Concerning
the song Lity-
brated and popular among them was the livos, erses see Eichstädt, De Dramate Graecor.
brated and popular among them was the livos, erses see Eichstädt, De Dramate Graecor.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
19 ; Paus.
i.
43.
$ 7 ; Athen.
the Mamilia gens. [Mamilia GENS. )
iii. p. 99). According to a Loeotian tradition
LIMENTI'NUS, the god protecting the thresh- Linus was killed by Apollo, because he had ven-
old (limen) of the house. (Arnob. udv. Gent. i. tured upon a musical contest with the god (Paus.
15, iv. 9, 11; Tertull. Idol. 15; August. de Civ. ix. 29. § 3 ; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1863), and near
Dei, iv. 8, vi. 7. ) Much superstition was con- Mount Helicon his image stood in a hollow rock,
nected among the Romans with the threshold, and formed in the shape of a grotto ; and every year
many persons were very scrupulous in always before sacrifices were offered to the Muses, a funeral
putting the right foot across it first. (Petron. Sat. sacrifice was offered to him, and dirges (Aivoi) were
30. )
[L. S. ] sung in his honour. His tomb was claimed both
LIMNAEA, LIMNEʻTES, LIMNE'GENES by the city of Argos and by Thebes (Paus. l. c. ,
(Λιμναία (ος), Λιμνήτης (ις), Λιμνηγενής), i. e. in- comp. ii. 19. 8 7); but after the battle of Chaeroneia,
habiting or born in a lake or marsh, is a surname of Philip of Macedonia was said to have carried away
several divinities who were believed either to have the remains of Linus from Thebes to Macedonia.
sprung from a lake, or had their temples near a Subsequently, however, the king was induced by a
lake. Instances are, Dionysus at Athens (Eustath. dream to send the remains back to Thebes. Chalcis
ad Hom. p. 871; Callim. Fragm. 280, Bentl. ; in Euboea likewise boasted of possessing the tomb
Thuc. i. 15; Aristoph. Ran. 216 ; Athen. I. p. of Linus, the inscription of which is preserved by
437, xi. p. 465), and Artemis at Sicyon, near Epi- Diogenes Laertius (Prooem. 4 ; comp. Suid. s. º.
daurus (Paus. ii. 7. $ 6, iii. 23. $ 10), on the fron. Aivos). Being regarded as a son of Apollo and a
tiers between Laconia and Messenia (Paus. iii. 2. Muse, he is said to have received from his father
$ 6, 7. $ 4, iv. 4. & 2, 31. § 3, vii. 20. § 7, &c. ; the three-stringed lute, and is himself called the
Strab. viii. p. 361 ; Tac. Ann. iv. 43), near Calamae inventor of new melodies, of dirges (palvos), and
(Paus. iv. 31. & 3), at Tegea (viii. 53. & 11, comp. of songs in general. Hesiod (ap. Clem. Alex,
iii. 14. $ 2), Patrae (vii. 20. § 7); it is also used Strom. i. p. 330) even calls him Tavtoins copins
as a surname of nymphs (Theocrit. v. 17) that bedanka's. It is probably owing to the difficulty
dwell in lakes or marshes.
(L. S. ) of reconciling the different mythuses about Linus,
LIMUS (Aquós), the Latin Fames, or personifi-| that the Thebans (Paus. ix. 29, in fin. ) thought it
cation of hunger. Hesiod (Theog. 227) describes necessary to distinguish between an earlier and later
hunger as the offspring of Eris or Discord. A poet- Linus ; the latter is said to have instructed Heracles
ical description of Fames occurs in Ovid (Met
. in music, but to have been killed by the hero
viü. 800, &c. ), and Virgil (Aen. vi. 276) places it, (comp. Apollod. ii. 4. § 9; Theocrit. xxiv. 103 ;
along with other monsters, at the entrance of Diodor. iii. 67 ; Athen. iv. p. 164). In the time
Orcus.
(L. S. ) of the Alexandrine grammarians people even went
LINAX, artist. (ZENAS. ]
so far as to look upon Linus as an historical per-
LI'NDIA (Awola), a surname of Athena, derived sonage, and to consider him, like Musaeus, Orpheus,
from the town of Lindus, in the island of Rhodus, and others, as the author of apocryphal works
where she had a celebrated temple. (Diod. v. 58; (Diodor. iii. 66), in which he described the ex-
Herod. ii. 182. ; Strab. xiv. p. 655). [L. S. ] ploits of Dionysus ; Diogenes Laertius (Prooem.
