scythia intra
Imaum, had the following limits assigned to it: on
the north, unknown lands; on the east, Imaus; on the
south, the Saca\ Sogdiana, and Margiana, as far as the
month of the Oxus, and the Caspian Sea to the mouth
nf the Rha; on the west, Asiatic Sarmatia. Scythia
extra Imaum had the following boundaries: on the
north, unknown lands; on the west, Imaus; on the
south, a part of India; and on the east, Serica. --The
Scythians made several irruptions into the more south-
ern provinces of Asia, especially B. C. 624, when they
remained in possession of Asia Minor for 28 years.
Scythopolis, a city of Judsea, belonging to the half
tribe of Manasseh, on the west of and near to the Jor-
% Han. Its Hebrew name was Bclhsan, Btthshcan, or
Bethshan. It was called Scythopolis, or the city of
the Scythians, as the Scptuagint has it (SkvBuv xu? . ic.
--Judges, 1, 27), from its having been taken posses-
sion of by a body of Scythians in their invasion of Asia
Minor and Syria. It is now Bysan or Baisan. (Plin. ,
5,18. --Ammian. Marcell. , 19, 27. --Joseph. , Ant. , 5,
I --Id. ibid. . 12, 12-- Id. , Bell. Jud. , 3, 4. )
Sebaste, I. rid. Samaria. --II. The name was com-
-non to several cities, as it was in honour of Augustus.
Sebaste CZebaarfi, sc. iroktc) is the1 Greek form for
Aueusta, sc.
proach induced the son to destroy himself.
Sceleratus, I. Campus, a plain at Rome near the
Colline gate, where the vestal Minucia was buried
alive when convicted of unchastity, and where a sim-
ilar punishment was afterward accustomed to be in-
flicted on other similarly offending vestals. (Lib , 8,
14. )--II. One of the gates of Rome was called See-
Urala, because the 300 Fahii who were killed at the
river Cremera had passed through it when they went
to attack the enemy. It was before named Carmen-
talis. --III. There was also a street at Rome which
received the name of the Sceleratus Vicus, because
there Tullia had ordered her charioteer to drive over
the body of her father, Servius Tullius. (Lib. , 1,48.
-Thid, lb. , 365. )
Sckna or Scenus, a river of Hibernia, now the
Shannon. (Oros. , 1, 2. )
Scenjt, I. a city of Mesopotamia, on the borders
of Babylonia. (Strabo, 748. )--II. Mandrae, a city of
Middle Egypt, the seat of a bishopric, between Aph-
rodltopolis and Babylon. (Iltn. Ant. , p. 163, 169. )
--III. Veteranorum, a village in Lower Egypt, on
? ? the east side of the Nile, between Heliopolis and Vi-
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? SCIPIO.
SCIPIO.
Scipio, a celebrated family at Rome, whose name
it identified with some of the most splendid triumphs
of the Roman arms. They were a branch of the
Cornelian House, and are said to have derived their
family appellation from the Latin term scipio, "a
staff," because one of their number, Cornelius, had
guided his blind father, and been to him as a staff;
or, as Macrobius expresses it, "Non alitcr dicli
Scipioncs; nisi quod Cornelius, qui cognominem pa-
srem luminibus carentem pro baculo rcgcbal, Scipio
tognominatus, nomen ex cognominc posteris dcdit. "
, {Sat. , 1,-0. )--The most eminent of the name were, I.
P. Cornelius Scipio, who served, B. C. 393, under the
. dictator Camillus, and distinguished himself at the
taking of Veii. In 392 B. C. ho was chosen military
tribune with consular power, and, in conjunction with
bis colleague Cossus, ravaged the territory of the Fa-
lisci, and compelled them to sue for peace. --II. P.
