No More Learning

His pamphlets
and tracts, which he wrote with great rapidity
and ability, are noteworthy; Never Too Late)
and (Greene's Groat's Worth of Wit Bought
with a Million of Repentance being most
widely known. *
Greene, Mrs. Sarah Pratt (McLean). An
American novelist; born at Simsbury, Conn. , in
1858. She was educated at South Hadley Semi-
nary, and for several years taught school in
Plymouth, Mass. Her best-known novel is
(Cape Cod Folks) (1881). Among her other
works are: (Towhead, the Story of a Girl)
(1884); "Lastchance Junction (1889).
Greenough, Sarah Dana (Loring). An
American author; born in Boston, Feb. 19, 1827;
died in Franzensbad, Austria, Aug. 9, 1885.
Among her works are : (Treason at Home,' a
novel (3 vols. , 1865); (Arabesques) (1871); 'In
Extremis, a Story of a Broken Law) (1872);
and (Mary Magdalene,' a poem (1880).
Greenwood, Grace. See Lippincott.
Greey, Edward (grē). An English-American
story-writer; born in Sandwich, Kent, England,
Dec. I, 1835; died in New York, Oct. 1, 1888.
After spending several years in Japan, he came
to the United States in 1868, became a citizen,
and engaged in commercial pursuits in New
York. Among his plays are (Vendome) and
(Uncle Abner. His historical works include
(Young Americans in Japan (Boston, 1881),
and "The Wonderful City of Tokio. He wrote
a pleasing collection of Japanese short stories,
(The Golden Lotus, etc. (1883); (The Captive
of Love, founded on a Japanese romance;
translated (The Loyal Ronins); etc.
Greg, William Rathbone. A religious and
economic essayist; born in Manchester, Eng.
land, in 1809; died in 1881. In 1856 he be-
came a commissioner of customs, and in 1864
was appointed comptroller of the Stationery
Office. His views of life were profoundly
serious and even melancholy, and his works
exerted a great influence from their earnest-
ness and sincerity. The most important are :
(Sketches in Greece and Turkey) (1833); (The
German Schism and the Irish Priests) (1845);
(The Creed of Christendom (1851), his chief
work; Essays in Political and Social Science)
(1853); (Enigmas of Life) (1872); Literary
and Social Judgments) (1877).
Gregorovius, Ferdinand (greg--rõ'vē-ös).
A German historian and poet; born in Nei-
denburg, East Prussia, Jan. 19, 1821; died at
Munich, May 1, 1891. He studied severely at
Königsberg and at home, and wrote essays of
deep scholarship; (Socialistic Elements in
Goethe's Wilhelm Meister); a tragedy, “The
Death of Tiberius,' of the ripest historical learn-
ing; (Corsica); and other most authoritative
books of travel and description, based on close
personal study. He wrote also (Euphorion,'
an epic, and other poems of high repute. But
his historical works, of unsurpassed learning
and vivid realization of the spirit of their times,
are the most commanding monument of his
genius. (The City of Rome in the Middle
Ages, (Lucretia Borgia,' (Urban VIII. , (The
Monuments of the Popes,' and Athenais,' need
but be named.
Gregory, Robert. An English clergyman.
and writer; born in 1819. He received his edu.
cation at Oxford; was curate of St. Mary-the-
Less, Lambeth (1853-73); became canon of St.
Paul's in 1868, and dean in 1890 in succession
to Dean Church. Aside from his clerical duties,
he has devoted much attention to charitable
and educational work. Among his publications
are: (A Plea in Behalf of Small Parishes)
(1849); Lectures at St. Paul's) (1871-82); (Posi-
tion of the Celebrant Aspect in Convocation
(1875).