LINDINUS, a Latin poet, whose age is quite 3), who calls him a son of Hermes and Urania,
uncertain, but who probably lived at a late period, ascribes to him several poetical productions, such
is the author of a short poem of twelve lines,“ De as a cosmogony on the course of the sun and moon,
Aetate,” in which he assigns the different years of on the generation of animals and fruits, and the
life to different occupations, such as the first ten to like.
play, &c. It is printed in the Anthologia Latina The principal places in Greece which are the
(No. 541, ed. Meyer), and by Wernsdorf (Poetae scenes of the legends about Linus are Argos and
Latini Minores, p. 415).
Thebes, and the legends themselves bear a strong
LINUS (Aivos), the personification of a dirge resemblance to those about Hyacynthus, Narcissus,
or lamentation, and therefore described as a son Glaucus, Adonis, Maneros, and others, all of whom
cf Apollo by a Muse (Calliope, or by Psamathe or are conceived as handsome and lovely youths, and
Chalciope, Apollod. i. 3. & 2; Pauš. i. 43. § 7, | either as princes or as shepherds. They are the
3 E2
## p. 788 (#804) ############################################
788
LITORIUS.
LIVIA.
favourites of the gods ; and in the midst of the haps, have lived in the fourth or fifth century after
enjoyment of their happy youth, they are carried Christ. A few fragments of his writings, which
off by a sudden or violent death ; but their remem- are all that remain, are to be found in the collection
brance is kept alive by men, who celebrate their of writers on veterinary surgery, first published in
inemory in dirges and appropriate rites, and seek Latin by Jean de la Ruelle, Paris 1530, fol. , and
the vanished youths generally about the middle of afterwards in Greek by Simon Grynaeus, Basil,
summer, but in vain. The feeling which seems to 1537, 4to.
(W. A. G. ]
have given rise to the stories about these person- LITYERSES (Alt vépons), a natural son of
nges, who form a distinct class by themselves in Midas, lived at Celaenae in Phrygin, engaged in
Greek mythology, is deeply felt grief at the cata- rural pursuits, and hospitably received all strangers
strophes observable in nature, which dics away that passed his house, but he then compelled them to
under the influence of the burning sun (Apollo) assist him in the harvest, and whenever they allowed
boon after it has developed all its fairest beauties themselves to be surpassed by him in their work,
Those popular dirges, therefore, originally the ex- he cut off their heads in the evening, and concealed
pression of grief at the premature death of nature their bodies in the sheaves, accompanying his deed
through the heat of the sun, were transformed into with songs. Heracles, however, slew him, and
lamentations of the deaths of youths, and were threw his body into the Macander. The Phrygian
bung on certain religious occasions. They were reapers used to celebrate his memory in a harvest.
afterwards considered to have been the productions song which bore the name of Lityerses (Schol. ud
of the very same youths whose momory was cele- Theocrit
. x. 41 ; Athen. x. p. 615, xiv. p. 619;
brated in them. The whole class of songs of this Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1164; Hesych. , Phot. , Suid.
kind was called Spñvoi olKtot, and the most celes. v. ; Pollux, iv. 51).
Concerning the song Lity-
brated and popular among them was the livos, erses see Eichstädt, De Dramate Graecor. comico-
which appears to have been popular even in the satyrico, imprimis de Sosithei Lityersa, p. 16, &c. ;
days of Homer. (1. xviii. 569, with the Schol. ) | Ilgen, De Scoliorum Poesi, p. 16, &c. (L. S. ]
Pamphos, the Athenian, and Sappho, sang of Linus LIVILLA. (Livia. )
under the name of Oetolinus (oltos Alvov, i. e. the LI'VIA. 1. Daughter of M. Licius Drusus,
death of Linus, Paus. ix. 29. § 3); and the tragic consul B. c. 112, and sister of M. Livius Drusus,
poets, in mournful choral odes, often use the form the celebrated tribune of the plebs, who was killed
allıvos (Aeschyl. Agam. 121 ; Soph. Ajar, 627; B. c. 91. (See the genealogical table, Vol. I. p.