Cornelius Scipio, son of the preceding, was curule
aedile 363 B. C. --III. P. Cornelius Scipio, son of the
preceding, was master of the horse to the dictator
Camillus, 346 B. C. --IV. P. Cornelius Scipio, son of
the preceding, was dictator 305 B. C. ; having been
appointed such, not so much with a view to any war-
like operations, as for the purpose of holding the con-
sular comma, the two consuls being absent in the
field --V. L. Cornelius Scipio, son of the preceding,
was chosen interrex on the refusal of the dictator
Manlius to hold the election for consuls under the Li-
cinian law. He softened down the irritated feelings
of the commons by procuring the election of C. Mar
cius Rutilius, a plebeian, to the consulship. He ob-
tained the consulship himself 348 B. C. , but, being
prevented by severe illness from conducting the war
against the Gauls, he transferred the command to bis
plebeian colleague, M. Popilius Lsnas. -- VI. L. Cor-
nelius Scipio Barbatus, grandson of the preceding,
was consul 298 B. C. He fought a bloody but inde-
cisive battle with the Etrurians, near Volaterra. The
? nemy, however, having abandoned their camp in the
bight-season, the consul laid waste the adjacent coun-
Sry with fire and sword. He also reduced Samnium
ami Lucania. His tomb was discovered in 1780, con-
taining an epitaph in very early Latin, commemorating
the events of his life and his many virtues. (Dun-
lop's Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 62, seq. )--VII. Cn. Cor-
nelius Scipio Asina, so called from his having brought
into the forum, on the back of a she-ass (asina), the
money for a piece of ground which he had purchased,
or, according to another account, his daughter's mar-
riage-portion, in order to display it before the eyes of
suiters. He was the son of the preceding. In 260
B. C. he superintended, with Duilius the consul, the
building of the first Roman fleet, and subsequently
sailed with 17 ships, in advance of the main fleet, to
Messana in Sicily. He was taken, however, by a
Carthaginian squadron, and carried t<< Africa. Hav-
ing been at length released from cor,. 'incment in Car-
thage, he returned home and obtained the consulship;
ard he now avenged his former disgrace by taking
many places in Sicily, and particularly Panormus.
He conquered also great part of Sardinia and Corsica.
He was father to Publius and Cneus Scipio. Publius,
in the beginning of the second Punic war, was sent
with an army to Spain to oppose Hannibal; but, when
bo heard that his enemy had passed over into Italy, be
attempted, by his quick marches and secret evolutions,
? ? to stop his progress. He was conquered by Hannibal
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? scipi;,.
srif,u.
tod humiliating terms. The conqueror after this re-
lumed to Rome, where he was received with the most
unbounded applause, honoured with a triumph, and
dignified with the appellation of Africanus. Here he
enjoyed for some time the tranquillity and the honours
which his exploits merited; but in him also, as in other
great men, fortune showed herself inconstant. Scipio
offended the populace in wishing to distinguish the
senators from the rest of the people at the public ex-
hibitions; and when he canvassed for the consulship
for two of his friends, Scipio Nasica and Caius Laelius,
he had the mortification to see his application slighted,
and the honours which he claimed bestowed on a man
of no character, and recommended neither by abilities
nor meritorious actions. He retired from Rome no
longer to be a spectator of-ihe ingratitude of his coun-
trymen, and in the capacity of lieutenant he accom-
panied his brother against Antiocbus, king of Syria.
In this expedition his arms were attended with his
usual success, and the Asiatic monarch submitted to
the conditions which the conquerors dictated. At his
return to Rome Africanus found the malevolence of
his enemies still unabated. Cato, his inveterate rival,
seemed bent on his ruin; and he urged on the Petilii,
wo tribunes of the commons, to move in the senate
mat Africanus should be cited to give an account of
all the money he had received from Antiochus, to-
gether with such spoil as was taken in that war. As
soon as the Petilii had preferred their charge in the
senate, Scipio arose, and, taking a roll of papers out of
nis bosom, which had been drawn up by his brother,
be said, "In this is contained an accurate statement
of all you wish to know; in it you will find a particu-
lar account both of the money and plunder received
from Antiochus. "--"Read it aloud," was the cry of the
tribunes, "and sfterward let it be deposited in the treas-
ury. " '* That I will not do," said Scipio; "nor will I
so insult myself;" and, without saying a word more,
he toro it in pieces in the presence of all. It is not
improbable that this tearing of his accounts furnished
his enemies with the chief advantage they subsequent-
ly had against him. Not long after this, a tribune of
the name of Natvius cited Scipio to answer before the
ps jplc to the same charges as those which the Petilii
nac brought forward, and to other additional ones of a
similar purport. The first day was spent in hearing
the different charges. On the second day the trib-
unes took their seats at a very early hour. The ac-
cused soon after arrived, with a numerous train of
friends and clients; and, passing through the midst of
the assembly to the rostra, ascended without the least
emotion, and, with that air of dignity and confidence
which conscious innocence and superior virtue alone
ire able to inspire, addressed the assembly as follows:
"On this day, tribunes of the people, and you, Ro-
mans, I conquered Hannibal' ind the Carthaginians.