Greif, Martin (grif). [An adopted name. ]
A German poet and dramatist, son of Max
Frey the publicist; born in Speyer, June 18,
1839. Designed for public life, he preferred
the literary career. Hans Sachs,' a successful


## p. 233 (#249) ############################################

GREIFENSON - GRIEPENKERL
233
drama, was followed by a volume of poems,
the tragedies (Corfiz Ulfeldt, the Count Chan-
cellor of Denmark,' (Marino Faliero, the light
comedy "Walter's Return to his Country, and
numerous other works of high literary qualities
and scholarship. Strikingly successful plays
also are (Francesca da Rimini, and Agnes
Bernauer, the Angel of Augsburg. ' He is also
a noted lyric poet.
Greifenson. See Grimmelshausen.
Grein, J. T. An Anglo-Dutch attorney, jour-
nalist, playwright, and dramatic critic; born in
Amsterdam, Oct. II, 1862. He was educated
in Holland, Germany, and Belgium, and from
1879 to 1885 was engaged in the East India
trade and banking. He is at present an attor-
ney in London, besides being dramatic critic
of Life and the Westminster Review, London
editor of three papers in Holland, and corre-
spondent of several French and German jour-
nals. In 1891 he founded the Independent
Theatre Society. Besides (A Man's Love,
produced in 1889 with C. W. Jarvis as co-
author, and other plays, his works include
(in Dutch): Dramatic Essays) (1884); (Sil.
houettes) (short novels), published in 1885;
(London: Wealth and Poverty) (1890); ('Twixt
Light and Dark,' short stories.
Grénier, Édouard (grān-yā'). A French poet ;
born in Baumes-les-Dames, Doubs, in 1819. He
abandoned the diplomatic service for poetry.
(Little Poems) was his maiden collection ;
(The Death of the Wandering Jew) attained
repute for delicacy and suggestiveness, and
Dramatic Poems) for intense power. His
lines on (The Death of President Lincoln)
were crowned by the Academy.
Grenville-Murray, Eustace Clare. An
English descriptive and topical writer and di-
plomatist; born 1824; died Dec. 20, 1881. He
experimented unsuccessfully in fiction, and then
won reputation with French Pictures in Eng.
lish Chalks, a series of humorous sketches;
(History of the French Press) (1874); (Round
about France' (1878); and (Side Lights on
English Society) (3d ed. 1889). "The Member
for Paris) (1871) had some vogue.
Gresset, Jean Baptiste Louis de (gres-sā).
A French poet, dramatist, and satirist; born
in Amiens, Aug. 29, 1709; died there, June 16,
1777. Early a Jesuit and teacher, he gained
some repute from a pleasing ode (On the
Love of One's Native Land); and rose to
fame by (Vert-Vert,' a highly original and de-
liciously humorous verse narrative of a parrot
brought up in a nunnery but falling into evil
society. His tendency to burlesque and irrev.
erence in his poetry caused his expulsion from
the order on the appearance of “The Impro-
vised Carnival) and (The Living Reading-
Desk. ' He cared nothing for this, and shortly
after rose to the pinnacle of popularity through
(The Naughty Man. He entered the Academy
in 1748, and wrote much popular prose and
poetry; but later in life became alarmed con-
cerning his soul, and abjured all his writings.
Gréville, Henry (grā-vēl'), pseudonym of Ma-
dame Alice Durand. A French novelist;
born (Fleury) in Paris, Oct. 12, 1842. She
received her education in Russia, and began
her literary career with contributions to St.
Petersburg journals. Upon her marriage to
Prof. Émile Durand, she returned to France
and continued her literary activity, making use
of her Russian experiences in a series of novels
which became very popular, notably (Dosia)
and (The Expiation of Saveli. Her genius
is essentially realistic, with an occasional tend-
ency toward the romantic. (Cleopatra,' 'A
Russian Violin, (A Crime, and (An Ancient
Household, are types of this class of novel.
Greygon, Émile (gra-zôn”). A Belgian poet,
novelist, and essayist; born Aug. 17, 1823, in
Brussels, where he is a high educational offi.
cial. His early reputation was through poems,
stories, and essays in Belgian papers; his later
fame is European. Fiamma Colonna) and
(Tales of a Flemish Subject) are his best fic-
tions. His translations and literary papers in
the Belgian Review, etc. , make him a repre-
sentative man of letters at home.