Eurip. Phoen. 1535, Orest. 1380), which is a 1076. ) She was married first to M. Porcius Cato,
compound of ai, the interjection, and Aive. As by whom she had Cato Uticensis (Cic. Brut. 62;
regards the etymology of Linus, Welcker regards Val. Max. iii. 1. & 2; Aur. Vict. de Vir. IV. 80 ;
it as formed from the mournful interjection, li, Plut. Cat. Min. i. 2), and subsequently to Q.
while others, on the analogy of Hyacinthus and Servilius Caepio, by whom she had a daughter,
Narcissus, consider Linus to have originally been Servilia, who was the mother of M. Brutus, who
the name of a flower (a species of narcissus). killed Caesar. (Plut. Brut. 2, Caes. 62, Cat. Min.
(Phot. Lex. p. 224, ed. Pors. ; Eustath. ad Hom. 24. ) Some writers suppose that Caepio was her
p. 99; compare in general Ambrosch, De Lino, first husband, and Cato her second.
Berlin, 1829, 4to; Welcker, Kleine Schriften, i. 2. Livia DRUSILLA, the wife of Augustus, was
p. 8, &c. ; E. v. Lasaulx, Ueber die Linosklage, the daughter of Livius Drusus Claudianus (Drusus,
Würzburg, 1842, 4to. )
[L. S. ) No. 7), who had been adopted by one of the Livia
LIPA'SIUS, the engraver of a beautiful gem, gens, but was a descendant of App. Claudius
bearing the head of the city Antioch, with the in- Caecus. Livia was born on the 28th of September,
scription AINACIOr, in the Museum Worsleyanum B. C. 56—54. (Letronne, Recherches pour servir
(p. 143). According to Raoul-Rochette, however, à l'Histoire de l’Egypte, p. 171. ) She was married
the name should be read ’Arnasiou. (Lettre à M. first to Tib. Claudius Nero ; but her beauty haring
Schorn, p. 33, or p. 122, 2d edit. ) [P. S. ) attracted the notice of Octavian at the beginning
LIPODOʻRUS (Actrówpos) commanded a body of B. c. 38, her husband was compelled to divorce
of 3000 soldiers in the army of the Greeks, who, her, and surrender her to the triumvir. She had
having been settled by Alexander the Great in the already borne her husband one son, the future em-
upper or eastern satrapies of Asia, revolted as soon peror Tiberius, and at the time of her marriage
as they heard of his death, in B. c. 323. Pithon, with Augustus was six months pregnant with
having been sent against them by the regent Per- another, who subsequently received the name of
diccas, found means to bribe Lipodorus, who Drusus. It was only two years previously that
drew off his men during the heat of the battle, she had been obliged to fly before Octavian, in con-
and thus caused the defeat of his friends. (Diod. sequence of her husband having fought against him
xviii. 4, 7 ; Droysen, Gesch. der Nachf. Alex. pp. in the Perusinian war. (Suet. Tib. 3, 4; Vell.
56-58. )
[E. E. ] Pat. ii. 75, 79; Suet. Aug. 62; Dion Cass. xlviii.
LITAE (Actal), a personification of the prayers 15, 34, 44. )
offered up in repentance. They are described as Livia never bore Augustus any children, but
the daughters of Zeus, and as following closely be she continued to have unbounded influence orer
hind crime, and endeavouring to make amends for him till the time of his death. The empire which
what has been done ; but whoever disdains to she had gained by her charms she maintained by
receive them, has himself to atone for the crime the purity of her conduct and the fascination of her
that has been committed. (Hom. Il. ix. 502, &c. ; manners, as well as by a perfect knowledge of the
Eustath. al Hom. p. 768 ; Hesych. s. v. altal, calls character of Augustus, whom she endeavoured to
them Aetre, which however is probably only a please in every way. She was a consumate
mistake in the name. )
(L. S. ) actress, excelled in dissimulation and intrigue, and
LITORIUS (Actipos) a veterinary surgeon, a never troubled either herself or her husband by
native of Beneventum in Samnium, who may, per complaining of the numerous mistresses of the
## p. 789 (#805) ############################################
LIVIA.
789
LIVIUS.
so
للاس
ca
mo
SG
CAES
MAS
COIN OF LIVIA.