Is it becoming to spend a day like this in wrangling
and contention? Let us not then, I beseech you, be
ungrateful to the gods, but let us leave this man here,
and go to the Capitol, to thank them for the many fa-
vours they have vouchsafed us. " These words had
the desired effect. The tribes and all the assembly
followed Scipio; the court was deserted, and the trib-
unes were left alone in the seat of judgment. Yet,
when this memorable day was past and forgotten, Af-
ricanus was a third time summoned to appear; but
he had fled before the impending storm, and retired to
? ? bis country-house at Liternum. The accusation was
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? SCIPIO
scino.
prmyeu that an inquiry might je I lade for the pur-
poto of ascertaining what money had been received
Iron Antiochua and from his allies. The petition
was instantly received, and Asiaticus, charged with
having suffered himself to be corrupted by Antiochus,
was summoned to appear before the tribunal of Te-
rentius Culeo, who was on this occasion created prte-
tor. The judge, who was an inveterate enemy lo the
family of the Scipios, soon found Asiaticus, with his
two lieutenants and his quaestor, guilty of having re-
ceived, the first 6000 pounds' weight of gold and 480
pounds' weight of silver, and the others nearly an equal
sum, from the monarch against whom, in the name of
the Roman people, they were enjoined to make war.
They were condemned to pay large fines; but, while
the others gave security, Scipio declared that he had
accounted to the public for all the money which he
had brought from Asia, and therefore that he was
innocent. Notwithstanding this grave protestation,
the officers of justice were ordered to convey him to
prison; but, while they were in the actual discharge
of their duty, Sempronius Gracchus, one of the trib-
unes, interfered, and declared, "that he should make
no objection to their raising the money out of his ef-
fects, but that he would never suffer a Roman general
to be dragged to the common prison, wherein the lead-
ers of the enemy, that were taken in battle by him,
. lad been confined. " When the entire property of
Lucius Scipio was seized and valued, it was found in-
adequate to the payment of the sum demanded ; and
what redounded to his honour was, that, among all his
iffects, there was not found the trace of the smallest
irticle that could be considered Asiatic. His friends
mil relations, indignant at the treatment he had re-
:eived, came and offered to make compensation for
jis loss; but he refused to accept of anything except
what was barely necessary for subsistence. Whatever
was needful, says Livy, for domestic use, was pur-
chased at the sale of his property by his nearest rela-
tions; and the public hatred now recoiled on all who
were concerned in the prosecution. (Livy, 38, 60. )
Some time after he was appointed to settle the dis-
putes between Eumenes and Scleucus; and, at his re-
turn, the Romans, ashamed of their seventy towards
him, rewarded his merit with such uncommon liberal-
ity, that Asiaticus was enabled to celebrate games, in
honour of his victory over Antiochus, for ten success-
ive days at his own expense. --X. P. Cornelius Scipio
NasTca was son of Cneus Scipio, and cousin to Scipio
Africanus. He was refused the consulship, though
supported by the interest and the fame of the conquer-
or of Hannibal; but he afterward obtained it, and in
that honourable office conquered the Boii, and gained
a triumph. He was also successful in an expedition
which he undertook in Spain. When the statue of
Cybele was brought to Rome from Phrygia, the Ro-
man senate delegated one of their body, who was the
most remarkable for the purity of his manners and the
innocence of his life, to go and meet the goddess in
the harbour of Ostia. Nasica was the object of their
choice, and, as such, he was enjoined to bring the
statue of the goddess to Rome with the greatest
pomp and solemnity. Nasica also distinguished him-
? elf by the active part he took in confuting the accu-
sations laid against the two Scipios, Africanus and
Asiaticus. There was also another of the same name,
who distinguished himself by his enmity against the
? ? Gracchi, to whom he was nearly related. --(J'aterc. , 2,
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? SCI
sco
itithoul my family you were slaves. Is this Ike re-
spect you owe to your deliverers 1 Is this your affec-
tion . ' This firmness silenced the murmurs of the as-
sembly; and, some time after, Scipio retired from the
clamours of Rome to Ca'ieta, where, with his friend
Latlius, be passed the rest of his time in innocent
pleasures and amusement, in diversions which had
pleased them when children; and these two eminent
men wero often seen on the seashore picking up light
pebbles, and throwing them on the smooth surface of
the waters. Though fond of retirement and literary
ease, Scipio often interested himself in the affairs of
state. His enemies accused him of aspiring to the
dictatorship, and the clamours were most loud against
him when he had opposed the Sempronian law, and
declared himself the patron of the inhabitants of the
provinces of Italy. This active part of Scipio was
seen with pleasure by the friends of the republic ; and
not only the senate, but also the citizens, the Latins,
and the neighbouring states, conducted their illus-
trious friend and patron to his house. It seemed al-
most the universal wish that the troubles might be
quieted by the election of Scipio to the dictatorship,
and many presumed that that honour would be on the
morrow conferred upon him. In this, however, the
expectations of Rome were frustrated: Scipio was
found dead in his bed, to the astonishment of all; and
those who inquired for the causes of this sudden
death, perceived violent marks on his neck, and con-
cluded that he had been strangled, B. C. 128. This
assassination, as it was then generally believed, was
committed by the triumvirs, Papirius Carbo, C. Grac-
chus, and Fulvius Flaccus, who supported the Sem-
pronian law, and by his wife Sempronia, who is charg-
ed with introducing the murderers into his room. No
inquiries were made after the authors of his death.