Gribojedov, Alexander Sergeievich (grē-bo-
yā'dov). A Russian dramatic poet and states-
man; born in Moscow, Jan. 15, 1793; killed
at Teheran, Persia, Feb. II, 1829. A distin-
guished soldier and diplomat, he was assassin.
ated while minister to Persia, during an anti-
Russian tumult in Teheran. As a writer his
reputation rests mainly upon Knowledge
Brings Suffering,' a drama in verse, delineat.
ing Russian society with bitter fidelity. (A
Georgian Night) and a rendering of the Pre-
lude to Faust) are also creditable productions.
Grieben, Hermann (grē'ben). A German
poet and journalist; born in Köslin, Feb. 8,
1822; died at Cologne, Sept. 24, 1890. He
studied at Breslau and rose to prominence in
journalism, editing the Ostsee Zeitung, the
Kölnische Zeitung, and other equally important
sheets. He wrote (Too Late,' a tragedy, under
the pseudonym of « Roderick," and a valuable
volume on Dante; besides poems in three col-
lected editions, including “Voices of the Time. )
Griepenkerl, Wolfgang Robert (grēp'ben.
kārl). A German poet, dramatist, and essayist;
born in Hofwyl, Bern, Switzerland, May 4,
1810; died at Brunswick, Oct. 16, 1868. He be-
came a tutor and professor of literature soon
after the completion of his university course.
His Pictures from Classic Greece,' a collection
of poems, attracted attention, and an epic on
(The Sistine Madonna' made him celebrated.
He wrote several excellent works on music.
(Artistic Genius in German Literature during
the Last Century) was for years an authority
upon the subject. As a playwright, Maximil.
ian Robespierre) and (The Girondins) entitle
him to no minor place, and his "Ideal and
World) and (In the Upper Sphere have been
staged many times. He wrote a volume of
stories that possess merit.


## p. 234 (#250) ############################################

234
GRIESINGER-GRIMMELSHAUSEN
career.
Griesinger, Karl Theodor (grē'zing-er). A
German novelist and sketch-writer; born Dec.
II, 1809, in Kirnbach, in the Black Forest;
died at Stuttgart, March 2, 1884. He studied
theology at Tübingen and became a clergy.
man, then drifted into authorship. His first hit
was made with 'Silhouettes from Suabia'; and
he founded the Suabian Humorist, only to
meet ruin by the upheavals of 1848. After an-
other attempt to establish a popular paper, and
an ensuing term of imprisonment, he visited the
United States. Living Pictures from Amer-
ica); Emigrant Stories); (The Old Brewery,
or New York Mysteries of Crime); and (Vatican
Mysteries,' were written upon his return home.
Griffin, Gerald. An Irish novelist, dramatist,
and poet; born at Limerick, Dec. 12, 1803;
died at Cork, June 12, 1840. In 1823 he went
to London and embarked upon a literary
His first success in fiction was Hol-
land Tide; or Munster Popular Tales) (1827),
a series of short stories. (Tales of the Mun-
ster Festivals) (1827) also became speedily
popular, and (The Collegians) (1829), a second
series of the former, still further increased his
reputation; on it Dion Boucicault founded his
well-known play ( The Colleen Bawn. Among
his other works are: (Tales Illustrative of the
Five Senses) (1830); “The Invasion' (1832), a
historical novel; (Tales of my Neighborhood
(1835); “Gisippus, or the Forgotten Friend,' a
tragedy; and many spirited lyrics. *
Griffin, Gilderoy Wells. An American law-
yer and author; born in Louisville, Ky. , in
1840. He was educated at Louisville Univer-
sity, and admitted to the bar in 1861. He was
consul to Copenhagen in 1871; to the Samoan
Islands in 1876; to Auckland, New Zealand,
in 1879; and to Sydney, Australia, in 1884.
He wrote: (Studies in Literature (1870); (My
Danish Days) (1875); New Zealand : Her
Commerce and Resources) (1884); etc.