Jatter. There was only one subject which occa- | peror Caligula ; but Tiberius would not allow her
sioned any dissension between them, and that was testament to be carried into effect. The legacies
the succession. Augustus naturally wished to which she had left were not fully paid till the ac-
secure it for his own family, but Livia resolved to cession of Caligula ; and her consecration did not
obtain it for her own children ; and, according to take place till the reign of Claudius. (Tac. Ann.
the common opinion at Rome, she did not scruple to i. 3, 5, 8, 10, 14, v. 1, 2; Dion Cass. lvii. 12,
employ ſoul means to remove out of the way the lviii. 2, lix. 1, 2, lx. 5; Snet. Tib. 50, 51. )
family of her husband. Hence she was said to be
“gravis in rempublicam mater, gravis domui
Caesarum noverca.
. " (Tac. Ann. i. 10. ) The pre-
mature death of Marcellus was attributed by many
to her machinations, because he had been preferred
to her sons as the husband of Julia, the daughter
of Augustus. (Dion Cass. liii. 33. ) But for this
there seems little ground. The opportune death
both of C. Caesar and L. Caesar seems much more
suspicious. These young men were the children of
Julia by her marriage with Agrippa ; and being
the grandchildren of Augustus, they presented, as
long as they lived, an insuperable obstacle to the 3. Livia or LiVILLA, the daughter of Drusus
accession of Tiberius, the son of Livia. But Lu- senior and Antonia, and the sister of Germanicus
cius died suddenly at Massilia in a. D. 2, and Caius and the emperor Claudius. [See the genealogical
in Lycia A. D. 4, of a wound, which was not con- table, Vol
. I. p. 1076. ] In her eleventh year
sidered at all dangerous. It was generally sus- B. C. 1, she was betrothed to C. Caesar, the son of
pected that they had both been poisoned, by the Agrippa and Julia, and the grandson of Augustus,
secret orders of Livia and Tiberius. She was even She was subsequently married to her first cousin,
suspected of having hastened the death of Augustus Drusus junior, the son of the emperor Tiberius,
in A. D. 14.
but was seduced by Sejanus, who both feared and
Augustus left Livia and Tiberius as his heirs ; hated Drusus, and who persuaded her to poison her
and by his testament adopted her into the Julia husband, which she accordingly did in A. D. 23.
the Mamilia gens. [Mamilia GENS. )
iii. p. 99). According to a Loeotian tradition
LIMENTI'NUS, the god protecting the thresh- Linus was killed by Apollo, because he had ven-
old (limen) of the house. (Arnob. udv. Gent. i. tured upon a musical contest with the god (Paus.
15, iv. 9, 11; Tertull. Idol. 15; August. de Civ. ix. 29. § 3 ; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1863), and near
Dei, iv. 8, vi. 7. ) Much superstition was con- Mount Helicon his image stood in a hollow rock,
nected among the Romans with the threshold, and formed in the shape of a grotto ; and every year
many persons were very scrupulous in always before sacrifices were offered to the Muses, a funeral
putting the right foot across it first. (Petron. Sat. sacrifice was offered to him, and dirges (Aivoi) were
30. )
[L. S. ] sung in his honour. His tomb was claimed both
LIMNAEA, LIMNEʻTES, LIMNE'GENES by the city of Argos and by Thebes (Paus. l. c. ,
(Λιμναία (ος), Λιμνήτης (ις), Λιμνηγενής), i. e. in- comp. ii. 19. 8 7); but after the battle of Chaeroneia,
habiting or born in a lake or marsh, is a surname of Philip of Macedonia was said to have carried away
several divinities who were believed either to have the remains of Linus from Thebes to Macedonia.
sprung from a lake, or had their temples near a Subsequently, however, the king was induced by a
lake. Instances are, Dionysus at Athens (Eustath. dream to send the remains back to Thebes. Chalcis
ad Hom. p. 871; Callim. Fragm. 280, Bentl. ; in Euboea likewise boasted of possessing the tomb
Thuc. i. 15; Aristoph. Ran. 216 ; Athen. I. p. of Linus, the inscription of which is preserved by
437, xi. p. 465), and Artemis at Sicyon, near Epi- Diogenes Laertius (Prooem. 4 ; comp. Suid. s. º.