Gracchus was the favourite of the mob, and the only
atonement which the populace made for the death of
Scipio was to attend his funeral, and to show their
concern by their loud lamentations. iEmilianus, like
his grandfather, was fond of literature, and he is said
to have saved from the flames of Carthage many val-
uable compositions, written by Phoenician and Punic
luthors. In the midst of his greatneas he died poor;
and his nephew, Q. Fabius Maximus, who inherited
his estate, scarce found in his house thirty-two pounds'
weight of silver and two and. a half of gold. His
liberality to his brother and to his sisters deserves the
greatest commendations; and, indeed, no higher enco-
mium can be passed upon his character, private as
well as public, than the words of his rival Meteltus,
who told his sons, at the death of Scipio, to go and
attend the funeral of the greatest man that ever lived
or should live in Rome. --XII. Q. Metellus Scipio,
adopted son of Quintns Csecilius Metellus. His pre-
vious name was P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica. Metel-
lus Scipio was consul with Pompey, his son-in-law,
towards the close of the year 52 B. C. , the latter hav-
ing been sole consul previously. Metellus and Pom-
pey re-established the consulship, which had been
completely prostrated by Clodius; and the former
was afterward sent into Syria as proconsul, having
? ided, of course, with Pompey against Caesar. After
the battle of Pharsalia he passed into A frica to Juba,
essomHed a body of troops there along with that
prince and Cato, and finally engaged with Caesar in
the battle of Thapsus, but was totally defeated, 46
? ? B. C.
Having endeavoured to escape to the coast of
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? SC Y
scr
Scormsci, a numerous and powerful tribe of Illy-
ria, in the interior of the country, and reaching as far
as the Danube. Strabo divides them into the greater
and the less, and places the former between the Noaras
or Gurck, and the river Margua. The latter adjoined
the Triballi and Mysi of Thrace. The Scordisci hav-
ing successively subdued the nations around them,
extended their dominion from the borders of Thrace
to the Adriatic. They were, however, in their turn
conquered by the Romans, though not without numer-
ous struggles and much bloodshed. Though Strabo
classes the Scordisci with the Illyrian nations, he seems
also to acknowledge them as of Gallic origin: they
were probably of the same race as the Taurisci and
Carni, both Celtic people. (Strab. , 313-- Id. , 318. --
Flor. , 3, 4. --Liv. , Epit. , 63. --Cramer's Anc. Greece,
vol. 1, p. 46. )
Scon, the ancient inhabitants of Scotland. It is
generally conceded that the earliest inhabitants of
Caledonia were of Celtic origin. According to Scot-
tish traditions, the Scoti came from Spain, and were
one people with the Silures, who occupied what now
answers to Wales. They first possessed themselves
of Ireland, which from them received the name of Sco-
tia, and for some time retained the appellation. They
afterward passed over into what was called from them
Scotland. (Ammian. Marcell. , 20, 1. -- Id. , 26, 4 --
Id. , 27, 8. -- Beda, Hit. Eccles. , 1, l. --Adclung,
Mitkradates, vol. 2, p. 84. --Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 1,
pt. 2, p. 92, seqq. )
Scribonia, a daughter of Scriboniua, who married
Augustus after he had divorced Claudia. He had by
her a daughter, the celebrated Julia. Scribonia was
some time after repudiated that Augustus might marry
Livia. She had been married twice before she be-
came the wife of the emperor. (Suet. , Vtt. Aug. , 62. )
Scrieonius, I. L. I. ibo, a Roman historian, author
of Annals cited by Cicero (Ep. ad All. , 13, 31). --
II. Largus Designatianus, a physician, born at Rome,
or in the island of Sicily. In A. D. 43 he accompanied
the Emperor Claudius on his expediton into Britain.