Griffis, William Elliot. An American author;
born in Philadelphia, Pa. , Sept. 17, 1843. His
published works are, in part : New Japan Se.
ries) Reading Books (5 vols. , Yokohama : 1872);
"The Mikado's Empire) (1876); “ Japanese Fairy
World' (1880); (Asiatic History) (1881).
Grigorovich, Dimitrij Vasilievich (grēg-
ôr'ā-vich). A Russian novelist and prose-writer;
born in Simbirsk, March 31, 1822. He be-
gan life as a civil engineer. His first stories,
(The Village) and (Anton the Unfortunate,
achieved wide popularity. (A Failure in Life,'
(The Fishers,' and (The Emigrants,' are real-
istic stories of village life which rank him
among the first of Russian novelists.
Grillparzer, Franz (gril'pärts-er). An Aus-
trian poet and dramatist of high rank; born
in Vienna, Jan. 15, 1791 ; died there, Jan. 21, 1872.
(Blanche of Castile, a tragedy, written at 17,
and “Spartacus,' a tragedy, showed genius; but
(The Ancestress) first called popular attention
)
to him. (Sappho, a tragedy based upon classi-
cal tradition, made him eminent in scholarship
also. (The Golden Fleece, (The Argonauts,
and Medea constitute a trilogy. “The Career
and End of King Ottokar, (A True Servant
of his Master,' and (Woe to Him who Lies)
call for mention; but his poem (Waves of
Ocean: Thrills of Love) is the supreme mani-
festation of his art. (In thy Camp is Austria ! )
a poem of the tiines, created a sensation. Later
works of note are (The Jewess of Toledo,'
(Fraternal Strife in the House of Hapsburg,'
and Libussa, plays published posthumously;
and a story, (The Poor Minstrel. *
Grimm, Herman (grim). A German essay-
ist, critic, and biographer, son of Wilhelm; born
in Cassel, Jan. 6, 1828. He was trained for the
law, but never practiced it. His most famous
work is his Life of Michael Angelo. Among
others, (Ten Essays Selected as an Introduc-
tion to the Study of Modern Art, Fifteen
Essays) (new series), and Life of Raphael,
are entitled to mention. *
Grimm, Jacob. A German philologist,
archæologist, and folk-lorist; born in Hanau,
Jan. 4, 1785; died at Berlin, Sept. 20, 1863. He
studied at Cassel and Marburg; and at 20 be.
came Savigny's assistant at Paris. His abili-
ties becoming renowned, he was sent as secre-
tary to the Hessian ambassador at the Vienna
Congress, and then to Paris to reclaim the
plundered treasures of German libraries. He
continued in similar employments with in-
creasing reputation till his liberalism in 1848
forced him out of public life. Thenceforward
till his death he busied himself with antiquarian
and philological researches. "The Poetry of
the Meistersingers,' a (German Grammar,'
(German Mythology, Antiquities of German
Jurisprudence, History of the German Lan.
guage,' and many similar works, cover the en-
tire field of their subjects, and are among the
chief creators of modern philology and its
methods. His popular fame rests upon his
collaboration with his brother Wilhelm in the
(Fables for Children' (Grimm's Fairy Tales),
universally known. *
Grimm, Wilhelm. A German philologist
and folk-lorist, brother of Jacob; born in Ha-
nau, Feb. 24, 1786; died at Berlin, Dec. 16,
1859.
In their early work the brothers were
practically one: but to Wilhelm's taste, less
severely scientific than his brother's, belongs
the chief credit for the undertaking and exe-
cution of the Fables and other popular works;
and he made a special study of mediæval Ger-
man poetry, publishing (Old Danish Hero
Songs,' « The Song of Roland,' (German Hero
Songs,' and Mediæval German Topics. *
Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Christoffel
von (grim'mels-hou-zen). [“Samuel Greifenson
v. Hirschfeld. ”] A German romance-writer;
born in Gelnhausen about 1625; died at Ren-
chen, Baden, Aug. 16, 1676. In youth he was a
military adventurer. According to some ac-
counts he served the Bishop of Strasburg for
time, and became a Catholic. He became
celebrated as the author of (The Adventures


## p. 235 (#251) ############################################

GRIMOD DE LA REYNIERE-GROSZMANN
235
are
of Simplicius Simplicissimus,' the life story of an old Chinese legend through its transforma-
a vagabond adventurer of the Thirty Years' tions in all literatures. "Kin-Ku-Ki-Kuan) is
War, who settles into a peaceful old age in a similar study. His editing of Schopenhauer
the Black Forest. His other romances -- " The has been very important.