daurus (Paus. ii. 7. $ 6, iii. 23. $ 10), on the fron. Aivos). Being regarded as a son of Apollo and a
tiers between Laconia and Messenia (Paus. iii. 2. Muse, he is said to have received from his father
$ 6, 7. $ 4, iv. 4. & 2, 31. § 3, vii. 20. § 7, &c. ; the three-stringed lute, and is himself called the
Strab. viii. p. 361 ; Tac. Ann. iv. 43), near Calamae inventor of new melodies, of dirges (palvos), and
(Paus. iv. 31. & 3), at Tegea (viii. 53. & 11, comp. of songs in general. Hesiod (ap. Clem. Alex,
iii. 14. $ 2), Patrae (vii. 20. § 7); it is also used Strom. i. p. 330) even calls him Tavtoins copins
as a surname of nymphs (Theocrit. v. 17) that bedanka's. It is probably owing to the difficulty
dwell in lakes or marshes.
(L. S. ) of reconciling the different mythuses about Linus,
LIMUS (Aquós), the Latin Fames, or personifi-| that the Thebans (Paus. ix. 29, in fin. ) thought it
cation of hunger. Hesiod (Theog. 227) describes necessary to distinguish between an earlier and later
hunger as the offspring of Eris or Discord. A poet- Linus ; the latter is said to have instructed Heracles
ical description of Fames occurs in Ovid (Met
. in music, but to have been killed by the hero
viü. 800, &c. ), and Virgil (Aen. vi. 276) places it, (comp. Apollod. ii. 4. § 9; Theocrit. xxiv. 103 ;
along with other monsters, at the entrance of Diodor. iii. 67 ; Athen. iv. p. 164). In the time
Orcus.
(L. S. ) of the Alexandrine grammarians people even went
LINAX, artist. (ZENAS. ]
so far as to look upon Linus as an historical per-
LI'NDIA (Awola), a surname of Athena, derived sonage, and to consider him, like Musaeus, Orpheus,
from the town of Lindus, in the island of Rhodus, and others, as the author of apocryphal works
where she had a celebrated temple. (Diod. v. 58; (Diodor. iii. 66), in which he described the ex-
Herod. ii. 182. ; Strab. xiv. p. 655). [L. S. ] ploits of Dionysus ; Diogenes Laertius (Prooem.
LINDINUS, a Latin poet, whose age is quite 3), who calls him a son of Hermes and Urania,
uncertain, but who probably lived at a late period, ascribes to him several poetical productions, such
is the author of a short poem of twelve lines,“ De as a cosmogony on the course of the sun and moon,
Aetate,” in which he assigns the different years of on the generation of animals and fruits, and the
life to different occupations, such as the first ten to like.
play, &c. It is printed in the Anthologia Latina The principal places in Greece which are the
(No. 541, ed. Meyer), and by Wernsdorf (Poetae scenes of the legends about Linus are Argos and
Latini Minores, p. 415).
Thebes, and the legends themselves bear a strong
LINUS (Aivos), the personification of a dirge resemblance to those about Hyacynthus, Narcissus,
or lamentation, and therefore described as a son Glaucus, Adonis, Maneros, and others, all of whom
cf Apollo by a Muse (Calliope, or by Psamathe or are conceived as handsome and lovely youths, and
Chalciope, Apollod. i. 3. & 2; Pauš. i. 43. § 7, | either as princes or as shepherds. They are the
3 E2
## p. 788 (#804) ############################################
788
LITORIUS.
LIVIA.
favourites of the gods ; and in the midst of the haps, have lived in the fourth or fifth century after
enjoyment of their happy youth, they are carried Christ. A few fragments of his writings, which
off by a sudden or violent death ; but their remem- are all that remain, are to be found in the collection
brance is kept alive by men, who celebrate their of writers on veterinary surgery, first published in
inemory in dirges and appropriate rites, and seek Latin by Jean de la Ruelle, Paris 1530, fol. , and
the vanished youths generally about the middle of afterwards in Greek by Simon Grynaeus, Basil,
summer, but in vain. The feeling which seems to 1537, 4to.