Ho was a physician of the Eclectic school, and wrote
a treatise De Compositione medicamentorum. As this
work is written in very inferior Latin, some critics
have supposed that it was originally composed in
Greek, and afterward translated into Latin. Scribo-
niua ha8 copied from Nicander, and has also derived
manv absurd and superstitious remedies from other
medical writers. The best edition of this work is that
of Rhodius, I'alav. , 1655, 4to.
Scultenna, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising on the
northern confinea of Etruria, and flowing from the east
of Mutina into the Padus. It is now the Panaro.
(Strab. , 218. --Lis. , 41, 12 )
ScYLicinii, a Greek city, on the coast of the Bruttii,
in a southwest direction from Crotona, and communi-
cating its name to the adjacent gulf (Sinus Scylacius).
According to Strabo, it was colonized by the Atheni-
ans under Mnestheus; but he neither mentions the
time, nor the circumstances which led to its estab-
lishment. (Strab. , 361. ) Servius, however, observes,
that these Athenians were returning from Africa {ad
,En. , 3, 552). At a later period it received a Roman
colony. (Veu. Paterc, 1, 15. ) Scylacium was the
birthplace of Cassiodorus. It is now Squillace. The
epithet narrifragum is applied by Virgil to this place.
(. Eh , 3, 553. ) Heyne considers the appellation to
? ? allude to the rocky and dangerous shore in its vicinity,
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? SC V
8CY
these necks and catches the porpoises, seadogs, and
other large animals of the sea which swim by, and out
of every ship that passes each mouth lakes a man.
The opposite rock, the goddess informs him, is much
lower, lor a man could shoot over it. A wild fig-tree
grows on it, stretching its branches down to the wa-
ter; but beneath, " divine Charybdis" three times each
dav absorbs and regorges the dark water. It is much
more dangerous, she adds, to pass Charybdis than Scyl-
la. As Ulysses sailed by, Scylla took six of his crew;
and when, after he had lost his ship and companions,
he waa carried by wind and wave, as he floated on a
part of the wreck between the monsters, the mast by
which he supported himself was sucked in by Charyb-
dis, and he held by the wild fig-tree till it was thrown out
again, when ho resumed his voyage. --Such is the ear-
liest account we have of these monsters, in which,
indeed, it may be doubted if Charybdis is to be regard-
ed as an animate being. The ancients, who were so
anxious to localize all the wonders of Homer, made
the Straits of Messina the abode of Scylla and Charyb-
dis. The whole fable has been explained by Spallan-
zani, according to whom Scylla is a lofty rock on the
Calabrian shore, with some caverns at the bottom,
which, by the agitation of the waves, emit sounds re-
sembling the barking of dogs. The only danger is
when the current and wind are in opposition, so that
vessels arc impelled towards the rock. Charybdis is
not a whirlpool or involving vortex, but a spot where
the waves are greatly agitated by pointed rocks, and
the depth docs not exceed 500 feet. (Spallanz. , 3,
p. 99. )--In Homer the molher of Scylla is named Cra-
ueia {Oil. , 12, 124), but her sire is not spoken of.
Stesichorus called her mother Lamia (Eudocia, 377);
Hesiod said she was the daughter of Phorbas and Hec-
ate (Schol. ad Apoll. Khod. , 4, 828); Arcesilaus said,
of Phorcys and Hecate (Schol. ad Od. , 12, 85); oth-
ers asserted that Triton was her aire. {Eudocia, 377 )
Later poets feigned that Scylla was once a beautiful
maiden, who was fond of associating with the Nere-
ids. The seagod Glaucus beheld and fell in love with
her, and, being rejected, applied to Circe to exercise
her magic arts in his favour. Circe wished him to
transfer his affections to herself; and, filled with rage
at his refusal, she infected with noxious juices the
water in which Scylla was wont to bathe, and thus
transformed her into a monster. {Ovid, Met. , 14, 1,
scqq--Hygin. , fab. , 199. ) According lo another ac-
count, the change in Scylla's form was effected by
Ampuitrite, in consequence of her intimacy with Nep-
tune. (Tzctz. ad Lycophr. , 650. ) Charybdis was
said to have been a woman who stole the oxen of Her-
cules, and who was, in consequence, struck with thun-
der by Jupiter, and turned into a whirlpool. (Serv.