World Inside Out, Joseph in Egypt,' and
Pluto's Council Chamber,' among them
Griswold, Hattie Tyng. An American writer
unimportant.
of prose and verse; born in Boston, Jan. 26,
1842. She wrote many tales and poems; pub-
Grimod de la Reynière (grē-mo' dė lä rān- lished (Apple Blossoms) (1878), and Home
yār'). A French wit and authority on gastron- Life of Great Authors) (1886). Under the
omy; born in Paris, Nov. 20, 1758; died at Daisies) is one of her best-known poems.
Villiers-sur-Orge, Dec. 25, 1837. He was de-
Griswold, Rufus Wilmot. An American
signed for the law, but chose letters and the
journalist and prose-writer; born in Benson,
pleasures of the table. The biting venom of
Vt. , Feb. 15, 1815; died in New York, Aug. 27,
his wit, added to a grotesque hideousness of
1857. He left the pulpit to enter journal-
aspect, made him renowned. His celebrity was
ism, and edited Graham's Magazine with signal
heightened by the eccentricities of his costly
ability. In 1852 he conducted the International
and delicious banquets. (Reflections on Pleas-
Magazine. His works include 'Poets and Poetry
ure,) (The Philosophical Lorgnette, and (The
of America, which reached twenty editions ;
Almanac of Gourmands,' are in the number of
(Poets and Poetry of England in the Nine-
his literary extravagances.
teenth Century); 'Prose Writers of America';
Grimthorpe, Edmund Beckett Denison, (Female Poets of America'; etc.
Lord. An English barrister and author; born
Grosse, Julius (gros'è). A very popular and
at Carlton Hall, Nottinghamshire, England,
prolific German poet, story-writer, and drama-
May 12, 1816. He was educated at Cambridge ; tist; born in Erfurt, April 25, 1828. He was
appointed chancellor and vicar-general of
successively lawyer, playwright, and journalist.
York in 1877; and has for many years been a
His poems include (The Maid of Capri, Pesach
leader of the Parliamentary bar. He has
Pardel,' and Against France. ) Among his
taken much interest in architecture, and de-
stories are: Untrue Through Sympathy); 'An
signed many churches and houses. His works
Old Love); A Revolutionist); and (Against
include: 'Origin of the Laws of Nature (1879);
the Stream,' dainty and interesting narratives.
(A Book on Building) (2d ed. 1880); (Should
A tragedy, (Tiberius, has been often staged.
the Revised New Testament be Authorized ? )
(1882); Astronomy without Mathematics) (7th
Grossi, Tommaso (gros'sē). An Italian poet
ed. 1883); (Treatise on Clocks, Watches, and
and romance-writer ; born in Bellano, Jan. 24,
Bells) (7th ed. 1883).
1791; died at Milan, Dec. 20, 1853. Satirically
pungent political poems, (The Fugitive,' a nar-
Gringoire, Pierre (gran-gwär'). A French rative in verse, made his reputation; and a
poet; born in Caen, about 1475; died about play, (Sforza, Duke of Milan) (in collabora-
1539. He made himself a sort of court poet tion), was a literary sensation. His (Ildegonda)
to Louis XII. , celebrating among other things is a poem on a mediæval legend ; (The Lom-
the conquest of Milan and the expedition bards in the First Crusade,' a happy essay in
against Naples. He was the creator of French metre; (Marco Visconti,' a historical romance.
political or topical drama, his best work in Of his lyrics, (The Swallow) has found most
that line being (The Game of the Prince of favor. Ulric and Lida) was his last work.