(W. A. G. ]
have given rise to the stories about these person- LITYERSES (Alt vépons), a natural son of
nges, who form a distinct class by themselves in Midas, lived at Celaenae in Phrygin, engaged in
Greek mythology, is deeply felt grief at the cata- rural pursuits, and hospitably received all strangers
strophes observable in nature, which dics away that passed his house, but he then compelled them to
under the influence of the burning sun (Apollo) assist him in the harvest, and whenever they allowed
boon after it has developed all its fairest beauties themselves to be surpassed by him in their work,
Those popular dirges, therefore, originally the ex- he cut off their heads in the evening, and concealed
pression of grief at the premature death of nature their bodies in the sheaves, accompanying his deed
through the heat of the sun, were transformed into with songs. Heracles, however, slew him, and
lamentations of the deaths of youths, and were threw his body into the Macander. The Phrygian
bung on certain religious occasions. They were reapers used to celebrate his memory in a harvest.
afterwards considered to have been the productions song which bore the name of Lityerses (Schol. ud
of the very same youths whose momory was cele- Theocrit
. x. 41 ; Athen. x. p. 615, xiv. p. 619;
brated in them. The whole class of songs of this Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1164; Hesych. , Phot. , Suid.
kind was called Spñvoi olKtot, and the most celes. v. ; Pollux, iv. 51).
Concerning the song Lity-
brated and popular among them was the livos, erses see Eichstädt, De Dramate Graecor. comico-
which appears to have been popular even in the satyrico, imprimis de Sosithei Lityersa, p. 16, &c. ;
days of Homer. (1. xviii. 569, with the Schol. ) | Ilgen, De Scoliorum Poesi, p. 16, &c. (L. S. ]
Pamphos, the Athenian, and Sappho, sang of Linus LIVILLA. (Livia. )
under the name of Oetolinus (oltos Alvov, i. e. the LI'VIA. 1. Daughter of M. Licius Drusus,
death of Linus, Paus. ix. 29. § 3); and the tragic consul B. c. 112, and sister of M. Livius Drusus,
poets, in mournful choral odes, often use the form the celebrated tribune of the plebs, who was killed
allıvos (Aeschyl. Agam. 121 ; Soph. Ajar, 627; B. c. 91. (See the genealogical table, Vol. I. p.
Eurip. Phoen. 1535, Orest. 1380), which is a 1076. ) She was married first to M. Porcius Cato,
compound of ai, the interjection, and Aive. As by whom she had Cato Uticensis (Cic. Brut. 62;
regards the etymology of Linus, Welcker regards Val. Max. iii. 1. & 2; Aur. Vict. de Vir. IV. 80 ;
it as formed from the mournful interjection, li, Plut. Cat. Min. i. 2), and subsequently to Q.
while others, on the analogy of Hyacinthus and Servilius Caepio, by whom she had a daughter,
Narcissus, consider Linus to have originally been Servilia, who was the mother of M. Brutus, who
the name of a flower (a species of narcissus). killed Caesar. (Plut. Brut. 2, Caes. 62, Cat. Min.
(Phot. Lex. p. 224, ed. Pors. ; Eustath. ad Hom. 24. ) Some writers suppose that Caepio was her
p. 99; compare in general Ambrosch, De Lino, first husband, and Cato her second.
Berlin, 1829, 4to; Welcker, Kleine Schriften, i. 2. Livia DRUSILLA, the wife of Augustus, was
p. 8, &c. ; E. v. Lasaulx, Ueber die Linosklage, the daughter of Livius Drusus Claudianus (Drusus,
Würzburg, 1842, 4to. )
[L. S. ) No. 7), who had been adopted by one of the Livia
LIPA'SIUS, the engraver of a beautiful gem, gens, but was a descendant of App. Claudius
bearing the head of the city Antioch, with the in- Caecus. Livia was born on the 28th of September,
scription AINACIOr, in the Museum Worsleyanum B. C. 56—54. (Letronne, Recherches pour servir
(p. 143). According to Raoul-Rochette, however, à l'Histoire de l’Egypte, p. 171. ) She was married
the name should be read ’Arnasiou. (Lettre à M. first to Tib. Claudius Nero ; but her beauty haring
Schorn, p. 33, or p. 122, 2d edit. ) [P. S. ) attracted the notice of Octavian at the beginning
LIPODOʻRUS (Actrówpos) commanded a body of B. c. 38, her husband was compelled to divorce
of 3000 soldiers in the army of the Greeks, who, her, and surrender her to the triumvir. She had
having been settled by Alexander the Great in the already borne her husband one son, the future em-
upper or eastern satrapies of Asia, revolted as soon peror Tiberius, and at the time of her marriage
as they heard of his death, in B. c. 323. Pithon, with Augustus was six months pregnant with
having been sent against them by the regent Per- another, who subsequently received the name of
diccas, found means to bribe Lipodorus, who Drusus. It was only two years previously that
drew off his men during the heat of the battle, she had been obliged to fly before Octavian, in con-
and thus caused the defeat of his friends. (Diod. sequence of her husband having fought against him
xviii. 4, 7 ; Droysen, Gesch. der Nachf. Alex. pp. in the Perusinian war. (Suet. Tib. 3, 4; Vell.