ad AEn. ,3,420. --Keightiey'sMythology, p. 21\,scqq. )
ScYLLiEUH, a promontory of Argolis, opposite the
Attic promontory of Sunium, and said to have derived
its name from Scylla, the daughter of Nisus. It
formed, together with the promontory of Sunium, the
entrance of the Saronic Gulf, and closed, also, the
Bay of Hermione. (Strab. , 373. )
Scvhnus, a Greek geographer, a native of Chios,
who flourished about 80 B. C. , during the reign of
Nicomedes II. , king of Bithynia. He dedicated to
this monarch his work entitled Pcriegesis (Xlepiqytj-
aic\ or Description of tlie World, written in Greek
Iambics. We have remaining of this the first 741
? ? lines, and fragments of 236 others, which together
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? KKl>
8V I
tarnish also the root of the name Slavi; and if the the-
ory of another writer be admitted, the Saxones will be
descended from the Sac>>. (Compare B'ahr, ad Ctes. ,
p. 97. )--The earliest detailed account of the Scyth-
ian race is given by Herodotus, who states, as has
already been remarked, that they called themselves by
the general name of Scoloti (ZKoXoroi). The appel-
lation of Scythians (XKv$ai) originated with the Greeks
along the Euxinc. Their primitive seats were in the
vicinity of the Caspian ; but, being driven from these
by the MassageUe, they migrated to the countries
around the Tana'is and north of the Euxine, and the
head settlement of the race, according to Herodotus,
was now between the Tanais and Borysthenes. Only
a few tribes attended to agricultural pursuits and had
fixed abodes; the greater part were of nomadic hab-
ita, and roamed about in their wagons, which served
them for abodes. These last subsisted on the produce
? >f their flocks and herds. Herodotus divides them
into Royal Scythians (KaoAi/ioi Xniidat), the Noma-
dic Scythians (So/idiec), and the Agricultural (Teup-
yoi). Besides these, there were other tribes living to
the west of the Borysthenes, and separated from the
main body of the race, such as the Callipoda and
Alazones. Until the time of Ptolemy, but little was
known respecting the Scythians except what had been
obtained from the narrative of Herodotus. In the
day* of Ptolemy, Scythia, as known to Herodotus,
had changed its name to that of Sarmatia (compare
Plir, . 4, 12), and the northern part of Asia above the
Sacc and beyond Sogdiana, with an indefinite extent
towards the east, was now denominated Scythia. The
range of Mount Imaus was considered as dividing this
extensive region into two parts, and hence arose the
two divisions of Scythia intra Imaum and Scyth-
ia extra Imaum, or Scythia within and without the
range of Imaus. The former of these, Scythia intra
Imaum, had the following limits assigned to it: on
the north, unknown lands; on the east, Imaus; on the
south, the Saca\ Sogdiana, and Margiana, as far as the
month of the Oxus, and the Caspian Sea to the mouth
nf the Rha; on the west, Asiatic Sarmatia. Scythia
extra Imaum had the following boundaries: on the
north, unknown lands; on the west, Imaus; on the
south, a part of India; and on the east, Serica. --The
Scythians made several irruptions into the more south-
ern provinces of Asia, especially B. C. 624, when they
remained in possession of Asia Minor for 28 years.
Scythopolis, a city of Judsea, belonging to the half
tribe of Manasseh, on the west of and near to the Jor-
% Han. Its Hebrew name was Bclhsan, Btthshcan, or
Bethshan. It was called Scythopolis, or the city of
the Scythians, as the Scptuagint has it (SkvBuv xu? . ic.
--Judges, 1, 27), from its having been taken posses-
sion of by a body of Scythians in their invasion of Asia
Minor and Syria. It is now Bysan or Baisan. (Plin. ,
5,18. --Ammian. Marcell. , 19, 27. --Joseph. , Ant. , 5,
I --Id. ibid. . 12, 12-- Id. , Bell. Jud. , 3, 4. )
Sebaste, I. rid. Samaria. --II. The name was com-
-non to several cities, as it was in honour of Augustus.
Sebaste CZebaarfi, sc. iroktc) is the1 Greek form for
Aueusta, sc.