Fools,' in which the king is said to have col.
laborated; it was aimed against Pope Julius II. ,
Grosz, Ferdinand (gros). An Austrian jour-
He
as was his (Morality of the Obstinate Man.
nalist; born in Vienna, April 8, 1849.
wrote while still a boy; but his first success
His name figures in Victor Hugo's Notre
Dame.
was "Literary Music of the Future) (1877). Since
then he has traveled extensively and written
Grinnell, George Bird. An American orni-
for the best papers. (In Passing, (Unbound)
thologist, editor, and author; born in New (Passion-Play Letters,' (Leaves in the Wind,
York State in 1849. He is the editor of For- and other collections, have been very popular.
est and Stream. His works deal principally His poems. notably (Songs from the Mountain
with Indian life and folk-lore. Among the Tops,' and his plays, “The First Letter) and
best known are: (The Story of a Prairie Peo- (At Three o'Clock,' are of special merit.
ple); (The Story of the Indian); (Pawnee
Hero Stories and Folk Tales.
Groszmann, Gustav Friedrich Wilhelm
(gros'man). A German dramatist and actor;
Grisebach, Eduard (grē'ze-bäch). A Ger- born in Berlin, Nov. 30, 1746; died at Hanover,
man poet, critic, and historian of literature ; May 20, 1796. While in the diplomatic service,
born in Göttingen, Oct. 9, 1845. He was a con- he became intimate in a literary circle which
sular agent for many years. The New Tann- included Lessing; and successively wrote in a
häuser) and (Tannhäuser in Rome' represent few days each 'The Fire of Passion,' a com-
his poems. (German Literature since 1770) edy, and “Wilhelmine von Blondheim,' a tra-
and 'The Goethe Period of German Poetry) | gedy, which were extremely successful. Не
are masterpieces. He utilizes philological turned actor, rose to high reputation, and pro-
studies in (The Faithless Widow, in tracing duced much-admired comedies.


## p. 236 (#252) ############################################

236
GROTE-GRUPPE
Grote, George. An English historian of the
first order; born in Clay Hill, Kent, Nov. 17,
1794 ; died in London, June 18, 1871. He was
one of the most massive scholars of the century
in the classics and in logic, with a mind of
rare power, breadth, and discrimination. His
works on Plato and Aristotle, and various es-
says, are alone sufficient to give him a solid
reputation; and he was an able Parliament-
ary speaker and reformer. But his fame rests
on his epoch-making History of Greece) (12
vols. , 1845-56), the first ever written from a
democratic standpoint. *
Grotius, Hugo. A famous Dutch jurist and
scholar; born at Delft, April 10, 1583; died at
Rostock, Aug. 29. 1645. His treatise (On the
Law of War and Peace) made him the founder
of the modern science of international law.
He was also the author of important histori-
cal works and Biblical commentaries. Next
to Barneveld he was the Remonstrant leader in
Holland, and barely escaped sharing his fate.
Groto, Luigi (grö'to). An Italian poet,
called “the Blind Man of Adria)); born there,
Sept. 7, 1541; died at Venice, Dec. 13, 1585.
He lost his sight when eight days old, but
studied literature and philosophy with preco-
cious ability, delivering a speech before the
Queen of Poland at 18, gaining commissions
from Italian States to compose addresses for
public occasions, and taking the part of the
blind seer Tiresias in Sophocles's (Edipus.
His orations and letters were collected : he left
also a small volume of poems; (The Treasure,
a comedy; and (Delilah, a tragedy. His style
is affected, but his thoughts are original.
Grove, George, Sir. An English civil en-
gineer, editor, and compiler; born at Clapham,
Surrey, England, in 1820. During his early
life he was a civil engineer, and secretary of
the Crystal Palace Company (1852–73). Sub-
sequently he became editor of Macmillan's
Magazine, and from 1882 to 1894 was director
of the Royal College of Music at Kensington.
He was knighted in 1885. He was one of the
principal contributors to Dr. William Smith's
(Dictionary of the Bible); and compiled (A
Dictionary of Music and Musicians, A. D. 1450–
1878) (1878–89), a work of vast and accurate
information.