56-58. )
[E. E. ] Pat. ii. 75, 79; Suet. Aug. 62; Dion Cass. xlviii.
LITAE (Actal), a personification of the prayers 15, 34, 44. )
offered up in repentance. They are described as Livia never bore Augustus any children, but
the daughters of Zeus, and as following closely be she continued to have unbounded influence orer
hind crime, and endeavouring to make amends for him till the time of his death. The empire which
what has been done ; but whoever disdains to she had gained by her charms she maintained by
receive them, has himself to atone for the crime the purity of her conduct and the fascination of her
that has been committed. (Hom. Il. ix. 502, &c. ; manners, as well as by a perfect knowledge of the
Eustath. al Hom. p. 768 ; Hesych. s. v. altal, calls character of Augustus, whom she endeavoured to
them Aetre, which however is probably only a please in every way. She was a consumate
mistake in the name. )
(L. S. ) actress, excelled in dissimulation and intrigue, and
LITORIUS (Actipos) a veterinary surgeon, a never troubled either herself or her husband by
native of Beneventum in Samnium, who may, per complaining of the numerous mistresses of the
## p. 789 (#805) ############################################
LIVIA.
789
LIVIUS.
so
للاس
ca
mo
SG
CAES
MAS
COIN OF LIVIA.
Jatter. There was only one subject which occa- | peror Caligula ; but Tiberius would not allow her
sioned any dissension between them, and that was testament to be carried into effect. The legacies
the succession. Augustus naturally wished to which she had left were not fully paid till the ac-
secure it for his own family, but Livia resolved to cession of Caligula ; and her consecration did not
obtain it for her own children ; and, according to take place till the reign of Claudius. (Tac. Ann.
the common opinion at Rome, she did not scruple to i. 3, 5, 8, 10, 14, v. 1, 2; Dion Cass. lvii. 12,
employ ſoul means to remove out of the way the lviii. 2, lix. 1, 2, lx. 5; Snet. Tib. 50, 51. )
family of her husband. Hence she was said to be
“gravis in rempublicam mater, gravis domui
Caesarum noverca.
. " (Tac. Ann. i. 10. ) The pre-
mature death of Marcellus was attributed by many
to her machinations, because he had been preferred
to her sons as the husband of Julia, the daughter
of Augustus. (Dion Cass. liii. 33. ) But for this
there seems little ground. The opportune death
both of C. Caesar and L. Caesar seems much more
suspicious. These young men were the children of
Julia by her marriage with Agrippa ; and being
the grandchildren of Augustus, they presented, as
long as they lived, an insuperable obstacle to the 3. Livia or LiVILLA, the daughter of Drusus
accession of Tiberius, the son of Livia. But Lu- senior and Antonia, and the sister of Germanicus
cius died suddenly at Massilia in a. D. 2, and Caius and the emperor Claudius. [See the genealogical
in Lycia A. D. 4, of a wound, which was not con- table, Vol
. I. p. 1076. ] In her eleventh year
sidered at all dangerous. It was generally sus- B. C. 1, she was betrothed to C. Caesar, the son of
pected that they had both been poisoned, by the Agrippa and Julia, and the grandson of Augustus,
secret orders of Livia and Tiberius. She was even She was subsequently married to her first cousin,
suspected of having hastened the death of Augustus Drusus junior, the son of the emperor Tiberius,
in A. D. 14.
but was seduced by Sejanus, who both feared and
Augustus left Livia and Tiberius as his heirs ; hated Drusus, and who persuaded her to poison her
and by his testament adopted her into the Julia husband, which she accordingly did in A. D. 23.