Grübel, Konrad (grü'bel). A German dialect
poet; born in Nuremberg, June 3, 1736; died
there, March 8, 1809. He was a saddler and
harness-maker, and passed his youth in priva-
tion; but he possessed genuine poetic gifts, as
shown in the pictures he has given of the lives
and manners of his countrymen in the three
volumes of (Poems in the Nuremberg Dialect. ?
Grün, Anastasius (grün), pseudonym of
Anton Alexander, Count of Auersperg. An
Austrian poet and statesman; born in Laibach,
April 11, 1806; died at Gratz, Sept. 12, 1876.
Although of aristocratic birth and breeding, his
political leanings were liberal, and he became
immersed in the progressive movement of his
day His literary work, for the most part,
grew out of and developed his public policy.
His first volume, Leaves of Love, did not
attract much attention. (The Last Knight)
was more successful; it celebrated the chivalry
of the first Maximilian's time. Strolls of a
Viennese Poet' and a second volume of 'Poems)
made him known. (The Nibelungen in a
Dress Coat' is a humorous narrative; (Robin
Hood) is a powerful poem in ballad form ;
(The Kalenberg Pastor) is a picture of simple
life; and (Popular Songs of the Krains) (in-
habitants of Carinthia, Austria) forms a very
important collection of native folk-lore.
Grundtvig, Nikolai Frederik Severin
(grönt-vig). A Danish theologian, historian,
and poet; born in Udby, Island of Seeland,
Sept. 8, 1783; died at Copenhagen, Sept. 3,
1872. He was the son of a clergyman, a very
precocious child; educated first by his father
thoroughly, then at the University of Copen-
hagen, later taking up a course of study in
history, languages, religions, etc. , with enor-
mous industry and power of assimilation. His
first writings were (A Masked Ball in Den-
mark, a protest in prose and verse against the
intellectual frivolity of the time; (An Abridg.
ment of Norse Mythology); and (The Pro-
gressive Decadence of Military Prowess and
Science in the North. ” In 1814 he took part
with distinction in the Holstein war. Later
becoming a pastor, he had to resign in 1825
on account of his religious opinions, devoting
his time thereafter to study. The powerful
religious movement known as Grundtvigism -
designed to reconstruct Christianity, institu-
tionally and to some extent doctrinally - no
began to shape itself in his mind. (The Man-
ual of Universal History,' a monumental work
of great value, clearly reveals his theological
point of view. (The Mythology of the North,
or the Language of Symbols Developed and
Explained by Means of History and Poetry)
(1832) made a sensation in the intellectual
world. As a poet, "Little Norse Poems, Phoe-
nix,' and others, have made his name a house-
hold word in the North. (Roskilde Rün,
(Danish War Song, (The Deliverance of Jut-
land,' and 'Legends of the Poets and Heroes
of the North,' are among his celebrated works.
Gruppe, Otto Friedrich (gröp'pe). A Ger-
man poet, philosopher, and critic; born in
Dantzig, April 15, 1804; died at Berlin, Jan. 7,
1876. He graduated at Berlin, and after some
experiences in journalism and public office, he
became a professor at his alma mater. He
first won attention with his (Antæus,' a work
on speculative philosophy, written in opposi-
tion to Hegelianism. The Turning-Point of
Nineteenth-Century Philosophy,) Ariadne, the
Tragic Art of the Greeks, (Roman Elegy,
(The Theogony of Hesiod, and a variety of
similar works, have earned him distinction.
His poems include : The Winds,' an effort
at Aristophanean comedy ; 'Queen Bertha,
(Emperor Charles,' and (Alboin,' three epics
(
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GRYPHIUS-GUÉROULT
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:
of great beauty ; ' Poems of Fatherland, (The
War of 1866,' and other martial poems; (Otto
von Wittelsbach,' a drama. These have fully
sustained the reputation made by his earlier
work. His books on the history of literature
are authoritative.
Gryphius, Andreas (grē'fē-ös or grif'i-us). A
German poet, dramatist, and scholar; born in
Glogau, Silesia, Oct. II, 1616; died there, July
16, 1664. An orphan who struggled into an
education, he was finally left a comfortable
legacy by a nobleman he had been tutor for :
he traveled, and published his poems; but his
naturally morose temper was further soured by
the political conditions of his time, and his po-
etry is tinctured with a deep bitterness. Leo
Armenius,' (Catherine of Georgia, (The Mur-
dered Royalty; or Charles Stuart,' are power-
ful but sombre tragedies. He was deemed one
of the most profound scholars of his day,
having an acquaintance with eleven languages.
Among his performances was Peter Squenz,
an adaptation from a garbled transcript of
Shakespeare's (Midsummer Night's Dream. '
Guadagnoli, Antonio (gwad"än-yoʻlē). An
Italian poet; born in Arezzo, in 1798; died at
Cortona, Feb. 21, 1858. He belonged to an aris-
tocratic family, but his means were slender
during the greater part of his life. His poems,
(The Nose, « Prattle, (My Clothes, and (A
Woman's Tongue Put to the Test, display a
lively wit with no malicious ingredient. In
Tuscany he was especially popular. His “Col.
lection of Light Poetry) is much quoted.
Gualandi (gwäl-än'dē). See Guerrazzi.
Gualtieri, Luigi (gwäl"'tē-ā'rē). An Italian
novelist and dramatist; born in Bologna, in
1826. At twenty-two he settled in Milan and
married the popular actress Giacinta Pezzana,
whom he has since accompanied on her pro-
fessional tours. His first novel was (The Mys-
teries of Italy,' followed by (The Anonymous,'
(The Serpent of the Visconti, (Recollections
of Ugo Bassi,! (God and Man,' and (The Last
Pope, together with many others, all of which
became popular. For the stage he has written :
(The Duel); (The Love of an Hour); (Aspects
of Marriage); Heidelberg Students); and oth-
ers.
Guarini, Giovanni Battista (gwär-e'nē). An
Italian poet; born in Ferrara, Dec. 10, 1538;
died at Venice, Oct. 7, 1612. He was a very pre-
cocious child, and extremely early became pro-
fessor of literature and philosophy at the Uni-
versity of Ferrara. He was in diplomatic posts
lor various Italian princes, but lost them all
from a quarrelsome temper, which kept him
in hot water all his life. As a poet, his pas.
toral (The Faithful Shepherd' (Il Pastor Fido),
in the style of Tasso's (Aminta,' is the jewel
in his crown. The theme is on the yearly sacri-
fice of a maiden to Diana by the Arcadians,
and offers opportunities for passages of offens-
ive sensuality as well as of exquisite beauty.
'Idropica,' a five-act comedy; 'Poems, a small
collection of verse; and some miscellaneous
writings, complete his productions.
Gubernatis, Angelo de (gö-bār-nä'tēs). An
Italian critic, poet, philologist, and historian;
born in Turin, April 7, 1840. His profound
scholarship and versatility have won him dis-
tinction in widely separated departments of
literature. (The First Twenty Hymns of the
Rig-Veda) (text and translation, 1865); “Death
of Cato) (1863), a drama in metre; (King
Nala,' an Indo-Brahmin play; (Gabriel,' a
novel; Zoological Mythology (1872); and
many other works, evince a complete mastery
of style, and exhibit his brilliant attainments.
Literature is further indebted to him for his
invaluable work of reference entitled (Writers
of the Day
Guell y Renté, José (gwely' ē rān-tā'). A
Spanish poet, historian, statesman, and mis-
cellaneous writer; born in Havana, Cuba,
Sept. 14, 1818; died at Madrid, Dec. 20, 1884.
He studied law in Havana and Barcelona.
A romantic attachment for Doña Josepha
de Bourbon, sister of the King, ended in his
marriage to her, in spite of tremendous court
opposition, in 1848. He sided with the popular
party in the revolution of 1854, and was sub-
sequently elected to the Cortes.